Solutions to Problem Set 4.

Graeme Smith
May 21, 2004

5.26

I
z

Figure 1:

To find the magnetic field due to a single wire, we use Ampere’s law:

1
 Letting ρ be the radial distance to the wire, on the outside of the wire we
find Z
2πρB(ρ) = B ~ · d~l = µ0 I, (1)
which implies

~ out (ρ) = µ0 I ẑ.

B (2)
2πρ
On the inside, we get
2
~ · d~l = µ0 I ρ ,
Z
2πρB(ρ) = B (3)
R2
~ ×A
where R is the radius of the wire. Using the relation 5 ~ = B,
~ we find
∂
that Bz = − ∂ρ Az , which implies
Z
Az = − Bz dρ. (4)

So,

µ0 I ρ2
Az = − (log( 2 ) + 1) ρ≥R (5)
4π R
µ 0 I ρ2
=− ρ < R. (6)
4π R2
In the system we consider there are two wires. If the wires are both of
length l, we know that the total potential energy is given by
1Z ~ ~ 1 Z ~a ~a a 1 Z ~b ~b ~b
W = J · Ad~x = J · A dx~ + J · A dx (7)
2 2 2

l I Z 2π Z a inside a l I Z 2π Z b inside b
= ( 2) Az (ρa )dρa dφ1 + ( 2 ) Az (ρb )dρb dφ1 (8)
2 πa 0 0 2 πb 0 0

l I µ0 I Z 2π Z a ρ2b ρ2a l I µ0 I Z 2π Z b ρ2a ρ2b

= [log +1− ]dρ a dφ 1 + [log +1− ]dρb dφ2
2 πa2 4π 0 0 b2 a2 2 πb2 4π 0 0 a2 b2
(9)

2
 d

I
−I
z

a
b

Figure 2:

l I µ0 I Z 2π Z a ρ2a + d2 − 2dρa cosφ1 ρ2a

= [log + 1 − ]dρa dφ1 (10)
2 πa2 4π 0 0 b2 a2

l I µ0 I Z 2π Z b ρ2b + d2 − 2dρb cosφ2 ρ2b

+ [log + 1 − ]dρb dφ2 (11)
2 πb2 4π 0 0 b2 b2

rho_b
rho_a
phi_a

Figure 3:
The most challenging integrals to perform are those of the form
1 Z b Z 2π d2 + ρ2b − 2dρb cosφ2
[log( )]dφ2 ρb dρb . (12)
b2 0 0 a2

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 We perform the φ2 integral first, taking advantage of the fact that
for s > 1
Z 2π 1 √
log(s − cosφ)dφ = 2π log( (s + s2 − 1)), (13)
0 2
which can be established via contour integration (as is done in the ap-
pendix), Mathematica, or checking a standard table of integrals. This implies
Z 2π Z 2π a2 + b 2
log(a2 +b2 −2abcosφ)dφ = 2π log(2ab)+ log( −cosφ)dφ (14)
0 0 2ab
s
1 a2 + b 2 a2 + b 2 2
= 2π log(2ab) + 2π log( ( + ( ) − 1)) (15)
2 2ab 2ab
1 q
= 2π log( (a2 + b2 + (a2 + b2 )2 − 4a2 b2 )) (16)
2
1 q
= 2π log( (a2 + b2 + (a2 − b2 )2 )) (17)
2

= 2π log(max(a2 , b2 )). (18)

So,

1 Z b Z 2π d2 + ρ2b − 2dρb cosφ2

[log( )]dφ2 ρb dρb (19)
b2 0 0 a2
2π Z b d2
= log( )ρb dρb (20)
b2 0 a2
d
= 2π log( ) (21)
a
A similar argument shows that

1 Z a Z 2π d2 + ρ2a − 2dρa cosφ1

[log( )]dφ1 ρa dρa (22)
b2 0 0 b2
d
= 2π log( ). (23)
b
Using these integrals, we find that

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 l µ0 1 d l µ0 1 d
W = ( + 2 log )I 2 + ( + 2 log )I 2 (24)
2 4π 2 b 2 4π 2 a
l µ0 d2 l L
= (1 + 2 log )I 2 = ( )I 2 , (25)
2 4π ab 2 2
which implies

L µ0 d2
= (1 + 2 log ). (26)
l 4π ab

5.29
From the discussion at the beginning of section (5.13), we know that both
the B~ and E~ fields are in the x, y plane, and that the E
~ is paralell to n̂ at
the surface while B~ is perpendicular. From the fact that Bz = 0 and Ez = 0,
we can show from Maxwell’s equations that B ~ = ±√µ²ẑ × E.~ In particular,

~
∂E ~
∂B
= (27)
∂z ∂t
and

~
∂B ~
∂E
= −µ² , (28)
∂z ∂t
together imply that

~
∂2E ~
∂2E
= −µ² (29)
∂z 2 ∂t2
and
~
∂2B ~
∂2B
= −µ² , (30)
∂z 2 ∂t2
which means that
√ √
~
B(x, y, z, t) = B~+ (x, y, t − µ²z) + B~− (x, y, t + µ²z), (31)
~ Substituting these forms into Eq. (27) and (28) shows
and similarly for E.
~ √ ~ The important point is that E(x,
~ ~
that B = ± µ²ẑ×E. y, z, t) and B(x, y, z, t)
have proportional magnitutes but orthogonal directions.

5
c

dl

a’

dl’

n’

Figure 4:

6
 Now, the inductance per unit length is given by

F∆z µ Z Z
µ Z a0 ~ ~ 0 0
R a0
~ · n~0 dl0
B
l = lim = lim ~
B · da~s = B · n dl = −µ aH , (32)
∆z→0 I I ∆z→0 I a ~ ~
c B · dl

whereas the capacitance per unit length is given by

Qenclosed
∆z ² Z Z
² I ~
H
~ · n̂dl
E
c= = lim E · da~s = E · n̂dl = ² cR a0 , (33)
V V ∆z→0 s V c − a E ~ · d~l0

where we have considered the a segment of the transmission line of length

∆z, and let ∆z → 0.
So, we find that

~ · n~0 dl0 H E
B
R a0
~ · n̂dl
a
cl = −µ H ² cR a0 (34)
B~ · d~l − ~ · d~l0
E
c a
R a0
~ · n~0 dl0 H E
(ẑ × E) ~ · n̂dl
a c
= µ² H (35)
~ · d~l
(ẑ × E)
R a0
~ · d~l0
E
c a

~ · d~l0 H E
E
R a0
~ · n̂dl
ac
= µ² H (36)
~ · n̂dl
E
R a0
~ · d~l0
E
c a

= µ² (37)

5.33
(a)
The mutual inductance is given by

~ = µ0
I I
dl~1 · dl~2
M12 (R) , (38)
4π |x~1 − x~2 + R| ~

which implies

~ µ0 I I ~ 1
~
5R M12 (R) = 5R ( )dl~1 · dl~2 (39)
4π ~
|x~1 − x~2 + R|

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 dl_2

dl_1 x_2

x_1 





Figure 5:

µ0 I I x~1 − x~2 + R ~ µ0 I I x~12

=− ( ~ ~
)dl · dl2 = − ( )dl~1 · dl~2 . (40)
4π ~ 3 1
|x~1 − x~2 + R| 4π |x~12 |3
Combining this with Eq. (5.10),
µ0 I I
(dl~1 · dl~2 )x~12
F~12 = − I1 I2 , (41)
4π |x~12 |3
we find

F~12 = I1 I2 5~R M12 (R).

~ (42)
(b)
Well,
µ0 I I 2 1
~
52R M12 (R) = 5R ( )dl~1 · dl~2 (43)
4π ~
|x~1 − x~2 + R|
µ0 I I ~ l~1 · dl~2 = µ0
I I
~ l~1 · dl~2 . (44)
= (−4πδ(x~1 − x~2 + R))d δ(x~1 − x~2 + R)d
4π
~ 6= 0 – we do not want our loops
We restrict to the situation x~1 − x~2 + R
to touch each other. In this case, δ(x~1 − x~2 + R) ~ = 0 over the range of
integrations, so we find

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 ~ = 0.
52R M12 (R) (45)

6.1
a)The retarded solution is
x−x~0 |
|~
+
Z
δ(x0 )δ(y 0 )δ(t − )
ψ (~x, t) = c
dx0 dy 0 dz 0 . (46)
|~x − x~0 |
Doing the x0 and y 0 integrations, we find
√2 2
x +y +(z−z 0 )2
+
Z
δ(t − c
) 0
ψ (~x, t) = q dz . (47)
x2 + y 2 + (z − z 0 )2

0)
We can now take advantage of the fact that δ(f (z 0 ))g(z)dz 0 = z0 |fg(z
0 (z )| ,
R P
√ 2 0

where z0 are the values of z for which f (z) = 0. Now, for x + y 2 > ct the
argument of the delta function is always less than zero, so that we have
√ 2
x + y2
ψ(~x, t < ) = 0. (48)
c
√
For x2 + y 2 < ct the argument in the delta function has two zeros, and
the above formula allows us to find
√ 2
x + y2 c
ψ(~x, t > )= √ 2 2 . (49)
c c t − x2 − y 2
Combining these, we get the result
q 2c
ψ(~x, t) = Θ(ct − x2 + y 2 ) √ 2 2 . (50)
c t − x2 − y 2
b)
We can use the result of (a) to help solve this question. In particular,
~0
+
Z
δ(x0 )δ(t − |~x−cx | ) 0 0 0
ψ (~x, t) = dx dy dz (51)
|~x − x~0 |

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 √
x2 +(y−y 0 )2 +(z−z 0 )2
Z µZ
δ(t − )
¶
= q c
dz 0 dy 0 (52)
x2 + (y − y 0 )2 + (z − z 0 )2
Z q 2c
= Θ(ct − x2 + (y − y 0 )2 ) q dy 0 . (53)
c2 t2 − x2 − (y − y 0 )2
Now, if ct < |x|, for all y 0 , the theta function factor is zero. So,

|x|
ψ + (~x, t < ) = 0. (54)
c
For ct > |x|,

|x| Z q 2c
ψ + (~x, t > ) = Θ(ct − x2 + (y − y 0 )2 ) q dy 0 (55)
c 2 2 2 0
c t − x − (y − y ) 2

√
Z y+ c2 t2 −x2 2c
= √ q dy 0 (56)
y− c2 t2 −x2 c2 t 2 − x2 − (y − y 0 )2
¸y+√c2 t2 −x2
y0 − y
·
−1
= 2c sin ( √ 2 2 ) √ = 2πc (57)
c t − x2 y− c2 t2 −x2

Combining these two regimes gives

ψ + (~x, t) = 2πcΘ(ct − |x|). (58)

Appendix
We will show that for s > 1
Z 2π 1 √
log(s − cos φ)dφ = 2π log( (s + s2 − 1)). (59)
0 2
To begin with, define
Z 2π
I(s) = log(s − cos φ)dφ (60)
0

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 Notice that it is also true that
Z 2π
I(s) = log(s + cos φ)dφ. (61)
0

Then,

0
Z 2π 1 Z
1 dz
I (s) = dφ = , (62)
0 s + cos φ γ s + (1/2)(z + 1/z) iz

where γ is the unit circle in the complex plane.

Now
Z
1 dz Z −2i
= 2
dz (63)
γ s + (1/2)(z + 1/z) iz γ z + 2sz + 1
Z
−2i
= √ √ dz (64)
γ (z + s + s2 − 1)(z + d − s2 − 1)
2π
=√ , (65)
s2 − 1
−2i
where we have noted that √ √
(z+s+ s2 −1)(z+s− s2 −1)
has one residue inside γ
√
at z = s2 − 1 − s.
Now,
2π
I 0 (s) = √ , (66)
s2 − 1
so
√
I(s) = 2π log(s + s2 − 1) + C. (67)
In the limit of large s, we must have

I(s) → 2π log(s), (68)

which allows us to identify the constant as −2π log 2. Thus,

√ 1 √
I(s) = 2π log(s + s2 − 1) − 2π log 2 = 2π log( (s + s2 − 1)) (69)
2

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