LEVEL/SCALE

STATISTICAL SAMPLE
USE/FUNCTION OF SAMPLE PROBLEM (3)
TOOL DATA (3)
MEASUREMENT

TEST OF DIFFERENCE

(1) z-test of is used to determine Nominal -Religion A) In a factory of baby dresses, one production process yielded 28
independent if there is a defective pieces in a random sample of 400, while another yielded 15
proportions significant - favorite subject defective pieces in a random sample size of 300. Is there a significant
difference between difference between the proportions of defective baby dresses?
two different/two - economic status
independent groups B) A candy maker produces two brands of candy, X and Y. It is found
on situations that that 56 of 200 buyers brand X and 29 of 150 buyers prefer brand Y.
call for two types of Can we conclude that brand X outsells brand Y?
responses
C) Below is the distribution of teachers and students who are in favor
or against charter change.

Decision Teachers Students

In Favor 50 35
Against 50 70
(2) z-test of is used to determine Nominal - drink A) It has been claimed that 30% of students in a particular school
dependent if there is a preference dislike Math. When a survey was conducted, it showed that 153 of
proportions significant 600 students dislike Math. Test if the claim is too high at 0.05 level of
difference between significance.
pairs of - sex
observations from a B) A manufacturer claims that 20% of coffee drinkers prefer brand A.
single group; it is To test the claim, a random sample of 20 coffee drinkers are asked
used to find out if - college about the brand of coffee they drink. If seven of twenty samples
the responses of the (COS/CASS) prefer brand A, what can we conclude then?
members of the
group on two C) Fifty high school students were asked whether they are in-favor or
situations are against Marital law. Thirty are in favor and twenty are against. The
correlated. fifty students were then asked to attend a forum regarding this matter
and then after were asked with the same question. Twenty one
remained in favor and twenty nine sided on against. Is there a
significant difference between proportions of students who are in
favor of Martial Law before and after the forum?
 LEVEL/SCALE
STATISTICAL SAMPLE
USE/FUNCTION OF SAMPLE PROBLEM (3)
TOOL DATA (3)
MEASUREMENT
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
3) t-test of is used to determine Interval/Ratio -Schedule A) A teacher wanted to find out before calculator based method
independent if there is a
means significant
difference between - attitude
two different/two
independent groups
in terms of means From the other class, she considered 14 students with whom she used
- lessons the lecture method. After several sessions, a test was given. The
results are shown below.

Method n sample mean s

Calculator-based 15 28.6 6.0
Lecture-method 14 21.7 4.5

B) The following data represent the number of minutes that a student

stays inside the guidance counselor’s office on a certain day.

Counselor A 102 86 98 109 92 60

Counselor B 80 165 97 134 93 87

C) NOT Company, which sells machinery to a manufacturing plant,

claims that a computerized machine has been developed. According to
them, the new machines will exceed the output of old machines. To
test the claim, the buyer installs one of the new machines and runs it
along with the old ones for seven consecutive days. The results are
below:

OLD 7 8 10 11 12 11 13
NEW 9 10 12 11 16 17 14

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 LEVEL/SCALE
STATISTICAL SAMPLE
USE/FUNCTION OF SAMPLE PROBLEM (3)
TOOL DATA (3)
MEASUREMENT
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
4) t-test of is used to determine Interval/Ratio -personality test A) The following are the weight in pounds of six students before and after
independent if there is a seven months of attending aerobics
means significant
difference between - weekly stipend BEFORE 158 192 144 243 179 201
AFTER 159 190 140 231 173 199
two different/two
independent groups B) To all students who will take Algebra, pre-test is given at the beginning of
in terms of means every school year. Then, at the end of the school year, post test is
- travel ratio administered. A random sample of 10 students were taken from last year’s
batch and it was found that they have the following test scores:
PRETEST 65 55 78 53 70 55 70 68 67 52
POST TEST 80 70 95 68 65 71 75 84 89 64

C) Five female college students of PNU were given a personality test then
they were asked to enroll at the finishing school for a period of one quarter.
Afterwards, the personality test was re-administered to them. Is there a
significant difference between the first and second personality test scores of
the five students of PNU?
PRETEST 2 3 1 4 5
POSTTEST 8 9 6 2 2
5) One-way is used to test the Interval/ratio - Effects of A) Three different milling machines were being considered for purchase by a
Analysis of differences more various manufacturer. Potentially, the company would be purchasing hundreds of
than two groups or treatments these machines, so it wanted to make sure it made the best decision. Initially,
Variance five of each machine were borrowed, and each was randomly assigned to one
(ANOVA 1) treatments; useful
of 15 technicians (all technicians were similar in skill). Each machine was
when we want to - three different
put through a series of tasks and rated using a standardized test. The higher
compare the effect diets the score on the test, the better the performance of the machine. The data are:
of multiple levels of
one factor and we Machine 1 Machine 2 Machine 3
have multiple - sum of squares 24.5 28.4 26.1
observations at each 23.5 34.2 28.3
26.4 29.5 24.3
level.
27.1 32.2 26.2
29.9 30.1 27.8

Determine whether there are significant difference between the three

machines.

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STATISTICAL USE/FUNCTION LEVEL/SCALE SAMPLE SAMPLE PROBLEM (3)
TOOL OF DATA (3)
MEASUREMENT
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
5) One-way is used to test the Interval/Ratio - Effects of B) A scientist has recorded the biomass of 3 bacteria in flasks of glucose
Analysis of differences more various broth, and used 3 replicate flasks for each bacterium.
Variance than two groups or treatments
treatments; useful Replicate Bacterium A Bacterium B Bacterium C
(ANOVA 1) 1 12 10 40
when we want to - three different
(Continued) 2 15 19 35
compare the effect diets
3 9 23 42
of multiple levels of
one factor and we Determine if there are significant differences between the biomass of the three
have multiple - sum of squares bacteria collected.
observations at each
level. C) Sixteen midsize cars (divided into four groups) were chosen (and divided) at
random to test the mileage claims of four different brands of gasoline. The table
lists the mileage (in miles/gallon) achieved with each brand. It there any evidence
here that all gasolines are NOT the same? Use ANOVA to find out.

Car Gas Brand Gas Brand Gas Brand Gas Brand

# A B C D
1 22.3 24.9 26.0 19.7
2 20.9 19.7 20.0 22.2
3 21.5 22.0 24.5 19.9
4 22.0 21.9 23.4 22.3
6) Two-way Is an extension to Interval/ratio - differences in A) A consumer group wishes to test the longevity of various brands of
Analysis of the one-way final test scores lightbulbs. They purchase six lightbulbs each of three brands and burn them
analysis of variance. until they fail. Here are the results.(numbers are hours that the bulb lasted).
Variance
(ANOVA 2) There are two Brand X Brand Y Brand Z
qualitative factors - grade point Bulb # 1 1088 1110 1323
(A and B0 on one average Bulb # 2 1215 1184 1428
dependent variable Bulb # 3 1117 1127 1347
Y; used to Bulb # 4 1186 1167 1404
determine - bulb lifespan Bulb # 5 1211 1181 1318
Bulb # 6 1083 1107 1374
differences (and
possible Brand Z looks better than the others, but it might just be chance variation –
interactions) when the brands might all be the same. State an explicit null hypothesis and test to
variables have two see. (You may treat each column as a random sample of 6 bulbs from the
more categories. given brand’s production, for the purposes of this problem. Actually
choosing such a sample is a tricky business.)

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STATISTICAL USE/FUNCTION LEVEL/SCALE SAMPLE SAMPLE PROBLEM (3)
TOOL OF DATA (3)
MEASUREMENT
TEST OF DIFFERENCE
6) Two-way Is an extension to Interval/ratio - differences in B) A researcher is interested in whether either people’s hair color or their taste
Analysis of the one-way final test scores in music is a factor in cholesterol. Three people with each possible
analysis of variance. combination were tested for cholesterol. The results are shown below. Use a
Variance level of significance of 0.05 to test researcher’s hypothesis.
(ANOVA 2) There are two
qualitative factors - grade point
(Continued) Factor 2: Music Preference
(A and B0 on one average Factor 1: Hair Non-classical
dependent variable Color Classical from Over a Modern Music
Y; used to Decade Ago
determine - bulb lifespan Brunette or
170, 116, 221 200, 190, 213 187, 145, 198
differences (and Black
possible Blonde 164, 192, 189 191, 207, 172 142, 173, 232
interactions) when Red Head 210, 200, 140 188, 182, 190 191, 234, 160
variables have two C) Suppose we want to look at students GPA’s based on the type of their major
more categories. (science, humanities, other) and their class status (freshmen, sophomore, junior,
senior). We will use a level of significance of 0.05. We question find the GPA’s
for one randomly selected student for each of the 12 possible combinations. The
results are shown in the table below.

Factor 1: Factor 2: Class Status

Major Freshman Sophomore Junior Senior
Science 2.8 3.1 3.2 2.7
Humanities 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.1
Other 3.0 3.2 2.9 3.0

Since there are two factors given, major and class status, we will have two
separate pairs of hypothesis.

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 LEVEL/SCALE
STATISTICAL SAMPLE
USE/FUNCTION OF SAMPLE PROBLEM (3)
TOOL DATA (3)
MEASUREMENT
TEST OF RELATIONSHIPS/CORRELATION
1) Pearson r is used to determine Interval/ratio - height A) A personnel manager would like to know if there is a relationship between
if there is a knowledge factors and practical factors of a training course. The following
correlation/ scores were obtained by six trainees on the knowledge factors X, and the
relationship - scores practical factors Y, in a training course. Compute for the r.
between two Trainee X Y
variables of 1 2 4
interval/ratio type. - weight 2 4 10
3 4 8
4 5 8
5 7 14
6 9 16

B) The following are the heights and weight given in inches and pounts,
respectively of a sample of ten year old children . Find the value of r.

Child Height Weight

A 52 65
B 65 74
C 51 70
D 58 86
E 51 54

A teacher wants to find out if students’ scores in science are correlated with the
scores in Math. The following are scores of 7 selected students’ in Science and
Math:

Student Scores in Science Scores in Math

1 24 27
2 22 20
3 18 14
4 16 25
5 30 15
6 25 23
7 19 17