CHAPTER 12

HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR ONE

POPULATION PARAMETER
 Situation 1: Hypothesis Test for
One Population Mean
• A teacher wants to know if online learning has
increased the mean GPA of students in DLSU.
• The population of study of the teacher is the
set of all DLSU students.
• The population mean GPA of all the DLSU
students is known to be 𝜇 = 80.
• The teacher’s hypothesis is that population
mean 𝜇 > 80 when online learning is a factor.
 Situation 1: Hypothesis Test for
One Population Mean
• To determine if this is true or not, a random
sample of 𝑛 = 200 students were selected
and it was found out that 𝑥 = 83 is the
sample mean GPA of the 200 students.
• The teacher will use this sample mean to
determine if it is true that the population
mean 𝜇 > 80.
 Situation 2: Hypothesis Test for
One Population Proportion
• A political analyst claims that a presidential
candidate will get at most 45% of the votes in
the upcoming elections.
• Therefore, the hypothesis of the political
analyst is that the population proportion
𝑝 ≤ 0.45.
 Situation 2: Hypothesis Test for
One Population Proportion
• To prove this claim, the political analyst
surveyed a sample of 𝑛 = 50 voters and asked
these voters if they will vote for the
presidential candidate or not.
• The survey result showed that 21 voters will
vote the presidential candidate.
21
• In this case, the sample proportion 𝑝 = =
50
0.42 or 42%.
 Hypothesis Testing

• A statistical hypothesis is an assertion or

conjecture concerning one or more
populations.
• A test of hypothesis is the method to
determine whether the statistical hypothesis
is true or not.
 Hypothesis Testing
It depends on several factors:
• Null and Alternative Hypothesis
• Type of Test
• Level of Significance
• Test Statistic
• Critical Value and Critical Region (Decision
Rule)
 Null Hypothesis

• The null hypothesis is the hypothesis that the

researcher wishes to reject or not to reject.
• This hypothesis includes equality (equal sign)
always and it is denoted by 𝐻0 .
 Alternative Hypothesis
• The alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis
that is accepted if the null hypothesis is
rejected.
• It is denoted by 𝐻1 or 𝐻𝑎 .
• This hypothesis may include one of the
following quantifiers: the less than (<), the
greater than (>) or the not equal to (≠).
 Type of Test
• The type of test depends on 𝐻𝑎 or 𝐻1 .
• If the quantifier is less than (<), then the type
of test is one-tailed. Specifically, left-tailed test
or lower-tailed test.
• If the quantifier is greater than (>), then the
type of test is also one-tailed but specifically, a
right-tailed test or upper-tailed test.
• If the quantifier is not equal to (≠), then the
type of test is two-tailed.
Example 12.1: Null and Alternative
Hypothesis
Write the null and alternative hypotheses of the
following and identify the type of test to be
used:
1. At most 65% of public school children are
malnourished.
2. The mean height of sports car drivers is at
least 159 cm.
3. Not more than 20% of the faculty at the local
university contributed to the annual giving
fund.
Example 12.1: Null and Alternative
Hypothesis
4. Fifty-five percent of elected public officials
came from the same university.
5. The mean calorie content of a certain
chocolate bar is more than 30.
 Level of Significance
• The level of significance is denoted by 𝛼.
• Usually, it is given in hypothesis testing
problems.
• In a research study, the usual values of 𝛼 are
either 0.05 or 0.01.
• If not given in the problem, we shall use
𝛼 = 0.05.
 Level of Significance
• The level of significance 𝛼 is interpreted as the
probability of rejecting the null hypothesis
whenever it is TRUE.
• When you reject a TRUE null hypothesis, it is
called a Type I error.
• Thus,
𝛼 = 𝑃 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝐼 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
𝑃(𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐻0 |𝐻0 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒)
 Level of Significance
• A Type II error is an error of accepting a null
hypothesis that is false.
• Thus,
𝑃 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝐼𝐼 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
𝑃(𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝐻0 |𝐻0 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒)
 Example 12.2: Type I and II
In the given situation, formulate the null and
alternative hypotheses. Identify situations when
Type I and Type II errors are committed and
state their possible consequences.
SITUATION 1: In the Philippine judicial system, a
defendant is presumed innocent until proven
guilty.
 Example 12.2: Type I and II
SITUATION 2: A jar of peanut butter is labeled as
containing 32 ounces (oz.) A consumer group
feels that the manufacturer of the peanut butter
is shortchanging its customers by underfilling
the jars.
 Test Statistic
• The test statistic (z or t) is simply a formula
depending on the type of hypothesis testing.
• As we discuss each type of hypothesis testing,
the formulas will be shown.
• This test statistic will be compared to the
critical value which can be read from 𝑧 or 𝑡
tables.
• The rule for comparison is the critical region
or decision rule.
 Critical Value and Critical Region
A. For left-tail tests,
𝑧 < −𝑧𝛼 for z-test
𝑡 < −𝑡𝛼 for t-test
B. For right-tail tests,
𝑧 > 𝑧𝛼 for z-test
𝑡 > 𝑡𝛼 for t-test
C. For two-tail tests,
𝑧 < −𝑧𝛼/2 or 𝑧 > 𝑧𝛼/2 for z-test
𝑡 < −𝑡𝛼/2 or 𝑡 > 𝑡𝛼/2 for t-test
 Critical Value and Critical Region
If the inequality in the critical region is TRUE,
then we reject the null hypothesis 𝐻0 .
Otherwise, we do not reject 𝐻0 .
 Steps in Hypothesis Testing
• Step 1: Identify null and alternative
hypotheses and type of test.
• Step 2: Identify the level of significance.
Determine the critical region and critical
value.
• Step 3: Compute the appropriate test statistic.
• Step 4: State the decision.
• Step 5: Write the appropriate conclusion.
Hypothesis Test for One Population
Mean
Case 1: 𝜎 is known
The formula for the test statistic is
𝑥 − 𝜇0
𝑧= 𝜎
𝑛
Hypothesis Test for One Population
Mean
Case 2A: 𝜎 is unknown, 𝑛 ≥ 30
The formula for the test statistic is
𝑥 − 𝜇0
𝑧= 𝑠
𝑛
Hypothesis Test for One Population
Mean
Case 2A: 𝜎 is unknown, 𝑛 < 30
The formula for the test statistic is
𝑥 − 𝜇0
𝑡= 𝑠
𝑛
 Example 12.3: Hypothesis Test for
One Population Mean
A random sample of 100 recorded deaths in the
United States during the past year showed an
average life span of 71.8 years, with a standard
deviation of 8.9 years. Does this seem to
indicate that the average life span today is
greater than 70 years? Use a 0.05 level of
significance.
 Example 12.4: Hypothesis Test for
One Population Mean
The average height of females in the freshman
class of a certain college has been 162.5
centimeters with a standard deviation of 6.9
centimeters. Is there a reason to believe that
there has been a change in the average height if
a random sample of 50 females in the present
freshman class has an average height of 165.2
centimeters? Use a 0.02 level of significance.
 Example 12.5: Hypothesis Test for
One Population Mean
A random sample of 8 cigarettes of a certain
brand has an average nicotine content of 4.2
milligrams and a standard deviation of 1.4
milligrams. Is this in line with the manufacturer’s
claim that the average nicotine content does not
exceed 3.5 milligrams? Use a 0.01 level of
significance
Hypothesis Test for One Population
Proportion
The formula for the test statistic is given by
𝑝 − 𝑝0
𝑧=
𝑝0 𝑞0
𝑛
 Example 12.6: Hypothesis Test for
One Population Proportion
A chocolate manufacturer targets at least an 8
out of 10 public approval of their new chocolate
recipe to release in the market. A random
sample of 80 people where given a taste test
and resulted a 75% approval of the product. Will
the company release the product in the market
with a 0.05 level of significance?
 Example 12.7: Hypothesis Test for
One Population Proportion
A commonly prescribed drug on the market for
relieving nervous tension is believed to be only
60% effective. Experimental results with a new
drug administered to a random sample of 100
adults who were suffering from nervous tension
showed that 70 received relief. Is this sufficient
evidence to conclude that the new drug is
superior to the one commonly prescribed? Use
a 0.05 level of significance.