Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1 Introducción
2 Generalidades
3 Definiciones
5 Regimen sinusoidal
6 Característica de magnetización
Como los niveles de corriente del sistema de potencia son muy elevados, los
instrumentos de medida y los relés de protección no se pueden conectar en
forma directa y lo hacen a través de transformadores de medida, los cuales
se denominan transformadores de corriente.
Los transformadores de corriente tienen como función:
- adaptar las corrientes elevadas a valores compatibles con los que
trabajan los instrumentos de medida y los relés de protección.
- proporcionar aislación a los instrumentos de medida y relés de
protección con respecto a la alta tensión del circuito de potencia.
- permitir el uso normalizado para las corrientes nominales de los
instrumentos de medida y relés de protección.
Normas técnicas
Las especificaciones de los transformadores de corriente deben seguir reglas
que están determinadas en normas técnicas, entre las que se encuentran:
- IEC 61869-1: Transformadores de medida - Parte 1: Requerimientos
generales
- IEC 61869-2: Transformadores de medida - Parte 6: Requisitos
adicionales para los transformadores de corriente
- IEC 60044-1: Transformadores de medida - Parte 1: Transformadores de
intensidad
- IEC 60044-6: Transformadores de medida. Parte 6: Requisitos para los
transformadores de intensidad de protección para la respuesta en
régimen transitorio.
- IEEE C57.13: IEEE Standard Requirements for Instruments Transformers
k n Is − Ip
Error de corriente ( %) = × 100
Ip
s
Z T
100 1
εc = (kn is − ip )2 dt (1)
Ip T 0
IPL
FS =
Ipn
1.8804
'
plication lnsulation
The cores and secondary windings
t transformers are used to are located in the transformer head.
rm high voltage line current to They are housed in a rigid aluminium
standard value that is insulated shell which carries the high voltage
high voltage. insuiation. The secondary windings
re than 60 years - since AC are led out through an oil-paper
was introduced - Haefely has bushing to the base.
ned a leading position in the The use of special insulating machines
pment and design of high warrants for extremely uniform
¡nstru ment transformers. winding of the paper insulation. Con-
onsecutive development stage ductive layers subdivide the insulation
equipment was based on the and are used to control the electrical
heoretical and technical field.
ow. Today Haefely is proud to The insulation structure is specially
nce more modern and reliable designed to ensure that the electrical
transformers which have field is uniformely distributed at all
comprehensive type and locations. This eliminates local
nce tests and were stressed stresses.
he different service conditions. The service life of the transformer
heavily depends on the quality of the
ign paper insulation, which is dried and
y winding impregnated under vacuum. For this
hows the basic layout. The reason, these operations are per-
y winding consists of an alu- formed carefully and are monitored
m tube whlch is led through by ultramodern equipment. Prior to
nsformer head. One side of the the impregnation process, the insu-
g is normally insulated from lating oil is processed under vacuum
d. Transformers with one and tested.
turn can be equipped with a
ble bar primary to be con- lnsulator
to one side of the head. Thus, Glazed insulators of first-class electro-
nnection in the head can be grade porcelain are used. Brown or
d. grey porcelain can be delivered. 11
n also be equipped with mul- The insulators are cemented with '13
connectable primary windings. Portland cement into the flanges of 12
15 t4
the head and ofthe base. From this
results a high mechanical tensile and
diagram
cantilever strength. 1 Transformer head Fig.5
2 Bellows indicator lnside view of the terminal box
3 Oil refillscrew (sealed)
Head 4 Metal bellows As a standard, terminal blocks are
5 High voltage insulation used. Upon request, short circuit
The head housing is made of high- 6 Secondarywinding and cores terminals can be supplied.
quality cavity-free cast aluminium 7 Primary winding 1 Earthing terminal
8 Cast aluminium head case
alloy and shaped to conform with the 9 Two lifting lugs 2 Gland plate standard: undrilled.
active part. This design enables to 10 Porcelain insulator
'l
Upon request, drilled or with
1 Terminal box conduit hub(s).
reduce the oil volume, the weight of 12 Secondary terminals
the transformer, and its dimensions 13 Oil draining screw (sealed)
14 Four lifting luos
for optimum economy. The head 15 Earthing terminal
carries the primary winding and the
Φ
I1
+
N1 Φd1
V1
-
Rd1
I2
+
N2 Φd2
V2
- Rd2
i1 N1 − i2 N2 = ΦR (2)
donde:
Φd1 y Φd2 : flujo de dispersion equivalentes primarios y secundarios.
R: reluctancia del camino en el hierro
Rd1 : reluctancia del camino equivalente de dispersion primario
Rd2 : reluctancia del camino equivalente de dispersion secundario
Definiendo:
N12
L1 = Rd1 : inductancia de dispersion primaria
2
N
L2 = Rd2 : inductancia de dispersion secundaria
R1 : resistencia del bobinado primario
R2 : resistencia del bobinado secundario
⇒ se puede escribir:
dI1 dΦ
V1 = R1 I1 + L1 + N1 (3)
dt dt
dI2 dΦ
V2 = −R2 I2 − L2 + N2 (4)
dt dt
N2
Sustituyendo la ecuación 3 en la ecuación 4 y denominando: k = N1 se
obtiene:
dI2 I1 d I1
V2 = −R2 I2 − L2− R1 k 2 ( ) − L1 k 2 ( ) + kV1 (5)
dt k dt k
Sustituyendo la ecuación 2 en la ecuación 4 se obtiene:
dI2 d I1
V2 = −R2 I2 − L2+ L0 [ − I2 ] (6)
dt dt k
Se considera que el circuito magnético es lineal (sin saturación).
I1/k I2
V1 R0 L0 V2
V1k I1/k-I2
I1/k I2
V1 E0 V2
V1k
I0
Con:
E 0 = Z0 I 0
I1
I0 = k − I2
además E 0 = jN2 ωΦ
Con:
I 0L componente correspondiente a la magnetización
I 0R componente correspondiente a las pérdidas
Error de relación
Consideremos un transformador de corriente funcionando en forma lineal y la
corriente primaria es sinusoidal. Utilizando el circuito equivalente para el
funcionamiento en régimen sinusoidal permanente, se deduce:
|k I 2 | − |I 1 | | I 1 | − |I 2 |
Fi = error ( %) = x100 = − k x100 (7)
|I 1 | | I1 |
k
Error de desfasaje
Error en desfasaje = ángulo que forma la corriente primaria y la corriente
secundaria:
desfasaje = δi
Error en transformadores
-
- minimum
-
exceeding
de
- corriente para medida
* IEC
average daily not