Journal of research in engineering and its applications

Vol. 1, Issue. 2, (2018), pp. 163-173

A Novel Approach To Avoid Congestion In Wireless

Sensor Networks

S. Priscilla Jeba Christy1, M.Nesasudha2

1
Electronics and communication Karunya University Coimbatore,India
Email-Prisci.jeba22@gmail.com
2
Electronics and communication Karunya University Coimbatore,India
Email-nesasudha@karunya.edu

Abstract
Clog and postponement are the principle inconveniences in the territory of human services
application. It might prompt deadly. One method for evading clog is by the method for organizing the stream
of information. The convention that is utilized here is HOCA convention. This convention sends the parcels by
organizing it and through multipath steering. Since the multipath steering is utilizing here the postponement
in the system can likewise be decreased. Once in a while the clog likewise prompts cushion stream and
consequently there might be plausibility of losing the parcels. In this way, dynamic line administration
procedure is utilized to keep the parcels. Since it utilizes multipath steering vitality utilization is more.

Keywords- Wireless sensor networks, Congestion, Delay, Body area networks, Active queue management.

1.INTRODUCTION

A remote sensor systems comprises of huge number of sensor hubs that are arbitrarily and
thickly conveyed in the earth. Temperature, light, dampness, radiation, weight are a portion of the
data which are detected by the sensor hubs. These sensor hubs are capable and vitality proficient.
They are fit for assemble process and convey the data between the hubs and to the outside world.
The most vital rare asset in sensor systems is vitality. Sink hub that is goal hub has enough memory
and great handling power. Source and middle of the road hubs are likewise associated with the
remote sensor organize. The two bearing of information stream are upstream and downstream.
Upstream information stream is from source to soak in which source hubs sense and gather the
information from nature. Downstream information stream is from sink to source in which sink
inquiries the system about some occasion. Contingent on whether sensor hubs have comparable
abilities, sensor systems can be ordered as homogenous and heterogeneous. In homogenous sensor
organizes, each sensor hub has same vitality, memory and preparing power. In heterogeneous
sensor organizes, some exceptional sensor hubs have additional handling ability. The figure
clarifies the diagram association of the remote sensor systems.

These days, human services framework is very mind boggling. More number of
individuals are in requirement for ceaseless care. The need is expanding step by step and due to
that the restorative staff faces with an ever increasing number of difficulties every year. The sensor
systems assume an imperative part in the territory of social insurance checking in the zones, for
example, giving interfaces to the debilitated, incorporated patient observing, diagnostics,
tranquilize organization in doctor's facilities, following and checking specialists and patients inside
the healing center. In following and observing specialists and patients application, every patient has
little light weight sensor hubs which are appended to their body. Every sensor hub has its particular
assignment.

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Figure 1. Wireless Sensor Network

Fig.1. The information are recognized by the sensors in that particular event and a short
time later sent through the midway center points to the sink. The door center point accumulates the
information from two particular frameworks a forward to the sink.For outline, one sensor center
point may perceiving the heart rate while another is recognizing the beat and other may recognize
the glucose level. These are arranged in perspective of the patient's prosperity condition. These
body sensors the data are interminably accumulate the data so if there is any modifications in their
prosperity they can similarly distinguished. The guideline advantage is pros can find even before
they appear no less than a touch of thoughtfulness strike, through assessing changes in their basic
signs. Since the WSNs have the properties, for instance, reliability, interoperability, profitability,
wearability, low-control usage and unobtrusiveness. They are comprehensively used as a piece of
social protection applications.

The sensor center points are determined to the patient's body and endlessly sense the
event. By virtue of any therapeutic emergencies it will transmit the basic patient information. This
prompts the blockage in the framework. While, the blockage prompts the dropping of packs,
extended usage of the limited imperativeness in the center points and diminishing in throughput.
This may similarly prompts the death of the patient. As a less than dependable rule it isn't possible
to avoid the blockage regardless, it is possible to reduce the measure of stop up. Rather than,
obstruct the accompanying issue is delay. Deferral in distribute will cause later decision and
overabundance in this way harming the patients. This is more key for the patients in ICU. The need
line is more basic for the fragile packages. The bundle hardship is maintained a strategic distance
from by using dynamic line organization. Remembering the true objective to vanquish the
beforehand said issue in the framework Healthcare careful Optimized Congestion Avoidance and
control tradition (HOCA) tradition is proposed. This tradition works in perspective of four phases,
with the objective that the data can be sorted out. Since the data are composed the blockage can be
avoided. The prioritization is done by the strategy for development. Whatever is left of the paper is
dealt with as takes after: section II elucidates a part of the considered papers. Region III depicts the
chart of the tradition and its technique. Fragment IV gives the entertainment comes to fruition.
Finally zone V completes the paper.
2. SURVEY PAPERS
In Congestion location and shirking convention the backpressure instrument is utilized.
When blockage is identified, hubs sends signs to neighbors through backpressure instrument. At
the point when the hub gets a backpressure message it chooses whether to proceed with the further
or not. The instrument depends without anyone else neighborhood conditions. It have great
execution in the use of information spread. Here the restrictions are When diligent blockage
happens, CODA needs criticism from sink to keep up its sending rate, which has two downsides: 1)
Too numerous ACKs cause additional vitality utilization 2) ACKs might be dropped because of

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Vol. 1, Issue. 2, (2018), pp. 163-173

clog and connection variety and can't achieve the source. Blockage can in any case happen when
utilizing SMAC or other dispute based plans when the approaching movement surpasses the hub
limit and the line floods. CCF [3] is a non-work-saving calculation.

The non-work-saving property of CCF shows that the root hub will hold up until the point
when the required number of bundles has been gotten. The transmission is occurs between two
hubs. It exists in the vehicle layer and is planned in the best approach to work with some other
MAC convention in the information interface layer. It utilizes parcel benefit time to find the
accessible administration rate. It disposes of blockage inside a sensor arrange and guarantees the
reasonable conveyance of bundles to a sink hub. The restriction in CCF is it can't successfully allot
the rest of the limit that outcomes in low throughput. CCF has another real issue. The rate the
proportion of parcel between landing time to the bundle time. It is reasonable for both single and
multipath steering. The issue in PCCP is it performs extremely poor in giving the relative need on
account of irregular administration time. On account of less blockage, PCCP will expand the rate
of timetable and wellspring of all movement sources without getting any data to their need list. On
account of high clog, PCCP will diminish the sending rate of all movement sources in light of their
need file. Thus however the blockage decrease depends on prioritization the confinement is
absence of parcel recuperation. FACC is Fairness-mindful blockage control Scheme, it gives both
clog control and better designation of data transfer capacity for every parcel stream.

The blockage is distinguished by utilizing the information sink.. Based on area of hubs,
FACC separates hubs into two classes: hubs which are nearer to sink and hubs which are nearer to
source. Hubs nearer to source hubs keep up condition of each stream. Hubs nearer to sink hub drop
bundles based on some probabilistic technique. The impediment is if there should arise an
occurrence of bundle misfortune, hubs nearer to sink send a notice message to the hubs nearer to
source hubs. This prompts the wastage of huge measure of vitality. ESRT is a vehicle arrangement
created to accomplish occasion location in WSN with least vitality use. It incorporates a blockage
control part that fills the double need. They are accomplishing the unwavering quality and
moderating vitality. An essential component of this convention is that clog control more finished
that, it is additionally used to decrease vitality utilization. The issue is it can't manage transient clog
proficiently, on the grounds that every one of the sensors can't adjust in a similar condition on
account of blockage. There is no settled stream rate and subsequently brings about poor sharing of
data transmission. REEP[9] is information driven, vitality proficient and solid steering convention
for remote sensor arranges Each hub in REEP utilizes a vitality limit an incentive by checking the
movement of the hubs.

It gives more solid transmission of any occasion data or dependable information. The
inadequacies of CCF and PCCP can be tackled by utilizing this convention. It diminishes the rate
of parcels in the event of blockage. The significant issue is overlooking the need and advances the
bundles from a similar way. Besides, by designating appropriate transfer speed it tries to lessen the
sending rate just for non-touchy activity and not for delicate. To defeat every one of these
constraints the HOCA convention is communicated. HOCA is Healthcare Aware Optimized
Congestion Avoidance and control convention for remote sensor systems. It utilizes adaptable
Active Queue Management strategy. For touchy applications in human services, AQM is a critical
convention. It keeps the parcel misfortune because of cushion stream. HOCA works in light of four
stages. These four stages shares the data through the middle of the road hubs. So the blockage
might be lessened by utilizing dynamic line administration and sender control system. When
contrasting and different conventions HOCA is best for the social insurance application since it
keeps away from clog by utilizing multipath steering and the stream of bundles depend on need.

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Vol. 1, Issue. 2, (2018), pp. 163-173

Since it utilize multipath steering part of vitality is expended. The data transfer capacity
execution is likewise good.adjustment in CCF depends just on bundle benefit time. PCCP[2] is
Priority based Congestion Control Protocol. PCCP utilizes a cross-layer enhancement approach
which incorporates jump by-bounce instrument to control clog. It is an upstream clog control
convention for WSNs which measures the blockage degree as the proportion of parcel between
entry time to the bundle time. It is reasonable for both single and multipath steering. The issue in
PCCP is it performs extremely poor in giving the relative need on account of arbitrary
administration time.

On account of less clog, PCCP will expand the rate of timetable and wellspring of all
activity sources without getting any data to their need file. On account of high blockage, PCCP will
diminish the sending rate of all activity sources in view of their need record. Accordingly however
the clog diminishment depends on prioritization the restriction is absence of bundle recuperation.
FACC is Fairness-mindful blockage control Scheme, it gives both clog control and better portion
of data transmission for every parcel stream. The blockage is identified by utilizing the information
sink.. Based on area of hubs, FACC partitions hubs into two classes: hubs which are nearer to sink
and hubs which are nearer to source. Hubs nearer to source hubs keep up condition of each stream.
Hubs nearer to sink hub drop parcels based on some probabilistic strategy. The constraint is in the
event of parcel misfortune, hubs nearer to sink send a notice message to the hubs nearer to source
hubs. This prompts the wastage of substantial measure of vitality. ESRT is a vehicle arrangement
created to accomplish occasion location in WSN with least vitality use. It incorporates a clog
control part that fills the double need.

They are accomplishing the unwavering quality and preserving vitality. A vital component
of this convention is that blockage control more finished that, it is additionally used to diminish
vitality utilization. The issue is it can't manage transient blockage effectively, in light of the fact
that every one of the sensors can't adjust in a similar condition on account of clog. There is no
settled stream rate and thus brings about poor sharing of transmission capacity. REEP[9] is
information driven, vitality proficient and dependable directing convention for remote sensor
organizes Each hub in REEP utilizes a vitality limit an incentive by checking the action of the
hubs. It gives more dependable transmission of any occasion data or solid information. The
deficiencies of CCF and PCCP can be settled by utilizing this convention. It lessens the rate of
bundles in the event of clog. The real issue is overlooking the need and advances the parcels from a
similar way. Besides, by apportioning legitimate transmission capacity it tries to decrease the
sending rate just for non-touchy activity and not for delicate. To beat every one of these
impediments the HOCA convention is communicated. HOCA is Healthcare Aware Optimized
Congestion Avoidance and control convention for remote sensor systems. It utilizes adaptable
Active Queue Management strategy. For touchy applications in social insurance, AQM is a vital
convention. It keeps the parcel misfortune because of support stream. HOCA works in view of four
stages. These four stages shares the data through the middle of the road hubs. So the clog might be
decreased by utilizing dynamic line administration and sender control system. When contrasting
and different conventions HOCA is best for the medicinal services application since it stays away
from blockage by utilizing multipath directing and the stream of bundles depend on need. Since it
utilize multipath steering part of vitality is expended. The data transfer capacity execution is
additionally great.

3. PROTOCOL OVERVIEW

3.1 HOCA protocol

It thinks about two sorts of traffics: delicate and non-touchy. Delicate traffics are intended
to exchange high need information and non-touchy movement is intended to exchange low need
information. HOCA utilizes diverse ways (multipath) which can send extraordinary measure of
information. This convention works in light of the accompanying stages: 1) ask for scattering
which is performed by the sink. 2) occasion event report which is performed utilizing parcels that
are sent from sensors situated on patients body to the sink. 3) course foundation. 4) information
sending and rate modification in the event of blockage event. Steering has been considered as a
piece of the general target. In this convention, information are sent with various needs. Along these

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Vol. 1, Issue. 2, (2018), pp. 163-173

lines it can be utilized for the human services remote observing applications whose systems contain
information with various levels of significance and diverse needs for various patients.
3.2 Phases in the protocol

In the demand dispersal stage data required by the sink hub ought to be send all through the
system. Amid the bundle exchange the three informations of the oackets are taken in to
thought they are, need, time and attributes of demand. In the occasion report stage the
parcels are gathered and touched base at the sink. Every hub makes the steering table. In the
course foundation stage the level of significance of every parcel from every hub is resolved.

In light of the acquired data it makes two steering tables (i.e.) low need and high need directing
table. In the information sending stage every hub have a touchy steering table and a non-
delicate directing table and the information are at first sent from the touchy steering table
took after by non touchy data.

3.3 Methodology

The sensors which are connected on the patients body ceaselessly sense the occasion. It is
fit for detecting the delicate and non touchy data. The touchy data are heart rate and breathing
conditions. The non delicate data are motional signs, for example, leg sensors. On account of crisis
circumstance of a patient everything ends up unusual. It prompts the clog in the system. In this
way, it is critical to organize the information to stay away from the blockage. In the clog evasion
stage a few ways are made essentially and the closest one is allotted to touchy activity. The
prioritization is finished by the method for improvement. Enhancement is only to locate the
imperative parameter among the different parameters. This prioritization is shift occasionally

3.4 Congestion management

The primary objective in this convention is to give steering and blockage administration
in WSN's for social insurance applications. Blockage administration comprise two stages. They are
blockage evasion and clog control. Blockage evasion is executed by the method for circulated
steering. Dynamic Queue Management (AQM) plans are one of the essential systems that give
great nature of administration more finished that it additionally counteract blockage in IP systems.

Class 1
C
l PQ
a
s Class 2
s
i CBWFQ
f
i
e Class 3
r
Figure 2. Congestion control mechanism
Regularly in a system the unmanageable circumstance of line length brings about the
sending bundles at the underlying rate prompting parcel misfortune. In this way, utilizing AQM
strategies the HOCA convention diminishes sending rate of parcel by decided limit level. By doing
this the packetsare keep from dropping. In a touchy application like human services, bundle
misfortune is an imperative issue which must be diminished however much as could be expected.

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Vol. 1, Issue. 2, (2018), pp. 163-173

The figure shows the lining model. In this figure a classifier has been provisioned in arrange layer.
The reason for classifier is to group distinctive sorts of information and course them in their
comparing lines. The kind of information is situated in the parcel header. The three unique sorts of
activity are high need, low need and control parcels. Delicate traffics are sent to class1, non touchy
traffics are class2 and control parcels are sent to class3.The utilization of need line guarantees low
idleness and greater unwavering quality for touchy traffics.

Fig.2 explains the congestion control mechanism. From the class 2 and class 3 the data
are forwarded to CBWFQ.The data in class 1 is sensitive packets where these packets are
forwarded to Priority Queue. The CBWFQ also forward the data to PQ.So, this priority queue
avoids the congestion.

4. SIMULATION RESULTS

The simulation tool using here in MATLAB. The optimization is done by using the
genetic algorithm. The data are collected from five different patients and then optimize it in order
to avoid the congestion.The figure 3 shows the collection of data from patient1.The collected data
are as follows Blood pressure level=29 ,Glucose level=11,Pulse rate=28,hemoglobin
level=2,cholestoral level=19.From these parameters the best parameter should be chosen for
optimization. Here the best parameter is blood pressure

Figure 3. Before optimization-patient1 output

Figure 4. Before optimization patient 2 output

The figure 4 shows the collection of data from patient 2.The collected data are as follows
Blood pressure level=10 ,Glucose level=19,Pulse rate=7,hemoglobin level=13,cholestoral
level=19.From these parameters the best parameter should be chosen for optimization. Here the
best parameter are glucose and cholesterol.

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Vol. 1, Issue. 2, (2018), pp. 163-173

Figure 5. Before optimization patient 3 output

The figure 5 shows the collection of data from patient1.The collected data are as follows
Blood pressure level=21 ,Glucose level=16,Pulse rate=31,hemoglobin level=21,cholestoral
level=11.From these parameters the best parameter should be chosen for optimization. Here the
best parameter is pulse rate.

The figure 6 shows the collection of data from patient1.The collected data are as follows
Blood pressure level=10 ,Glucose level=2,Pulse rate=22,hemoglobin level=23,cholestoral
level=12.From these parameters the best parameter should be chosen for optimization. Here the
best parameter is hemoglobin.

Figure 6. Before optimization patient 4 output

Figure 7. Before optimization patient 4 output

The figure 7 shows the collection of data from patient1.The collected data are as follows
Blood pressure level=7 ,Glucose level=30,Pulse rate=17,hemoglobin level=14,cholestoral
level=5.From these parameters the best parameter should be chosen for optimization. Here the best
parameter is glucose.

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Vol. 1, Issue. 2, (2018), pp. 163-173

Figure 8. After optimization

Fig 8 explains the output after optimization. From the selected best parameters the
optimization is done using genetic algorithm. This shows the result after performing optimization.
By mutating it several times new set of values are obtained.

Figure 9. Prioritized parameter 1

In fig 9 the optimized value 31 is matches with the patient4’s pulse rate level. So,
prioritization should be given to this patient for this particular parameter.
output2
30  
glucose
patient5

25

20
m a x im u m   v a lu e

15

10

0 
1
parameters

Figure 10. Prioritized parameter 2

From the fig 10 it is known that the optimized value 30 is matches with the patient5’s glucose
level. So, second prioritization should be given to this patient for this particular parameter.

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Figure 11. Prioritized parameter3

From the figure 11 the optimized value 15 is matches with the patient3’s cholesterol
and glucose level. Along these lines, third prioritization ought to be given to this patient for this
specific parameter.Here the five parameters, for example, blood pressure,glucose,pulse rate,
hemoglobin and cholesterol are considered. The information from five unique patients are gathered
likewise the target work for every patient is gotten. The best parameter for every patient is
considered and afterward it will parallel with the goal work. From those qualities it is critical to
discover which parameter ought to be given prioritization for which tolerant.

For the prioritization reason the streamlining method is taken after. Along these lines, after
numerous number of transformations the parameter and the concerning understanding is discover.
Here subsequently, the fifth upgraded esteem is coordinate with patient4's heartbeat rate level. The
streamlined esteem is matches with the patient5's glucose level and the third advanced esteem is
matches with the patient3's glucose and cholesterol level. So these parameters are considered as
high need for the worry tolerant and the treatment is given to them in light of this. Therefore the
blockage and postponement are maintained a strategic distance from and the right treatment
additionally gave to the patients.
5.CONCLUSION

In this paper the blockage administration convention for the medicinal services
applications in the remote sensor systems has been exhibited. This convention is basically
reasonable for the patients in a unique ward particularly, the cerebrum dead patients. The
enhancement methods is utilizing here for prioritization. Before enhancement the information from
every patient are progressively and it prompts the clog in the system. In any case, after
enhancement the movement will be lessened. The lethal of the patients is limited in view of the
prioritization in the stream of information. Since the multipath steering is utilizing here the
postponement in the system can likewise be lessened.
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