1) With a neat sketch, explain the working of a rectangular weir for

measurement of discharge.
2) What is a Cipolletti weir? Draw a diagram of the cipoletti weir and describe
how the discharge is measured by it.
3) Find the discharge over a suppressed rectangular weir having 4 m length and
the height of water above the crest level is 60 cm under (i) no end
contraction and (ii) with one side end contraction.
4) Find the discharge over a rectangular weir using the following data.
The length of the weir crest = 5 m. The crest level height above the channel
bed = 1.2 m and the height of water flowing over the crest is 2.0 m above the
channel bed.
1) Differentiate between a parshall flume and cutthroat flume.
2) With a neat label sketch, explain the construction and working a parshall
flume
3) Draw a label sketch of a cutthroat flume and describe its principle to use to
measure the discharge.
4) Calculate the discharge in a channel section from the following
observations taken by a current meter whose rating curve is V = 0.04 + 0.3
N

Distance from 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
bank, m
Depth, m 0.4 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.5
0.5Revolution 0.9 1.0 1.2 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.0
of current
meter/sec

What are the differences between the weir and flume?

What is a weir? What are the different types of weirs?
With neat sketch describe the working and construction of vertical axis current
meter.
A parshall flume is used to irrigate a field with tomato crop .The throat width of
the flume is 15 cm.The head measured in the converging and diverging sections
are 50 cm and 35 cm, respectively. Whether the flow is free or submerged? Find
out the discharge measured by flume?
Solution:
Given data
Throat width, W=15 cm; Ha=30 cm =0.3 m and Hb = 50 cm = 0.5 m
Value of S = Ha/Hb = 0.3/0.5 = 0.7
Referring Table (….) for W=15 cm, we find St = 0.55 (by interpolating)
Since S > St , it is submerged case.
Now referring Table (….) and by interpolating, for W = 15 cm and under
submerged condition, Cs = 46.35
nf = 1.58 , ns = 1, C = 0.0044, S = 0.7, K = 3.28 (where Ha and Hb are taken in
meter)
Discharged can be computed from the following formula
Q = Cs [ K (Ha- Hb)]nf / [- (log S + C )ns
= 46.34 [3.28 (0.5 – 0.35)] 1.58 / [-(log 0.7 + 0.0044)] 1
= 100.00 lit/sec.
The discharge of the Parshall flume is obtained as = 100.00 lit/sec.
QUESTION:
Q1. A soil sample has 50% porosity. Find its void ratio?
Solution:

Given porosity (  ) = 50% = 0.50.

So void ratio e (From Eq 6.14) is
 0.50
e   1.0
1 1  0.50

Q2.: What will be the porosity of a soil sample having void ratio 0.4?
Solution:
From Eq (6.13), we have porosity (  )
e 0.4
  0.286  28.6%
 = 1  e 1  0.4

Q3.: An undisturbed soil sample has volume of 500 cm3 and mass of 800 gm.
When dried in oven for 24 hours, the soil mass comes out to be 600 gm. Calculate
the water content, bulk density and its unit weight?
Solution:
Given mass of wet soil = 800 gm and mass of dry soil mass Md = 600 gm
So mass of water (Mw) = 800 – 600 = 200 gm
So percentage of moisture content from Eq (6.1) is
Ww Mw g M 200
x 100 x 100  w x 100 x 100  33.3%
w = Wd = Md g Md = 600
M 800 gm
   1.6
Bulk density V 500 cm 3

From Eq. (6.9), we have unit weight (  ) as:

KN
   g  1.6 x 9.81  15.70
m3
 = 1.6× 9.81 = 15.70 KN / m3
Q4. What will be the degree of saturation of a given mass of soil sample that
contain volume of water half to volume of voids?
Solution:
Vv
Vw 
Given 2

Vw Vv
  0.5  50%.
S= Vv 2 x Vv

(VERY IMPORTANT)

1) PPT of Irrigation efficiency and term & Irrigation phases ( METHOD

AND PHASE SLIDE)
2) What do you mean by irrigation scheduling? What are the parameters used
to define the irrigation scheduling?
“Irrigation Scheduling” covers the scope of studies of “when to irrigate” and
“how much to irrigate” and with title “Methods of Irrigation” constitutes the
scope of study of “how to irrigate”.
There are three important things need to be understood for optimum utilization of
irrigation water with basic purpose to maximize the yield and returns. These three
things are:
(i) When to irrigate?
(ii) How much to irrigate? and
(iii) How to irrigate?

In fact, these three things form the core concept of irrigation scheduling.
Benefits of Irrigation Scheduling: Proper scheduling is essential for the efficient use
of water, energy and other inputs required to maximize the yield including
fertilizer. It allows irrigation to be coordinated with other farming activities
including cultivation methods and fertilizers-chemicals-pesticide applications.
3) Define: bulk density, field capacity and wilting point;
4) Land Grading ppt
5) What are the Different instruments for Determination of Soil Moisture
Content explain any one of them.? A) neutron moisture meter,
6) Comparison between Kennedy’s and Lacey’s Theory
7) What is a tensiometer? How does it help in determining the moisture content
of the soil? Also write the limitations of its use.
Write notes on the followings:
(i) Overall irrigation efficiency
(ii) Water conveyance efficiency
(iii) Water storage efficiency
(iv) Water distribution efficiency
(v) Water application efficiency and
(vi) Water-use-efficiency.