Republic of the Philippines

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Abstract
The main center point of this study is to analyse the phonetic differences
between allomorphs of the same morpheme in the adjectives and verbs of the Tandaganon
Language. It uses key informants in gathering the needed data. The common phonenes
used which signify the time when the event happened is attached to a root word. Often
times, the phonemes: yag-, ga-, paga- tag-, min-, are commonly found both in the past and
present form of the verb; while, mag-, -un, mu-, and i- are phonemes usually used in the
future tense of the verb. The common phonemes used in the comparative degree in all
categories of objectives are the ka- and –ay. Ay- is usually found in the end of the root-
word to signify the comparison. The phonemes –I and –un, are usually found in the end of
the superlative degree adjectives. The phonemes –hi is an allomorph of the vowel sound in
the words ‘gwapuhi, ‘gwapahi and ‘pubrehi’. On the other hand, the adjectives used to
describe an amount has no specific distinction in meaning among the words “few”,
“some”, “multiple”, “plenty”, and “several”, usually in the Tandaganon language it would
only use one word ‘hamukay’ and ‘hamuki’ in the superlative degree. The result of the
analysis revealed that Tandaganon language is distinct and has its own characteristics.
Keywords: Language, Tandaganon, morphemes, morphophonemics analysis
Introduction
There are various languages that have been used and recognized by the
people in the Philippines. In Surigao del Sur, there are several languages that have been
utilized in the area; one of these is Tandaganon is a closely related variety spoken in Tago,
San Miguel, Bayabas, Cagwait, Marihatag, San Agustin, and most of Lianga and central of
Surigao del Sur. It can be classified as a separate language or alternatively as a southern
variety of Surigaonon. It is known that a shared language is important such as
Tandaganon which a common language shared by the people in Surigao del Sur. The
language’s distinctiveness can be drew back in the historical and cultural background of
the people in the community. Tandaganon language which is barely recognize as a lan-
guage group in the Philippines due to lack of studies in the field; hence, the study. The
main focus of this study is to analyze the phonetic differences between allomorphs of the
same morpheme in the adjectives and verbs of the Tandaganon language.
This study is deemed significant to prevent the possibility of losing the
ethnic identity of Tandaganon language. Henceforth, to less important other indigenous
language like Tandaganon to be propagated and supported so that will bw preserved and
developed. The researchers further the knowledge of the specific language community
and present a methodology that future researchers could use in other locations for
studied or under studied languages. kind of paper.
Theoritical / Conceptual Framework
This study is couched on the framework of the Onomasiological Theory of
Word-Formation proposed by Pavol Stekauer (2001). This theory was stimulated by Milos
Dkulil idea of onomasiological structure and, mainly, by Horecky’s multilevel model of
linguistic sign (1983, 1989). This theory was developed to it responds to the one-sided
formalism of the mainstream generative word-formation.
Although Pavol Stekauer process the theory using English word-formation,
the theory could also be used to justification for word-formation in other languages since
its central standards relate not only in English but also to the general manifestation of
word-formation in all varieties.
According to Stekauer (2011), word formation deals with productive and
rule governed patterns (word formation types and rules, and morphological types), used
to generate motivated naming units in response to the specific naming needs of a particu-
lar speech community by making use of word formation bases of bilateral naming units
and affixes stored in lexical component.
All naming units are coined on the bases of the material already available in the Lexicon
(lexical component) of the language, and the no naming unit can be generated from units
smaller than the morpheme, with the morpheme being defined traditionally as the minimal
bilateral sign having its own specific from specific (Stekauer, 2001).
This will support the omatological level. It is linguistically expressed in accordance
with the Morpheme-to-Seme-Assignment Principle (MSAP). In particular, the individual constitu-
ents of onomasiological structure (its semes) are assigned morphemes, in particular, its bases of
naming units and affixes stored in the lexicon.
Vertically, it scans the lexicon with regard to the lexical and affixal morphemes
that can be retrieved to represent the semes of the onomasiological structure. Horizontally, it
reflects the semantic compatibility and formal combinality/ restrictions of the individual lexical
and affixal morphemes. Thus, agent can be expressed, inter alia, by –er, -ist, -ant, -ian, -man,
because the meaning facet of each of these morphemes can be represented as ‘Agent’. The action
of operating the substance can be expressed, for example, by bases of naming units drive, steer,
operate, because the naming facet of each of them matches with the seme ‘Operation’. Finally, the
(logical) object can be represented by truck, lorry, and possibly some other bases, the meaning of
which is Vehicle.
Objectives of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to twist about the disregards of indigenous
languages like the Tandaganon language to be less important than the national and regional
languages. Specifically, this study shed a light to the following objectives:
1. Identify the different morphophonemics structure of Tandaganon language.
2. Know the different morphophonemics analyses of terms of tenses of verbs (action
verbs) and degree of comparison of adjectives in Tandaganon language.
Methodology
This study is a qualitative in nature, because it uses key informants in gathering
the needed data for this analysis. According to Cresewell (2006) and Polkinghorn (2008), a
qualitative data can be taken from a research participants from 5-25. This sample size is enough
basis for analysis which you reach to saturation of their responses.
The respondents that were employed in this study are ten (10) unconcealed and
knowledgeable individuals residing in Tandag City with age group ranging from 50-70 years old
and above, it is necessary that each of the respondents of this study is fluent in speaking
Tandaganon language and uses in their day-to-day conversation with their peers.
A researcher-made questionnaire was utilized in gathering the data. This re-
searcher-made questionnaires provide three columns; the first column is the English words
prepared by the researchers which have been translated by the respondents through the use of
Tandaganon language, in the second column is the Filipino translation of the words provided by the
researchers, and the corresponding Tandaganon terms of each word was written in the third
column. The words provided by the researchers in the researcher-made questionnaire are the
common words used by the Tandaganons people in their daily conversation that was not manifest-
ed in the recorded dialogues. The words are chronologically classified according to their specific
categoty.
Results and Discussion
This part presents the results and discussion of the data gathered from the
researcher-made questionnaire. Furthermore, the results gathered are presented and analysed
chronologically to correspond with the objectives which were stated in the previous part.
Table A- Tenses of Verbs (action verbs)
In modern linguistic theory, tense is understood as a category that express-
es time reference; namely one which, using grammatical means, places a state or action in
time. On the other hand, in grammar, tense is a category that expresses time reference
with the reference to the moment of speaking. Tenses are usually manifested by the use of
specific specific forms of verbs, particularly in their conjugation patterns.
In the study of Bujcan, M. (2017) entitled Morphophonemics Analysis o
Kamayo “Kadi” Language in Surigao del Sur, Philippines, revealed that the Kamayo verbs
have simple tenses. It has present tense, past tense and future tense. Another is the study
of Bucjan, E. (2017), it was found in the study that there were 6 affixes used in the tenses of
verbs. The six affixes has its own conjugating affixes which is attached as prefix, suffix and
circumfix of the Kamayo verb. The affixes cannot be attached anywhere from the root word
because it may change its meaning. This conjugating affixes determine the tenses of Kama-
yo verb whether past, present or future tense. On the other hand, the result clearly implies
that language is unique and dynamic.
Table B- Degree of Comparison of Adjectives
Unlike adverbs, which often seem capable of popping up almost anywhere in
a sentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun phrase
that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they
appear in a set order according to category (file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/
grammar.pdf).
The degrees of comparison are known as the comparative, and the superla-
tive. We use the comparative for comparing two things and the superlative for comparing
three or more things. Notice that the word than frequently accompanies the comparative
and the word that precedes the superlative. In Tandaganon language, the inflected pho-
nemes is [ay] suffice to form most comparatives and [i] for superlatives.
Conclusion
This study was anchored with its conceptual framework; morphophonemics analysis that
has been an umbrella of the analyses of the tenses of verb and degree of comparison in the
several adjectives of the tandaganon language.
This study was analysed the phonemic differences between allomorphs of
the same morpheme in the adjectives and verbs of Tandganon language. The simple tenses
of the verbs were found in Tandaganon language such as; present tense, past tense, and
future tense.
It also have phonemes used in comparative degree in all categories of
adjectives and phonemes are attached either in the beginning or end of the root word to
show the degree of comparison. In hindmost analysing, the researchers have magnifies that
the Tandaganon language particularly in degree of comparison of adjectives, the phoneme
[ay] is used to construct a comparative degree of adjective and [i] is the phoneme used to
form a superlative degree.
Recommendation
In connection with the findings of this study, the conclusions reached and
various implications, the following recommendations are proposed; first, further research
should be made about the phonological analysis of Tnadaganon language. Second, language
enthusiasts should come-up with lexicographic study of particular language in surigao del
sur like Kamayo language, Tnadaganon language and a lot more. Lastly, language majors
should have into making a glossary of terms every year to document the evolution of the
way the Tandaganon and language, particularly its verbs and adjectives constructed.