Introduction

To the Student :

As a student of high school Science and Technology IV, you are expected to demonstrate

understanding of physics ideas and concepts, develop critical and problem solving skills, and

acquire values that will help you become productive and responsible citizens. You can meet these

expectations in many ways; and one is by trying your best through this learning module prepared

and designed for you.

It is the purpose of this module to help you acquire knowledge and skills expected of a

Science and Technology IV student. Make use of it so that you will achieve the desired learning

outcomes.

General Objectives:

This module aims to achieve the following:

1. Enhance students’ appreciation of the importance of light in their daily lives;

2. Discuss the human eye and how you see;

3. Discuss reflection of light through the use of mirrors;

4. Help students verify the law of reflection by applying it to formation of images on plane

and curved mirrors;

5. Explore the use of mirrors in flashlights and searchlights, among others;

6. Discuss refraction of light and its applications.

1
Learning Modules

Module 1 seeks to enhance students’ understanding of the nature of light and its

importance in seeing.

Module 2 focuses in reflection of light and how images are formed in mirrors.

Module 3 deals with refraction of light. It tackles lenses and images formation. It also

presents similarities and differences between the camera and the human eye. It explains the use

of lenses in the human eye.

How to Use the Modules

1. A pretest precedes the lessons in each module. Accomplish the pretest first before you go

through the lessons. The pretest determines how much you know of the module and

identifies the areas you need to learn. Check your answers against the key to correction

on the last pages of each module.

2. Each module has a sequence of lessons. Go over each lesson carefully. If you encounter

difficulty, feel free to consult your teacher. Do not skip any topic.

3. Each lesson is followed by a self-check portion to help you assess your learning. The key

to correction on the last pages of each module contains the answers. Complete the self-

check portion first before looking at the key to correction.

4. When you have successfully finished the lessons in the module, answer the post test.

Compare your answers with those in the key to correction. You must score at least 80

percent or better before proceeding to the succeeding modules.

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MODULE 1

Lesson 1.1
PRETEST
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. describe the nature of light ;

2. explain when an object is seen;
3. identify the vital parts of the eye and discuss the functions of each.

Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Light is a form of ______________.
a. energy c. idea
b. mass d. quantity
2. Which of the following represents light?
a. c.

b. d.

3. Light travels in a vacuum at a speed of _____________.

a. 2x108 m/s c. 3x108 m/s
b. 3x1010 m/s d. 3x10-8 m/s
4. For me to see this page, light from it should _______________.
a. not enter my eye c. return to this paper
b. reflect in my eye d. enter my eye

For numbers 5-10, identify the function of a given part of the eye. Refer to the choices on
the next page.
Choices:
a. Controls the size of the pupil.
5. Cornea b. An outer membrane which forms the eye’s outer coating.
6. Lens c. Serves as “screen” where the images are formed.
7. Iris d. Allows light to pass into the eyes.
8. Pupil e. Bends light that enters the eye.
9. Retina f. Serves as the pathway for the light rays to travel from the
10. Optic Nerve retina to the brain.

Lesson 1.1- Light and the Human Eye

3
 Light is a form of energy. In plants, light is converted into chemical energy through the
process of photosynthesis. Without light, plants will die and animals and human beings will die,
too. Absence of light will cause darkness all over the earth.
A narrow beam of light is called a ray. A ray of light is usually presented by a straight line
with an arrow head pointing to the direction of travel. This is because light travels in a straight
line in a medium. A medium is where light passes through. Light travels in empty space or
vacuum at a constant speed of 3x10 8 m/s.When light travels in water, glass or any transparent
object, its speed is lesser than3x108 m/s.
Our eye is able to see when there is light. It changes light ray into electrical signals then
sends them to the brain where these electrical signals are interpreted as visual images.

Figure 1.1 shows the part of the eye. The cornea is the outer membrane which forms the
eye’s outer coating. The lens is a jelly-like structure which bends light rays that enter the eye. It
focuses the rays to create a clear image in the retina. The pupil allows light to pass into the eyes
to the lens. The opening of the pupil is controlled by the iris. The retina serves as “screen” where
the image is formed. From the retina, the light rays travel through the optic nerve to the
processing center of the brain.

Figure 1.1 The Human Eye and its part

Self-Check

Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which diagram correctly illustrates that the eye sees the tree?
4
 a.

b.

c.

d.

2. Where could light pass through?

a. Vacuum c. Air
b. Water d. all of these

For nos. 3-10, fill in the blank with the correct answer.

3. Light travels in a _____________ path.

4. The speed of light in the vacuum is ____________ m/s.
5. Light enters the eye through an opening called _______________.
6. Light that enters our eye bends when it passes through the _______________.
7. The image is formed in _____________ of our eye.
8. The outermost coating of our eye is _______________.
9. The opening of our eye is controlled by the ______________.
10. The ______________ serves as the pathway for the light to travel from the retina to the
brain.

Module 2

5
 Lesson 2.1

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. investigate the reflection properties of light;

2. state the law of reflection;
3. locate and describe images formed in plane mirrors.

PRETEST

Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which drawing shows what happens to light upon striking a plane mirror?
a. c.

b. d.

2. Light will _____________ upon hitting a plane mirror.

a. enter b. disappear
b. bounce back d. pass through and bend
3. A mirror can reflect light because it is ____________.
a. smooth and shiny c. hard and rough
b. soft and rough d. cloudy

4. Which is an angle formed by the two rays a and b?

a. a c.
b

6
 a b
b. a b d.

a b
5. A line that meets the mirror surface at an angle of 90° is called _____________.
a. normal line c. reflected light
b. incident light d. angle

The drawing below shows how light is reflected when it strikes a plane mirror. Refer to
this for items 6 to 9.

mirror surface
1 4
2 3

a b
Normal line N

6. The incident light is represented by __________.

a. ray a c. both a and b
b. ray b d. any of the two
7. The reflected ray is represented by __________.
a. ray a c. both a and b
b. ray b d. any of the two
8. The angle of incidence is ___________.
a. Angle 1 c. Angle 3
b. Angle 2 d. Angle 4

9. The angle of reflection is ___________.

a. Angle 1 c. Angle 3
b. Angle 2 d. Angle 4
10. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence _____________ the angle of
reflection.
7
 a. equals c. is lesser than
b. is greater than d. none of these
11. Reflection of light in a plane mirror forms ____________.
a. a rainbow c. a shadow
b. an image d. a figure
12. You are standing in front of a plane mirror.Your image is _____________.
a. 2m in front of the mirror c. on the mirror surface
b. 2m behind the mirror d. beside the mirror
13. If you are standing in front of the mirror, your image is ___________.
a. also standing c. upside down
b. lying down d. leaning forward
14. You are raising your right hand in front of a plane mirror. Your image in the mirror is
raising its ____________ hand.
a. right hand c. both hands
b. left hand d. a or b
15. Which describes the image formed by a plane mirror?
a. Has the same size as the object. c. Is smaller than the object.
b. Is bigger than the object. d. Size changes as object distance changes.

Have you tried looking at your face in a plane mirror? What you see is your image. The
image is the result of reflection of light in the plane mirror. The smooth, shiny surface of a plane
mirror is flat like the face of a cube.
The figure below shows how light is reflected in a plane mirror

flashlight (source of light)

8
 Line N (normal line)

incident light ray ὶ r reflected light ray

mirror surface

The ray from the source is the incident ray. It strikes the mirror surface at an angle. The
incident ray and line N form the angle of incidence ὶ. Line N is called the normal line. Line N is
perpendicular to the mirror surface because line N forms a 90 degree angle with the mirror
surface.. When the incident light ray strikes the mirror surface, it is reflected. The reflected light
ray forms an angle with line N. This angle is called angle of reflection. The angle of incidence is
equals the angle of reflection. This is the law of reflection. In symbols, ὶ= r.
So, if the angle of incidence ὶ equals 30°, the angle of reflection r is also 30°.

How does a plane mirror form an image? To locate the image graphically we shall use the
law of reflection.
Consider Figure 2.2 where an image I of the object O is seen by the observer in the
mirror.
O I

observer mirror
When you stand in front of a plane mirror, what you see behind the mirror is your image.
If you are 1 m in front of the mirror, your image is 1 m behind the mirror. Your image is as big as
you; it is upright. When you walk forward to the mirror it also comes forward to the mirror, and
when you move away it also does. When you raise your right hand, your image raisesits left. We
say that the image is left – right reversed. This kind of image is virtual.

Figure 2.3- Theimage is reversed in a plane mirror

9
 mirror
object image

incident rays
from the object
reflected rays

observer

Figure 2.4 – The image is left – right reversed

SELF CHECK

Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. What happens to light when it strikes a plane mirror?

a. Reflected c. dispersed
b. Refracted d. absorbed
10
2. What you see in a plane mirror is your ____________.
a. Image c. dummy
b. Shadow d. rainbow
3. What is the image of the word TREE in a plane mirror?
a. TREE / EERT c. TREE / TЯƎƎ

b. TREE / TREE d. TREE / ƎƎЯT

4. A light ray strikes the mirror making an angle of incidence of 60ᵒ. What is the angle of
reflection?
a. 90° b.30° c. 60° d.40°
5. What is an incident light? It is the light that _______________________.
a. comes from a source and hits a mirror
b. reference or bounces back from the mirror
c. changes direction before hitting a mirror
d. is passes through a mirror

PRE
Lesson 2.2

At end of the lesson you should be able to.

1. differentiate a concave mirror from a convex mirror;

2. describe how light behave upon striking a convex and a concave mirror;
3. describe images formed by curved mirrors;
4. explain the uses of convex and concave mirrors.

PRETEST

Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which correctly describes a convex mirror?

a. The smooth and shiny surface is outside the curve.

11
 b. The smooth and shiny surface is inside the curve.
c. The smooth shiny surface is flat.
d. The smooth shiny side is inside a “cave”.
2. How are the light rays reflected in a convex mirror as shown in the diagram below?

a. The reflected light rays spread out.

b. The reflected light rays meet at a point.
c. The reflected light rays are all parallel.
d. The reflected light rays follow the path of incident light.

3. How are the light rays reflected as shown in the diagram below?

a. The reflected light rays spread out.

b. The reflected the rays meet at a point.
c. The reflected light rays are parallel.
d. The reflected light rays follow the path of incident light.
4. An arrow is in front of a smooth shiny spoon as shown below:

spoon

The image formed in the spoon lookslike____________

a. b. c. d.

12
 5. A smooth shiny ball serves as a convex mirror. If you are standing in front of it, you
see an image which is ___________ .
a. Inverted b. upright c. slanting d lying down

6. In a flashlight, the bulb is placed inside in a concave mirror as shown below:

Bulb

Concave mirror

What is the function of the mirror?

a. To reflect and spread the light
b. To reflect and produce a brighter light ahead
c. To stop the light
d. To hide the light inside
7. Convex mirrors are used .
a. As side mirror in jeepneys and cars.
b. In beauty parlors.
c. In flashlights
d. In dressings rooms

_____________________________________________________________________________

A lot of plane mirrors are used in beauty parlors and barber shops. However, not all
mirrors are plane. Some mirrors are curved. Curved mirrors are parts of a sphere. An example of
a sphere is a ball. There two kinds of curved or spherical mirrors. They are concave mirrors and
convex mirrors.

If the smooth shiny surface is in the inner side, the mirror is called a concave mirror. If
the smooth shiny surface is in the outer side, the mirror is called a convex mirror.

Figure 2.5 shows a concave and a convex mirror

F F

13
A concave mirror. A convex mirror.
The reflecting surface is inside. The reflecting surface is outside.

Reflection of light rays in a concave mirror is shown in the diagram below:

Reflection of Light in a Concave Mirror

In a concave mirror the reflected light rays meet (converge) at the real focus F

On the other hand, reflected light rays in a convex mirror spread out, as shown below

Reflection of Light in a Convex Mirror

Images in concave and convex mirrors

Recall that in all plane mirrors the image is formed behind the mirror. Furthermore, the
image is in an upright position and its size is the same as the object. The size of the image in a
plane mirror does not change although the object is near to or far from the mirror.

In curved mirrors your images are different from those of the plane mirrors. Here are the
images in concave mirrors:

Object Image Object

F C F C

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 Object Object

F C F C

Image Image

Object

F C no image

Here are the images in convex mirrors

Image Object Image Object

C F

The nature of images formed in concave and convex mirrors are described in the table
below:

Location of Position of
location of object Kind of Image Size of Image
Image Image
A. Concave
at infinity at F real inverted reduced
farther than C between F and C real inverted reduced
at C at C real inverted same size
between C and F farther than C real inverted enlarged
at the focal point at infinity no image seen
between F and O behind the virtual upright/erect enlarged

15
 mirror
B. Convex
between the
all locations (object
virtual focus F virtual upright/erect reduced
in front the mirror)
and the mirror

Concave mirrors are used in flashlights, search lights, and headlights of vehicles. A light
bulb is placed inside a concave mirror which reflects light rays and focusses them at a point
called the principal focus. The effect is a brightly lighted road at night.

Since convex mirrors have a wider field of view, they are used as side mirror of jeepneys,
cars and trucks.

When a driver looks at his vehicle’s side mirror, he could see vehicles behind and those
that attempt to overtake him.

In addition, convex mirrors are also placed at the center of supermarkets so that
customers or shoppers in any corner or part of the supermarket or shop could be seen in the
convex mirror. Shop lifters could easily be spotted through the convex mirror.

SELF CHECK
For items 1- 10 choose which kind of mirror is described.

a. Plane
b. Concave
c. Convex

1. It produces an image which is always upright and has the same size as the object.
2. An example of it is an inside part of the spoon.
3. It produces an image which is always upright and reduced or smaller in size.
4. It reflects light rays and focuses them at a point called principal focus.
5. It reflects light rays and let them spread out or diverge.
6. It produces an image which is inverted and sometimes upright.

16
 7. It is used as reflectors in search lights, flashlights and headlights of vehicles (cars,
jeepneys, etc.)
8. It is used as side mirrors of vehicles.
9. The size of the image produced by this mirror does not change even if the object is
moved near or far.
10. The reflecting surface or the smooth shiny part of this mirror is the outer side of the
sphere (example: ball).

MODULE 3

Lesson 3.1 Refraction of Light in Lenses

Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. describe the refraction of light and discuss when it happens ;

2. compare angle of incidence to angle of refraction in different media;
3. relate refraction to a medium’s optical density.

PRETEST

17
1. Which medium is easiest for light to pass through?
a. Air c. Glass
b. Water d. Wood
2. When air travels from air to glass its speed _____________.
a. increases c. remains the same
b. decreases d. becomes zero
3. A bamboo stick looks bent in a glass of water as shown below:

The property of light shown above is _______________.

a. reflection c. refraction
b. dispersion d. shadow formation
4. Refraction of light happens when light _________________.
a. hits a plane mirror c. stops
b. travels in a vacuum d. travels from one medium to another
5. When light travels from a denser to a less dense to medium, its speed .
a. increases c. remains the same
b. decreases d. becomes zero
6. A light travels from medium A to medium B. If B is denser, the light will bend ______.
a. away Normal line c. along Normal line
b. towards Normal line d. in any direction
7. A light ray travels from medium A to B. If the angle of incidence is 30 degrees and the
angle of refraction is 60 degrees, what happens to the speed of light?
a. increases c. remains the same
b. decreases d. becomes zero
8. In which medium does light bend most?
NN
air air N air

water glass diamond

a. water c. diamond
b. glass d. all
9. Refraction means __________________.
a. turning back of light upon striking a mirror.
b. making white light into a rainbow.
c. focusing light at a point.
d. bending of light as it travels from one medium to another.
10. Light travels in water. Water is considered the ________ of light.
a. medium c. reflector

18
 b. film d. image

______________________________________________________________________________

A transparent material allows light to pass through it. Clear water and glass are examples of
transparent materials. Light bends or refracts when it travels from one transparent medium to
another. A medium is a material where light passes through.

A bent pencil in a glass of water can be explained by refraction. The pencil appears bent
because only light from the part of the pencil under water is refracted as it leaves the water

surface. This makes the submerged part of the pencil appear to be at the shallow depth than it
really is; hence, it appears bent.

The bending of light when it travels from air and water is due to different speed of light in
two media. Light travels faster in air than in water. This is so because water is optically denser
than air. Coming from air, light slows down when it passes the air – water boundary and changes
in direction of travel.

19
 incident light

Air i

Boundary between
air and water
Water

refracted light

The diagram above shows thatlight travels first in air, then in water. Since water is denser
than air, speed of light decreases. The slowing down of light in water causes the light to bend
towards the normal, the angle of the incidence i greater than the angle of the refraction r. In
symbols, it is i = r.

But if light travels from water to air, the speed of light decreases. This is so because light
travels from denser water to less dense air. The increases in speed of light causes the refracted
light to bend away the normal, making the angle of the incidence lesser than the angle of
refraction. This is shown in the diagram below:

Water i

Air r

What affects the speed of light in a medium? It is the medium’s optical density. The measure
of the optical density of a material it is index of refraction. The denser the material the greater is
its index of refractions. The greater the index of refractions the more bent the refracted light rays.

20
 The indices of refraction of some materials are shown below:

Material Index of refraction

Vacuum 1.0000

Air 1.0003

Water 1.33

Glass 1.51

Diamond 2.147

The refraction of light through different materials is shown below:

N NN

Air Air Air

Water Glass Diamond

Light is bent most in diamond because compared to water and glass, diamond has the
highest index of refraction. Light has the lowest speed in diamond so it is bent nearest the normal
line, making the angle refraction smallest compared to that in water and in glass.

SELF-CHECK

Answer the questions.

1. When does refraction of light happen?

2. What happens to speed of light when it travels from

a. Denser to less dense medium?
b. Less dense to denser medium?

3. A light ray travels from medium A to B as shown below:

21
 N
Medium A i

Medium B r

a. Which medium is denser?

b. Which medium is less dense?
c. Which medium has a greater index of refraction?
d. What happens to speed of light in medium B?
e. How do you compare the angle refraction to the angle of incidence?

4. On what does the amount of bending of light depend?

Lesson 3.2Refraction of Light in Lenses

Objectives

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to

1. describe the two types of lenses;

2. explain how lenses refract light;
3. describe how light behaves as it passes through a concave lens and a convex lens;
4. describe the focal length and power of the lens.

PRE-TEST

Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. A lens is a smoothly curved transparent material, which diagram shows what a lens can
do to light?

a. b. c. d.

2. Which of the following describes a convex lens as shown in the drawing below?
The side view of a convex lens is shown as:

22
 edge

center of thelens

a. It is thick at the edge and thin at the center.

b. It is thin at the edge and thick at the center.
c. Its surface is plane.
d. None of these.
3. Light ray passing through a lens is __________.
a. reflected c. dispersed
b. refracted d. totally reflected

4. Upon passing through a convex lens, the light rays _______________.

a. meet at a point
b. spread out
c. become brighter
d. disappear
5. Upon passing through a concave lens, the light rays ______________.
a. meet at a point
b. spread out
c. become brighter
d. disappear
6. The magnifying power of the lens is its ability to.
a. Make an object appear bigger.
b. Brighten an object.
c. Increase the object’s actual size
d. Form a shadow
7. A lens with longer focal length has ____________________.
a. lesser magnifying power
b. greater magnifying power
c. zero magnifying power
d. lesser speed
8. A magnifying lens allows light to pass through it. So it is a ________ material.
a. mirror b. fluid c. transparent d.dark
9. Which material can be made into a magnifying lens?
a. Clear glass b. clear plastic c. silver spoon d. a & b
10. What happens to light rays upon passing through concave lens?
a. spread out b. meet at a point c. are parallel d. form a circle

23
 Lenses are smoothly curved transparent materials usually made of glass or plastic. Since
lenses are transparent, light can pass through them.

There are two kinds of lenses: convex lens and concave lens.

A convex lens is thin at the edge and thick at the middle; while a concave lens in thick at
the edge and thin at the middle. The side view of a convex and a concave lens are
shown on page 24.

edge edge

center center

A convex lens A concave lens

When parallel light rays enter the convex lens they bend towards the thicker part and
meet (converge) in the other side.

The convex lens is called converging lens since the refracted light meet or converge at the
point called the principal focus.

When parallel light rays pass through a concave lens, they bend towards the thicker part.
Since the thicker part of the lens is at the edge the refracted light rays spread out or diverge on
the other side, a concave lens is called a diverging lens.

Principal focus

Incident lightai cr
rays Refracted light rays
bi br
ai, b i, ci cr, b r, a r
ci ar

convex lens

The figure above shows the parallel light rays meet upon passing through a convex lens.

ai ar
Incident light rays
bi br
ai, b i, ci
ci cr

24
 concave lens

The figure above shows the parallel light ray spread out (diverge) upon passing through
a concave lens.

Lenses form images by refraction. Images formed by lenses could be enlarged, reduced
in size, upright or inverted. The kind of image depends on the distance of the object from the
lens.

Ray diagrams can be drawn to locate and describe the image.

Here are some examples:

1. image object

F F

When the object is very near the convex lens, the image formed is upright, enlarged and
virtual .

2. object

F F image

When the object is very far from the convex lens, the image formed is inverted, reduced
in size and real.

3. object

Fimage F

An image seen through a concave lens, is upright,smaller than the object, and virtual.

25
 Lenses are used in microscopes, telescopes and binoculars, since they can make objects
appear bigger and nearer. In a microscope, two convex lenses are used; so a very small object
can appear bigger. Telescopes and binoculars use two convex lenses which can make far away
objects appear bigger and nearer.

SELF

Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. What happens to light rays passing through a convex lens?

a. Refracted and meet at the principal focus.
b. Refracted and diverge or spread out.
c. Reflected and meet at the principal focus.
d. Reflected and diverge or meet.
2. What happens to light rays passing through a concave lens?
a. Refracted and meet at the principal focus.
b. Refracted and diverge or spread out.
c. Reflected and meet at the principal focus.
d. Reflected and diverge and meet.
3. Which diagram shows the side view of a convex lens?

a. c.

b. d.

4. In the diagram below which is the principal focus?

C
A B
D

26
 a. A c. C
b. B d. D
5. The thickest part of a convex lens is at the ________.
a. Edge b. center c. corner d. focus

Lesson 3.3 The Eye and the Camera

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. compare the camera and the human eye;

2. explain the similarities and differences of the principle of the camera and the eye;
3. explain how the image is formed in the retina.

PRETES

1. Light rays enter the camera through a part called _______________.

a. Shutter c. pupil
b. Aperture d. iris diagram
2. An image is formed in the film of the camera. What part of the eyes does the film of
the camera correspond?
a. Retina b. pupil c. iris d. lens
3. Which of the following describes the image formed in the eye and the camera?
a. Inverted c. reduced in size
b. Real d. all of these
4. What can a camera do which the human eye cannot do?
a. Adjust by itself to bright or dim light
b. Can produce a permanent image of the scene on where it is focused
c. Can automatically change the thickness of its lens
d. Can use a convex or a concave lens.
5. An image is formed in the eye’s retina when ______________
a. light coming from the object enters the eye through the pupil then to the lenses
which focus the light into the retina.
b. light is reflected back to the eye.
c. light from the object enters the eye and is reflected.
d. light from the object is focused into the eye’s cornea.
6. Both the eye and the camera have _______________ lens.
a. Concave c. convex
b. Plane d. concave and convex

27
 The camera

Camera

Human Eye

In a camera, light rays

must hit the film or screen so that
an image can be formed. The film can be processed and a picture is made.

The camera has an opening called the aperture through which light enters. Thisopening is
covered by a convex lens. The shutter opens the aperture. Light enters through the aperture.
Behind the shutter is the iris diaphragm which changes the size of the lens opening. A
photographic filmis placed behind the iris diaphragm inside the camera. The film serves as a
screen where the image is formed.

28
 Image Formation in a Camera

In taking photographs, the moment camera shutter is pressed, the iris diaphragm opens
for a fraction of a second. Light rays from the object then enters the opening, passes through the
lens and forms an image in the film. The image is real, inverted and smaller than the object.

In the eye, the image is formed in the retina.

Light rays coming from an object meet upon entering the eye to form the real, smaller
inverted (upside down) image on the retina. The inverted image is carried by the optic nerve to
the brain where the message is interpreted so that we see the object right way up.

To bring the image of far and near objects into focus on the retina, the eye is able to
change the lens’ focal length. This ability of the eye to adjust its focal length is known as
accommodation.

The power of accommodation of the eye decreases as a person grows older. This is
because the old person’s eye’s ciliary muscles become weaker and the person suffers from vision
defects.

Vision defect is the inability of the eye to see images, resulting to blind vision. The two
vision defects are nearsightedness or myopia, and farsightedness or hyperopia.

A nearsighted eye can see clearly nearby objects. Far objects appear blurred. The cause of
nearsightedness is long eyeball. This results in too much refraction of light, causing the image of
far objects to form in front of the retina. To correct a nearsighted eye, the person will use
eyeglasses with concave lenses which reduce the refraction of light to produce an image in the
retina.

29
 A farsighted eye cannot focus nearby objects, but has no difficulty seeing far objects. It is
caused by a short eyeball. Because the eyeball is short, the retina lies closer to the cornea and
lens. As a result, the image of a nearby object is formed beyond the retina.

Farsightedness can be corrected by using eyeglasses with convex lenses which converge
the light before it enters the eye, thus decreasing the image distance. As a result, the image of the
nearby object is focused on the retina.

The human eye cannot see clearly very small things like bacteria and very small parts of
living cells. It can’t see either very far objects like the planets. Scientists and engineers have
developed instruments to enable the eye to see very small and very far objects. Microscopes are
used to enlarge very small objects. Telescopes are used to view very far objects. Both the
microscope and the telescope have convex lenses. In the microscope, both the objective lens and
the eyepiece lens have very short focal length. The result is an image magnified many times. In
the telescope, the eyepiece lens has a shorter focal length than the objective lens.

30
Self-
Check

1. The eye and the camera have corresponding parts. Complete the column with the
corresponding parts of the eye and camera:

Function Part of the eye Part of the camera

closes or opens it eyelid
where light enters through pupil
controls the opening iris iris diaphragm
bends or refracts the light convex lens
upon passing it
serves as a screen where film
image is formed

2. Describe the image formed in the eye and in the camera.

3. What can a camera do which the eye cannot do?
4. What can the eye do which the camera cannot do?
5. What lens can correct nearsightedness?
6. What lens can correct farsightedness?

Post-Test

1. Which of these is a form of energy?

a. Light c. Volume
b. Mass d. Stone
2. A
Ray A represents light. To what direction does light ray travel?
a. To the right c. Upward
b. To the left d. Downward
3. Standing behind Jane is Lary. Could Jane see Lary and why?
a. Yes, because there is light from Lary.
b. Yes, because the light from Jane enters Lary’s eyes.
c. Yes, because the light from Lary spreads out

31
 d. No, because the light from Lary does not enters Jane’s eyes.
4. What kind of lens does the human eye have?
a. Concave c. Plane
b. Convex d. Curved
5. Light enters the eye through the___________.
a. iris c. retina
b. aperture d. pupil
6. Which describes the image formed in the retina of the eye?
a. Virtual c. Inverted
b. Smaller d. All of these
7. What happens to a light ray upon hitting a mirror?
a. Refracted c. Dispersed
b. Reflected d. Absorbed
8. A light ray hits a mirror making an angle of incidence of 40°. What is the angle of
reflection?
a. 30° b. 60° c. 50° d. 40°
b.
9. Image formation in a plane mirror is due to ______________ of light.
a. refraction c. reflection
b. dispersion d. absorption
10. When you are standing in front of a plane mirror, your image formed has a size
________.
a. bigger than you c. the same as you
b. smaller than you d. two times smaller than you
11. What is the appearance of the image of letter R in a plane mirror?
a. R b.R c. ʁ d. Я
12. A convex lens is thickest at its
a. center c. any part
b. edge d. none of these
13. When light travels from water to air, its speed________.
a. increases c. remains the same
b. decreases d. becomes zero
14. The speed of light decreases when it travels from____________.
a. denser to less medium c. one medium to any medium
b. less dense to denser medium d. vacuum to water
15. Where could light pass through?
a. Clear glass c. concrete wall
b. Cardboard d. mirror

32
16. The diagram below shows the path of light traveling through medium A to medium B.
Which medium is denser?

Medium A

Medium B

a. Medium A c. Medium A and B have the same density.

b. Medium B d. any of them

17. Three parallel light rays pass through a convex lens and are refracted. Which diagram
shows the refracted light rays?
a. c.

b. d.

18. A concave lens is thickest at the __________.

a. center c. frame
b. edge d. focus
19. Three parallel light rays pass through a concave lens. Which diagram shows how the light
rays are refracted?
a. c.

b. d.

20. What lens produces an image which is always upright and smaller?

33
 a. Concave c. Plane
b. Convex d. Curved
21. Which is true about an image produced by convex lenses?
a. The size and position of the image depends on the distance of the object from the
lens.
b. Images are always upright
c. Images are always enlarged
d. Images always have the same size as the object.
22. The human eyes have a similar function as the ______________.
a. magnifying lens c. telescope
b. microscope d. camera
23. What part of the eye corresponds to the shutter of the camera?
a. Eyelid c. Pupil
b. Retina d. Iris
24. A farsighted person cannot clearly see because the image is formed _______________.
a. before the retina of his eye
b. on the retina of his eye
c. beyond the retina of his eye
d. on any part of his eye
25. A nearsighted person cannot clearly see because the image is formed ______________.
a. before the retina of his eye
b. on the retina of his eye
c. beyond the retina of his eye
d. on any part of his eye
26. What happens to the light rays that enter the human eye?
a. Reflected back to the source
b. Reflected to the object
c. Refracted and focused on the retina
d. Refracted and focused beyond the retina
27. The retina of the eye corresponds to what part of the camera?
a. Film c. Shutter
b. Iris Diaphragm d. Aperture
28. Which can produce a permanent image?
a. Eye c. Lens
b. Camera d. Mirror
29. The iris diaphragm of the camera controls the opening of the ___________.
a. Lens b. pupil c. film d. aperture

30. An enlarged image seen through a convex lens is a result of____________.

a. refraction c. dispersion
b. reflection d. interference
31. Which of these uses convex lenses?
a. Microscope b. telescope c. camera d. all of these
32. A nearsighted person has to use ________ lens which can make the image fall on the
retina of the eye.

34
 a. Plane b. convex c. concave d. focal
33. A shiny spoon can be used as ______________.
a. curved mirror b. lens c. plane mirror d. camera
34. The retina of the eye is sensitive to __________.
a. Sound b. waves c. gravity d. light
35. Which medium of light has the lowest index of refraction?
a. Air b. glass c. water d.cellophane

End of Module

Congratulations and keep up the good

work !

Key to Correction
Module 1
Pretest Self Check

35
 1. A 1. a
2. B 2. d
3. B 3. straight
4. D 4. 3x108 m/s
5. B 5. pupil
6. E 6. lens
7. A 7. retina
8. D 8. cornea
9. C 9. iris
10. F 10. optic nerve

Module 2

Lesson 2.1

Pretest Self – Check

1. A 6. A 11. B 1. A
2. B 7. B 12. B 2. A
3. A 8. B 13. A 3. D
4. D 9. C 14. B 4. C
5. A 10. A 15. A 5. A

Lesson 2.2

Pretest Self-Check

1. A 1. A
2. A 2. B
3. B 3. C
4. B 4. B
36
 5. B 5. C
6. B
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. C

Module 3

Lesson 3.1

Pretest Self-Check

1. A 1. When light travels from one medium to another

2. B 2. a. increases
3. C b. decreases
4. D 3. a. medium A
5. A b. medium B
6. B c. medium A
7. A d. increases
8. C e. angle of refraction is greater than angle of
9. D incidence
10. A 4. On the medium’s optical density ( or index of
refraction)

Lesson 3.2

Pretest Self-Check

1. C 6. A 1. A
2. B 7. A 2. B
3. B 8. C 3. B
4. A 9. D 4. B
5. B 10 A 5. B

37
Lesson 3.3

Pretest

1. B
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. A
6. C

Self-Check

1.

Function Part of the Eye Part of the Camera

closes or opens it eyelid shutter
where light enters pupil aperture
controls the opening iris iris diaphragm
bends or refracts light convex lens convex lens
serves as a screen retina film
where image is formed

2. inverted, smaller / reduced in size, real

3. can produce a permanent image
4. can adjust by itself to bright and dim light and can change the thickness of the lens.

Post-Test
1. A 9. C 17. C 25. A 33. A
2. A 10. C 18. B 26. C 34. D
3. D 11. D 19. B 27. A 35. C
4. B 12. A 20. A 28. B
5. D 13. A 21. A 29. D
6. D` 14. B 22. D 30. A
7. B 15. A 23. A 31. D
8. D 16. B 24. C 32. C

38
 If you wish, you can be taught;
if you apply yourself, you can be shrewd.
If you are willing to listen, you can learn;
if you pay attention, you can be instructed.
Stand in the company of the elders;
Stay close to whoever is wise.
Be eager to hear every discourse;
let no insightful saying escape you.
If you see the intelligent, seek them out;
let your feet wear away their doorsteps!
Reflect on the law of the Most High,

39
 and let his commandments be your constant study.
Then he will enlighten your mind,
and make you wise as you desire.

-SIRACH 6:32-37

References

Science & Technology Textbook for Fourth Year

UPNISMED, 2004.

Science & Technology IV (SEDP Series)

DECS, 1997.

40
Table of Contents

Page

To the Student …………………………………………………………… 1

General Objectives ……………………………………………………… 1

Learning Modules ………………………………………………………. 2

How to Use the Module ………………………………………………… 2

Module I

Lesson 1.1 Light and the Human Eye ………………………………….. 3

Module 2

Lesson 2.1 Reflection of Light in Plane Mirrors ……………………… 6

Lesson 2.2 Reflection of Light in Curved Mirrors ……………………… 11

Module 3

Lesson 3.1 Refraction of Light…………………………………………… 17

Lesson 3.2 Refraction of Light in Lenses ……………………………….. 22

Lesson 3.3 The Eye and the Camera …………………………………….. 27

41
Post Test …………………………………………………………………. 31

Key to Correction ……………………………………………………….. 35

References ……………………………………………………………….. 42

42