3-22

3-48 A vertical piston-cylinder device is filled with water and covered with a 40-kg piston that serves as the lid. The boiling
temperature of water is to be determined.
Analysis The pressure in the cylinder is determined from a force balance on the piston,
PA = PatmA + W
Patm
or,
mg
P  Patm 
A
(40 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 )  1 kPa 

 (100 kPa)  P
 
 1000 kg/m  s
2 2
0.0150 m  W = mg
 126.15 kPa
The boiling temperature is the saturation temperature corresponding to this pressure,
T  Tsat@126.15kPa  106.2C (Table A-5)

3-49 Water is boiled in a pan by supplying electrical heat. The local atmospheric pressure is to be estimated.
Assumptions 75 percent of electricity consumed by the heater is transferred to the water.
Analysis The amount of heat transfer to the water during this period is
Q  fEelect time  (0.75)(2 kJ/s)(30  60 s)  2700 kJ
The enthalpy of vaporization is determined from
Q 2700 kJ
h fg    2269 kJ/kg
mboil 1.19 kg
Using the data by a trial-error approach in saturation table of water (Table A-5) or using EES as we did, the saturation
pressure that corresponds to an enthalpy of vaporization value of 2269 kJ/kg is
Psat = 85.4 kPa
which is the local atmospheric pressure.

3-50 A rigid tank that is filled with saturated liquid-vapor mixture is heated. The temperature at which the liquid in the tank
is completely vaporized is to be determined, and the T-v diagram is to be drawn.
Analysis This is a constant volume process (v = V /m = constant), and
the specific volume is determined to be H2O
90C
V 1.8 m 3
v   0.12 m 3 /kg
m 15 kg

When the liquid is completely vaporized the tank will contain

saturated vapor only. Thus, T

v 2  v g  0.12 m 3 /kg 2

The temperature at this point is the temperature that corresponds to

1
this vg value,
T  Tsat@v  202.9C (Table A-4) v
g 0.12 m
3
/kg

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 3-23

3-51 A piston-cylinder device contains a saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at 800 kPa pressure. The mixture is
heated at constant pressure until the temperature rises to 200°C. The initial temperature, the total mass of water, the final
volume are to be determined, and the P-v diagram is to be drawn.
Analysis (a) Initially two phases coexist in equilibrium, thus we have a saturated liquid-vapor mixture. Then the temperature
in the tank must be the saturation temperature at the specified pressure,
T  Tsat@600 kPa  158.8C

(b) The total mass in this case can easily be determined by adding the mass of each phase,
Vf 0.005 m 3
mf    4.543 kg
vf 0.001101 m 3 /kg P
Vg 0.9 m 3
mg    2.852 kg
vg 0.3156 m 3 /kg
mt  m f  m g  4.543  2.852  7.395 kg 1 2

(c) At the final state water is superheated vapor, and its specific volume is
v
P2  600 kPa 
 v  0.3521 m /kg (Table A-6)
3
T2  200  C  2

Then,

V 2  mtv 2  (7.395 kg)(0.3521 m 3 /kg)  2.604 m3

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 3-24

3-52 Prob. 3-51 is reconsidered. The effect of pressure on the total mass of water in the tank as the pressure varies
from 0.1 MPa to 1 MPa is to be investigated. The total mass of water is to be plotted against pressure, and results are to be
discussed.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.

P[1]=600 [kPa]
P[2]=P[1]
T[2]=200 [C]
V_f1 = 0.005 [m^3]
V_g1=0.9 [m^3]
spvsat_f1=volume(Steam_iapws, P=P[1],x=0) "sat. liq. specific volume, m^3/kg"
spvsat_g1=volume(Steam_iapws,P=P[1],x=1) "sat. vap. specific volume, m^3/kg"
m_f1=V_f1/spvsat_f1 "sat. liq. mass, kg"
m_g1=V_g1/spvsat_g1 "sat. vap. mass, kg"
m_tot=m_f1+m_g1
V[1]=V_f1+V_g1
spvol[1]=V[1]/m_tot "specific volume1, m^3"
T[1]=temperature(Steam_iapws, P=P[1],v=spvol[1])"C"
"The final volume is calculated from the specific volume at the final T and P"
spvol[2]=volume(Steam_iapws, P=P[2], T=T[2]) "specific volume2, m^3/kg"
V[2]=m_tot*spvol[2]
Steam IAPWS
106

P1 [kPa] mtot [kg]

105
100 5.324
200 5.731 104
300 6.145
400 6.561
P [kPa]

200°C
103 1 2
500 6.978
600 7.395 P=600 kPa

700 7.812 102

800 8.23
900 8.648 101
1000 9.066
100
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102
3
v [m /kg]
9.5

8.5

8
mtot [kg]

7.5

6.5

5.5

5
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
P1 [kPa]

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 3-25
3-53E A rigid tank contains water at a specified pressure. The temperature, total enthalpy, and the mass of each phase are to
be determined.
Analysis (a) The specific volume of the water is
V 5 ft 3
v   1.0 ft 3/lbm
m 5 lbm
At 20 psia, vf = 0.01683 ft3/lbm and vg = 20.093 ft3/lbm (Table A-12E). Thus the tank contains saturated liquid-vapor
mixture since vf < v < vg , and the temperature must be the saturation temperature at the specified pressure,
T  Tsat@20 psia  227.92F

(b) The quality of the water and its total enthalpy are determined from
H 2O
v v f 1.0  0.01683
x   0.04897 5 lbm
v fg 20.093  0.01683
20 psia
h  h f  xh fg  196.27  0.04897  959.93  243.28 Btu/lbm
H = mh = (5 lbm)(243.28 Btu/lbm) = 1216.4 Btu
(c) The mass of each phase is determined from
m g  xm t  0.04897  5  0.245 lbm
m f  mt  m g  5  0.245  4.755 lbm

3-54E A rigid tank contains saturated liquid-vapor mixture of R-134a. The quality and total mass of the refrigerant are to be
determined.
Analysis At 50 psia, vf = 0.01252 ft3/lbm and vg = 0.94791 ft3/lbm (Table A-12E). The volume occupied by the liquid and
the vapor phases are
V f  1 ft 3 and V g  4 ft 3
R-134a
Thus the mass of each phase is 5 ft3
Vf 50 psia
1 ft 3
mf    79.88 lbm
vf 0.01252 ft 3 /lbm
Vg 4 ft 3
mg    4.22 lbm
vg 0.94909 ft 3 /lbm
Then the total mass and the quality of the refrigerant are
mt = mf + mg = 79.88 + 4.22 = 84.10 lbm
mg 4.22 lbm
x   0.05018
mt 84.10 lbm

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 3-26
3-55E Superheated water vapor cools at constant volume until the temperature drops to 250°F. At the final state, the
pressure, the quality, and the enthalpy are to be determined.
Analysis This is a constant volume process (v = V/m = constant), and the initial specific volume is determined to be
P1  180 psia 
 v 1  3.0433 ft /lbm
3
(Table A-6E)
T1  500  F 
H2O
At 250°F, vf = 0.01700 ft3/lbm and vg = 13.816 ft3/lbm. Thus at the 180 psia
final state, the tank will contain saturated liquid-vapor mixture since
vf < v < vg , and the final pressure must be the saturation pressure at 500F
the final temperature,
P  Psat@250 F  29.84 psia
T 1
(b) The quality at the final state is determined from
v 2 v f 3.0433  0.01700
x2    0.219
v fg 13.816  0.01700

(c) The enthalpy at the final state is determined from 2

v
h  h f  xh fg  218.63  0.219  945.41  426.0 Btu/lbm

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 3-27

3-56E Problem 3-55E is reconsidered. The effect of initial pressure on the quality of water at the final state as the
pressure varies from 100 psi to 300 psi is to be investigated. The quality is to be plotted against initial pressure, and the
results are to be discussed.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.

T[1]=500 [F]
P[1]=180 [psia]
T[2]=250 [F]
v[ 1]=volume(steam_iapws,T=T[1],P=P[1])
v[2]=v[1]
P[2]=pressure(steam_iapws,T=T[2],v=v[2])
h[2]=enthalpy(steam_iapws,T=T[2],v=v[2])
x[2]=quality(steam_iapws,T=T[2],v=v[2])

P1 x2 Steam
1400
[psia]
100 0.4037 1200 1.21.31.4 1.5 Btu/lbm-R
122.2 0.3283
144.4 0.2761 1000
166.7 0.2378
T [°F]

188.9 0.2084 800

211.1 0.1853
233.3 0.1665 600 1600 psia
780 psia 1
255.6 0.151
400
277.8 0.1379 180 psia

300 0.1268 200

29.82 psia 2
0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5
0
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104
3
v [ft /lb m ]

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3
x[2]

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1
100 140 180 220 260 300
P[1] [psia]

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 3-28
3-57 Superheated steam in a piston-cylinder device is cooled at constant pressure until half of the mass condenses. The final
temperature and the volume change are to be determined, and the process should be shown on a T-v diagram.
Analysis (b) At the final state the cylinder contains saturated liquid-
vapor mixture, and thus the final temperature must be the saturation
temperature at the final pressure,
T  Tsat@0.5 MPa  151.83C (Table A-5)
H2O
(c) The quality at the final state is specified to be x2 = 0.5. The specific 200C
volumes at the initial and the final states are
0.5 MPa
P1  0.5 MPa 
v  0.42503 m /kg
3
(Table A-6)
T1  200  C  1
T
P2  0.5 MPa  1
 v 2  v f  x 2v fg
x 2  0.5   0.001093  0.5  (0.37483  0.001093)
 0.1880 m 3 /kg 2

Thus,

ΔV  m(v 2  v 1 )  (0.6 kg)(0.1880  0.42503)m 3 /kg  0.14222m3 v

3-58 The water in a rigid tank is cooled until the vapor starts condensing. The initial pressure in the tank is to be
determined.
Analysis This is a constant volume process (v = V /m = constant), and the T C
initial specific volume is equal to the final specific volume that is
1
v 1  v 2  v g @124C  0.79270 m 3 /kg (Table A-4) 25
H2O 0
since the vapor starts condensing at 150C. Then from T1= 250C
Table A-6, 15
P1 = ? 0 2
T1  250C  v
 P1  0.30 MPa
v 1  0.79270 m 3 /kg 

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 3-29
3-59 Heat is supplied to a piston-cylinder device that contains water at a specified state. The volume of the tank, the final
temperature and pressure, and the internal energy change of water are to be determined.
Properties The saturated liquid properties of water at 200C are: vf = 0.001157 m3/kg and uf = 850.46 kJ/kg (Table A-4).
Analysis (a) The cylinder initially contains saturated liquid water. The volume of the cylinder at the initial state is

V1  mv 1  (1.4 kg)(0.001157 m 3 /kg)  0.001619 m 3

The volume at the final state is

V  4(0.001619)  0.006476m3
Water
(b) The final state properties are 1.4 kg, 200°C Q
sat. liq.
V 0.006476 m3 Ethane
v2    0.004626 m3 / kg
m 1.4 kg 10 MPa
100C
T2  371.3C
v 2  0.004626 m3 / kg 
 P2  21,367kPa (Table A-4 or A-5 or EES)
x2  1 
 u  2201.5 kJ/kg
2

(c) The total internal energy change is determined from

U  m(u 2  u1 )  (1.4 kg)(2201.5 - 850.46) kJ/kg  1892kJ

3-60E The error involved in using the enthalpy of water by the incompressible liquid approximation is to be determined.
Analysis The state of water is compressed liquid. From the steam tables,
P  3000 psia 
 h  378.41 Btu/lbm (Table A - 7E)
T  400F 

Based upon the incompressible liquid approximation,

P  3000 psia
 h  h f @ 400F  375.04 Btu/lbm (Table A - 4E)
T  400F 

The error involved is

378.41  375.04
Percent Error   100  0.89%
378.41
which is quite acceptable in most engineering calculations.

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 3-30
3-61 A piston-cylinder device that is filled with R-134a is heated. The volume change is to be determined.
Analysis The initial specific volume is

P1  60 kPa 
 v 1  0.33608 m /kg (Table A - 13)
3
T1  20C 
R-134a
and the initial volume is 60 kPa
-20C
V1  mv 1  (0.100 kg)(0.33608 m 3 /kg)  0.033608 m 3 100 g

At the final state, we have

P2  60 kPa  P
 v 2  0.50410 m /kg (Table A - 13)
3
T2  100C 

V 2  mv 2  (0.100 kg)(0.50410 m 3 /kg)  0.050410 m 3 1 2

The volume change is then

V  V 2 V1  0.050410  0.033608  0.0168m3 v

3-62 A rigid vessel is filled with refrigerant-134a. The total volume and the total internal energy are to be determined.
Properties The properties of R-134a at the given state are (Table A-13).
P  500 kPa  u  329.91 kJ/kg
T  120  C 
R-134a
 v  0.061687 m /kg
3
8 kg
Analysis The total volume and internal energy are determined from 500 kPa
120C
V  mv  (8 kg)(0.061687 m 3 /kg)  0.494 m 3
U  mu  (8 kg)(329.91 kJ/kg)  2639 kJ

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 3-31
3-63 Heat is supplied to a rigid tank that contains water at a specified state. The volume of the tank, the final temperature
and pressure, and the internal energy change of water are to be determined.
Properties The saturated liquid properties of water at 200C are: vf = 0.001157 m3/kg and uf = 850.46 kJ/kg (Table A-4).
Analysis (a) The tank initially contains saturated liquid water and air. The volume occupied by water is
V1  mv 1  (1.4 kg)(0.001157 m 3 /kg)  0.001619 m 3
which is the 25 percent of total volume. Then, the total volume is determined from
1
V  (0.001619)  0.006476m3
0.25
(b) Properties after the heat addition process are
V 0.006476 m3
v2    0.004626 m3 / kg
m 1.4 kg
T2  371.3C
v 2  0.004626 m3 / kg 
 P2  21,367kPa (Table A-4 or A-5 or EES)
x2  1 
 u  2201.5 kJ/kg
2

(c) The total internal energy change is determined from

U  m(u 2  u1 )  (1.4 kg)(2201.5 - 850.46) kJ/kg  1892kJ

3-64 A piston-cylinder device that is initially filled with water is heated at constant pressure until all the liquid has
vaporized. The mass of water, the final temperature, and the total enthalpy change are to be determined, and the T-v diagram
is to be drawn.
Analysis Initially the cylinder contains compressed liquid (since P > Psat@40°C) that can be approximated as a saturated liquid
at the specified temperature (Table A-4),
v 1  v f@40C  0.001008 m 3 /kg
h1  hf@40C  167.53 kJ/kg
H2O
(a) The mass is determined from
40C
V1 0.050 m 3 200 kPa
m   49.61 kg
v 1 0.001008 m 3 /kg
T
(b) At the final state, the cylinder contains saturated vapor and thus
the final temperature must be the saturation temperature at the final
pressure,
2
T  Tsat@200 kPa  120.21C
1
(c) The final enthalpy is h2 = hg @ 200 kPa = 2706.3 kJ/kg. Thus,
H  m(h2  h1 )  (49.61 kg)(2706.3  167.53)kJ/kg  125,950 kJ v

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