Experimental Program

CHAPTER 4

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

4.1 Mixing and Casting Methodology

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) standard was used. The chemical and physical
properties of the cement are shown. SiO2 nano-particles were used in this study. The
properties of the utilized nano-particles are presented. Locally available natural sand was
used as fine aggregate. Crushed basalt stored in the laboratory with maximum size of 20
mm was used as coarse aggregate. Total of five series of mixtures were prepared in the
laboratory trials. Series A mixtures were prepared as control specimens. The control
mixtures were made of natural aggregates, cement and water. Series B were prepared with
30% of fly ash. Series C were prepared with 30% of fly ash and 25% of fibers. Series D
prepared with 30%of fly ash, 0.25%of fibres, 0.5% of Nano particles. Series Five consist
of different contents of nanoSiO2 particle. The mixtures were prepared with the cement
replacement of 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 3.0% by weight SiO2 nano-particles. The control
mixtures were made of natural aggregates, cement and water. They were mixed in dry
condition for 2 min, and for another 3 min after adding the water. Cubes of 150 mm x 150
mm x 150mm edges for compressive and also beams of 500 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm were
cast for flexural strength. They were compacted in two, two and three layers respectively
on a vibrating table. Then the specimens were demoulded and cured in water at a
temperature of 20 C until the day of testing. The compressive strengths test of the concrete
samples was determined at 7, 14 and 28 days. The reported results are the average of three
trials.

Mixing of concrete ingredient carefully so that the uniform dispersion of fibre

and prevent segregation or balling of fibres. Casting of concrete cubes and beams was done
as per IS code recommendations (IS code 10262:2009, Concrete mix design) The
proportioning of concrete mix was done as per recommendations and consists of
determination of the quantities of respective ingredients necessary to produce concrete
having adequate, but not excessive, workability and strength for the particular loading and
durability for the exposure to which it will be subjected. Emphasis is made on making the

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most economical use of available materials so as to produce concrete of required attributes

at the minimum costs. Five types of concrete cube and beam moulds were prepared
according to the mix proportions as Cement: Fine Aggregates: Coarse Aggregates: Water
(1: 1.95:2.61:0.45) the mix proportion was classified as shown in Table. The concrete have
variations of ad mixtures of Fly-ash, Fibre and Nano Particle.

Casting of concrete cubes and beams was done as per IS code recommendations (IS
code 10262:2009 ,Concrete mix design) The proportioning of concrete mix was done as
per recommendations and consists of determination of the quantities of respective
ingredients necessary to produce concrete having adequate ,but not excessive, workability
and strength for the particular loading and durability for the exposure to which it will be
subjected .Emphasis is made on making the most economical use of available materials so
as to produce concrete of required attributes at the minimum costs.

Five types of concrete cube and beam moulds were prepared according to the mix
proportions as Cement: Fine Aggregates: Coarse Aggregates: Water (1: 1.95:2.61:0.45) the
mix proportion was classified as shown in Table 4.1 and 4.2. The concrete was coded as
A for conventional concrete and B1, B2, B3, B4 for Concrete with variations of nano
particles. Other (C-1, C-2, C-3) have variations of admixtures of Fly-ash, Fibre and Nano
Particle. In variations of nano particles, concrete preparation consist in weighting of the
components; after pre-mixing of cement, sand and SiO2 nanoparticles during 5 minutes in
a planetary mixer was done. For further the coarse aggregate was added and mix during 3
minutes. Then water was added and mixed by 3 minutes; finally such mixture was 5
minutes in repose and mixed 3 minutes. This procedure allows the SiO2 nanoparticles were
uniformly dispersed.

4.1.2 Methodology of concrete preparation

1. Initially we start with A M-30 Grade concrete wherein OPC is mixed with Fine and
Coarse aggregates and water to produce the base concrete version. This is initially
mixed in dry state and water is added till concrete becomes hydrated and turns into
a thick paste.

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2. In C-1 Concrete M-30 Grade of concrete with 30 % fly ash is made Here use of fly
ash helps in cement replacement this also affects strength

3. In C-2 Concrete M-30 Grade of concrete with 30% Fly-ash and 0.25 % Fibres is
prepared Fibres helps in arresting of shrinkage cracks and increasing strength of
concrete

4. In C-3 Concrete M-30 Grade of concrete with 30 % Fly ash and 0.25% Fibres and
0.5 % nano particles is prepared here nano particles help in exponential increase of
strength.

5. Strength properties of M30 grade concrete were also studied for combination of
optimum replacement level of nano SiO2, taking different proportions of nano SiO2.

To achieve the objective of work different types of mixtures are taken as mentioned below

Table 4.1 Mix proportion for different combinations

Type of Concrete % of Fly-ash % of Fibres % of Nano

particles
A 0 0 0
C-1 30 0 0
C-2 30 0.25 0
C-3 30 0.25 0.5

Table 4.2 Mix proportion for optimisation of Nano Particle

Sr. No. Sample designation Nano SiO2 particle %

1. A 0

2. B1 0.5

3. B2 1

4. B3 2

5. B4 3

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4.2 Equipment

Fig. 4.1 to Fig. 4.6 Shown subsequently are some photos taken during concrete casting and
testing of cube and beam Cube Testing is performed in CTM and Beam Test is done in
UTM with two point loading as shown.

Fig. 4.1 Cube compressive strength testing

Fig. 4.2 Cube compressive strength testing machine

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Fig. 4.3 Vibrating Table

Fig. 4.4 Testing of beam with deflection gauges

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Fig. 4.5 Checking and aligning

Fig. 4.6 crack pattern emerging

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4.3 Analytical Method of Determining Deflection

W W

L/3 L/3 L/3

Fig 4.7 Schematic Representation of Beam with two-point load at 1/3rd Span

Macaulay’s Method:
We know the basic differential equation for the deflection curve:

Where, M is positive when it is of sagging nature.

Integrating once, we have

Integrating again, we have

Thus, integrating the basic differential equation once, we get the slope at a given point,
while integrating it again; we get the value of deflection at the given point. Since the
deflection is obtained by integrating the basic differential equation twice, the method is
known as the double integration method. In the process of double integration, two constant

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of integration C1 and C2 will be obtained, the values of which can be determined by using
the conditions at the two ends of the beam. This method is introduced by Sir Macaulay,
that’s why it is often called as Macaulay’s Method. It is a method for determining the
deflections of a beam subjected to point loads original discontinuous loads. It gives the
relation between flexural strength EI and the deflection. The bending moment at the section
is given by,

On Integrating

For symmetrically loaded beam,

Integrating the equation (1),

At x= l/2; y = ymax, putting in above equation

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4.4 FEM Modelling

FEM modelling of all beam has been done in SAP 2000. The procedure of modelling beams
is as following.

Step 1 Begin New Model

In this Step, the basic grid that will serve as a template for developing the model will be
defined.

A. Click the File menu > New Model command or the New Model button. The form
shown in Fig. 8 will display. Verify that the default units are set to KN, m, C.

Fig. 4.8 New Model form

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B. The New Model form allows for the quick generation of numerous model types
using parametric generation techniques. However, in this tutorial the model will be
started using only the grid generation. When laying out the grid, it is important that
the geometry defined accurately represents the major geometrical aspects of the
model, so it is advisable to spend time carefully planning the number and spacing
of the grid lines. Select the Grid Only button and the form shown in Fig. 9 will
display.

Fig. 4.9 Quick Grid lines form

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Fig. 4.10 SAP 2000 Windows

Step 2 Define Material

Use the Define menu > Materials command to add, modify, or delete a material property
definition. The material property definitions are then used in defining the structural objects

(Frame sections, cable sections, tendon sections, area sections, solid properties).

Fig. 4.11 Define Materials form

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A. Click the Define menu > Materials command, the Define Material form (Fig. 4.10)
will display.

Click Add new material quick command, quick material definition form (Fig. 4.11) will
display.

Material type: Concrete / Rebar

Specification: Indian M20 / Indian HYSD Grade415

Fig. 4.12 Quick material definition form

Step 3: Define Frame Section

Defining a frame section makes the section available for assignment to selected frame
objects. The Define menu > Frame Sections command can be used to (a) import sections
from predefined databases, (b) define frame section properties on the basis of their
dimensions, (c) review and modify section properties, and (d) delete section properties.

A. Click the Define menu > Section Properties > Frame Sections command, which will
display the Frame Properties form (Fig. 4.12).

B. Click the Add New Property button, which will display form shown in Fig. 4.12

C. In Frame Section Property Type select Concrete from drop down list and click the
Rectangular button, which will display from shown in Fig. 4.13.

1. In Section Name Area, Type B 100 X 100.

2. In Depth and Width edit box, Type 0.1 and 0.1 respectively.

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Fig. 4.13 Frame Properties form

Fig. 4.14 Add Frame Section Property form

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Fig. 4.15 Rectangular Section form

Fig. 4.16 Reinforcement Data form for Beam

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Add Restraints
In this step, supports for the frame are defined. Make sure that the X-Y Plane @ Z=0 view
is active, and that the program is in the Select mode.
A. Select the support nodes i.e. nodes at Z=0.
B. Click the Assign menu > Joint > Restraints command to bring up the Joint Restraints
form (Fig. 4.16).

Fig. 4.17 Joint restraints form

Step 5 Load Patterns
Note there is a single default load case defined, which is a Dead Load case with self-weight
(DEAD). Note that the self-weight multiplier is set to 1 for the default case. This indicates
that this load pattern will automatically include 1.0 times the self-weight of all members.
In SAP2000, both Load Patterns and Load Cases exist, and they may be different.
However, the program automatically creates a corresponding Load case when a load
pattern is defined, and the load cases are available for review at the time the analysis is run.

4.4 Flexural Rigidity of Beam

Stress is the resistance offered by a body against its deformation, strain is the ratio of
change in dimension to the original dimension, and Young’s modulus of elasticity, E is the
ratio of intensity of tension or compressive stress to the corresponding strain within the
linear elastic range. We found out the deflection of the beam for various mixes

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Fig 4.18 Deflected Shape of Beam

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