GEOLOGI BATUBARA

(SCGL 603523)
PROGRAM STUDI GEOLOGI UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

MINGGU 3: COALIFICATION & LITHOTYPE

Felix M. H. Sihombing, S.T., MMinRes
Air Laya Coal (photo by Basuki Rahmat)
 # Kuliah Geologi Batubara Praktikum Geologi Batubara
Basic: 1 Intro -
Coal 2 Lingkungan Pengendapan Batubara -
Geology 3 Coalification; Deskripsi Megaskopis (lithotype) Deskripsi Megaskopis
Eksplorasi Batubara; Core logging & Well
Applied: 4 Core logging Indonesia dan ASTD, tugas well log
logging batubara
Thermal 5 Pemodelan Batubara Pemodelan 1: intro to coal modelling (MM)
Coal Pemodelan 2: perhitungan volume, Stripping Ratio
6 Analisis Lab (proximat, ultimate, etc)
Mining (MM)
7 Mining Design & Mining Hazard Batubara Pemodelan 3: desain tambang (MM)
UTS
Metallurgi 8 Petrografi Batubara (Maseral); Microlithotype Introduksi Maseral dan software FOSSIL, Ro utk rank
cal Coal 9 Analisis Coking Coal Identifikasi Maseral u/ coking coal, CBM, deposition, etc
10 CBM 1 (MAS HARI) CBM 1 (petrel & techlog)
Coal Bed
11 CBM 2 (MAS HARI) CBM 2 with (petrel & techlog)
Methane
12 CBM 3 (MAS HARI) CBM 3 with (petrel & techlog)
Coal Coal Gasification (kuliah umum PAK
Gasification 13
KRISTIONO)
Analisis Coal Gasification dari maseral

REE 14 Coal for REE; Outro ---

UAS
Komponen Penilaian

Komponen %
Kuis 10
Tugas Praktikum 25
Keaktifan 5
Tugas Kuliah 10
UTS 25
UAS 25
 REFERENSI UTAMA

(Thomas) (Flores)
 REFERENSI TAMBAHAN

(Pickel) (Diessel) (Ruiz) (Speight)

 Week 1: Intro Geological setting and location of peatlands
and coals in Indonesia
• Coal Definition Flores, R.M., 2013. Coal and coalbed gas: fueling the future. Newnes.

• Coal Use
• Thermal Coal
• Coal Mining
• Strip Mining
• Underground
• Mining Hazard
• Environmental Studies
• Coal Maceral
• Coking Coal
• Coal Bed Methane / Coal
Seam Gas
• Coal Gasification
Week 2: Lingkungan Pengendapan Batubara
(Flores, 2014 pg 138)
 Week 3: Coalification; Deskripsi
Megaskopis (litotipe)
• Tahapan2 dalam coalification (proses)
• Peatification
• Coalification
• Fitur dan unsur kimia yang berubah apa saja
===============================
• Deskripsi Megaskopis (produk)
• Coal Type (Dullnes, brightness)
• Coal Rank
• Coal Impurities (clay and other minerals)
• Cleat
Coalification And Lithotype

PROCESS PRODUCT
• COALIFICATION • COAL LITHOTYPE
Coalification
Coalification
(Thomas, pg 103)

• Coalification is the alteration of

vegetation to form peat, succeeded by
the transformation of peat through
lignite, subbituminous, bituminous,
semi-anthracite to anthracite and meta-
anthracite coal (Thomas, pg 103)
• The degree of transformation or
coalification is termed the coal rank

http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coal-rank.php
Variables that effect coal quality include:
• Climate
• Latitude
• Vegetation
• Peat accumulation rate
• Local depositional environment and basin
• subsidence rate
• Burial history
4 STEPS TO FORM COAL
Step 1: Plants Grow
Esterlee, 2016
 Step 2: Plants Die

http://www.lacawactrails.org/glacial-bog.html

By Jonny Hansson - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8290568
Need place that able to preserve some of the
material: Mire/Lahan Gambut

Areal Rawa Pantai Ngliyep Desa Kedungsalam Donomulyo Malang Jawa Timur Indonesia | by altairdevara
 Where are they?
(Thomas, pg 9)
• Mire a general term for peat-forming ecosystems of all types
• Bog is generally confined to ombrotrophic peat-forming ecosystems.
• Bog forest consists of ombrotrophic forested vegetation, usually an upperstorey of
coniferous trees and a ground layer of Sphagnum moss.
• Marsh is an imprecise term used to denote wetlands characterized by floating
vegetation of different kinds including reeds and sedges, but controlled by
rheotrophic hydrology.
• Fen is a rheotrophic ecosystem in which the dry season water table may be below
the surface of the peat.
• Swamps are a rheotrophic ecosystem in which the dry season water table is
almost always above the surface of the sediment. It is an aquatic ecosystem
dominated by emergent vegetation.
• Floating swamps develop around the fringes of lakes and estuaries and extend
out over open water. These platforms can be thick and extensive particularly in
tropical areas.
• Swamp forest is a specific type of swamp in which trees are an important
constituent, for example mangrove swamps
 Step 3: Peatification

By Jonny Hansson - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=
8290568
Peatification

source: www.smtc.uwyo.edu/coal/swamp/anatomy.asp
Peatification

source: www.smtc.uwyo.edu/coal/swamp/anatomy.asp
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coal-peat.php
 The Product: Peat
Flores, 2014 pg 127

• Fibric Peat: the least decomposed with more than two-thirds

recognizable plant fibers, coarse-grained texture, and when
compressed the peat discharges tea-colored water with little
or no organic matter
• Hemic Peat: Hemic peat is moderately decomposed with one-
third to two-thirds recognizable plant fibers predominantly
composed of fragments of roots, stems, leaves, wood, bark,
and seeds and, thus, medium-grained texture.
• Sapric Peat: Sapric peat is the most decomposed, finegrained
texture, less than one-third recognizable plant fibers, and Sapric Peat
when compressed retains moisture and behaves like a paste.
In the field, after rubbing the peat, less than two-thirds of the
peat oozes between the fingers. Sapric Peat
Hemic Peat Hemic Peat

Images : Veloo, R., Van Ranst, E. and Selliah, P., 2015. Peat characteristics and its impact
on oil palm yield. NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 72, pp.33-40.
 The Product: Peat

• Fibric Peat: Undecomposed or

weakly decomposed organic
material; plant remains are
distinct and identifiable; yields
clear to weakly turbid water; no
peat escapes between fingers
• Hemic Peat: Moderately to well-
decomposed organic material;
plant remains recognisable but
may be rather indistinct and
difficult to identify; yields
strongly turbid to muddy water;
amount of peat escaping
between fingers ranges from
none up to one-third; residue is
pasty.
• Sapric Peat: Strongly to
completely decomposed organic
material; plant remains indistinct
to unrecognisable; amounts
ranging from about half to all
escape between fingers; any
residue is almost entirely
resistant remains such as root
fibres and wood.

http://nesoil.com/images/Peatoutcrop.htm Incerpt from Esterlee, 2016

Gambut Indonesia :
Potensi Energi Alternatif Pada
Lahan Rawan Terbakar
• Halo semua teman teman PSDMBP !!
Mungkin teman-teman pernah mendengar tentang lahan
gambut. Umumnya yang banyak diketahui adalah tentang
bencana kebakaran dan kabut asap yang disebabkan oleh
terbakarnya lahan gambut, seperti yang terjadi beberapa
tahun lalu. Kebakaran lahan gambut menyebabkan asap
tebal menyelimuti sebagian besar daerah Sumatera
Selatan, Riau, Kalimantan Barat dan Kalimantan Tengah
dalam waktu yang lama, bahkan berbulan-bulan. Kenapa ya
lahan gambut mudah terbakar? Lalu kenapa ya kabut
asapnya bisa bertahan berbulan bulan?
• Nah, dalam kesempatan kali ini, kami akan memberikan
informasi mengenai definisi gambut, peran ekologis
gambut dan penyebab sering terjadinya kebakaran pada
lahan gambut.
• Tapi ada hal menarik lain yang bisa kita temukan dari lahan
gambut lho teman-teman. Lahan yang rentan terbakar itu
ternyata memang menyimpan potensi energi yang besar.
Bisa dipertimbangkan untuk menjadi sumber energi pilihan
untuk negara kita di masa mendatang.
• Cari tau informasi lengkapnya yuk teman-teman, dalam
infografis di bawah ini. Temukan juga artikel lengkapnya di
website kami yaa.. Semoga informasi ini bermanfaat. Yang
jelas lahan gambut itu sangat berharga sehingga wajib kita
jaga. Kalaupun kita manfaatkan harus dengan penuh
tanggung jawab. Misal jika kita memanfaatkannya sebagai
sumber energi maka harus juga mempertimbangkan fungsi
ekologisnya.
• Kami berharap dapat memberikan sudut pandang baru
dalam mensyukuri keberagaman dan kekayaan
sumberdaya alam Indonesia.
• https://www.instagram.com/p/BpOJu24FUlW/
Mapping of Peat Potential using hand drill to identify peat thickness in peat
basin (Photo by PSDMBP)
PEAT
• Bor gambut
dilakukan hingga
menemukan batas
antara lapisan
CLAY gambut dan lapisan
batuan dibawahnya
(lempung), sehingga
didapatkan
kedalaman gambut
yang sebenarnya..
• https://www.instagram.com/p/BmhPpa
xlOQ0/
https://www.instagra
m.com/p/BhsOxYnBwi
3/
• Pemetaan potensi gambut
pada suatu daerah, hasilnya
didapatkan peta geologi
cekungan gambut dengan
ketebalan (isopach) yang
berguna untuk stakeholder
yang membutuhkan..
.
Gambar oleh: @ariefpinandita
(A) Geographic distribution of Sumatran peatlands. (B) Isopach map of peatlands in the
Jambi area (Flores, pg 152)
Peat as Fuel
Peat Protected as Natural Carbon Storage

https://www.theicct.org/publications/review-peat-
surface-greenhouse-gas-emissions-oil-palm-
plantations-southeast-asia
http://dasar-pertanian.blogspot.com/2016/06/tips-menanam-sawit-dilahan-gambut-agar.html
https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/kebakaran-hutan-di-pekanbaru-bmkg-temukan-100-
titik-panas.html

https://brg.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/05-1.jpg
Step 4: Coalification

source: www.smtc.uwyo.edu/coal/swamp/anatomy.asp
(Thomas, pg 106)
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coal-lignite.php
 3 Main Causes of Coalification
(Thomas, pg 110-111)

http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coal-rank.php
 The Products: Coal

Peat Brown Coal Black Coal

 The Products: Coal

Peat Brown Coal Black Coal

 Major Changes from Peat to Lignite
• darkening of color, hardening, and increasing lustrousness
• decrease in porosity and moisture content
• decrease in oxygen content and volatile matter yield
• increase in carbon content and heating value
• degeneration and selective preservation of plant polymers
• increase in aromaticity of huminites and liptinites
• increase in reflectance of huminites
• decrease in primary fluorescence

Levine, 1993 The Evolution of Coal as Source

Rock and Reservoir Rock for Oil and Gas
 • A 1 metre of brown coal seam probably
represents 2400-3000 years of accumulation.
• A 1 metre of bituminous coal seam probably
represents 6000-9000 years of accumulation
(Esterlee, 2016)

http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coal-diagram-download.php
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coal-diagram-download.php
Where are they? How old?
Chemical Changes together with
Coalification
Chemical Changes (lignin to lignite)

hydroxyl group (OH) is released by forming a water molecule

transfer of an alkyl (alkane that

missing 1 H atom) from one
molecule to another

removal of a methyl group

(CH3) from a molecule

(Ruiz, pg 35)
Chemical Changes (lignite to sub-bituminous)

(Ruiz, pg 35)
Chemical Changes (sub-bituminous to bituminous)

(Ruiz, pg 35)
COALIFICATION ALSO
Levine, 1993 The Evolution of Coal as Source
PRODUCES OIL AND GAS Rock and Reservoir Rock for Oil and Gas
 Why coalification and rank evolution is important?
Because various coal properties also evolve together with the rank change from peat to
anthracite (Will be discussed later in week 6)
Kalori:
Rendah
Sedang
Tinggi
Sangat Tinggi
From peatification to coalification, variables
that effect coal quality include:
• Climate
• Latitude
• Vegetation
• Peat accumulation rate
• Local depositional environment and basin
• subsidence rate
• Burial history

• More on coal quality in week 6

By Jonny Hansson - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8290568

 (Thomas, pg 106)

http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coal-diagram-download.php

What kind of rocks formed after

the anthracite?
 By Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com – CC-

Van Krevelen Diagram BY-SA-3.0, CC BY-SA 3.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/
(in Flores, pg 76) w/index.php?curid=10164225
• GRAFIT, mineral unik yang memiliki banyak kegunaan, Grafit
merupakan mineral native element dengan komposisi C
(karbon). Mineral ini memiliki banyak karakteristik unik.
Grafit memiliki sistem kristal heksagonal, tampak sebagai
massa berfoliasi atau lembaran-lembaran tipis yang terlepas,
struktur opak dan pada umumnya berwarna hitam.
• Kegunaan Grafit antara lain sebagai bahan baku untuk
baterai kering, bahan pencampur pelumas (lubricant), cat,
bahan pembuatan crucibles (tungku pencair logam), sikat
dinamo, elektroda untuk proses galvanisasi, bahan
pembuatan sepatu rem kendaraan, dipakai dalam industri
peleburan baja (foundry) dan juga sebagai bahan utama
pensil.
• Nah, Pada tahun 2017, Pusat Sumber Daya Mineral Batubara
dan Panas Bumi (PSDMBP) melakukan kegiatan survei tinjau
keprospekan mineral Grafit di Pulau Kalimantan dan Pulau
Sulawesi. Di kedua pulau tersebut ditemukan formasi batuan
pembawa mineral Grafit berupa batusabak di Sulawesi dan
batulumpur sabakan di Kalimantan. Batusabak yang
ditemukan di Kabupaten Kolaka, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara,
memiliki warna lapuk abu, warna segar abu kehitaman,
berlembar, mikaan, mudah hancur dan memiliki struktur
berlapis. Sedangkan batulumpur sabakan yang ditemukan di
Kabupaten Sanggau, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat, memiliki
warna lapuk hitam, warna segar hitam,terasa berminyak,
menempel di tangan, tidak kompak (loose), dan berstruktur
masif.
• Hasil kegiatan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa mineral Grafit
kemungkinan besar ditemukan pada formasi batuan
metamorf berumur tua, dengan protolith (batuan asal yang
belum terubahkan) berupa batuan sedimen kaya karbon.
Coal Lithotype
 Coal Lithotype
• Refer to the identification/
description of coal based on
macroscopic observation
• The characteristic of a lithotype
has to be visible by eye or with the
aid of 5-10x loupe.
• Field mapping and core logging
will use this for coal nomenclature
(but not in Indonesia)
 MACROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC
IDENTIFICATION IDENTIFICATION

IGNEOUS FIELD IGNEOUS PETROGRAPHIC

CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION

Analog to: Analog to:

COAL LITHOTYPE COAL MICROLITHOTYPE

Main Groups of Coal
(Thomas, pg 87)

Coals are divisible into two main groups:

• Humic Coals
composed of a diversified mixture of macroscopic plant debris and
they typically have a banded appearance
• Sapropelic Coals
composed of a restricted variety of microscopic plant debris and have
a homogeneous appearance. Relatively uncommon

Humic Coals will be our main concern in

coal lithotype
 Medium rank,
humic coal
(Australia, Permian)

Humic Coals
composed of a diversified mixture of macroscopic plant debris and
they typically have a banded appearance
 Sapropelic Coals
composed of a restricted variety of
microscopic plant debris and have a
homogeneous appearance. Relatively
uncommon
Medium rank sapropelic coal, Upper
Greta Seam (Australia)

5th ICCP Course Organic Petrology

Brisbane, July 29th – August 3rd 2012
Instructors: Prof. (em) Claus Diessel and Dr. Walter Pickel
Coal lithotypes of black coals

Stach et al., 1982

Sapropelic coals are not subdivided in lithotypes because the differences between
cannel, boghead coal and all transition stages between both types are recognizable
definitely only by microscopical investigation and not at a hand specimen (Diessel and Pickler, 2012)
 Important macroscopic feature for black coal
and brown coal lithotype description
(Diessel, 127)

• Brown coal description: • Black coal description:

– Colour – lustre (bright versus dull)
– Structure – fracture pattern (irregular
– Desiccation pattern versus smooth)
– colour and streak of coal
– Texture
– kind of stratification
–
Criteria for recognition (Esterlee, 2016):
• Lustre (bright vs dull)
• Fracture pattern (irregular vs smooth or conchoidal)
• Colour and streak
• Texture (banded vs non banded, thin vs thick)
• Brown coal criteria for description:
– Colour: The visual identification of lithotype colour can be supported by
the colorimetric determination of the colour index on a ground sample
of air-dried coal (Diessel, pg 134)
– Structure
– Desiccation pattern: Brown coals are best left to dry and develop their
characteristic desiccation pattern before logging them (Diessel, pg 134)
Dessication Pattern
• Brown coal description:
– Colour
– Structure
– Desiccation pattern
Longitudinal and transverse desiccation fissures
Brown coals are best left to dry and develop (Diessel, pg 63)
their characteristic desiccation pattern before
logging them (Diessel, pg 134)
 Colour
• Brown coal description:
– Colour
– Structure/texture
– Desiccation pattern
 Structure/Texture
• Brown coal description:
– Colour
– Structure/texture
– Desiccation pattern

Some brown coal

textures:
• Fibrous
• Woody
• Amorphous (no
fibrous or woody
texture)
• Matte
• Silky
 Brown Coal Lithotype
(Francis (1961), focuses on texture)
(Diessel, 128-129)

• Earthy-brown or fibrous • Amorphous brown coals

lignites • Black lignites
• Woody or xylitic lignites

xylitic lignites fibrous lignites Hard brown coals/black lignites

 Brown Coal Lithotype (Francis, 1961. focuses on texture)
(Diessel, 128-129)

• Woody or xylitic lignites are of light brown colour and
consist for the most part of coalified wood (xylite) that
has largely retained its woody structure. In many brown
coals, xylitic bands are observed, whilst occasionally
whole seams appear to be composed of woody lignite
which microscopically consists of textinite, occasionally
leading towards texto-ulminite.
• Earthy-brown or fibrous lignites resemble peat in
appearance and properties. They are light brown in
colour and of fibrous and earthy texture. The fibrous
habit commonly results from root penetration, and
small pieces of wood are frequent inclusions in the
finely fragmented groundmass which is composed
mainly of attrinite
fibrous lignites

xylitic lignites
 Brown Coal Lithotype (Francis, 1961. focuses on texture)
(Diessel, 128-129)

• Amorphous brown coals are of light or dark brown
colour, and of an amorphous or uniform texture, free
from obvious fibrous and woody structure, sometimes
they are soft and easily powdered, i.e.
"unconsolidated," while sometimes they are hard or
"consolidated." The bulk of this material consists of
highly degraded attritus in the form of attrinite grading
into densinite.
• Black lignites (Hartbraunkohle in German) are of slightly
higher rank than the above examples of soft brown coal
(Weichbraunkohle in German). They are denser (Fig.
4.33, bottom) and of dark brown or black colour and,
depending on further rank differentiation have either a
dull, matt appearance (Mattbraunkohle in German);
sometimes with a silky lustre, or display dull and bright
bands (Glanzbraunkohle in German), as in bituminous
coals. In fact, the latter overlaps with sub-bituminous
coal according to the ASTM classification.
Microscopically their woody inclusions show evidence
of the rank-related gelificatioin discussed above. They
consist of texto-ulminite grading into eu-ulminite,
whereas the attrital portion has been transformed into
densinite.
 Brown Coal Lithotype (Australia, focuses on color) (Diessel, 129)

(Diessel & Pickel, 2012).

The lithotype classification of air dried soft brown coal used in Australia (After George 1975, 1982)
 Important macroscopic feature for black coal
and brown coal lithotype description
(Diessel, 127)

• Black coal description:

– lustre (bright versus dull)
– fracture pattern (irregular
versus smooth or conchoidal)
– colour and streak of coal
– Texture (banded vs non
banded, thin or thick)
 lustre (bright versus dull)
Black coal
description:
• lustre (bright
versus dull)
• fracture pattern
(irregular versus
smooth or
conchoidal)
• colour and streak
of coal
• Texture (banded
vs non banded,
thin or thick)
Bands of dull and bright coal in mm scale
 Bands of dull and bright
coal in cm scale

Side A

Side B
 Bands of dull and
bright coal in larger
Bright
dominated scale
coal
Dull
dominated
coal

Tuff
Dull dominated coal
Tuff

Diessel and Pickel, 2002

 Smooth

Black coal
description:
• Black coal lustre
(bright versus
dull)
• fracture pattern
(irregular versus
smooth or
conchoidal)
• colour and streak
of coal
• Texture (banded
vs non banded,
thin or thick)
Example of conchoidal fracture (in
Conchoidal obsidian rock)
2 Types of Cleat: Face and Butt
 Cleats are more prevalent
in bright band
Bright
Band

Dull
Coal

Tuff
Dull
Band
Tuff

Diessel and Pickel, 2002

 Cleats are more prevalent
in bright band

Side A

Side B
 color and streak of coal
• Black coal lustre
(bright versus
dull)
• fracture pattern
(irregular versus
smooth or
conchoidal)
• colour and
streak of coal
• Texture (banded
vs non banded,
thin or thick)
 colour and streak of coal

Black coal
description:
• lustre (bright
versus dull)
• fracture pattern
(irregular versus
smooth or
conchoidal)
• colour and
streak of coal
• Texture (banded
vs non banded,
thin or thick)
 Texture
Black coal
description:
• lustre (bright Banded, thin
versus dull)
• fracture pattern
(irregular versus
smooth or
conchoidal)
• colour and streak
of coal
• Texture (banded
vs non banded,
thin or thick) Non Banded
Banded, thick
Esterlee, 2016
Black Coal Lithotype (Australia) (Diessel, 132)

• The minimum band

width for an individual
lithotype is 5 mm.
• If there are multiple
bands of bright and dull
coal but with each less
than 5mm: the whole
bands combined itu
one unit
• If one of the individual
bands becomes 5 mm
thick or more, it forms
a lithotype of its own

(After Diessel 1965)

• Bands and cleats are
easier to identify in core
Coal lithotype implemented
in core logging description
(a.k.a brightness log)

(Diessel pg 133)
 Macro-
lithotypes

Flores, pg 253
• Although the method of identification of various
lithotypes is somewhat subjective, valuable information
in terms of coal composition, genesis and technical
properties can be gained from lithotype analysis.
Microlithotype (brief
introduction)
 Microlithotype
• Is different from lithotype
• Instead of using macroscopic
feature, the coal is defined by its
microscopic feature (its maceral
contents)
• Maceral: the smallest unit in coal
identifiable using microscope
• Macerals in coal are equal to
minerals in igneous rocks
• Three main type (maceral groups)
based on their reflectances
– Liptinite (“black” maceral group)
– Vitrinite (“gray” maceral group)
– Inertinite (“white” maceral group)
 5th ICCP Course Organic Petrology
Brisbane, July 29th – August 3rd 2012
Instructors: Prof. (em) Claus Diessel and Dr. Walter Pickel
 (Tucker, 2005. Sedimentary Rocks in the Field)

Three main type (maceral groups) based on their

reflectances
A. Vitrinite (brighter maceral group)
B. Liptinite (darkest maceral group)
C. Inertinite (brightest maceral group)

Flores, 2014

Flores, 2014

Flores, 2014
Vitrinite Reflectance as Coal Rank Indicator

Diessel and Pickel, 2012

https://virtualexplorer.com.au/article/2010/232/sedimentar
y-vs-tectonic/methods.html
 Macerals
& Micro-
lithotypes

Macro-
lithotypes

Flores, pg 253
Microlithotypes and Lithotypes
(Flores, pg 251)

From Flores, 2014. Modified from Hower et al. (1990)

and Mukhopadhyay and Hatcher (1993)
Microlithotypes Liptinite Vitrinite
will be discussed
further after
MID-EXAM Inertinite

(in Week 8)

Esterlee, 2016
Coal Classification
• Is different from
coal lithotype
• not intended for
commercial
purposes
• More on this in
week 6!

(Ruiz, pg 57)
• Lithotype is important for commercial and scientific
work.
• However in Indonesia, it is rarely used for commercial
work. Mostly focuses on coal laboratory analyses
(proximate, ultimate, etc)
• More on laboratory analyses in Week 6!
Geological setting and location of peatlands
and coals in Indonesia
Flores, R.M., 2013. Coal and coalbed gas: fueling the future. Newnes.
 Coal is similar to
cofee…

https://medium.com/@nickcho/we-ve-got-a-third-coffee-flavor-wheel-now-6548432f292f
 Coal is similar to cofee…

SCAA flavor wheel

https://www.rogersfamilyco.com/index.p
hp/coffee-cupping-all-about-coffee-part-
4/
https://medium.com/@nickcho/we-ve-got-a-third-coffee-flavor-wheel-now-6548432f292f
Cofee and coal are black but full of color

Color Ash content

Inertinite Porosity &

Content COAL
(This chart is
Permeability

for illustration only)

Reflectance Rank

Sulphur
Content

Gas Content
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References
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