Engleza PT Jurnalisti Vol 1

ENGLEZA PEN'I'RU JURNAIJ~TI
Here Is the News
BARBARA & MARCIN OTTO VOLUMUL 1

Seamus Heaney - have produced creator oforigiluU language the
verse deeply sunk in ancient inher reader sanctions his original
itance, especially the inheritance of directions, some ofwhich will be
Saxon and medieval chronicles. away from the
Hughes mapped an England of
"stilled legendary depth"; Hill
writes a language of great battered
allure, of coiled compounds and
stiff historicity; and Heaney, using
what he has called "a music of
ii7~~J.~~~~~~~fe:ttl~~ his those
poem. In sense, Heaney
created something imperishable
and great that is stainless
stainless, because its force as
poetry makes it untouchable by
the claw ofliteralism: it lives
singly, as an ~uou.:)U-.'a.&15U''''o'''
version will r~_"""'l""'mroi'iS UIV ...."'. (brilliantly Shake-

me, and by most people, as a Low speareanised by Heaney as a
ellian "imitation" rather than as a "hell-dam"); and a dragon.
strict translation. Beowulfkills all three ofthese
'lata ogres, but perishes in his final bat
·i.nterest tle against the dragon. Like so
she does reveal her dear Father's
Man-Made
iota
1Ut, dirtiest little secret: that he was
rd,a simply not a very interesting man.
Someone who feels the need to
in walk down Pall Mall
Disasters ~
avy
'v friend
t Petsy
vereso
.61ll1"C that
Social
even wheh ...leywore matching

Chane! suits costing tens ofthou
sands ofpounds, they still looked
like nothing so much as a pair of
Magyar trapeze artists who had run
Issues
offto join the state air

line. How we """OlICU'
HERE IS THE NEWS, vol. I
.Barbara Otto, Marcin Otto
Copyright © by Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, Warszaw,a, Poland, 1995
Limba englezil pentru jurnali~ti, vol I

in situatia in care accesulla mijloacele de comunicare in masa
Barbara Otto, Marcin Otto
in limba engleza a capatat caraeter universal, a aparut necesitatea de
Copyright © 2001 ALL EDUCATIONAL
a scrie un manual care sa permita sa injelegem despre ce ;:,;i cum se
vorbe;:,;te in engleza in momentul actual in lume. Here Is the News ....
Toate drepturile asupra prezentei editH apaqin Editurii ALL EDUCATIONAL. Nici 0 reprezinta tocmai realizarea aeestei idei. Beneficiarul earUi poate £i
parte din acest volum nu poate fi copiata tara permisiunea scrisa a editurii. Drepturile de orieine dore;:,;te sa-;:,;i perfectioneze euno~tinjele de limba engleza la
distributie in striHnatate apaqin in exclusivitate editurii. nivel avansat pentru a putea folosi pe deplin presa ~i eomunieajiile
prin satelit.
All rights reserved.
The distribution of this book outside Romania, without the written permission
Cartea a fost imparjita in cinci eompartimente: NATURAL
of ALL EDUCATIONAL is strictly prohibited.
CALAMITIES, MAN-MADE DISASTERS, ECOLOGY, HEALTH;:.;i SOCIAL
ISSUES. Fiecare compartiment euprinde mai multe texte (NEWS
ITEMS) eonsacrate diferitelor aspecte. Textele din primele doua
Descrierea ClP a Bibliotecii Nationale eompartimente au eu preeadere earacterul unor informaUi de presa
OTTO, BARBARA
"Qe ultima ora", in timp ee eelelalte trei, indeosebi cele cuprinse in
HERE IS THE NEWS, vol. I I Barbara Otto, Marcin Otto, Bucure~ti: Editura eompartimentul SOCIAL ISSUES, reprezinta scurte eseuri polemice,
ALL EDUCATIONAL, 2001 dupa modelul a;:.;a-numitelor "editoriale" adiea artieole redactate ce
I
2 vol.; 24 em
pot fi gasite in orice ziar.

ISBN 973-9431-86-0
Autorii s-au straduit sa cuprinda in texte un numar cat mai
vol. L 2001. - 332p. - 973-9431-87-9
mare de euvinte legate de tema data, cuvinte care teoretic ar putea sa
se ane in informajiile agentiilor de presa. Daca, de exemplu, ascultam
I. Otto, Marcin o relatare despre eruptia unui vulcan, se ~tie ca indiferent de locul §li
timpul erupiiei vor aparea cuvinte ca: eruptie, lava, ;:.;oc, cenu;:.;a,
659.3(075.8) crater, acHv, stins etc. Pentru a atinge acest scop a trebuit sa cream un
text complet nou pe baza unei serli de relatari care au aparut pe tema
respeetiva in decursul ultimilor ani. Evenimentele prezen tate nu s-au
Traducere din limba polona: Constantin Geamba~u desfa§lurat niciodata in realitate a;:.;a cum Ie-au expus autorii. Locul
intampl6:rilor §li numele sunt imaginare, cad cartea, in principiu, nu
Redactor: George Salomie este 0 cronica de evenimente tragice ;:,;i de probleme dificile cu care se
eonfrunta lumea contemporana, ci numai un manual pentru invatarea
lexicului.
Editura ALL EDUCATIONAL Bd Timi~oara nr. 58,
sector 6, cod 76548 - Bucure~ti

Cartea, impreuna eu caseta, ti permit cititorului:
Tel.: 402 26 10
- sa asculte inregistrarea care imita relatarile agentiilor de presa,
Fax: 402 2620
Departamentul distributie Tel.: 402 26 20 - sa fixeze vocabularul din domeniul dat,

- sa-;:,;i formeze priceperea de a retine cele moi importante informatii
Comenzila: comenzi@all.ro
din textul seris in "limbajul de presa".
URL: http://www.a1l.ro
Autorii nutresc totodata speranja ea daea cititorul va dori sa se

exprime in engleza in legaturacu orieare din temele abordate va gasi
in texte toate cuvintele ~i expresiile necesare.
PRINTED AT flBflQflR, BULGARIA Inca 0 remarca: opiniile prezentate in eadrul textelor ;:.;i al teme
lor nu sunt totdeauna in concordanta cu opiniile autorilor.
3
Important Indieatiile din aceasta secjiune il indreapta pe cititor la urma
toarele locuri din carte:
1. La eelelalte NEWS ITEMS in care se afla vocabularullegat de
tema respectiva.
2. La sectia TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION, in care se aHa intrebari
problematizate ~i teme de discujii (aeeasta secUe este destinata in
esenta lucrului in grupa).
1. Prima etapa de Iucru cu cartea 0 constituie exercitiul de a 3. La sectia TRANSLATION PRACTICE, in care se afla rezuma
inlelege pe baza auzului. Intrucat cititorul poate folosi manualul se tul romanesc al textului respecUv, prin care se face verificarea defi
lectiv, trebuie sa gaseasca pe caseta acel NEWS ITEM pe care dore;;;te nitiva a rejinerii catre eitHor a cuvintelor ~i expresiilor din text.
sa-llucreze lili sa gaseasca totodata setul de exercilii corespunzator din
compartimentul LISTENING COMPREHENSION. Dupa ce asculta de cadrul lislelor lexicale au fost folosite urmatoarele abrevieri:
doua ori informatiile, trebuie sa citeasca propoziUile din primul n - noun - substantiv
exerciliu ~i sa stabileasca daca faptele prezentate acolo sunt in acord v - verb
cu cele despre care vorbe;;;te speakerul. adj - adjectiv
adv - adverb
Urmatorul exercitiu consta in imbinarea cuvintelor in expresii.
prep - prepozijie
Coloana A reprezinta cu precadere adjective, iar B - substantive. Ele
trebuie sa formeze perechi in {unctie de textul ascultat. 0 nota sl - slang
corespunzatoare 11 indreapta pe citHor la cheia unde se afla soluHile US - American English
ambelor exercitii, precum ;;;i la pagina corespunzatoare din compar
timentul al doilea, unde exista inregistrarea completa a textului
ascultat, un mie vocabular §li exercitii suplimentare.
2. In al doilE3a eompartiment al eartH, READING
COMPREHENSION, cititorul va gasi textul ascultat ;;;i un vocabular in
care, dincolo de sensul romanese al euvintelor delimitate in text, este
data dE;lfinijia lor in engleza sau prezentate anumite sinonime. Aeest
Iucru creeaza posibilitatea unei mai bune injelegeri a cuvintelor ~i a
folosirii unui Iexie mai bogat in timpul analizei textului in limba
engleza. La elaborarea lexieului autorii au apelat indeosebi Ia Oxford
Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English. Daca in text se aHa
vreun cuvant pe care cititorul nu-l cunoa§lte §li care nu este treeut in
vocabular, trebuie sa verifice daca nu este mentionat in indexul de la
sfar§litul eartii. In cazul unor contexte diferite, in index sunt date
numere diferite.
PrimeIe exercijii din aceasta secUune se refera la titluri din
presa, al caror sUI ~i topica se indeparteaza adeseori de Ia formele
limbii vorbite. Tema consta in imbinarea diferitelor euvinte in a~a fel
incat sa se nasca un UtIu pentru textul plasat alaturi.
Alt tip de exercijii reprezinta un set de expresii uzuale, folosite
in text. Ele trebuie sa fie trecute langa eehivalente romane~tL Primele
litere ale cuvintelor inlesnesc tema ceruta.
4 5
CONTENTS
SECTION THREE: ECOLOGY
LC RC TP
news item '22: NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL 38 144 254
Z Z
Q Q news item 23: TOXIC WASTE - WASTE DISPOSAL 39 146 255
CIl CIl Z
Z Z Q
!:-Ll news item 24: RECYCLING 40 148 255
C)~
Z!:-Ll
-0::
C)::r::
Z~ jt5 news item 25: AIR POLLUTION 41 150 256
t:l§E -§E CIlb
~O ~O z~ news item 26: THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT 42 152 256
::lO ~o g~
SECTION ONE: NATURAL CALAMITIES
news item 27: HOLE IN THE OZONE LAYER 43 154 257
news item 1: FOREST FIRES 12 98 246
news item 28: ACID RAIN 44 156 257
news item 2: DROUGHT 13 100 246
news item 29: DESTRUCTION OF FORESTS 45 158 258
news item 3: FAMINE 14 102 246
news item 30: SOIL EROSION 46 160 258
news item 4: HURRICANES 15 104 247
news item 31: WATER POLLUTION 47 162 259
news item 5: RAINSTORMS 16 106 247
news item 32: ALGAE BLOOMS 48 164 259
news item 6: FLOODS 17 108 248
news item 33: OIL SLICKS 49 166 260
news item 7: EPIDEMICS 18 110 248
news item 34: ENDANGERED SPECIES 50 168 260
news item 8: EARTHQUAKE 1 19 112 248
news item 35: SAVING THE ELEPHANT 51 170 260
news item 9: EARTHQUAKE 2 20 114 249
news item 36: SAVING THE PANDA 52 172 ~
news item 10: AVALANCHES 21 116 249
news item 11: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS 22 118 250
news item 12: GAS POISONING 23 120 250 SECTION FOUR: HEALTH
news item 37: RABIES 56 176 261
news item 38: LEGIONNAIRE'S DISEASE 57 178 262
news item 39: FLU 58 180 262
news item 40: FOOD POISONING 59 182 263
news item 41: CANCER 60 184 263
SECTION TWO: MAN-MADE DISASTERS
news item 42: BREAST IMPLANTS 61 186 264
news item 13: ACCIDENTS AT AIR SHOWS 26 124 250 news item 43: SUNBATHING 62 188 264
news item 14: AEROPLANE CRASHES 27 126 251 news item 44: FAST FOOD 63 190 265
news item 15: FIRES 28 128 251 news item 45: BULIMIA 64 192 265
news item 16: MINES-FIRES, EXPLOSIONS 29 130 252 news item 46: SMOKING 65 194 266
news item 17: OILSPILLS 30 132 252 news item 47: PAIN 66 196 266
news item 18: SEA COLLISIONS 31 134 253 news item 48: ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 67 198 266
news item 19: ROAD ACCIDENTS 32 136 253 news item 49: TEST-TUBE BABIES 1 68 200 267
news item 20: TRAIN CRASHES 33 138 254 news item 50: WORKING WITH COMPUTERS 69 202 267
news item 21: NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS 34 _ 140 254 news item 51: ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION THREAT 70 204 268
6 7
II' ,t'''''t.· .n·... "' .•.
ca\ storl~" 'S .I" , ,-,
\\~. ()\)~\.u;~::, •• "i..~. ~"~ ,~\! \U~) ( .....,.........:u'U,.. I.,,'
~<Jr. ~'I\ ". \~"~\I",· I." r· I . ~ ~ 'f"
·Of
.,•• > 1t"W'\ loy I)J; b·.IlI .,
:"" •..~... '-~r....IJ,I!U"'/~~'

_,,4 ." 1IC... it",
~'$.~ pupIls kllJell F~.~~~,;

SECTION FIVE: SOCIAL ISSUES LC RC TP
news item 52:EUTHANASIA 74 208 268
news item 53:TEST-TUBE BABIES 2 75 210 269
h II ;; :'il!' ,. ( \ \
.!~l~~~~~!
news item 54:SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD 76 210 269
news item 55:PRO-ABORTION MOVEMENT
news item 56:ANTI-ABORTION MOVEMENT
news item 57:BROKEN MARRIAGES

77
78
79
212
214
216
270
270
270
'eri!l
• .\~.
ft
': .). . C;Co'
~\'" t~~
!pine ..
1~4 \';i<.\.... ~...\\t"" c~<)· ~bb"'~~.
.~ ' \ :
i''I i,' \a''''
~~ k..J-"'4J ~....
_.... ,... t
p ••]
...', ".;'
f'·, 'J " H .tI •• ;J.I.~1m.
, ,~"l ~\t"; P
I
IU,
o
l_Y \Uu"- 'finis. • I \ It:
news item 58:COSMETIC SURGERY 80 218 271 ~
news item 59:ANOREXIA

-------
81 220 271
Ill"
"" '\.\P"
fA.
cl·.~I""n~1 ~~ V ~ ·:.:,.:;:' ' ' '
....",. "I
l
·t ", \
\ •
''::
",\>\ e ,
''1 ..
.. . ~ h~'
r.'J I
III lit: "I "" .;.
news item 60:FAT RIGHTS

news item 61 :GAY RIGHTS
82
83
222
222
272
272 ~;~l~\\'~~~.~~"~~.~!.~~~~~.J{~:.~a
.f 1\1\'''''' ~I\':' ~ £} de~
."Sal~.. ~ "'n ;1'\.\. •....·lIIlld llCllIa£." .._."" ,1....." ••",.,,$ ul
..':'~~::':a toll of tens ... ... of'.' thousanl

news item 62:VIDEO NASTIES 84 224 273
news item 63:PORNOGRAPHY 85 226 273 },'if-l'er ... ~ SI ~l."h'· ~ tl I \1....
..
TI:U"U")' ! . -, ........ _.
. s('cond yr... .'f. .

Lllt1 ,,,..
.... n . ".n,,'; \u.:1l 1 ,"," ' ..... \\'1 • t"'1 I'40 \'. '-1
news item 64:PROSTITUTION 86 228 274 A _1(1 •
~e~ lC t'
-S'-he. .~ ~~D":h~ r!~I';~'''I!~.I~h~~·~\~~lrgbt
<:SlIm .. (." •
Pt} firs 1.\"." om ': ..:... u.Jf 0 cOln()Iet{, r'lilll
news item 65:TEENAGE GAMBLING 87 230 274 ...,."..... .. ~ s~rb" .....'"
'-:':~i.~:~'i'III'·o~S \h~;:l::~~ ~~lJi:ii,:~,'. ':;B::'~ii:~
t . . ,
. './,
1
news item 66:SCHOOL VIOLENCE 88 232 275

~J..
w' '.': .~·' ' ' ':::;;.,.,~, ,,~,~.,.. OU f 011:.':
.i
news item 67:S0CCER HOOLIGANISM 89 234 275
~
. ..' ,tley
IJ~P' I~
f
,II': Whit.:
news item 68:THE HOMELESS
news item 69:EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS 1
news item 70:EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS 2

90
91
92
236
238
240
275
276
276
Deadly Su.a"'h
,
re·
"., . (iI'
'I.~t .
cenallu. ..... . . '
bill. "I~I I mn\tlli
It will r..allass
0 a.:
.
..... 7
.5
I
un puhliC:
'hinder
alan e
~Olvt
,.f ",-'-'
C~ruS'lf' loS ~Ol \~1:

0
WOlf. 'he \I~~
is
..
ea
oa
.>
SIX d' . . . . ,.. .

news item 71:CURBS ON DOGS 93 242 277 ur ~ 'W' • .., '''::;:;::';:ll~ bL,<n ;. • and'
e lje.!'-llJ] ..\ ·. .
\t
1'~' ,,, i1\~ n'..I
I e as sforms \
~,;,\
~
-;. -lie ., ••••• , f M;!I .....
news item 72:DOG ATTACKS 94 244 277 IIf Ihls kill" n . "'1 Ihe
I amilile ros .'1\...·... '
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION q
S ~M swee . .
.~~~ble··
d ~hrl 1. Pface st~!~at~:
278 v.. .••• ,1.."' •••- _." •
LISTENING COMPREHENSION KEY 303
HEADLINES KEY
INDEX
321
283
kIlle d oc~o
ll,,..,, · · . .·;;SR:~~;:~
b . S~\andl ."ie":un
dreds~.\'~ll:rI'
,
._,
III
lit
-~rt
'.!)t
"'II 11\ II
..... !..., lind
1'''1' 1\ ..II\I:.:IS
r:..'OIlU'"
51.. nl%$ alld pcrlurOlanc", AI,..
end lht:re ha~.
in lIo!neral. b(ell II"
lit..
..( .:.,
q
".\Jssed
t1.
fill
\'}SI!
tlnl,,d \I
..
\<f,g. 't
I'
\U
flf. • ..
.1 loll
d u.s "i
ClImber• k·11
:~::llt!..
lIlt-"I!'
d· '.. . e 1-0
I e In ~~aiSO~I:~~lll~;~go- lj 5)~)
I. .'
lnM.. .
L"J~~mOllntaln pI uoge
iI It
V.e wrunsly.illtntiS\nsdp.;1
lallh in t1~ m.1I
. \'It. L(
In • \ .....
'l'rrunr"S15 I" .. ~ .." ol$I~f' 16\"\~,.
b'
S(It'\'1_),n.
~ ., . '. .... lo.
thai. I1I.\\wI
1
..", .,."••
illll~"4! un rllr1~r ··~

,.,,01 •••• ."
r"
IICIl.......... • ••._ _ • au$ cnJt.'d .~.'
spent searc lng X;or.YY'l S \
J
i\ wuld he. a.)..' IllO 'I1..
u~mo.:uc
the), wrec J\S .1.' •
l>L'Illltl til.: f;al:lld llud ,,1•. -'
--. . k. a~e a1 ...

.
$I:'j".~.,
...
tb.:
d ilK" When
h,,;;"". A ' -
a;1U1(
4.:l id
,t eU.
a.... ': ,11I&!v..
U
If O,e t 1l1l01ll.\w
...
Q S e'" . .
•
. .
tl
R:l1lfn",thl.'<lus',UIII." llI'Iofnw
R 'I''' "" \\ bd ...·
1 clUllpc:rslls '\Ioul: ,·It·.IIII'V ill 5
II ~lIl,...&' U I \ ............ _ • _::.._~

11)e lal'
__ __
~.L.
lr.... ~ .... Man mil .,,,1\
J.""""'- s ,. ,. ()'bV\U~'''-:::t. .a.:~ tI\~\!' ",oJ 1 nt.~',. .""'IUI.d,\ t"t -li•.d,,,.;. .'r\'•• ~,· ~
z1.~'.\ '.
'!i,a
\,\"Jt. t ••• li...l-'N!o.... ttl ....... ,fIt! ." ,
11 10' ...... • ~ \~"':"I' -01 I.). I IF-: ~.... "'"~
:~-'1 storm i d
)1.IIIIS I.. I
LISTENING COMPREHENSION
~~~ pupIls kIlled rk~f"'"
'• • -,"'" ' . .

rt /,
hit • f ll~\{\~~/
~lerin ft !plne '"' ~ .\\O~\ ~,

section one:
,.
,
1"1l\~1l""
\\\. ~
~ . ~,~l\l 111.;
:t.1l \\\
~
.'
.\)!. '.
t~, \~\: ~
':",}'"
~z,..
...........
~
l_'-' .....' I~\l,!\\\\a\",
,,,\\\lO"
(sc...C . \
""
I\f~
~~
• th.:
~-'.
"
ULl\r.:
"
.!~
'hI)1) ·. tf/(j·~
.I,
~\~
.~
S1l1
Ills:
r,'
~...
,".1:'
." ) C'
"lllIilll'!
I 1
III"
... ." ~ .I
"'1.';"":'
.
if ,.,
I
NATURAL CALAMITIES
e d'"
\ '01\1>:1' '\'n( \,':111"'klf'i'"\.. ..... ""li,'

\I ,
,I..·• U ."h'.:.\1 ~<> ,. ..•
\
r\~' -- ' ., I, .. It
~~~. "c.~u~~.~!.~~~~~":{i~,~;".
news item 1: FOREST FIRES ., .................. , .. 12
news item 2: DROUGHT ...... , .... , .... , . , , . , ..... 13

news item 3: FAMINE .... ', .... , ............ , .. , . , .14
'~~'l\\~:~,: ';'ll"::~~~ ~(\~I s,"\~; .;, ~\L\'\~'\ "';"f"'ll~1 IlCrha£," ~I~:.~~ ..•h~ """f"""~ ul Sh'"- news item 4: HURRICANES ...... , , . , .............. 15
'~~'f~f:::'; toll 0 ten.s 0 . t ,~QllSa.

' news item 5: RAINSTORMS ........... , ............ 16
news item 6: FLOODS, ...... ,., ........... "., ... 17
:1) p~):,e: as ~s~::~I;,:\::~ ~" .."". ~~the spcon~(y~;I;I~,.-~.;~:~;:I~JJ~~~:~ '.··.'.'I"I·')r l news item 7: EPIDEMICS ...... , ...... , ........ , . , ,IS
I."~tlllt.."
AS u.·' ~Ol ",(11
"'a
.........
huth
• • \.
~t.;r)!'
• . ."
a
•
'. n U
I..•..
"
~\~ O!.~ii~I~he~~D~o·bl\.tl:u~·dl~::\'r lh·~"h·~·~l~:~t~~ ~:lJi,~:;,~·'. I'~I~: .

, - , . . . I" •••
news item S: EARTHQUAKE 1 ..............-.... , . , .19
news item 9: EARTHQUAKE 2 " .. ,., ........... , ...20
~
DeadJY Swath
~ . ... ••. l,\ WI\l.,••
h £ RollO!> • .....
,I~.n<:e 10, lniUl"'I"/I'
.S,OIl puhlic~~:y~ w~r,lhclISUW-
g toll
0 8
'
news item 10: AVALANCHES .......................21
news item 11: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ...............22
news item 12: GAS POISONING .....................23
:i;'io rc-
leinaltl ~ 'alanc A",~rus.lr·.
ttrlallll.l' ..".
bill, ~Il,l I
e 0 \J.O\ \~.I:
.,
I I nmle
r
,,! I .
I
. -,~ n." . .., - . .
'l'iAt It will n'3\hus
·······JJ·.. ··"SIX dIje

"c
~;:;::"~a . \,cen;'
is
aod '
. e A,..
II or
lJ
llS
Il··tt"t~ i1\~ll\111li\"\'>" '''I
. l \,.,q fl-.. ·...'I;l.lIlial~ ~ as SO'" ~I
rms ' (If Ihls \ml<i
as
)t.. • ..
I
~od ~, -#I../..[S q ~IlIllY ~: sweep.. .

_.~~"~~- • lJrI t
.• ·I..... t.,• • ,. •
face starva
,d' d kliled OCt0 'rS b....... . elllkd~l/ood

1 re S 1'~1' .~II~~IS al>.
'1)5
"II!\l1ICr
c
R~I<:${l"'"·,
'h\lsscd \,}Sh \\1' •
tt.1.lie
1\ ':0.;01'1"", '<It
._ " ••"K III a syslen, staOl:6 .li.lld pc,furrnal'l~. AI ,.. '~t \\ISS
,~clh.\11 .:, -~..... ·.i .. " anJ en.) the,e ha., ill i!\!oeral. 1}(1!1t Il.. ..., .,.J '() III
CI- b 1- '
'~~~:'I'I~~ 1m er kIlled In ~!;JS\lI~,:~~to~~;~~o_ 0
Ihe rill)' • - 1:,,·111 )1.1< • (I .
5)'
lajcslf~ mOllnt · . I' q JIj
ll' r,,~r
IIS(lt'l'lioll
lor.lll ""
aln p unge..
,,;,
1~\I\({'
h' ". .
w("nlllly.in mYis ill,>\\Il\.'1
lailll an Il~ mill
J,·tfI.lOl"'J.llS In hl\ .. r
~ aU$ ctlul."U
.1.:.' 11)011 II"~...
t\W
In
I'!'
• \.~ •.
v,\\l\l' ",
MJ!\\ •
.,·V.·
.,
t searck lng nCKUtUh"''' ...u _ ,

~!..'tl a~I~~ r\lrth~r
tor f(\S -_.'
S spen
· it could ht. III un Th...-
19h t h IIK"e ,vr

wlll:l1
.,
ec
__.
.Il
.
~·'
. . aile
ht a
S('i••
·~·
eu as a1:.,
. . .
UOIlii?···' ,..;liI!!...
1"'\.1 lin Ihe fa~nJ u)Smcllt.: Ulu l "'I···'
Ii IliC nLl<)III~w
-Q I
d
.. ·' J -1\S
. . ... crulJperSlIs "1,111, rit'/I"ly
'1,11:11\
....,,;,.,.~.:._I!:l.~.la!. e "!:l~ "Mal~.:"n

~1'·.al1dthl: ht'r~ • rclurnlOlhc,lulilallll..\.III1,
N "'-'UII1I111 WloI'D ... Ii _ ' ""l, :... ~t,
EXERCISE 1. EXERCISE 1.
Tick the statements: true or false. Tick the statements: true or false.
T F
1. The conference was devoted to analyzing the cause of
1. This year's forest fires have brought several million
this year's drought.
dollars worth of losses.
2. There will be no grain left for the winter.
3. Farm animals were also affected by the drought.
2. For the last three years, there has been little rain.
4. Last winter did not differ from the former ones.
3. No rains accompanied the storms which started the fires. 5. The problem was that last winter the soil was exposed to
bad weather.
4. Fire can spread faster than one can imagine. 6. Chemical fertilizers will repair the damage done to the
5. Some firefighters died because of smoke inhalation. topsoil.
7. Irrigation is one of the means of gaining extra land for
6. The water-bombing aircraft dropped its load on the man
growing crops.
by mistake.
8. Turning up soil is one of the methods of getting rid of
7. If one fire is put out, it no longer represents a danger. weeds.
9. From the text, we learn that Agunda relies heavily on
8. Helicopters and planes are only used to spot new out
electricity generated by water-power.
breaks of fire.
10. Now it is illegal to wash cars and to water gardens.
11. To make water safe for consumption it must first be
9. The fact that the conflagration is seen from space speaks
of the scale of the disaster.

boiled.
12. Calamitous weather abnormalities are now taken place
10. After the fire, the forests will soon look the same. more often than before.
EXERCISE 2.
EXERCISE 2. Match the words from column A with those from column B to form
Match the words from column A with those from column B to form collocations as they appear in the story.
collocations as they appear in the story.
COLUMN A COLUMN A COLUMNB

COLUMNB
cause damage chemical crisis
climatic
devastation
dense eyes fertile

fertilizers
eerie fire foreseeable

future
fire glow rain

pattern
lightning reserves insufficient

rain
rainfall
natural retardants rivers
raging satellites shortages
smouldering smoke stockpiles
swollen spot summer
weather sun
storms
topsoil
for answers go to page 303, for transcript and related exercises go to page 98. for answers go to page 303, for transcript and related exercises go to page 100.
12 13
T F T F
1. Ten million people died of starvation in Agunda in 1981. 1. Hurricane George reached the coast of lahar in the
evening.
2. Action by the world community is desperately needed.

3. The current famine is the result of a prolonged drought.
2. People knew that it was coming.
3. There is no electricity in the affected area.
4. Small children have no chance of survival.
4. The fishing fleet was destroyed because the boats were
5. Malnutrition can affect a child's mental development.

not properly secured.
6. Lack of drinking water is another life-threatening
problem.
5. All the devastation was caused by the wind.
6. Churches in lahar offer better protection than other
7. Cases of looting are sporadic.

buildings.
8. People move to live in the country because it is easier to
7. The number of victims is as yet unclear.

find food there.
9. Farm animals have died because they had nothing to
B. Flood waters have claimed no victims.

eat.
9. The President receives regular telephone reports from
10. Now there is more land than can be used for growing
the coast.
crops.
10. Housing is the biggest problem at the moment.
11. Food supplies will be distributed by air and by land. 11. People are leaving the capital although it may prove
12. Civil war will prevent relief agencies from delivering

unnecessary.
their supplies. .
12. Mudslides are triggered by gale-force winds.
EXERCISE 2.
Match the words from column A with those from column B to form EXERCISE 2.
collocations as they appear in the story. Match the words from column A with those from column B to form
COLUMN A COLUMN B
affected agencies COLUMN A COLUMNB
basic aid battering areas
chronic area
casualty damage
daily damage
famished drought coastal fleet
grazing land damage gales

human malnutrition fishing hurricane
humanitarian mortality flood list
infant occurrences huge rain
irreversible peasants
torrential seas
major picture
pitiful tropical statistics
rations
relentless i suffering violent storm
relief J tragedy widespread waters
'---
15
T F T F
1. The rainstorms described in the story have been the
1. The inhabitants of Anturia have suffered from many
worst in Jahar's history.

calamities in the past.
2. There was too much water for the barriers and dykes to
2. The reported flooding is the first one this year.
hold.
3. Not all of the deaths were caused by drawning.
3. It was often impossible to get from one river bank to the
4. Diarrhoea can be a cause of death.
other.
5. We understand that, geographically, Anturia is situated
4. One had to be quick if one did not want to drown. in a temperate zone.
5. People left everything they had in order to save their

6. Thousands of people had no time to leave the affected
lives.
area.
6. For a thousand people, falling into the river meant death. 7. The only way to reach isolated regions is by train.
7. Helicopters had an easy job of rescuing people even from
8. There is not enough food because supplies are under
hopeless situations.
water.
8. Water has affected the quality of foodstuffs. 9. Fortunately, there is no danger of other flood barriers
9. Ferries are being used to reach isolated areas. being washed away.
10. Fortunately, food distribution centres are managing to

10. Looters will be killed if caught red-handed.
provide food for every flood victim.
11. There are people who want to turn this tragedy to their
11. The lives of 50 people who die of flood-related diseases

own, possibly political, advantage.
are claimed every day.

12. The President will present the Parliament with a detailed
12. In this particular case, providing international help will

report of the losses.
be difficult.
EXERCISE 2.
collocations as they appear in the story. COLUMN A COLUMN B
,...----
abandoned aliments
COLUMNA COLUMNB displaced

areas
buoyant appeals health

buildings
cooking areas heavy

disaster
distribution barriers irrigation

experts
-------------
fervent centres lootinq

families
flood damage polluted

flooding
remote facilities residential

floodwater
slashing objects stomach

gangs
swirling storage
officials
rain
swollen unprecedented
properties
rainstorms
violent venomous
rains
rivers snakes
widespread L Widespread
I
waters
for an$Wers go to page 304, for transcript and related exercises go to page 106. for answers go to page 304, for transcript and related exercises go to page lOB.
17
T F T F
-- ~
1. The people who live in the refugee camps have never 1. We know exactly what the number of casualties is.
had a house of their own.
2. It is not the first or the last earthquake in Ishmad.
2. Drinking water is unavailable.
3. Gastroenteritis results in diarrhoea. 3. 7.7 on the Richter scale is not regarded as particularly
strong.
4. Cattle died from the epidemic.

4. There had been no previous indication that a quake
5. The problem is that there are too many people grouped

in one area. might be coming.
6. There has been no need for an immunization programme 5. The quake is indirectly responsible for the lack of energy
in Jahar in recent years. in some parts of the co.untry.
7. Some people have already died of cholera. 6. Thirty quakes were felt in the space of two hours.
8. The President was satisfied with what he saw. 7. Most of the victims were killed by collapsing buildings.
9. This strain of meningitis is very easy to catch. 8. Those who survived still have a place to live.
10. People catch the disease so quickly because they are not 9. Buildings built of concrete were strong enough not to
careful. collapse.
11. There is not enough vaccine in Ishmad to stop the spread 10. Fires were started by gas explosions.
of the epidemic.
11. Structurally damaged buildings will be reconstructed.
12. Help is on its way.
12. The report tells us that the capital of the country will be
EXERCISE 2. moved from Zento after reconstructive work.
Match the words from column A with those from column B to form
collocations as they appear in the story. EXERCISE 2.
COLUMN A COLUMNB
appalling
camps
COLUMN A COLUMN B
breeding.
conditions
chronic
contagion affected area
contaminated diseases calamitous country
drastic facilities concrete damage
epidemic food destructive earthquake
impaired ground devastating inhabitants
lethal malnutrition landslides
high magnitude
refugee measures
rotten ,homeless quake
J proportions
sanitary incomplete slabs
resistance
typhoon strain mountainous statistics
virulent rescue tragedy
J survivors
water-borne I water unprecedented workers
I
for answers go to page 304, for transcript and relqted exercises go to page 110. for answers goto page 305, for transcript and related exercises go to page 112.
19
T F T F
1. More people died in the city centre than in the residential
1. There were six men in. the group of climbers.

areas.
2. The group had left for the peak early in the morning.
2. The number of victims is estimated at between I,ooOand
10,000 people.
3. When they were setting out the weather was fine.
3. Temporary shelter has been improvised outside the town. 4. The avalanche is believed to have been started by the
climbers.
4. Many people do not want to leave the affected area.

S. It is possible that some of the climbers are still alive.
S. Those who have stayed are waiting for the recovery of
their possessions.
6. The search will continue provided the weather does not
get worse.
6. Dogs are not very effective in these circumstances.

7. Sometimes bodies of the victims are found months later,
7. The cameras described in the report can locate those
who are still alive in the ruins.

in spring.
8. Some mountain villages have been cut off by recent
8. There is too much noise for sound devices to be effective.

snowfalls.
9. Low temperatures make rescue work slow.

9. It wasn't the skier's fault that he was killed.
10. Rescue teams are facing an entirely new situation.
10. The rescue operation was difficult because it was very
II. Survivors have little chance of saving their inj ured limbs. cold.
12. The injured are being treated in hospital buildings. 11. Death by avalanche is not rare in that region.
12. If there were more trees on the slopes, there would be
EXERCISE 2.
fewer avalanches.
EXERCISE 2.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
adequate cameras
gangrenous
camps
COLUMN A COLUMNB
improvised
casualties
r---: -----
adverse conditions
massive
devices
bad
deforestation
powerful
districts
dawn
dogs
relief
earthquake
disaster
frost
residential
efforts
mountain
ledge
sophisticated
equipment
rescue
site
sound
limbs
severe
operation
special
measures
sniffer
slopes
temporary
shock
steep
start
~ic shelter
widespread
weather
for answers go to page 905, for transcript and related exercises go to page 114. for answ.ers go to page 905, for transcript and related exercises go to page 116.
20 21
T F T F
1. Mount Araramo, in Anturia, is still active.
1. The gas was volcanic in origin.
2. Vulcanologists had expected the volcano to continue to
2. It was released as a result of a volcanic eruption.
erupt for a much longer period.
3. People did not realize what was going on.
3. The last time it erupted was three hundred years ago.
4. The mixture consisted of carbon monoxide and hydrogen
4. The pumice found floating on the ocean's surface came

sulphide.
from Mt. Araramo.

5. Most of the survivors had left the area in panic.
5. Mt. Araramo is woode.d and was covered by snow at the
time of the eruption. 6. One can still smell the deadly gas in the air.
6. The effects of the eruption could be seen thousands of 7. Those who were injured by the fumes have found expert
miles away. help in local hospitals.
7. Volcanic eruptions are responsible for the greenhouse 8. There was no time to bury the bodies separately.
effect. 9. There was no drinking water.
8. One hundred people were killed by falling rocks. 10. The inhabitants of Ar~hon have shown their generosity
9. What the villagers fear are mudflows rather than other towards the victims of the calamity.
eruption-related dangers. 11. Doctors from other countries have already arrived in
10. An active' volcano is one that has major eruptions. Arehon to assist their colleagues in the hospitals.
11. If a volcano is extinct, it means that it will never erupt 12. There was no airport in the affected region.
again.
EXERCISE 2.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
COLUMN A COLUMN B
active activity
blistered I explosion
casualty figures
boiling amounts
floating death fumes
ash
heavy geological gases
blast
lethal I graves
hot explosion
mass lake
initial gases
relief region
large pumice
remote operation
molten rains
scattered survivors
superheated rock
toxic toll
underwater volcanoes
volcanic villages
violent I
water '------
,I
II,
<Iii:
22 23
"CA.............. " •- - . II. · n 'ttln""' -1"''''''''''''11'', , ... K u~
t rlllie co.. ISIO .1't.'V(·I'{'~J!b"··:·· LISTENING COMPREHENSION

rowd after
/·:,·t,,:'j
. .... N,·"
. O h
. . . . . . . . :11 . De g:eatt:r<:onC~lo'l.:H,"·.,u,,,
eras ~il" ~1I.ll.,,' S
' ··.nll.1 "I tlU' !IH.lIUlJ • J,
In
ItIY.
\·Hr).: ..1 I+"
"'.• ,
Ih."':·~·."
'Oiled :",, •.1
• h."",·, ' .
u.clear'. ... q~lh • • ..... "HUH........,
Nigh
,...... ,: t.~uuml ·I.O"~' 'I\~" f ~l"\'''' ' •• 1, ," • r t
rail
IH,I",.j,,:I· .1.."'....
~.I.. ~ WIJ.~"'''~·' .1'''''''''' ...., b"d
.)C'I·"'l:$lillialli II) ......" ••1"" •
~lant crash ':i, pilot dies;':I:~~~s section two:

afety wl1l1ll'il"~ .. sh ow erash raW'J
"., . ,"I"""III aIr ,,\·~;'lIcl.!lt 1".1".
MAN-MADE DISASTERS
haos 11. In nu"," ~,
Scores
1\ / ... I, "1
;~~1J'·c··hok~ifto death~';;~~:
l
•.• ,,,. ....::;..
Int~, . ...... ''''j' . .. < IUUO\"III!; news item 13: ACCIDENTS AT AIR SHOWS ........... 26
• ....... III,' JIIust $lrlkJl~ IluJUgh, TU~\''lII1Y hnl .

•
I!; IIl!ry
news item 14: AEROPLANE CRASHES ............... 27
~~'~aheY'~S··XClots~~~~n!~,!!~;S,·"
news item 15: FIRES .................. , ............ 28
news item 16: MINES - FIRES, EXPLOSIONS ........... 29
news item 17: OIL SPILLS ............. , ............ 30
news item 18: SEA COLLISIONS ..................... 31
torw
• lnq · -.
.........'i p,
.. lid
.~, w'r.
~
,Icvulc •
J r > . . . W ' ..•, • ~
UInT
.. • I
Iii
.t~1
I
nil
W;1' iI
I
I~ I,..
(ul'rI,1
"n"
Rill'
II,,'
lIul "f
• news item 19: ROAD· ACCIDENTS .................. ,32
.. -J
h Into c:tash
It>
... x. '_"1d have ~r--'" 'hi' k news item 20: TRAIN CRASHES .... "., ............. 33
boct"hancb', rbat 'tbe!

Ilormy d«adc', that. •.
eou~"l\~cpllUn jlll~·I' blo:
. thl.! barlc,,~I.. r.
III'
news item21: NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS ... , ......... , .. 34
'wUlII.'&I!'uablc·
1(,1U ......
5'".,ji:"~.i."1l:: ·,_~I!.'?r PIctUre catapulte

IIIk... a I"~, IoDB.JIW. •
:~lear pen I!~.",

-I
to h' s d
e
ntly
\""\""'\
.1',."" tlhlt It
t;1 , •• tU '"\ d
1,1, .......-
lh... h."u \
W.t" hilUC U4i
'<, ..II th'
talttntC\:
til
•
S hiP
II... <••",
lIS p~e of ruck: a .

.,".," -
ambllJoul (eM .."'"
UlUugll. tragedY'1iLl) rroduce<i ,'0I1I
Sir I'dcr t.1l'Jawill a~
.
M-I",es \I;nl!
IOJIIIL'l.tcU.
u
... n"
L.._ ....
;cubed lIimsc19. r lallts llOl.Mbl~. ...10:\1;' ""1.:." III
,. bIaze b18 nIed hear

'~' •.'!ling ,,110111 54 iI!Jl':~ IIlto ;j ,lcS,gll. <'OIl~lasl
kflNt,cl ...
'a
• •• ' . ' " Q_ • .. •••• "' ..,.........:.
..·!:.II·'.UV ..I " ' .... a.'~rt ,mtJ generally
~\.""
p .,~ '0'1... fl'
til,.. ....
elc.he-d IIUO
us
PI'KU(~ or .cbwry. "''''.. ''''''''''.1''.
Innumerable nr di$(lfIlV(,) <II .'
.
'/!/"'" :'''.11
~
.1 ",III "" .
~
:veahl1& thaI
,I\led. :Ii
.:ntish (,
(IIt.st
I.'
.... ~ ...
0
waru,
"uin! hero: Olav '.\ h.II' .t,!".•". J """~' h~thcr Ihere ~s any IivlIIg . . . .. .... " 'ol~~'
rid.
f
1
.
of hIS polilical pre- iR'1I11111 (lOt.' bll' '" I" H .. h.d ~1"jWs lu"lI:h aClUally hlc.;s the JJ~h.· 01 Hili'" t."....r ~h
by Gay. In 1910 ~ IIfOw mw.:h·, i"~~1 •., i"h·'tI·~ ...,".;. .....
~ flnll'~lf u_lly wbat at any nlc
d I ... I
iO'(I(tl~Y"'V.tlIl"f· didllO(o;:ar~""'I(I"I"'I'I\'I,trapne Un(
Ih.n
"~"'P'ia.· In the lI!ItUC: loud 00'''"...",. : '1."-01,,'111

"',j "
8:...........'
,I." •
elwater • •.
~Mkill; 19 afterlets collide at airp ,,~~~

..::...::.... ~. 'JOG
t••-,. h, fa"", ••
'J
Iu~ K,ll,'n ,lu.tlt:""dUdU',ht,••

In,
tll~11
"". " \ ... ~tl·J· th..ll1f"!l.ruh'•
ftlml '\41( III-..lIi(...., lifltu'"cf
\ .•..~'{:,) ... ~j
ruclear reactors
Of: la.i:!'JI
I. "; . ~U~·:;·,,"),;;,~·:~;;,··;;:··""1;":'';:;:':;·
"nnl 1/WIIl ....__•••••

........., wbat the,,,, ..... ·':'J~lfl 1~.I,p It
II ...... n n:'"'UV" it wi lb·
.nA,.
EXERCISE l. EXERCISE l.
Tick the statements: true or. false. T F Tick the statements: true or false.
T F
1. Air shows are organized in Altenland every year. 1. The plane first burst into flames, then crashed.
2. The jet display was the one everybody was waiting for. 2. The plane ploughed into a field on the outskirts of
3. The three jets collided while landing.
4. Everybody present saw the accident.
Palmon.
I
3. The son of the pilot was sitting in a taxi when the accident
5. Many people were trampled to death. happened.
6. Many sustained injuries were caused by fire and flying
debris.
4. Because of the heat, he was unable to help the people
inside the wreck.
7. Many of the injured had to be flown to other towns for
hospitalization.
5. All the occupants of the plane died because of the impact
8. The accident happened because one of the jets
of the crash.
malfu nctioned.
6. The inquiry concluded that the accident happened
9. Such accidents happen because pilots are too nervous at
because of a human error.
public shows.
7. The pilot of the airbus was unaware of the danger.
10. The problem is that if accidents happen. nobody knows
where the wreckage will

8. The airbus burned very quickly.
II. The bomber crashed because of pilot error. 9. 123 people died in the accident.
12. The parachute did not deploy because the pilot ejected at
10. Some of the bodies could not be identified immediately.
a low altitude.
11. The airbus was to be removed permanently from service
following that flight.
EXERCISE 2.
Match the words from column A with those from column B to form 12. The airline may be held responsible for negligence.
EXERCISE 2.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
abrupt approach
aerobatic area
flying directions COLUMN A COLUMNB
horrifying debris airline authorities
hysterical end black call
low-altitude flying dental error
multiple inhalation emergency failure
safety injuries engine landing
short landing faltering noise
smoke stunts mangled records
steep people m5=lYd ay smoke
unconfirmed requirements radio teams
unpredictable scenes rescue transmissions
wide ----- -------
speculation technical wreckage
.26 27
Tick the statements: true or false. Tick the statements: true or false. T F
T F
1. Three children died in the blaze. 1. It is possible that about a hundred people have died in
2. The father was prevented from entering his blazing

the accident.
house.
2. The fire broke out following a methane explosion.

3. The firemen were unable to prevent the house from
burning out.
3. Fifty people are continuing to look for survivors.
4. What caused the fire is not yet known. 4. Despite the disaster, the colliery will continue working
5. In Trontham, the fire broke out as a result of an explosion. without interruption.
6. The man was badly burnt because nobody had helped

5. Many miners died under the collapsed roof.
him in time.
6. There is still every chance that the missing miners will be
7. He has little chance of recovering. rescued.
8. The fire wouldn't have broken out if the man had obeyed
the law.
7. Ninety-two miners suffered from fire-related injuries.
9. The shelter met all scdety requirements needed when
8. Sealing a pit is one of the methods used in putting out
people are housed.

blazes in mines.
The firemen decided that they have been called too late
9. The three miners were unable to free themselves.
to do anything about the fire and left.
10. What made the operation difficult was the rising
11. Manypeople burnt to death inside the building. temperature.
12. The process of identifying the bodies will be long
because many of the homeless had not signed the

1L The three miners had no air to breathe.
register.
12. The only way to save them was to drill a wider shaft.
Match the words from column A with those from column B to form Match the words from column A with those from column B to form
collocations as they appear in the story. collocations as they appear in the story.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
COLUMN A COLUMNB
blazing bodies
cutting faces
charred
building
critical
circuit
deadly fire
discarded
efforts
dreadful gas
extensive
explosion
emergency inferno
gutted
flame
fierce points
inflammable
heat
intense house
main rumbling
. naked inhalation
raging shaft
powerful list
scorched tools
short match
smoke system
strenuous
'-----~---
wOFk
, sprinkler upholstery
for answers go to page 307, for transcript and related exercises go to page 130.
for answers go to page 306, ior transcript and related exercises go to page 128.
28 29.
EXERCISE 1. EXERCISE l.
T F T F
1. When the explosion took place, the tanker was loaded to
r-----,
1. The ferry was on its way from Galamos to Gueno.

capacity.
2. The wreck is lying at a depth of three miles.

2. 20,000 tons of oil were consumed by the fire.
3. There was no electricity because water has flooded the
3. The crew members used life boats to g(ft away from the
ship.
wreck. .
4. So many people died because the captain delayed
4. The firefighters did a grand job putting out the fire. giving the order to abandon the ship.
. 5. At this point, nothing can be done to prevent the slick
5. The rescue operation is being carried out only during the
from drifting onto the beaches.

day.
6. The rescue teams cannot do anything until the weather
6. It is likely that eighty bodies will be found inside the
changes.
wreck.
7. It is predicted that the wreck will sink with the remaining
7. The tanker went down alongside the ferry.

oil· in its tanks.
8. The ferry sank too qUickly for the passengers to get to the
. 8. The accident happened not far away from the docking bay. decks.
9. It was a result of a collision with a salvage tug. 9. The ferry sank as a result of a collision.
10. The weather is making the rescue operation difficult.
10. It is believed that the accident happened because of the
11. Floating booms have the task of absorbing oil slicks. crew's negligence.
12. Many oil spills could have been avoided if the oil
11. Many people died of hypothermia.
shipping industry had introduced much stricter safety
measures in oil transportation.

EXERCISE 2.
EXERCISE 2.
collocations as they appea~ in the story.

COLUMN A COLUMNB
COLUMN A COLUMN B adverse cargo
crew booms dense clothing
emergency crew heavy crew
environmental disaster ill-prepared ferry
floating error low fog
high life panic-stricken loss of life
human members proper passengers
major operation shallow
marine regulations temperatures
shipping tragedy
obligatory slick submerged
oil spillage vessel
sunken waters
salvage testing
unsecured weather conditions
tough winds
for answers go to page 307, for transcri~t and related exercises go to page 132. for answers go to page 307, for transcript and related exercises go to page 134.
30
31
T F
T F
1. Ten vehicles were involved in the collision. 1. The express train should have stopped for the light.
2. Other cars couldn't get past the site of the crash. 2. The commuter train was full of people.
3. The Mini hit the back of an articulated lorry. 3. Only two trains were involved in the collision.
4. Two schoolchildren died in the bus which overturned. 4. The accident wouldn't have happened if the signal had
been green.
5. If it hadn't been for the bad weather conditions, the

accident might not have happened. 5. The slow track leads to the platforms..
6. The van started the collision. 6. The rescue teams were too shocked by the scale of the
disaster to act effectively.
7. The accident could have been prevented.

8. The van driver's body was found in the wreckage of his 7. What caused the biggest problem was locating and
reaching the survivors.
vehicle.
9. Five people were involved in this collision. 8. Medical help was improvised on the spot.
10. The driver was drunk and was driving too fast. 9. Existing "fail-safe" systems are effective in preventing
train accidents.
11. The supervisor of the road works was indirectly

responsible for the pedestrian's death. 10. The Transport Secretary was impressed by the
dedication of the rescue teams and bystanders.
12. The camper was killed by a woman driver.

11. The accident temporarily disrupted railway services.
collocations as they appear in the story. Match the words from column A with those from column B to form
COLUMN A COLUMNB COLUMN A COLUMNB
articulated barriers
cuthng coaches
busy
bruises
derailed
error
crash
coach
emergency
failure
entire
family
fatal
gear
excessive
-------
injuries
injured
pain-killers
slight
lorry
metal
reaction
stationary
road
passenger
services
sustained
speed
powerful
tangle
tangled
wreckage signal
track
slow
trains
swift
victims
lor answers go to page 307, for transcript and related exercises go to page 136.
32
33
UllIUIlllg IIIUJ..UI.I~"".II.~.:J ;;,.t;:~;--:.~(~. '·\... ·~~~·;:nl'
" ,,,",,.rt·<~t'~ th", IlRde,lllnJ( ~..i1 allu
:U\ ",I'I} ,4'W' Ib~ ~nil b"fll!"'~ mill'('
Ih,lI fir "'"'' Inu,.<m "hRI In"l!' r"NII .,,,hl,,I, ,.
hl,m ~/f,·,'I~ ,1.. , ....'"1.... (...., . . . . . . . ,
II,.,.,Z '(I~J I~
tft... 'IIW{ '.I."~" .,.. _0 ~ ....,
EXERCISE 1.
Tick the statements: true or false.
T F
1. The reactor was. shut down in time to prevent any
contamination.
2. Short-lived fission products the increased radioactivity of
"1
the escaping gas. .... :1I1
3. ,The reactor will remain temporarily shut down.

4. As many as 5,000 people may die of lung infections
. If flllliJlll
following radioactive contamination. I-t IJ I it..: () II lo
5. The local residents have successfully pressed for the 'h(~roll{1 C~)fl
closure of the plant. ~~-( :'. . \':I:;~r.J". J
6. Leukemia can take twenty years to develop.

'\)\7.~ (~I:t'PI~houst~
7.
8.
The explosion deactivated the early warning system.
al'"ul hUll
·
It'~f"~""'"
I idd l.
.... _. . . . .'"••• A
. lit I nt',,(·t
W .,,,,,,', ,..
CII'
,. , .
" "'"
4 ,.
·.... tlltl
-." f
The radiation level is high enough to kill.
Rlllh"""'uCal'O'o 0 pOlSOll'I~~" ~ :' ;1<,<1" ·,\h,. ItlOtul.
,.ili:IIM." ...... •
'::",'I\Il! ~
." ..........,
9. Radioactive fallout covered an area of twenty square miles. .
hI.' 1\;11\0.1"1 1""')
t 'IIF .1~,,~I~(Il1:~l ,Il .I' ~ ." ,I"WI! \~~ '\1'\' UOII ~ •
I . •.. : ...., L '.~ ..... " , ".\'..,.h'l I'
'I! III<'
10. The' scale of the disaster is not yet clear. ..OXIC
.
was. ,....e Ihe Charn:c.>lInr.
f:
Iht'
• .. ... ,
fTOl1l1' Sr!'TrIMY 3'
"Im~
~fiO~ I
: U\l~(' 110
''j R•.~,
71 •..·\'I·r dlt'w from II..·
.,.
'" .• j \'mwlinS
",t)~IIIS
~ , sv,u 1/
,eIJ I
';at h1
11. The decision to shut down the power station might have Rc:('~ 8~ ,h,1 nr<1 •II'tftl~, jJ"''''e
I "'10 'I • • ,)" • t
~ nllqll "Ik!lt a bad II, 1• ". }, ,.' 11:l b

I;: t:~ ':'::'"
_." • • • • • •• ... i. . . . . •• ,,, • .. J[
12.
prevented a major accident.
Fuel rods may plunge to the bottom as a result of a ture reserve
1..1' M!i1'd 1.!.L"t threatened
. . ".. :. ",,'. . IIns:l~ !n~,\'t'(1. 0 Z () 11 C· ...\. ~ ,\,emlr('v ami l mhl't' ~j
hL ..... ~
'1"..
I h.• t
,.
.. , ".,
I( ) lise
1~1 t'PI')h,
meltdown.
. w." 'W: '"
EXERCISE 2. I~.r,,"
111H1'.lrt;..UI.!d nn.1 a" ... ...
~ere
~ S CUe ;111'
'0 llie.> It
. «)Il er
~I'·p.
\111'11\:-"" •
Match the words from column A with those from column B to form II:'WIII.I... 1
ftVt'f th~. In.""
jl;1'/lIJ.'llwn
liSt" I.t
silt' IIllowl'd hnn
r Hnn ...... ..
,;r: tit ,.,
• - .. Ii
t ..... n' d.,
j........... • I"..hlll!
tl, ..
collocations as they appear in the story. "f
ndalous attitude to waste I h· ~'''rtl
,>()IIUl
*H,f' "Hi
COLUMN A COLUMN B
~econtamination explosion d"~I.I, 1''' ",'II'" ,,! :-I,,\i"~t ~t,~
n,.H,,,,,I.. ,,. n~"''' "" ...",,,,h,,,,! I"
M aSSI· vewl""h,~.:::'!'
"p•., I.• 1<111:\;",.1 !':1, \',,'('''''' 1: ... '" II ,,' ..Ih,·, ,,\'
fission fallout
... I,.t,.",!,,!>\•• ('"",;""""";
•
1011 t .
~~__!£;.utl. •. rht. '11\
- , ·.......1.I''''w'r",,'
h:\'l \-.:.}.
"
Ilt!',ym
. ,.......:".
, ,lIn'd,\I'
'IHat
fuel fuel o S'l \/e . ,......"",,. .. .I"i
r' Ie ES .....
health
high
"
hazard
incidence
'III·.·,.....' .....
\'nlt.\\ I.. r nUl"h
, "d ).:,..k I.....'..",.
".t \r, ... I".
save wildlife:
'::l:~::'::::;
0 l~ c
.......,.. "
II.
OZone I". 'l'.f.> , '.,,~.!"~"11" 01-1
....1 ... r .1 ~ 'It~ .,..
.
. ,·... ""t ,.,. "'c"uy
spl·11
r' III
I!t:u·"laT·t .. !'l"
•
'~:"': ...
1,~.:t
I."
1hH'~
1.
1
,I,..
•
.: "'.t(!k
';1.11~· ~H.U
7'1 ".
(.
(
2'~"nl"io'''s~ve'''e''':-~irom!!!t !,g fa
major inquiry
nuclear leaks
official officials
protection
~~. '/;y gre(!Hi"'::";::O' not cal

,
operation
radiation products
radioactive
safety
serious
rods
system
threat ,
": • UllIl'ltall(;,',
.
r. Mr~rh,~ '''ILv 'I'r
1-'..
n•••"". '''"".....
" .. •.....",,;11: nr(' Il~ li/l1ing lind ill! cau~,·
~!~ll' M~;""
hOUse I I
eme(
•
for answers go to page 308, for'transcript and related exercises go to page 140.
34
( 1ll1 llllain
nuclear dumps ·1·....... IIItil.: CCUII(\IlW ;,. ,.;11 .....: \
"".lIlIlu'rilyr
:CUIIIUllllg 11IUIIUII1~1.1,~ ~..• ;:~~~el. \",., LISTENING COMPREHENSION
"!fIh a""
'r" :l
... n'llfr~'I"' lhe
""',)' ),'MT
th.. IIndull'ng ~"illlI"
~nn h'...·utru..~ mUlf'
.hll' IIr III"~~ t"uri~l" .. hilt I"n\:·
h"'rm ,.U...·,e. d....._.. ph'tu f ....... &.. ••• ~..
f.,"" ,'I,hl" h
• to
Po
~iun. ,..... ~. ,"I ' ..n.... "n...~'" .
section three:
ECOLOGY
news item 22: NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL ...........38
Iflill/i news item 23: TOXIC WASTE WASTE DISPOSAL .....39
, ,4/1/{/..:011 news item 24: RECYCLING ........................ .40
h(~roll" ( news item 25: AIR POLLUTION ..................... .41
~e.,
~ ...
. t·'
..... news item 26: THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT ........... .42
,~.,""'. '\)\:.~ (;,:,.t'l~ho news item 27: HOLE IN THE OZONE LAYER .......... .43
item 28: ACID RAIN ......................... .44
II f . I !l.'
iI'
....._ II ,.
news
,"*';"1.•n" 'tllIl n,.u.' •. ~.,."..
~ nfl.. (·t ••"k. Clr Itall. .I+e
news item 29: DESTRUCTION OF FORESTS .......... .45
pOlSOll.~:.· 'Ag; .• ilj"I~'",\I"., t1 I

ntut4i1
hll'l id4.ll' .••,,',., II'
,~,
".11 I1 O 0
Nmh"II"'nCal" p.., ~v-.. .tn,1
news item 30: SOIL EROSION ...................... .46
we
.Il
·
OXIC a ste .'
he l\;Lmk,
. . .1~ ~I!1~.'.I' ~~~.~
.,.g:, ..• II"AW!~f.nrf.\WIJ~':"
R;.~h cro",i,;,·
:~';,
!\'.'IIF ..
:' •• I,!" I ()(H
..,...,. •
news item 31 : WATER POLLUTION _................ .47
thllw"v~'r , ..• ,..

!he nome s.-<:f('l:Iry $'
!he Charx:dl('r TI\1I~ t\...
Rc~ bad it •a~'
• "1I~'t' u.
,,,'v"r drew
sylUl'lIth~ .I. lL.lo

"Tl ....1'1.,'
It news item 32: ALGAE BLOOMS .................... .48
.. ...... _ .
"I<!I'I"I!ndctlt
• • ••
a •• . '"
· .1) S..
r 11 J.rtI .....lIt"III' ". l!.~.f' grecIll,( )II , news item 33: OIL SLICKS ................ , ........ .49
lture
:~tll M~
reserve
"-.;~.~
threatened
~j
, ',.,'."1'1'.'
, , -,,,,,'
, n I I news item 34: ENDANGERED SPECIES ...............50
•1.•.
I••,.
~II
'W':ildl!.£-
w." ",,' '" 1l1l~1~ !H<!~'("(I. OZ()11
.u e re
.'
. C'
.... ..... \JCI,IIf1'Y ami / nrlwt'
the It
.• • 1 " •• "
\
•
<.. ( ) 11
f" news
news
item 35:
item 36:
SAVING THE ELEPHANT ...............51
SAVING THE PANDA ..................52
"'11 IS.
Iy
.
Illlt
I
I'lf\I"U'I!"II~'IJ
'1.'IIIald•••,
"".,1'
...~
•
,h,' In'" II""

SCue
"mi a"".
11;","1.'111<'11
..' I u ...... ~
shl' alh,wcoO h,m ." ,.
.' .. -
IIWI I\!'4"
illl! ",
11,,,
"'''I'·
•·... b.....
t .. """j<
I:andalous attitude to waste

".il ,'1:""
...
•
I..•:.. fit"....1. d,,~,.I!
I"I.'1'.~:lh\.' '_""III'fI""'1I n.,!I••
~~~c.l. mh'Y. n .... O::>~
t:,I\'''''''''W''! :I,".i"1'1 ",1,· \"":"",,
""""'II"",! "\,,,
"'nll' III, h:,...: .,.!lIt,u M asslve·
1:.1111\ II .....u"·,,,··
.hr.·.. "'· ",lIu'" I ".",i
\\'n··t~.
,> ()
a(.11()11 t (, SOl l'e
-
. ··......1 ,I:\II!!'·'··"· ,. \\"'''\1'
K ....
.1.,1
".:'.. J.
ozone la rt~r .... :'!.~";l" oil spl·11 ,:~::':;,:. I'
II
j'.:j,
I~.h~11
.
!r.",;" ..,. ,... :
i....... '. ",,1,·1.
, lHI ;"',1 j.;,.,j;,
1.1,,,,,,, I'
11fO.':ltIl'"
• t:
'"
cldl-£
•.
0 .
.1 1\,,-< '"
........"t I..• 1t·ln·I,y
••
.~'" ra'··'...·
. . . .".,' .
Ie
B.,
•• III
•• U\ .... ·I. ,:,ntiru·t., th",l .:
"~"".sav e WIle:
:;'. "~:~:':~I : ~:
~";:: :~!'t' De -
• "''> f J\\ I\"~t: 'l.
,,,,,,,, "". d"" ".. " ,,' ,,. ..,' ""'" ..
,~,~~?cv111'!'I?'I"~~~'~ b~1)vyrrgo~~~~,J 'not

'Act;nn ;:l~<;;~; '~~iu~ie~ 't'h'" reeri·J;;.~o'~·'·
.. In'''It fCt"U'h_. II Use e
""II.. <':1111'~'~ "'"1'1~lim\C:'" 'hI! (0111" !,I'r ;;;, "~'''r~Cllt ,3f(, it'! limb~~ lIlld illt caU~". 11I\ '
,"""""niiclear"Clliinps ;': . ,
EXERCISE 1.
Tick the statements: true or false. EXERCISE l.
T F
the statements: true or false.
1. The refuse will be deposited in natural salt caverns.
2. After one thousand years, the waste is expected not to
T F
1. The people who organized the shipment did not want any
emit any more radiation.

news about it in the press,
3. Not everybody is sure that the dump will be safe. 2. The intention was to dump the waste in this country for
4. Leakage of slurry is a possibility.
5. The other repository described in the text is one kilometre
3. It is not quite clear what the cargo consists of.
out at sea.
4. This has been the second attempt to get the cargo into the
6. There, people will have as little personal contact with the

country.
refuse as possible.
5. High-temperature combustion is the only current method

7. The radioactive waste will be deposited without any
of getting rid or toxic waste without producing even more
safety packaging.
toxic by-products.
. B. After the job is completed, there will be no access to the

caverns. 6. Illegal dumping is the last resort of the exporter when
other means have failed.
9. Sea water may be able to into the system because it
is not deep enough.

7. The more consumtion there is, the more waste is
produced.
10. The burning of fossil fuels is responsible for much
environmental pollution.
8. Neither of the two ways of waste disposal described in
11. In the early days of nuclear energy, people underestimated

text is in any way beneficiaL
the problem of radioactive waste.

9. There will always some by-products when disposing
12. Nowadays, people will not anything foolish that could

of waste.
endanger their lives.

10. The process of decomposing organic waste is
environmentally safe.
EXERCISE 2. 1 L Recycling will get rid of all the rubbish.

COLUMN A COLUMN B Match the words from column A with those from column B to form
burial activity collocations as they appear in the story.
environmental containers COLUMN A COLUMN B
leak-proof disasters
biodegradable by-product
nuclear drums
carcinogenic cargo
radioactive elements
robot energy corrosive chemicals
rusting refuse dangerous identification
seismic repository deadly liquids
stable rules inadequate . materials
stringent sites inflammable plant
transuranic substances landfill sites
waste supply reusable solvents
water vehicles .__waste-disposal
I
waste
EXERCISE l.
EXERCISE l.
Tick the statements: true or false. T F T F
1. The waste disposal system does not improve in
1. The new car will not emit any CO 2 ,
proportion to the amount of waste generated by
2. The car is powered by two separate sources of energy.
increased consumption.
3. The main idea is for the electric motor to take over if the
2. Half the garbage thrown away could be used by other
diesel breaks down.
people.
3. By recycling waste, we increase the amount of natural

4. What makes the car unattractive is its price.
resources.
S. The problem of smog is associated with car emissions.
4. Recycling helps reduce the amount of garbage
6. Air pollution in cities is bad, but does not require
generated.
emergency action yet.
S. Recycling contributes to energy-saving.

7. Catalytic converters are devices which make cars more
6. Waste Watch is a group which believes in helping the
economical to run.
environment by riding bicycles.
7. Waste Watch members collect cans from litter

8. Ethanol is twice as expensive as petrol.
receptacles..
9. At the moment, the only solution is to ban private
8. A reclamation plant is a place where new recyclables

vehicles from entering city centres.
are manufactured from old recyclables.

.lD. Most cities have not been designed to cope with the
9. It is not true that new recyclables are second-class
present traffic volume.
products.
11. The burning of other fossil fuels causes as much pollution
10. At the moment, many people who are interested in

as emissions from the burning of petrol.
recycling are discouraged by the inconveniences that
participation in the scheme often poses.

12. Within the next one hundred years, people will have
11. Pupils should be actively involved in the process of

managed to clear the atmosphere of toxic elements.
separating recyclables.
EXERCISE 2.
12. The public has no means of changing manufacturers'
attitude towards packaging.
EXERCISE 2.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
Match the words from column A with those from column Bto form air air
collocations as they appear in the story. breathable cities
COLUMN A COLUMN B catalytic consumption
collection benefits deadly converters
disposal consumption environment-damaging emissions
energy packs
fuel gases
enormous plants
industrialized guidelines
reclamation points
noxious laws
recycling problems
safety pollution
refill resource
stringent ;
smog
valuable schemes
~££ic ! volume
-
41
EXERCISE L
Tick the statements: true or false. T F EXERCISE l.
1. The international conference in Ndwana was devoted to
T F
the problems of the world's climate.
1. The depletion continues at a constant rate.
2. Greenhouse gases are compared to glass walls because
they have a similar effect on heat.

2. Ultraviolet rays are att,acking the ozone layer.
3. In terms of volume, methane makes up most of
3. CFC's have been in use since 1930.
greenhouse gases.
4. CFC's are directly destroying ozone molecules.
4. CFC's are generated by burning fossil fuels.
5. There is no other way of saving the layer but to eliminate
S. CFC's are as harmful as C02' the use of CFC's.
6. In the year 2000, the mean temperature on the planet
6. It is possible to produce aerosol sprays without
be higher by 3·C.
7. Because of the higher temperature of the air, there will be

7. Third World countries will be the first to switch to more
less surface water.
expensive, hazard-free alternatives,
8. If the predictions come true, the world's map in a
8. It is possible that too much of the CFC gases have
hundred years' time will not look as it does now.
already been released for effective action to be taken.
9. The redistribution of fresh water will have an impact on
9. The more UV rays that reach the Earth's surface, the more
what people traditionally grow for food.
CO 2 enters the atmosphere.
10. Man will have to help nature cope with the excess of C02'
10. If people are exposed to more than average levels of UV
11. The more energy we use, the cleaner the air becomes. radiation, they will be healthier.
12. The availability of energy is the key to improving the
11. People can protect their eyes effectively.
economic situation in many developing countries.
12. The problems created by the appearance of ozone holes

EXERCISE 2. are serious.
Match the wQrds from column A with those from column B to form
COLUMN A COLUMNB collocations as they appear in the story.
alarming appliances
barren areas COLUMN B
climatic conditions alternatives
cultivated consequences coolants
energy-efficient depletion
global gases holes
grave prediction radiation
greenhouse reaction
mean temperatures reduction
surface turbulence region
weather warming
sprays
widespread water
for answers go to page 309, for transcript and related exercises go to page 152. answers go to page 309, for transcript and related exercises go to page 154.
42 43
EXERCISE 1.
Tick the statements: true or false. EXERCISE 1.
T F Tick the statements: true or false. T F
1. Money is being raised for the purpose of rebuilding
places of historic interest.

1. Conservationists do not approve of the policies adopted
2. Everything can still be saved from the effects of corrosion. by certain governments towards rainforests.
2. Forest-logging is proceeding at a very fast pace.

3. The most important thing is to reduce emissions of
harmful gases.
3. When trees are chopped down, the forest is the only thing
that disappears.
4. Toxic substances come from various sources.

4. There are places in the world where trees have to be cut
5. Ozone is harmless. down for fuel.
6. Acids that can be found in the air are a result of chemical

5. Elsewhere, forests are burned because there is too much
reactions.
fuel.
7. Low quality coal is' coal that contains many other

6. People need meat to feed their cattle.
substances.
7. Soil in areas where trees used to grow is excellent for
8. Wind is responsible for spreading acidic gases. long-term cultivation.
9: Countries only have to cope with the acidity they

8. Governments maintain successful control over how much
themselves create.
land is cleared.
10. Acids return to the earth in gaseous form. 9. By burning forests. man is increasing the amount of CO2
11. Trees have an ability to regenerate themselves after

in two different ways..
bejng exposed to acid rain.

10. Producing wood pulp for paper-making is ecologically
sound.
12. The problem will not be solved as long as energy
production relies on oil and coal.

11. Reforestation is now obligatory for lumber companies.
12. By preserving forests, man is maintaining the balance of
EXERCISE 2. nature.
EXERCISE 2.
COLUMN A COLUMN B collocations as they appear in the story.
~ified acids COLUMN A COLUMN B
airborne balance available absorbent
costly complexes delicate areas
deadly damage denuded companies
delicate effects environmental ecosystems
deteriorating fuels gigantic fuel
diluted lakes indiscriminate rainforests
drastic measures lumber ravaging
fossil pollutants natural safeguards
harmful prqcesses suicidal scale
industrial statuary temperate soil
irreversible substances untouched trend
toxic vapE>urs vigorous vandalism
44
i II'i
III
1;1,
:11
EXERCISE 1.
EXERCISE l.
T F T F
1. There have never been so many natural disasters as
1. Anturian waters are poor in oxygen.
I
.:1 there have been recently.
2. Heavy metals come from industrial waste.
'!I
2. Soil erosion is said to be responsible for all natural 3. Contaminants act as nourishment for algae.
I;!
calamities on this planet.
4. Domestic cleaning products help eliminate pollutants
3. People are blamed for the mismanagement of natural from waterways.
resources.
5. Various pollutants may react with each other in water to
4. Soil erosion has gotnothing to do with deforestation. form other harmful chemicals.
I
I: 5. Trees control the amount of water in the soil. 6. Not all industrial wastl? is being treated.
6. The rain, the sun and the wind are responsible for soil 7. Treatment plants cannot cope with the amount of waste.
erosion.
8. Tap water, which is treated, is safe to drink.
7. When top soil is washed away it is irreversibly lost. 9. Swimming in the sea may result in viral infections.
8. Slash-and-burn farming is recommended as an 10. Telling someone how to commit suicide is not a crime.
agricultural technique.
11. Bacteria in the sea-water are harmless.
9. Dried animal dung is used for fuel because there is
12. Whatever is thrown into the sea will disappear forever.
nothing else to burn.
10. Animal dung does not play any significant role in EXERCISE 2.
cultivation. Match the words from column A with those from column B to form
11. Deforestation and reforestation go hand in hand. collocations as they appear in the story.
12. Total deforestation may result in famine.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
EXERCISE 2.
algae blooms
Match the words from cqlumn A with those from column B to form
aquatic cleanliness
colloc~tions as they appear in the story.

beach contaminants
bleaching contamination
COLUMN A COLUMN B cleaning filth
animal abuse coastal life
bare disasters floating metals
cracked dung harmful plants
cultivation effects heavy processes
ecological erosion industrial products
low-fertility hillsides safety rubbish
ravaging rivers Sickening sludge
soil shell tap

standards
swollen soil treatment waste
uncontrollable techniques Viral water
widespread torrents wet waters

for answers go to page 310, for transcript and related exercises go to page 160. \ for answers go to page 310, for transcri~t and related exercises go to page 162.
46 47
,\·c'·','c
T F T F
1. The tanker Sea Beauty cannot move.
1. Ant),lria has access to the sea.
2. If it hadn't been for the bad weather, there would have
2. This is the first time the Anturian coastline has been

been no need to set up containment booms.
infested with algae blooms.
3. Containment booms were not laid at all in this operation.

3. Tiny flies are attracted by the pleasant smell of the rotting
4. Marine life will suffer as a result of the pollution.

algae.
5. Attempts are being made to burn off some of the oil.

4. People have been advised not to eat seafood dishes.
6. Lions and tigers are threatened by the spillage.
5. The ban will be in force until the summer is over.
7. The danger is that all the birds will flyaway from the
6. The toxin poses a health hazard. affected area.
7. Fishermen will be affected because they themselves will

8. One way of helping the smothered birds is to wash them.
have to eat what they have caught.
9. Oil affects the natural protection against cold that some
8. Phytoplankton die when there is no contamination in the

animals have.
water.
10. Using chemical dispersants is the best way to get rid of
9. Zones of anoxic water.cannot support any form of life. crude oil and protect the environment.
10. No living organisms enter such zones. 11. The extent of the damage is not yet clear.
11. The more pollution there is in the water, the smaller the
12. At some point in the future, the affected area will be
probability of the occurrence of algae blooms.
entirely clear of harmful substances.
12. In no way can algae be turned to man's advantage. EXERCISE 2.
EXERCISE 2. collocations as they appear in the story.
Match the words from column A with those from column B to form COLUMN B
assessment
COLUMN A COLUMN B beaches
affected action booms
crews
devastating algae
dispersants
dissolved area
effects
emergency carpet efforts
important contaminants grounds
marine effects life
poisonous factor pads
putrid life tanker
rotting odours tide
urgent warning waters
for answers go to page 311, for transcript and related exercises go to page)64. ,answers go to page 311, for transcript and related exercises go to page 166.
48 49
EXERCISE 1.
Tick the statements: true or false. EXERCISE l.
T F Tick the statements: true or false.
T F
1. The campaign is on an international scale.
2. The campaign aims at increasing the number of
1: In practice, the ban means that selling and buying ivory
endangered species.
is illegaL
3. It is enough to enlarge the numbers of representatives of

2. Currently, 650,000 elephants are slaughtered every year.
individual species to save them forever.
3. Elephant calves are also killed for ivory.
4. Animals bred in captivity never enjoy the freedom of a
4. Poachers are people who protect animals from
natural habitat.
unscrupulous rangers.
5. Birds have to feed 9n is contaminated by 5. It is felt that the ban should have been imposed long ago.
chemicals.
6. Several poachers were publicly burnt as a warning to
6. Hostile environment and hunting can reduce a species so

others.
that they number in tens.
7. The aim of this act was to show that no one is going to
7. An effective way of diminishing an animal's attractiveness

profit from ivory.
for the hunter is to ban trading in articles made from them.
8. The ban means a loss of income for some African
8. Buying natural furs is on the decline because. of the
success of the campaign.

countries from legal culling.
9. Many sea animals are slaughtered because of their

9. There is not enough money to finance extensive
commercial value.
conservation programmes.
10. Because of drift-netting, countless numbers of fish and

10. The animals are happy to have received the protection of
other sea creatures are needlessly killed.

natural reserves.
11. Sea sanctuaries are places where people pray to save

11. The ban has seriously aggravated the food and water
endangered species.
situation for local inhabitants.
EXERCISE 2. 12. The local population. would rather protect their own
interests than get too sentimental about elephants.
EXERCISE 2.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
Match the words from column' A with those from column B to form
breeding
campaign
conservation
cycles
COLUMN A COLUMN B
coordinated
efforts
fishing
conservation ban
food
heavy .
habitat
controlled
business
marine
elephant
carcasses
life
moral
legal
culling
obligation
natural
lucrative
income
places
nesting
projects
natural
increase
sea
sanctuaries
sustainable
levels
threatened
technology
tremendous
poaching
uncontaminated
toll
uncontrolled
programmes
worldwide
wildlife worldwide
reserve
I
50
.':' :;'1 1:':'
. . . . . .1 a
./iC'''''I·.II'''~'' Iter . . . n, ..,..,. . Snlokers tola
~- ~. . ,. " .t,:, ........'.h
~ • ...... ~''''•.•• i"
-
un...-, ,"
... •••.. lInM".
\\ .1.,," I.)....
fH l\"'''>d e'..
J. 1..,
1·"li""I~'''lh If ouodh't. . Ie.,.
0" n' • • "'l
,I,.", .,~h, ........ ," TIll: h"I"")!h (",""""

h'. ,1" .':, ... I\.''': I'li kiSS
I."'...... "I" ;'1 ' •• ... ." ,••1 ., '.
1
•• , ' III • ' . . ••:"" ,,' "'. I>!I

011StlC', •.,""...."
'~:. ..I'....... ..... .." .,,11t ,I"·",,./It.; """"11"'11'.11 h, 01,,· • ""
••. 1\
I h.'", """1"'" . 11.('

I'
,.... .. .. . ",
::1.:;: "'. 1,."~~.!"'I0"''''''I ..,,. lh" "'~ect\(}'1: test-tuill" 1)1:) )
., I,
EXERCISE I.
1~I'·'I.·,,\rl...
,'1\" • IS 101. .
.1':.;- h ·.... :".·1101",· '.,' ""."
~
'" 'he'~.H·L'tI;,.".. "~'II... . '''''.:.., ",::i:tn.
T F 0" . '1'.01.01
'''''''''!''e ~ 10rCa. 1
S.d· t .'4"hl UU!}I :t ...
1. A panda is an animal that is very rarely found in the
t Cancer
,\1
wild. , . ,., ..... I.. ,,,,.,, ",
2. The reason why there are not enough pandas is that they . . ,.....Io..J.
'lfI~."It.l.
1\ ,. I,,·.. , ct,.·
lee] \ '/ C. . t.11
t
\H l ,\"... . '"
".m,1 "'"... .
..
have lost their sexual appetite. h,'" ~h"\h~h~.lJt:lI(',I.I" ..,

,\'P'
' ' ' ' . ".. . ,..' . d.• ,,~""., .•...'''I''If.l h. :11<"
.lh'.. ,,,, \\
• ,\" \ '11 '. • " .. ".
3. The Chinese government is doing nothing to protect the

animal from extinction.
,,' .. :.
I"'':,
, •••• "" \, ..\(.r 1"\•..
,1\1,''''''1\''\ h.I' , , ....:' .\\'"''
• ,,,,.1I1''. ••10'-'" , .• \1""
" .••....
for can c
\\ ." ••'iIIi""...............
I. .:". """ ..
4. One of the biggest problems is that there is not enoug h

bamboo growing. e1D.e 1e~ .,.................
,.... ,..
Pac d
,\... ",. ",,,,11"'\. ," .", \.,11".·,•• ",,·.1 l .•,
.l{c.'f)....
.':,,;:;,
II(~J ...... "e.....'· ~\"I\:'".. ? ',.,; .~"'I·,!'.'I I.., salC'.~

.tlUu
5. The fact that the bamboo flowered was a result of an .' •.• WI> ; .lnll!"· •., h.':;' ... I 1<'''' r II ,.' J" .. ,,' "" ' - I' ......
J
I' ","
unwise Chinese environmental policy. "l ... Ull1 .,\\ "',I: .,.:". ,.1" ..1
6. The purpose of the breeding stations is to observe the
habits of the panda.
[.f -. \.1
I~" ~
I
S "'' '.
4Iia '.,.., ' ""'..
.' ~d h ,,,.;"'<'
'. ·'I..\..
l1l\·\'~l'.
...
""-'\ ~\ ,1\ • ... t' ft..
.",..
'II".h,_ h(. """,., 01
}J "-=
lay ", \
.,...1
\ \•.. ""1,,, ".1.
I·' . " .•,.... \'"""''',:" ......,,,,, ....."
-<.......
q
l
"1:
,,' ' •
'.'~~"" ".,,\~.~.; ell... ~J"

t ,.. • • ,\,\;,1' " ,. . 1,1 *'11 .,. • 11.,\\ II .J
7. Pandas are difficult animals to breed. •••\ ,,,<0"\..1 'ft I····. :.,...\..... "\',,, '1"" If.", "rd "",1.
8. It is difficult to cletermine the moment of ovulation. • 0""" .llel '!ll'd " I
9. The problem is that the male panda must be ready at the

right moment.
. .~.....reast cancer
J. rIsk. Skit
II, "';.1 ;..... ..
"I.,,,,, .• hllh in , " . •. ' .
•
\IU('C'
.' .
•.... ,! I,:
10. Scientists do not need the male panda to successfully ~...d Uu· i :.H ihht,,~.d\·~ 1~I(O'" eDJ """S cunh;.tr"I"'I\I~ U~.. a.-' J)
~lIne -.....r Jcm"ln~
t ..;
impregnate the female of the species. 'lb""""I1"'''' "'". ...:;·Oll;". in,·.. (1)f.J"IJ
· ... -I"aJ"£1'
d 0 f epidemiC Ili~ liil\'l''I,~ .....~ 8 dlf.:'le:14t.. . ,.. ~.".>::.
11. Conservationists are discouraged by failures. "'-1010111('<111:,.. M
.... \.;. • ... , ", . I ""1)'1
"11 w'm
12. The aim of the conservationists' efforts is to save these
animals for posterity.
.< f
ot :"1<1.,,,
tJO US' '( ,..
" i, .• '. '" an' '''")1 al>"ur '"{ Y'''lIr~..f,,1.f
-in u..•
'h.,1 ""fOil UIl,I .. , ,1 •. IIl :«) "'"t' win 11",1._.
~.."ill

•
.., 1O.. 0\31. 0\31 (l ;lJlJth
'·'n~-,....
" r ".
~~
., . . . 1."~'.I n eC S . ~ "''.. :",." ..~:
",,,I,,, "'1'''"11'1: ... ,,1 , HI
IUjl ·1t·'.JY-;; urI"> .tll (1I.',il), I '4<"tu. "
".",,~ "(".~!llr~'1
, ,'" ,.,~"". ~hl]
EXERCISE 2.
''''·'"f'.·'
onela ;11lI~.~~~:
'\.11.... ·
. a",:,,~.
0
~,!lIjn~fI""
n €
-.1 11M
.) }'1'"
a ~
..,
D·' .., ••, QUit!
\\·I."Rhetl .......
t It'U·",,' \
I,''''''
COLUMN A COLUMN B Ill

,. dl1(}Od' (jl~ '.II'b·.. ·'d
Ch·1
' I - C· .... • III ..( 01101 '''II·' • . • . . I;
~.
,
(HI(}... . ... , .... III
artificial animal i"I'·,!o·d"i....·II..·.I"r f"! ,,, Ir... I ttf!/., :,1.1,;11111,.,
•• ,•••".
u ..
('f(,,<:,"
Illc {-' '''. "'. " .
breeding consequences "p'.h·",,,· "''''''. th.lll 1 l·lSeaSeS h;l~ en.rnlll(, f.() (. Io.. ,. \. \"., ,,, ••
• ..u I
,I,. Ilr "1"'''' 'r ("..!11
·tlr ~-al tfi,.C'~'t(K "f ':v·,~""ll( '( I,..
r "ll" 10.,,,. "",," ·1 ( • . lit,,,. "'I
tII'I
charming conservationists . : \ 1t!"WI"""",., ,h.,
111\' ""';,,,,. h,M ""
t
bea c · 11 by
\i~k~~i\h :;::::. vaccines Wit d fo X POP .
disastrous creatures
extensive generations
future insemination .1.·"", 1"I1I.'"I""·'''j.,.I\·, ....., I.n'",,,",,\ ... 'I.. ":1.1"'"
impregnation need nuwe r \itle..C;
...., \~I1U 1~\I"i'l~
\1" 'i,h'"''fO,l,''' 1<\1 1r;IIHI.lalll< i .. Ih.·i, ""I"",'i.." \11 '. .
It", "1l'~1J. , . . '.
..~"~hh·n :lR"" It, 1'1111 nIl 1:,0\1 II.... 1""." •
'till .1t 1I,k h,· 01.11"" 1"H'" <.ud ,10." 'I" II .. .1"""
•... ,., .",rI
.1 hlr
~ O,..t r. ·' . .
h\tl _.U.1 ...),. ftlul.1 ••... . ..,:ht:' \11'\.
natural period
,.
I.,...
h.ld ~I
.1 ... ,
11" ....
I!"....J .":tu.l:J,It·r.
illl.l I.. , .....
"I:' 'm,< 1•• iI.. ,J. \1r Jail
\V,·.. k, ••
,.j , .....
".",H~ h. tlu' 11111111....
ar.: U.t·.
II.!!!. I,
••tI It
reclusive phenomenon
age anore~i!.lIllOIl
:.~ ...... \"~n'_
2 Ill
j'·"::;
,. J ••••
reproduction
urgent
rate
research
ella
earsl~ht- IlIa.
wildlife stations .,,,v It~TI'" ........
'."01 ......., " .... ,,'u,...." ,.""..... I". nil"... ." ~'- t.
.tI•. "'MI.,.ia"n" "huh q,\\, I ...,
I
lilt, 1l11 ..
hay ~.
I I ......,................ 111\ •.. •...'11 '.. r •·... d .hu,,1t1 .... ,11,.,,1<111"\«,,1)<'''0..
u~ ~l"lI,'n'Drul! 1.1
1t(J,\IOSI.:'Cl1.1\1 1';lIlul"r.' of... ,.. '.. I
for answers go to page 312, for transcript and related exercises go to page 172,
,"1'\\''''('lfl' ,:II'"1<'il b..
r.. to!' j:1\'l"n Ihr 'Illne rrj!llIc :
~or ev(~
._
II1:trnc,I,·l)\!I'It·\ , . _
52 "- """;1 .. IMW." ••• , .. .
. .,~~,":.::~
. . ... ,~:':.. . . z..:....•. lte...-"" rn
.......... ",:"," ", . . . . ..,. . . . ./
",.J.",..,
...t"
~ in ~"n~ ,-I ," \\ ~
",:!;- a
\ PI" b\' (.tu'It.u.·.t \'\. '~"" •
.l. I'.'!i"n,~·:.:;i', ...10 ".....1m.. S!"l~~el s (01(. to ? LISTENING COMPREHENSION
1",1...
., ..It-I .
11011 s· t·1(''\
. "I:"""!I,·", ..."" I.ln'"'' lI\t'
I.!'
th.1I1 lltht Itlnll
",.,;,11,
h"
k ISS
J!uodh\- t.'
TJ ~F I.
It "'
tllo-~' "'-~. ~ I~II
t'.
-l:ec't"1
( )·
(.IJ·" ....
I. PItt ., "',I'n,"llh,IU'JHl,HI"
11 .1o.:',:''',II,\·ltt.d .It,. . 'lilli/LIlt
t -t u t) ('
(""'\111.""
• h;uu '''I.. vI1u 1111'1".: ..... Hlp."·..' • I tH' \'~. h I
I)"'~
,.. ' tes

mll".I1 ... ! ",II• ." 1•.''''.... 1<'''-1'..... 1,·''' 11·.. •
'1''''''
'1'! "'.
1'11-.1111,
,·,·.h.. , ~~,·"dl1ll<. \
.I ....
"·'b,,·
Hl.,tl.. ·
S.ll. \ V
1ftl
-
S~ \Ot. .h \0...
<
II dltt., 11 ..... 1 '
1:_
.I I
' t"~.': C . ,.. ;.: :.':;',; O~,~Jor'~;~l'~:C'~';~'(":~l""'~

It I , .j \ , ..
ea""""'s r; _"':. section four:
ancer", ""..~".,. '" . \ /C""t.

1,,,,,,01 ",•• " •. ,
., "
ItlH./t
• ....
'. I I ltl)~ ~,,\,.,LlIH'\'I'H ".t '"
~.tI.11'
Chll.... ,I,,,. " ••" .. ';. IPrJ'all",\ "..
•• ,.\, •.•• 1'1\
,.,,,,d I .. '"
\" ~\HI'
\11 \
\ t\...
.,".,\\~"
, !"'"l 0,,· '1. ... ,1 a,,,... .
JII'lllpt;.~uJ :11(' ,I.u
I,,!!,,,,,,· '·"'''r,k.1 I" :10,' I.
HEALTH
Er'enied'1e's":foi~hacali k ....
news
news
item 37:
item 38:
RABIES ..............................................................56
LEGIONNAIRE'S DISEASE .............................57
"~"I~..\,,":,,.• ~:. l'··."~"·i':

..
....·;,," .:~ ".:u..··".III,.. r
\ , .• 1\,f········· .... ~ H~
,l~t. ~.,
(jill'
. .'
~l'-'
.. ~.\"
•• H' .\ ••
C ;l"t'd
1 Ii""t
• il'
news item 39: FLU ................................................................. .
~\::. "~"!"L'! I ,:,1, S~.r:l

C.( • {'l (¥.
/ :se"'11S .. "1\".' '
~
\
r
q
'·'1111' 1
ell ...·
....
'"
,.\" • \"l . \,.-,., , .II."

• \\
I
' • II .,'
.."r _, ~ ~
,. "".
I.. '-
I
• y
I'
news item 40: FOOD POISONING .........................................59
l111ay news item 41: CANCER ...........................................................60
h \ ""f
'L"'~i ",\,1'1- • t~:\;li",·t\ l~"y H\~ .\tHH "hop

1 I 1..,", " I
e th I ,(11.
" ' " \0"' .... 1",
11'\'\' :: v·-t\ '\Uh
U~\l' •• \ ...... ~H.
t """',
t,lt (
o"""U\'t"" .... H·~tth'lit· .. \t.·tr~··' .,.'·'1
d."u·' .... \1\ Ir·ltll Jf, •
If news item 42: BREAST IMPLANTS .........................................61
""1 qI PI 1 1 .!.l- .,
item 43: SUNBATHING ..................................................62
,,' ... I \,U\,. .Ut

.,,1 . .. c• news
. ~~Clst cancer
.tlt1llH •• .l
.
riSk
o~udttH·t'u',I"'f""·"'~
hUh iu • " .
e~.
news
news
item 44:
item 45:
FAST FOOD .....................................................63
BULIMIA............................................................64
IPI1"'\""I"\I'tl
Ittt'u
.•
.1· ••• II:.11J1 'lb" " ' .
, t ·'''U 1 '''1I 4 ,""til, tUhc
IIlfhn
IO~h •.... ,
. (4' 1 .
I ft:.ttf'I"I\o'c 'I~(. a~, .....
news item 46: SMOKING .........................................................65
. ..ill • H~nu.ln~ news item 47: PAIN ..................................................................66
{ spread of epideml"c "llii' .~ . .. _~11rec-' ~f'~()m(' '~IJ ;, ..

r - f...... in'"11
d"'lSn ., . , news item 48: ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE ..............................67
.
.
I,,· .~;l·." .. ,.. ,.. '1,.. leI'·'1 "i,.".
f ns' ""/til ha~l' .....
ar"""II"III'I"1II ' I] •• '
"'l"e <]1 ~ ~tar",,/''...
.
'.. u.,' ,I'"
"11
It· 1""1
Q
..rio.. ...~.""c.,
C""~Jlf'
J
..'1"
\
news item 49: TEST-TUBE BABIES 1 ......................................68
I1a 1-n
ec s .
,..\,.1, ,af.·.,,,., ·h.,1 ,,1"'11 IIIl,It·, tI"'1! fJ
,1··1.·. "'Il
UHllf'1 1·'p.·t1u"J! .put ;
.1'·I.,y~ tJO
....... ....
In ,.. ,. Wt I1U~ - " •
'·In.·;",
lit.• news item 50: WORKING WITH COMPUTERS .....................69
. . ., .
II>1'·,·n .• · ,..... ,.110,,,,,,,,", news item 51: ELECTROMAGNETIC
.::;~
.
roone
,e
l
,oO' •
U .. " III "u'

·~au... hn"",! 1'1e
..'I"1f"m~lll!y
d ,. 'll (j,~ IIr "11' .:..
e"thl"d
I :' ,......
0 1} L,ll] \1,'1)01.'"
(fll.epr
·"T m",.
"H'Ulft'd a 1'111111
.. •.•. .• \\
8.1
'''''.
m'I' ~I.,: ":;
IIlI'fllIl"f I ..,. to
_tj
"'\.h.. r '
.....
\.,;
.
.' :~.
RADIATION THREAT ......................................70
:"",Ir, """""',1 1"".11 Cholldhoo 1)(10 ,iV\':or,in.h· ()ral~ •.:,:.:.',:.
811 ("n "'h·",·d""'!·"II·~I"r

#
·\.~r(,. "S:·''';''''II,I\\·,I".I
(l((.::) .....",1. ('rr"<:h
'·I'"h·'''''''''''I,·<th.", I· ases 3'1 end"l11(' .I()
( lSe
I'"t ,-1',(.'I.. . !w!<: ,j
"
1\ III ( i ,. .:\ .1,.1
j.!f.lI"llIInth,·, . Il~ ['....... .r (.. .)
.\ L
r.ll} h 1<1".
1 , ,.1t.".~i.""'"
.. li ..
IIIV
·''f'·,,1
to'" beatnn 1.01,1
....., by hr ~'al.llt'e~.t()r f'l>l"wl."/}('(l t . ..
.... ..' lin

"..{ . a1\('~'r
. k \ . . ith '1:11'"' ! " " "vaCClne..
.
° '8 '1"
I I.. W-Id f
OX pop
..' . . ower \'tle...C;;......~h ..\I"I"""'\J"I~If.I."I""""p,,,\,,
1",,,.",1,., 'nt 11;'''<1'1;111'' ,~ II,,,,, "i""''1''''" \" '.
...... ! I'T .... · ... ".", . . . .
:", ;,1-
II. {' "~"~""'r<ilnd"~.,,,

)l~· ~11t'· II' ...· .~HJf d;uu:hr.·r', a.::t IIh1f t~." ,tlnl~JI
1'1 awl
I!f
1','" "I, ,r.""" .tll
~q~ 1",,·,/""I'It.~f'
·,.,,,1 II,." "', II ...
"il ''''IIIt!
llul.J ,.... .
:.If .11 ..
4
I,,·
It\P
'.
",..,
I
I.J"
"~ll""1
f
h.lI.1 11",.1" llll<! !I:I"
iu", '''ur w .... k ':"I!·,I. \1r Jan e1h . '.. ill Ifll' ""'ltl".• ,., . ' I. 11.
,tIOrt """~h'
enage
. . ,
. . . . . "
anOre§E1lllo feal"S21';>
"'''H'''~ ",1'''''11 ,.~eJJp 1- J~ III
Il.... ..",
~I n
•
,It." 'II
,"'" '.11" '" m'I IlIr,..,> lit. " .. "."'"''
111\' """" J~~~.)( ... nimh ".\\~ II... HI... 1III,,,,.q 6':' •
.':.~"I
iVl'lllh<";UIlt",;p.hf<:Drug fjor h ay ....rev('r·
".O.\IO:O;I.XUI\I l'''ttU('H o,r ,h:!'''.l I,,· ,h""l.In'·\('1 liN.... '-(""
\\;tI(••rtl ,...",.... !
tlf
h",,~(" 1~lIant
fl
- In:\1 h'
'lIt' ,. ...· tl.;·C)upl.:\ _ . . #'y
• ·~an 11""" "'''f''U\,,-«-~ i't.. .
li: !
. ."
1i
I.
I
'
i "',11' EXERCISE 1.
EXERCISE l.
il,! Tick the statements: true or false. T F
iil ' Tick the statements: true or false.
1'1
, II' T F
1. The man was bitten by his own dog.

1,1'
1 1. George Pym is the thirteenth person who has died of
11'1
1,'
2. If someone has difficulty in swallowing, that means he Legionnaire's Disease this year.
1
, has got rabies.
"
I 2. There are eighteen hospital maintenance workers who

3. Fear of light does not manifest itself in the first month
are currently down with this disease.
after being bitten.
I 3. The bacteria responsible for the disease did not exist
4. If someone has been bitten by a rabid animal there is no before 1976.
way to save his life.
I 4. Twenty-nine delegates died in 1976, because the doctors
5. When rabies victims die, it is a horrifying death. did not know what has caused the outbreak.
6. Rabies and hydrophobia are two different diseases. I 5. If a building is equipped with water-cooled air
7. Injections are administered in the part of the body where conditioning, the bug is very likely to be found there.
the person was bitten.
8. The rabies virus is most often found in foxes. • 6. The mere existence of the bug is enough to start an
epidemic.
9. One of the preventive methods being used is to. immunize
chickens against the, disease, and then to feed them to
foxes.
• 7. Chlorination is an effective method of getting rid of the
bug.
10. The virus that foxes are fed with is not virulent because it
is dead.
I I 8. It is possible to catch the disease in a sho~er.
9.
If a person catches the disease, he passes it on to other
people.
11. It is not clear if the proposed system will be effective.

12. In the long run, it is hoped, there will be no cases of • 10. Diagnosing the disease is difficult because its first
symptoms are misleading.
rabies in the country.
EXERCISE 2.
• 11. The disease is difficult to treat, even at its initial stages.
Match the words from column A with those from column B to form EXERCISE 2.
collocations as they appear in the story. Match the words from column A with those from column B to form'
abdominal agony COLUMN A COLUMN B
agonizing animals breeding
animal bacterium
bites
chemical diagnosis
available carriers correct disease
common I
collars
favourable investigation
electronic creature
lethal outlook
horrifying danger
infected death nationwide rubbish
merciful disease organic strains
mortal injections rod-shaped temperature
painful puppy stagnant treatment
stray release virulent vapour
wild treatment water water
56
Tick the statements: true or false. T F
the statements: true or false.
T F
1. The new bug is responsible for recent outbreaks of flu. 1. The current warning concerns raw food
to
be cooked.
2. The new strain is difficult to treat.

2. The danger may come from bacteria or
Ite
3. Twenty-five people have already fallen ill. storage conditions.
4. Antibiotics have not proved successful so far. 3. Until now, nobody could have been held responsible (or
5. Patients who are suffering from this strain of flu report selling food that had led to food poisoning.
mild symptoms. 4. The temperature of ·the food on display should be
checked every six hours.
6. Any personal contact should be avoided if one does not
want to catch the disease. S. Customers should be prevented from having dir ~ct
contact with food.
7. The infection is likely to start an epidemic. 6. Salmonella bacteria can be found on egg
8. We can conclude that Jast year's outbreak had severe 7. Salmonella cannot thrive in that do lot
symptoms. contain eggs.
9. It is expected that some people will die because of this 8. Breaking away from traditional methods is
year's epidemic. largely responsible for the increase in salmone lla
outbreaks.
10. Aspirin is not recommended for children.
9. People are asked to return the pate if they think i is
11. If someone has already had flu, he will not fall ill again. contaminated.
12. Every year, those in high-risk groups are given the same 10. The pate will be checked in every shop to see if i is
anti-flu vaccine. contaminated.
11. Listeria infections require hospitalization.
EXERCISE 2. Pregnant women shouldn't eat any foods that are lik ely
Match the words from column A with those from column B to form to
COLUMN A COLUMN B Match the from column A with from column B to form
adequate bacilli collocations as they appear in the story.
appropiate epidemic COLUMN A COLUMN B
full-blown fever alarming bug
immune laboratories dramatic

dishes
major mutation factory

experts
medical protection fo~ farming
minor strain health

increase
moderate supervision hospital

outbreak
noxious .
symptoms hygiene
poisoning
research system major

rise
potent
rules
resistant vaccine
. prepacked
saJads
severe variations
~gfood treatment
for answers go to page 312, for transcript and related exercises go to page 180. for anSWers go to page 313, for transcript and related exercises go to page 182.
58
,I
,
I',
1
"
",:1
,"
Tick the statements: true or false. T F Tick the statements: true or false.
T F
1. The public was not told about Mrs Howard's surgery prior 1. That silicone implants are carcinogenic is a confirmed
to her announcement. fact.
2. Mrs Howard went to have her mammogram taken 2. Silicone implants are only used to make breasts look
because she had found a suspicious growth. larger.
3. Biopsy tests confirmed the malignancy of the tissue. 3. Making breasts look larger is a medical necessity.
4. The surgery was performed in time to avoid additional 4. Many women believe that small breasts are not
attractive.
treatment.
5. Breast corrections include reconstructive surgery.
5. It can now be said there is no further danger for Mrs
Howard. 6. All implants are coated with polyurethane foam.
1. The problem lies in the fact that the polyurethane coating
6. Mrs Howard decided to go public in order to spell out the slowly breaks down.
need for early detection.

B. Most alarmed are those women who have already lost a
7. Benign growths are not a matter for concern. breast to cancer.
8. What people eat may lead to cancer. 9. When the silicone implants were introduced for the first
9. Carrots are recommended because of high concentration time, they seemed perfectly safe.
of vitamin C. 10. If the product is found to be unsafe, it will be removed
10. Smokers can reduce the risk of lung cancer if they have from women's breasts.
the right diet. 11. Scientists have provided convincing evidence that the
11. Vitamin C is good for the prevention of cancer. contraceptive pill is carcinogenic.
I 12. The revelation that fat induces cancer has been

scientifically confirmed.
12. The moral of the story is that every new breakthrough in
medicine should be treated cautiously.
EXERCISE 2.
I EXERCISE 2. Match the words from column A with those from column B to form
collocations as they appear in the story. COLUMN A COLUMN B
COLUMN A breast bags
COLUMN B
carcinogenic breakthrough
detected cancer contraceptive enlargement
dietary cells enormous
early deficiency hazard
Fealth implants
gastric detention 21iable
iron growths intrusion
radical
mastectomy
malignant mammography revolutionary pill
radical mastectomy silicone
popularity
routine recommendations unanswered , question
suspicious sample , unnatural
substance
tissue tumour Widespread
- !
use
for answers go to page 313, for transcript and related exercises go to page 184. for answers go to page 313, for transcript and related exercises go t0Page 186.
60
T F T F
1. Nowadays, there is more and more information on the
1. Nutritionists are worried that more and more people pay
subject of the ozone layer.

less attention to what they eat.
2. People are taking the problem seriously. 2. The modern way of life is responsible for what people eat.
3. In. the past, people used suntan lotions when they didn't
3. People do not have proper dinners because they prefer
want to get brown.

to have a hamburger.
4. Because sunblockers are offered as alternatives to

4. From the text we gather that potato are junk food.
suntan lotions, it doesn't matter which one you use.
S. There are some foods, offered by fast food outlets, aimed
S. Overexposure to the sun makes us get old faster. specifically at the young.
6. If people stay in the sun too long, they are more likely to
6. Fast foods have successfully pushed traditional dishes
catch diseases.
from everyday menus.
7. In about 12 years time we can expect 2,000 deaths from

7. There is a lot of processing involved in the mass
malignant melanoma a year.

production of fast food.
8. Until recently, people 'were exposing their bodies to the

8. Without added chemicals, food must be used more
sun because that was fashionable.

qUickly.
9. Nowadays, fashion designers still have no regard for

9. Additives make products healthier.
what doctors recommend.
10. People buy a lot of junk foods because they are attracted
10. Skin pigmentation provides enough protection against

by the advertising.
sunburning.
11. Fast food is fattening.
11. How long it is safe to stay unprotected in the sun depends
12. Nowadays, growing organic vegetables is cheaper than
on where we normally live.

mass production.
12. People who ignore the warning and overexpose
themselves may regret it.

EXERCISE 2.
the words from column A with those from column B to form COLUMN A COLUMN B
collocations as they appear in the story. artiticlaT additives
COLUMN A COLUMN B chemical

advertising
adequate diseases culinary
alarming exposure extra

flavour
common lotions heavy

foods
excessive needs junk

ingredients
harmful precautions plastic

life
quick-
marketing
individual radiation
shelf
processing
infectious sense
smart
snack
sensitive skin
soft
techniques
suntan statistics
sophisticated
traditions
unrestrained tanning storage

wrapping
• 62 63
,I
T F
1. The current revelations about bulimia were published in
1. The parliamentary lobby wants to make smoking illegal.

a newspaper.
2. If the proposed bill becomes law, someone who lights up
2. Bulimia is an eating disorder which affects only female

in a restaurant will go to jail.
college students.
3. The lobby's main motivation is to save smokers' lives by
3. Anorexia nervosa may be as deadly as bulimia.

forcing them to give up their habit.
4. Bulimics, like anorexics, do not touch food.

4. One of the reasons why smoking should be banned on
5. Extensive vomiting is damaging to health. The Underground is that it is a fire hazard.
6. Bulimics have nice teeth because gastric acid cleans

5. The fire at a major undeground station was started by an
them.
arsonist.
7. Bulimic activity undermines the whole organism. 6. FOREST is a smokers' organization.

8. The victim's parents immediately know what is going on
7. The controversy is between a person's right to clean air
with their daughter.

and the issue of civil liberties.
9. Bulimics succumb to illness more often than other people. 8. The patch is a nicotine-substitute product.
10. The treatment of bulimia is successful at any stage of the
9. One patch will last through the whole treatment.
disease.
10. The effectiveness of the treatment lies in the organism's
11. The impulse to bring up the food can be easily overcome. gradual adjustment to life without cigarettes.
11. Only those people who really want to, will successfully
EXERCISE 2.
give up the habit.
12. If one is an addicted smoker, there is only one end:

premature death.
COLUMN A COLUMN B EXERCISE 2.

cardiac abnormalities Match the words from column A with those from column B to form
devastating acid collocations as they appear in the story.
eating arrest COLUMN A COLUMN B
embarrassing constipation clean air
excessive damage confirmed discomfort
extensive disorder discarded event
gastric effect health fines
heart food heavy habit
hormonal .imbalance parliamentary hazard
medical journals preventable ,
lobby
nutritious loss ~ublic match
primary practice self-destructive places
tragic results stomach smokers
weight sign withdrawal
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-----', symptoms
for answers go to page 314, for transcript and related exercises go to page 192. for answers go to page_314, for transcript and related exercises go to page 194.
64 65
<~:;;
T F T F
1. The Association wants doctors to do what they cannot do
1. Aromatherapists are people who believe in the power of
or do not want to do at the moment.

smells.
2. The Association speaks only for cancer patients. 2. Plant extracts are not to be taken orally.
3. Mrs Roberts knows from personal experience what she is
3. Aromatherapy may be effective in the treatment of some
fighting for.
skin diseases.
4. In the advanced stages of cancer, patients no longer feel

4. Oils make people rested and relaxed.
any pain.
5. Hydrotherapy means bathing in seawater.
5. There are two ways that pain can be felt. 6. The new clinic is for those who cannot afford
conventional treatment.
6. There is a serious medical reason for not giving pain
killers to terminally-ill patients.

7. Holistic medicine offers fringe forms of treatment.
8. It claims its best effects with mentally ill patients.
7. Other pain-relieving techniques are as good as drugs.
9. Conventional medicine treats only the particular
8.. Doctors claim that becoming addicted to drugs is worse

problem a patient has.
than having to endure pain.
10. The holistic approach is a new way of looking at the
9. There are people who do not want to be aware that they

question of health.
are dying.
11. According to this approach, a patient's high temperature
10. One of the reasons why cancer i~ feared is because it

should not be brought down.
involves mental and physical torment.

12. Orthodox practitioners criticize holistic clinics for not
11. Suffering is only caused by physical pain. offering real treatment.
12. The main idea is for patients themselves to decide when
EXERCISE 2.
they want pain-relieving preparations.
Match the words from column A with those from column B to form . COLUMN A ·COLUMN B
collocations as they appear in the story. ancient chemicals
COLUMN A COLUMN B conventional clinic
aching healing concepts
addiction
herbal criticism
adequate argument
luxury disorders
advanced centres
nervous effects
analgesic death
obscure extracts
drug dependency orthodox medicine
emotional effect plant practitioners
excruciating factor psychological preparations
fundamental pain scientific principles
nerve sensation side properties
potential stages strong remedies
~coming treatment synthetic state
for answers go to page 314, for transcript and related exercises go to page 196. for answers go to page 315, for transcri~t and related exercises go to page 19B.
66 67
EXERCISE 1.
Tick the statements: true or false. T F EXERCISE 1
L Some women are critical of IVF.
2. The procedure is successful for 9 out of 10 women. 1. PC's are so popular that every school has one for each
3. Drugs administered during the treatment do not

student.
adversely affect the patient's

2. They are often used at home.
4. Campaigners say that, despite the drawbacks, IVF is
3. Working with PC's may adversely affect one's well-being.
worth its costs.
4. Users report an increased satisfaction from work when
5. The IVF procedure involves the unblocking of the

using PC's.
fallopian tubes.
5. Unpleasant effects can be avoided.
6. Conception takes place outside the mother's womb. 6. The screen and the keyboard should be permanently fixed.
7. Caesarian section of£~rs better chances of not losing the
7. For the best results, VDU's should be placed between the
baby at the very end of the road.

user and the window.
8. Good ventilation is essential.

8. Multiple births are at top of the list of every mother's
hopes and desires.

9. The recommendation given for eye relaxation is to
them for a moment.
9. Blockage of the fallopian tubes is caused by infertility.

10. The sharper the picture on the VDU, the better.
10. More money should be spent on researching ways of
11. Pregnant women sho.uld be careful not to work with
preventing infertility.
computers because radiation causes miscarriages.
11. One of the methods of preventing infections is the use of

12. There is some natural background radiation that people
IUD's.
are exposed to, whether they like it or not.
collocations as they appear in the story. collocations as they appear in story.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
COLUMN A COLUMN B antistatic amount
blood births breathing appliance
caesarian cause character carpenting
common conception nousehol.d computers
fertilized cost job definition
financial criticism personal dissatisfaction
multiple eggs poor effects
religious _________ infections prevailing headaches
~c~~~ ~
strong organizations severe position
success rate significant problems
successful section unnecessary risk
, untreated unpleasant rule
serum
useful tool
L working ventilation
69
Js ~;,:.~)::~~~:.i' ,;~~lUU~S lU. ~lglll V~,~l~,~:~.~.~~,~!~ b.
CJC#.01:rC
/t,., "',.'1.,..
1t"'I~II('.1 II'
,. ~l; •
• . . " ,-" "~ld'."Hl
..". '·'tt 1....,., ""'"
~I", t " •. "
I.Irllll/·CO1 rtt'lor". 1 I
hI I
t II,. 1"t\1" IlJ •• t 1.1,
I"'"
It.
,
' '·"'h H'tll' f':
It.
U!Ul•• ' ;"h *.... I,.." h.~(.f . r·,. t:'14
\ r,.
. ' " ,". •
i"l"'hlln"tl:'~, II, 'I"i, ''''''1." ' .. ',/ III... , lZe A,..,. .~. ...: ,:,.; lOU
'"I
t,fU',:tltJ\" I Ih,.tt'll' \.oj ''1Ji.... ~ - .. .. 1.1 ... , ~
I"
..t'hJft'h'JU~ ·'u,I,.""
,tl.thl,,.p 6 t· ""1."'#.1.1_
~ (l"I'~~:: "'~'..~ 1~~.:~.~:;:~·'"II.\li':?"~~\~~,t II tes !:~'/~"; ;.~/;~~'. : . ~':{IOI1
t ......
'U"'tt~ II , h • . ".
EXERCISE 1.
.. t .f'I' .... u~ l'~jl'. '/',
1<1. iff,
.. .
T F
"~,~~~~;,,,~r ?,w~;r~ Plan to .seize' emJ

,-------,-
1. The mass media ~re keeping quiet about the
t O d ·le ""<llt pl-.orf.

. .~" '. :.-'~"\.W·:t-I~'. . \.,\.":',\"\ houses
phenomenon in order not to provoke panic.
2. People move if they think they are too close to power lines. I
ograPI·
It",i '" f()(' 1•,• .r:a.ll·lel "\~\
3. Scientists agree on the potential danger of
electromagnetic radiation.
,'1'/'11'
1\, IIII"li,
'·~"·h·".
"1"."
'11 ../
• .
)Je fl-'Ins.....Ahort 10n e "'1 ... ~ .. ,"",.
,.,: II,., ,,,,
) I
1l1fi... Adoption
iU/"
.~ ,.. r"I"M"'fI~' -'., \ l'U\ , "I,. ItI"", '"
et
1\' t
li,t,"" \1" .,,,\\,\1 ; ... ,P' I .. • "",t "Il .." t,.:'
4. If there is enough pressure from local residents, power
lines are put underground rather than overhead.
S. Proximity to power lines is taken into consideration by
'
" .' ':11
l,ft.,t
·.. ,·r:1
',t,,;
I(',U:~' Cllll.1l1.f!'5 ('U\1 r
t-I \
':"ve b{-e~ (,::1~~I~.~rl~;'
a11 h 0011-ga ..... ""~~, ~ . '''''''1' est - ~"..

l.;~. 'h"\V~
't; \('\ .•,\
rp,ttCUTlWIH tI~.l{h~. r·tl"Vt"Ilt,·\
.~ I' ~·.f)I.I.t
$'1('(
~)/,(.• ,:'.' f.'t t,
tn l j.H~!"~-~j,~·~,:;:~ dnl.\,<r u it '\H:l,:~:;!.fl,. ,\~nlf
~bl
",..
Ulfl'UI ,.
•
•
hOl"th" h la\I"ll,... " .. I""·l. ,.. l ' )

.",
n
11
many who buy a house these days. \\0 'n r •• ,......"
case d
.1 1 , H. ttl" II ... t ~
~g('I"".. .""'d. ".

,JOt • ." • l
6. Radiation is the movement of electrons in high voltage \. ." .1', ", ' . . 'I ,••' 1".,.. "," ""/"""
\,.",., .." ('l\tP. I
wires. \L~~ ~ , h ,..n,,"('fl\'('l:\ }/\
ancles ,i"~"'ho,,,r'''i'~''il''''l1h 'h.·,;nl1c''''\·;'~·:L.. _ ea(1 J.I ~ IJ IClt'

1 ,,_ \ ' " 'l 'n'U*' ., • • •
......,u{""nt uf ,lull I ('~ .. k'.... • ..
beld -re
7. People are often unaware of the electromagnetic fields
that are around them all the time.
rte d ~~~:1~1:~~~ .. '- wl~~.t!~;"~~~~li~:, :v;~;. "",h" tAnl~"r n_ ~ D
It Mf~ 1\nUot n "t\~ .. CI:.11
n,,,~,·N"'~·
f~lC,.,.t'.:r'~'· "(I I,'" 1~1;l. "l,
11 It. ,\1\1.\0,·" ,.~
t
..
.,.1,-1,
J\'"'''r'''•I '\Ie
".
8. Microwave ovens produce non-ionizing radiation.
9. Living organisms do not generate any electricity. <.~\;;.-\"\~'i'ltol"uograplwy bun"
~\.~"\" -r ' C 1 f .
roo Experiments on animals have not demonstrated any
·\e pareD",,;:
eng "
.",," \'
harmful effects due to being exposed to electromagnetic -""·'''~·~~\\'\r·~one

", a~
fields. ' ,·I"tI
.... ".
, S 1.1. .. \\ . ,~\ '\"p.. ,1;\,,. "",,~~I..
..
II. People exposed to radiation report mental imbalance.
haS 3(;;1'1 SI ,\ 2
:
,";'1111111'< ".
~., ~
nI.) 0 rtJ '

12. The link between cancer and electromagnetic fields has Ip . - '''11 ,SdVdrled ,... ~'HlI
not been scientifically established.
OrtallC£)tthnAJrlcw'Ir ) rxt hf' jlls~'rt(',1 f) " 1:'0.,
I''''~'
, ''''I''H''~ I . .
"."UI CI'l()IC' •
EXERCISE 2. ar rl · ,;/'"" tn t'nCh'u~ 'hUJ~.lt':U .. q'ff ~

to IU/'''I'II1>li" ,"'11 f,nn. flt'l ~'tl ";0" ~u."'·
rI)U\-V(lilPI..
hf , ;1U~f It \\
t
n,.,.· 'h." •
collocations as they appear in the story. ,fI,. ks·..., age . :;,n\\~lfrs~·IJ'~i""ICIIIulI"~il~'
n,,. .
.th
I /I .
.I.,,,ltlo,,·,
I
"'t\~ ~U k
".",1
I """III'tlt'/U,,·
'1' ,"'It'll eft. '1IU1', . . .
I'd "1 II... 1:"»iI,"I"""" " .• , 11;1."
. • r M IIf'r """,,.fattl .. h ... ').;',
I I,··...'. I" ,,, ""'1 "'
I.
I. ",., I,."
,!I', 'h., I!
,
((. '",; ..... aninl aJ c' . ''''''t
'xpenmen ahon -. t 11(' 1111 ]A In -"'mlr.lh·· '''lIiult "I' ,·f ,d·,,! . ,,,,.. •
.1~
filhl~tlllq sit mo1r{lng ill
COLUMN A COLUMN B r I
I,,,
....
'r."·
/i 'It.'th· "'I't'lh/ I )()
. .~'" ',./:,::1,. l'lll) ,.../
·f f (. n1111 1("a. I \\-l1f n i H " I'n .
adverse balance
'I",
./ I".
fir /","".,;"
11"'''/' •..... 1 I'dl "Of;' hI"
.
p r";lI
,",.t: ~
.o,,, ~ I
~::')I" t~'~'''I''1 "ntl-Iied ifill "tlllI.,::'
biological discussion "
111 ( 'g'ra
te . ;!:,:,,''''''''i,l It'
J, (Itt • 1\-publ.,."... '"
''I I.. I Ih,' "t:h; ()

brain disorders ~
:''",'- ""\)\1.\1
' h,\ •• ",. \;
!'1I 'I..
t
""'iull i., :"',. Ih,,~ (,
aCJlel"'~' ;...~.. Call

chemical
~e '-Ol\d~~./~'~~~d~~'~,e.v-"C1'"
districts
electromagnetic effect '1\
'''f'~I:I1'''' ~..\...U- \1)"'' ' ... ~ .. et for at
0'
-----
b . Urn
":"
harmful energy
1 of video nastles. '~ ~ :~~!:~:~
healthy
radiant
---
environment
fields a 0 rn on 10 It::
,,: '" _,. ;~1~:::;~,;Z;:;'",,,,,~;~' u~ve r
opit bulls die (re TV IJI.~(\ \.,~
---
residential processes
scientific waves
r~~~.~t~~.~!~gJ:~:lt(~~~~s {Of te
.':;;i~';,,;' .~\..JIUUJ~ tU .Jglil. l' ~IIIUa Il.~ll.l
ro I s ,;:,':,f,',"" ./ - """U''''fj O'rs C . . .:., ", ,;:"ft U"''b.1 'u I\ht{,ttHI ~ 'tt
1/ ... I '" ',."'"
l. u
t,_
:Jihl
l t on 1",,,/,.,. ''''/,,,,.•, fI". ,'"
. hi
'''''.''1,' .;"h.
."..-t·
CiT,C
.' I',.",. . - "~~'ft r l·t't*;"1
It.'fl' •• ' '-I
·'·"~I"~"
,,,
II.,.
1Ji'-IIH".,tjl,
t f"\,, ••
or, .'" • '.
q
.I1I"""I,,,~,,:t~, "",.", "'1"/.,· ." "111.... lZe A h" · . '..::':':' 1
'\;t'I""'1' ,f'·"'h Ithlt,. If dIrt,.•.,., ''''It,-

h~'S,
hng "',' ',:; ''''''".,',
•
.... ~. "'.I/." .. p
• "uf'lth,
t"t t .C(.I-..A6 "-.

t"JIt·4.. CI '. '4 ',S'y rr,
•
wn04i;:
. .".j:':. ;",""'~'1":~~:·:I·,'\I.lh".".
AtIJ ,n.I..\"
\1I,n,
~t· \t~'\. ·11

" ....... ::~(
ros ,
.~~\h. ~'".,\ ,,,,\(It·'r..\~

I II es" .
t·....•...
'''/ I
~
,.,,#
"".
~'".'''
Or,I.,O
~ I.el

C
";,,.~?,~~tr.. .~Y own~~"S hPlan tofaseize' cn
lot I' .... k_ • t,- I...... '
section five:
or I{t.".
.t/ II". ".",. '/"1,', ., SOCIAL ISSUES
t t()
'" ../ r, ogra h· .ouses
llie :';;::~i1·"~o""r·n,","":~'1'~:\."'=::"'~"~" ..
I -I"'tt;'
', ...... :. P. Ie fIlms_ Abortion ,."
"" ""h'"
"'''It I
IIlr
f 'IIi, ".
.
.
AdoptIon ,It·' *.,,'"\t
•
.... . ..
I\'''\\'~\;~ ..... '..:. \.
• 1.* .. ~I.·",,~" .1.+ "."., \loh~'J
,~
•
.",. ·"".. news item 52: EUTHANASIA., ......................74
',t,,,, fa )••• ~ w\••.,'\V i~t' . ~a1.,,( 1~~..... .~ I' "','1l/t. cfrt ,
11 h' . ..
e
.
i',,,,.~ Cllll. ll 1.l'!'S ~··t"".!'I,,""I.l ...... mrl"i~·' h.' r,,,~,,,·t.·\ i ','1.(,). ':n'r"""
"~"" l""en ","'~I~~fl
• firth
\.t.
~hu~•• ,,':::, .I"M.....
news item 53: TEST-TUBE BABIES 2 .......... , .. , .... 75
·ba t·\ \
L
an . """'T eSt-. ".' .

:uf" ..... ..... 1Nt I'" :):i
hnul:~unr ' .. . if lbe(,,::':'Il}'
. ~l'f,A·
". • I \
') news item 54: SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD ...........76
001-1g
,,\!.':,' \.... .. .
.~ fro,n 1 I~
~".l t11'~~.~
1,\1 "Ill"" ,,'~ .. ~,
II
Ih. ~(' r
I.,
..
.1,. ", II"./,
'.'4'0" news item 55: PRO-ABORTION MOVEMENT ...........77
,,"~~ . .\,.~,::\,
,,\ 4 ,'" ~""\" t''( ..
.' .,n"/\ ......l'..

..'
:~n::-":ii""\Y\t.
"'"" .~urnt ur 1.Iu',\j{l'~
case J d
'ilot.. ~~.
'.
).
.r," ·1......
.'. "",.
'ttl·, t news item
news item
56:
57:
ANTI-ABORTION MOVEMENT ..........78
BROKEN MARRIAGES .................79
(~gllanCles
..,:\ •
,"·i·~:\·il,';\\lh
"
eat III ~ IJ Ie
, •
d'e.
Wl., .. •
.i.... "'\.():\I .. ,1"·",,,l ..flll' ';'::'" news item 58: COSMETIC SURGERY , ................80
""
aborte d .
,t Mr~ 1\"n."".' I~' . , d
.;~.· II".. N'"''
all I' XI'"''IC''' "n
t\k,\"I0 ..·.. '·
"~~:i'~l,,)rl "'\~i~~~;'~~~~I(~:' :.;~;. ".It"". t.. ",ili"~
,,, 10,. ,,1:1 1""
I.i,,"
news item 59: ANOREXIA .... , ..... , ...............81
' 'fI' ~' \(..<,<."\;;\,,,'.,torUOJ,.ral,hv bUll" ...... "".~1.1"re Cbll r

... .... •
." news item 60: FAT RIGHTS ........... " ............82
~ •• \.,
· In. Ie news item 61 : GAY RIGHTS , .. , ....................83
'. " ..1·.\11' '" • I!"!.
g·"·<·::·~:~':~'\~one n~re
. ." a
news item 62: VIDEO NASTIES " " " , . , .............84
Sl2n.. \\\,g.;...r....",
news item 63: PORNOGRAPHY , ... , .. , .. " .........85
.,
·ll1p
~Sll
• u, . a "I'
S .~"c;,.,
t) T,
"'1\
..,, nI)o
,.~\ \ .\',,',. "I'p~;ol.. L ' • SdVdfted II,. ~;1I11
If •• '. news item
news item
64:
65:
PROSTITUTION ................ , ......86
TEENAGE GAMBLING ..... , ...........87
. ortancellhr'I'I111<'W:lr :} fJ(t l'oft\-vpilfl,,,,I,,,.. ~h"l CI'l()I 11l''''rl(',1 r,;.'. • n\'IIIT"'~ I •

news item 66: SCHOOL VIOLENCE ............. , ....88
I nar
rIa
· f ,II'.'"
<"n tu dO("nnl \ h4U",.,,":\' .. "I.t it

to It) /I" plthli.I....' It ('/lnt hl'l
liN ,:,u~~ .t ..\
',,~., tr.. ~· news item 67: SOCCER HOOLIGANISM ..............89
kc . '" ~
.lh \ ~~ alta,',k,." I 'I' ,,',.... ~h, lit., " .. ,II . . .
. e .. . '~.ItS(l.'~i,,"(lu
news item 68: THE HOMELESS ......................90
~
.. ...... 'II, ~fl I"lIn,'
I ill
UII" ..jl"r 'J H." f,tI.,jl''iI'.·'.... """"""
M brr It"",,. ' .. .. h ... 'i.;! I· .• ·, I ' . H,·1
.,."h· ~ IU1I t urf.'l{"hll't· 'J ,.~ " I tLtn.rt:hf4'l .. tu·. I"~ * '. tl lit news item 69: EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS 1 .... , .....91
t
I f
Cull' anin}"" ex'pe" "t''''t'''''' ·l'lIllj,_tl,··~"lI,"e"I.'·I.d·.·: . """

tt #'.:\
'-'''
1111"
-' ""'1 ...·/0·"1
.....
ut,., (A
I " U~I~ ll('ahh \\,.. n",,It
. runen a I o n .
1/.
news item 70: EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS 2 . , ........92
\i11:':~/"., I".
fhlll~lljl. II'alI..... s'm01{lng .: t) II )
• ·r ",'" • (. on" •
;"'"....1'1,.
I.., ... '" ,
"f
.r
/"",,,,,,,:,1
",.' Itt. 1~..rI ,'dl Vp
1n
1/<('
news item 71: CURBS ON DOGS ... , ................93
ed "'"'
i\h'i(" IJ I" ~ news item 72: DOG ATTACKS ......................94
II,.! .';!~:~"1 () r 11 ( 'g'

'1111 • r. • ftl .
,,, 7Iha~"~,;-,h"".·
I,: ~:::Jl" DI~"~"I<:I rptl·li ::,,~,,~:;;!:';',:
t If 1\ •
Il,'.'
c.lll
~/)'
Ut-;ht:t
fI\ \:
h.~' "'u
~ t *".." tuu ."""'\:.tf"t.· hI U
'tit
.,.:H~ "'"
(,
'~r';~*~' ::;:t.,:, .~~-...~.<~acllers l"e

U~
l.\U\)e
l\t,.- \.... •
01\
II I() r
t •••
c., fI' •
,~t~~\~~,~~~~~:~:~:'l~ver aborti~gl"~1~
200 pit bulls die (re TV w·'"l\\ ,~
~~~~.r~.~!.~.,t~!.!.~~.~, 1)':i~WL~~~~s {o(
.~ ~ J; d ,. • . "»IJ/1: __ '~l'~'f.'I., .... "'.'t' U"-\"uh-Uu.,,,,.
EXERCISE l. EXERCISE 1.
T F T F
1. The number of people who support the idea of

L On July 25, 1978 scientists successfully fertilized a human
euthanasia is growing.
egg "in vitro".
2. A special committee wants to change the law on

2. Without the technique, many people would remain
euthanasia.
childless.
I- ---\---4
3. Comatose patients would die without life~support

3. The success was welcomed without raising any
machinery.
controversy.
4. Doctors do what their patients expect them to do. 4. The idea of creating life has been used as a theme for
many books and films.
5. The signing of a "living will" means that people would
not be given treatment if they didn't want it.

5. Some people argue that man should not be allowed to
change the course of nature.
6. Some people would rather die than live the life of a
vegetable.
6. Only one embryo is formed at a time and it is the one that
is implanted.
7. Religious people are not supposed to commit suicide.

7. One of the ethical problems concerns the treatment of the
8. Dying with dignity means dying without pain killers. embryos.
9. Doctors who allow their patients to die, even if they are
asked to do so, go to jail.
10. Telling someone how to commit suicide is not a crime. EXERCISE 2.

EXERCISE 2.
COLUMN A COLUMNB
collocations as they appear in the story. --
ethical deliberations
COLUMN A COLUMN B fertilized eggs
assisted beliefs frozen embryos
comatose death human implications
life manipulation
darkest I doses
moral processes
excruciating efforts
ominous rights
life-prolonging hours . --
life-support machinery for answers go to page 316, for transcript and related exercises go to page 210.
narcotic medications
religious pain
strenuous patients
sufficient treatment
75
.. _..... _ .... , _ _..._ _ _ .~~~ ___.•_'--=._.. ·fi'M
T F
1. The courts are not certain how to rule in cases

1. At the moment many parliaments are revising their
concerning surrogacy.
countries' laws on abortion.
2. Full surrogacy involves one man and two women.

2. There are several lobbies pressing for their solution of the
problem to be passed into law.
3. The commissioning couple are people who are buying
3. In some countries abortion is illegal.

another's woman child.
4. It is proposed that after 12 weeks pregnancy may be
4. When the commissioned child is born it goes to the

terminated, but not on demand.
woman who wants it more.
5. Women demand the full right to have control over their
5. The childhood of commissioned children is often happier

bodies.
than that of other children.
6. According to pro-lifers, it is unethical for a woman to
6. Surrogate contracts may be a way of making money for

have an abortion unless she was raped.
some people.
7. The ban on abortion is ineffective because pregnant
7. The issue is too emotional to find a successful solution in

women one elsewhere.
the courts.
8. Many unmarried mothers-to-be seek abortion because
thay have no money to bring up the child.
9. Teenage pregnancies' often take place at the onset of
EXERCISE 2. sexual activity.
10. Members of Catholic communities, like good Christians,

will always accept ci mother with her illegitimate
COLUMN A offspring.
COLUMNB
11. The number of unwanted pregnancies is now being kept
biological couple under control.
commissioning mother 12. Condoms are not as reliable as the

legal parent
EXERCISE 2.
surrogate stir Match the words from column A with those from column B to form
for answers go to page 316, for transcript and related exercises go to page 210. COLUMN A COLUMN B
r--:
absolute arguments
final baby
heated choice
impassioned debates
public nonsense
social opinion
unwanted pressure
76 77
EXERCISE l.
EXERCISE l. Tick the statements: true or false.
T F
1. Divorce is on the increase.

1. "Pro-life" activists are those who support the idea of 2. Many people bring up their children without the support
keeping abortion legal. of their spouses.
2. From now on, these activists will do more than just

demonstrate. 3. About half of absent fathers support their families.
3. "Pro-life" activists manage to get addresses and phone 4. Many divorced mothers cannot cope financially.
numbers of abortion clinic clients. 5. Custody of the child is always granted to the mother.
4. The campaign is intended to make pregnant women bear 6. The court rules on the visitation rights of divorced
their unwanted children.

parents.
5. Genuine abortion clinics appeal to humanitarian feelings

to dissuade their potential clients from having abortions. 7. Teenage marriages offer better prospects for solid family
life.
6. Doctors who legally perform abortions are nevertheless

wanted by the police as potential killers. 8. Teenagers start their sexual lives too early.
7. The campaign of harassing doctors has been successful. 9. Ten per cent of young fathers are happy to start families.
8. Doctors who are known to perform abortions have more 10. Unwed mothers are supported by taxpayers' money.
clients.
9. "Pro-lifers" run their campaign on religious grounds.
-/- 11. More women than men would like to return to their ex
spouses.
10. They argue that the unborn have the same rights as other
human beings. 12. It is important to give people more time to make up their
11. They see the pregnant mother's life as less important minds before ,granting them a divorce.
than the foetus'.

12. For 24% of American voters, the candidate's opinion on EXERCISE 2.
abortion comes first. Mqtch the words from column A with those from column B to form
EXERCISE 2.
Match the words from column A with those from column B to form COLUMN A
COLUMN B
awarded access
COLUMN A COLUMN B divorced alimony
anonymous assassins financial breakdown
emotional callers illegitimate dependency
fake clinics legal mothers
firm debate
--
limited obligations
foetal demonstrations marital offspring
hired heartbeat parental permissiveness
legal publicity sexual responsibilities
rowdy recognition social rights
unfavourable support
78 79
T F T F
1. Very few people are dissatisfied with the way they look. 1. The number of people suffering from anorexia nervosa is
2. Corrective cosmetic surgery is solely intended for people
increasing.
who are disfigured because of an accident.
2. The main symptom is that one has no longing for food.
3. If a woman wishes so, she may have her breasts made to
3. Teenage girls do not eat because they want to look like
look bigger or smaller.
models.
4. Nose reshaping is one of the most popular procedures. 4. Everywhere people talk about slimming and exercising.
5. If one wants to feel satisfied with one's appearance a
5. Girls do not eat because that is what they are told to do.
beautiful nose is esential.
6. Anorexic patients should be treated both by doctors and

6. Suction lipectomy is done with the use of a vacuum
psychiatrists.
7. The problem with anorexic patients is the way they view
7. If one is too fat, suction lipectomy is the answer to his
_.
problem.
themselves. -
8. At some point, they realize that enough is enough and
8. The success of suction lipectomy is not always
guaranteed.
start eating normally.
9. In western cultures, the dominant tendency is "slim is
9. Some people maintain that medicine is meant to serve
purposes other than c?rrective surgery.

good, fat is bad".
10. Men are as much interested in corrective surgery as
1O. Girls refuse to eat because they think they will please
women are.
their parents that way.
11. There are people who seek cosmetic surgery on the
11. They feel like breaking free from a world where
recommendation of their psychiatrists.
everybody tells them what to do. '--.
12. Corrective surgery is generally performed to make

12. With changes in fashion, it is predicted that the number
people happier.
of sufferers will not increase.
COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN A COLUMN B
advertising compulsive
belief
feature
distorted
body
aesthetic leaflets
eating
diet
common perfection
fashion
disorder
comprehensive procedures image
mental
corrective purposes magazines
misleading
discomforting range models
overwhelming
painful reduction reverse

obsession
physical surgery skinny

problem
psychiatric technique slim starvation
weight therapy voluntary term

80 ~ 81
Tick the statements: true or' false.
T F
1. Members of the association believe that slim people have

T F
better opportunities in life than fat people.
1. The purpose of "Outing" is to make people realize how
2. Fat people are often discriminated against. many homosexuals there are around us, including well
known personalities.
3. Mass media focus everybody's attention on keeping in
shape.
2. If a person is a homosexual, he wants everybody to know
that.
4. The stereotyped image tells us that people are fat
because they are stupid and lazy.

3. The common feeling is that nobody has the right to reveal
someone else's secrets in public.
S. Fat teenagers are generally liked by their mates.

4. The campaigners know that what they are doing is
6. The association will teach its members how to

wrong.
weight effectively.
S. People whose sexual orientation has been revealed by
7. The association operates under the slogan "All people

the campaign are expected to admit the allegation and
should be proud of what they look like".

be proud of it.
EXERCISE 2.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
COLUMN A COLUMNB
derogatory activists
fey abuse gay controversy
lingering discrimination media exposure
overweight issue militant orientation
size people national personalities
verbal stereotypes public rights
sexual terms
82 83
T F T F
L The purpose of the campaign is to restrict access to video 1. Because of the spread of pornographic materials. there
nasties.
are more sex-related crimes.
2. Video nasHes portray violence as something horrible and 2. Tests were carried out to find out if pornography
contemptible.
encourages crime.
3. It is not true that the law which protects children from
3. The more hard-core materials are sold. the higher the
watching these films is effective. rate of rape is.
4. Some parents allow their children to watch such films. 4. Porn consumers want to try for themselves what porn
magazines and films show.
5. Children never waJch them without first asking
5. Feminist activists bitterly oppose pornography.
permission.
6. They say pornography shows an unrealistic and
6. Every film is given a certificate which states its audience distorted image of what a woman is.
suitability.
7. Video films show deviated forms of sex as something
7. Films for children. represent a considerable proportion of generally acceptable.
the whole film production. 8. Activists want video renters to remove pornographic
S. Video nasHes are produced because they provide an films from their shops.
interesting insight into the way people behave.

9. Only men. not women; are consumers of pornography.
9. Cassettes with video nasties should be displayed in such 10. Many women are hypocritical in saying that they do not
a way that children do not see them.

find pornography exciting. ,
10. Civil liberties mean that people are free to do as they like II. It is easy to define what is obscene and what is not.
as long as they stay within the law.

12. What was unacceptable some years ago may now be the
11. If the proposed bill becomes law. parents will no longer norm.
have to take responsibility for what their children watch.

13. According to psychologists. consuming pornography can
12. If the distribution of video nasHes is made illegal. their do no harm to anybody.
production will increase because that is where the big
money is.
EXERCISE 2.
collocations as they appear in the story. COLUMN A ' COLUMN B
bizarre , abuse
COLUMN A COLUMN B
explicit activists
artistic acts feminist aggression
awkward campaign
ludicrous behaviour
enormous consent male evidence
lucrative films new fixations
obscene merit offensive materials
parental profits perverse myth
parliamentary questions primitive scenes
!
repulsive I
trade sexuaT tastes
84 85
T F T F
1. The listeners who phoned in were unanimous in their
1. Playing the slot machines can become an addiction.
opinions.
2. Teenagers take this for a fact.

2. Prostitution is called the oldest profession in the world.
3. Amusement arcades can have a mesmerizing effect.
3. At the moment, in most civilized countries, prostitution is
a criminal offence.
4. The excitement of the game is too high and teenagers run
away.
4. The police are successful in preventing prostitution.

5. The only thing they can think of is how to go back and
5. Red-light districts are to be found in all major cities. play again.
6. There were some prostitutes among the callers too. 6. They have the money because they are given more and
7. The arguments they gave in favour of legalizing

more by their parents.
prostitution were illogical and not to be taken seriously.

7. The problem concerns only those who are over 16.
8. Controlling prostitution is one of the ways of controlling
8. Young gamblers have better results at school.
the spread of AIDS.
9. One can always quit playing the machines any time one
9. Now, no prostitute will ever have sex without a condom. likes.
10. The police report a very high incidence of rape. 10. It takes a lot of time to free oneself from the habit.
11. It is said that if brothels operated legally, more men
11. At first young patients may behave very Violently.
would want to visit them.
12. The purpose of the parents' organization is prevention
12. Prostitutes want the system legalized because they

and offering help to young gamblers.
complain of not having enough clients at the moment.
13. Teenagers should have as little contact with slot
machines as possible.
EXERCISE 2.
. Match the words from column A with those from column B to form
EXERCISE 2.
COLUMN A collocations as they appear in the story.
COLUMNB
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
astonishing checks
broad demand behavioural fixation
health fact flashing gambling
official need mental lights
sexual opponents real machine
undisputed pimps slot problems
unscrupulous promiscuity unaware scars
urgent recognition underage symptoms
vigorous spectrum withdrawal teenagers
86 fJl
11
T F T F
1. The report explains why fewer teachers nowadays are
1. Trouble erupted because the fans were unhappy with the
doing their job.

score.
2. Teachers find their job very stressful. 2. The fighting started immediately after the match.
3. More than half of those interviewed for the report have
3. Coaches were vandalized in the scuffle.
been victims of classroom violence.
4. Those who were arrested are now back o'n the streets.
4. The profession of a teacher is highly respected in society. 5. Hooligans wanted to set the train on fire.
5. They are paid inadequately for the work they have to do. 6. The reason was that rival supporters were on that train.
6. Eight-year-olds are being thrown out of school for violent
7. More violence erupted at the stadium.
behaviour.
8. Some policemen were hurt because the rioters were
7. Most schools do not know how to deal with the problem. well-equipped for fighting.
8. Teachers' cars are often vandalized by pupils. 9. The match was played two hours after the police had
9. Headmasters are helpful in solving disciplinary problems

restored order.
because they do not want to lose their teachers.

10. Known hooligans will not be allowed to travel abroad to
10. Students behave at school just as they must be behaving
support their team.
at home towards their parents.

1L On that day, they will be locked up in jail.
1L Many parents would rather pretend not to notice their

12. Soccer violence is alcohol related.
children drinking alcohol.
13. Offenders will be severely punished as a warning to
12. Pupils moderate their language when they address their

other thugs.
teachers.
13. Parents who cannot control their children are grateful to
teachers for bringing them up properly.

EXERCISE 2.
Match the words from column A with those from, column B to form
collocations as they appear in the story. COLUMN A COLUMNB
COLUMN A COLUMN B --------
high disorder
appalling abuse offensive

fans
corporal cases rival

hooliganism
discouraged degree
smashed
supporters
drastic evidence soccer

tension
foul language unruly

weapons
horrifying , manners Violent

windows
physical punishment
substantial students for answers go to page 319, for transcript and related exercises go to page 234.
unruly teachers
verbal violence
-
for answem go to page 319, for transcript and related exercises go to page 232.
88 89
EXERCISE 1.
Tick the statements: true or false .. EXERCISE 1
T F
1. The building that was commandeered by the squatters is
T F
in a terrible condition.
1. Yesterday's demonstration was an isolated event.
2. The squatters want to turn it into a hotel. 2. The place where the demonstration was staged had
3. They occupied the building because it had been

nothing to do with what it was all about.
abandoned for a year.

3. The current campaign is directed against experiments on
4. The building looks so bad that, for the time being, it is still
animals.
better to sleep in the park.

4. Cats and dogs are dying at the hands of scientists.
S. At the moment, there are 76 people staying there. 5. Leaflets were distributed during the demonstration to
6. The organizer of the squat has asked for public financial

inform the public about the cruelty of scientists.
support.
6. People are well-informed about what is going on behind
7. Many people are contributing whatever they can to keep

the research laboratories' doors.
the place going.

7. One of the aims of the experiments is to determine safe
8. The government is failing in its responsibility to help

levels of chemicals in medicines and cosmetics.
people on the streets.

8. Animals do not take the drugs willingly.
9. There are many cases where people are homeless
9. When the experiments are over, the animals undergo
because they do not want to return to their homes.

treatment.
10. Soup kitchens are being financed by the government. 10. Animal rights activists do not want animals to be treated
II. The only problem that the homeless have is where to stay
differently from human beings.
for the night.

11. Posters displayed at the demonstration showed how
12. It is likely that the squatters will soon have to find another
happy animals can be when looked after by men.
place to stay.
12. The message of the demonstration was that every living
creature has a right to live in peace.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
COLUMN A COLUMN B
affordable bed
r ac t'ion
appalling building
chemicals
Charity condition
experiments
derelict interview
infections
deserted list
injections
hot meal laboratory
housing organization
levels
meagre place
pain
press property
practice
voluntary resources
shocks
warm work
treatment
for answers go to page 319, for transcript and related exercises go to page 236. answers go to page 319, for transcript and related exercises go to page 238.
EXERCISE 1.
EXERCISE 1.
1. The current debate concerns the financial cost of animal
experimentation.
T F
• 1. The Dangerous Dogs Act concerns public safety.
2. Owners must decide for themselves if their dog is
dangerous or not.
2. Activists often demonstrate in front of research labs. 3. If a dog's owner is found guilty of breaking the law he
will go to prison.
3. They illegally enter buildings to rescue
which are kept there.

4. Many dog owners waited till the last minute before
4. Strict security measures have introduced to prevent
buying a leash and a muzzle.
animals from escaping.
5. The only thing that the Act obliges people to do is to keep
5. Drugs cannot be marketed unless they are first tested for
their dog muzzled and leashed in public.
safety.
6. Unless the dogs affected by the Act are neutered, insured
6. Thanks to tests on animals, life-saving vaccines have
and registered, they cannot stay alive.
been developed.
7. Branding dogs with identity marks will enable the police
7. Doctors have remained unmoved by animal right
to locate their owners.
campaigners.
8. Activists say that scientists should first make use of the
8. The listed breeds are the only kinds of dogs that attack
results of research already carried out.
people.
9. When it comes to experiments, nothing can replace tests
9. If a person is attacked by a pit bull terrier, he may die
on live animals.
because the dog is so strong.
10. Critically-ill patients may willingly take part in tests
10. Rottweilers are not on the list because they are not
despite the risk.
dangerous.
11. Vivisection is a part ot" the school syllabus. 11. It is felt that the Dangerous Dogs Act stopped short of
12. Activists maintain that those pupils who do not take part
guaranteeing real protection.
in vivisection classes will be callous.
12. If the dogs involved are spotted without a leash and a
muzzle, they will shot by the police.
EXERCISE 2.
EXERCISE 2.
caged animals
COLUMN A COLUMN B
clinical banks
data benefits r _. . attacks
devastating campaign dogs
high costs implant
infra-red devices mark
lifesaving effect offence
massive quality ownership
moral sensors proper shops
needless suffering
responsible steps
practical treatment
savage way
sophisticated trials
93
1'0........... ,~ ..... , t tll'l.',"
Ih~ ",JlTI1K~,jl'l ..r 0,.. m..(t(1 al :"':Q
It... ......
••• '4 '''''•• 'n.. "1l r .'l!" • Mnrn. J ,lid ~.U\~

• ........
A f".tJ:II.,' .. .
'Ii
~.~.~ ,.r e ~:..':!~:_~:v:.. . ~ L ~ e d n y Ii' «)

• m.l~ lendttn..... d,ll.) I . ' ,
,,,s::,. \.
... ';.. e lashes coasta,NAT UHAL DlSA"iTF
EXERCISE 1. rflc,an ~ --"" 'n Ied ,·,1",11
'1li"""R~,.IS.. 'x r~~t
. ".. , r !;:.::I,':',
~,~ l'D' oi.·"O'ijI.'.\'
,.j "1,,,", liP "
Tick the statements: true or false. , ._••" ....,,!. ,.. i,) ' .'1<1 ('()( I', m", .. Ih,·
T F ~ "fa....... lruy:, nu" ~1(~t "'entd'" r;:.n.. ~ tnh) ptC'mmt."cf!' h
I S ' Summer SI
' f \\ti4·d :.'1,. .. ... . 0,
.. ntvth·nttdr.', .twlU' , . . " ~n
_A,.. Mil,. .
' .• , '''''''''19 It," whtTt'
·!~~:t~~:':i;;:;
:1\'",.
• • hI"
1. The victim was attacked by dogs that belonged to
someone else. ellSe fi '.' ,
~,. d;f::~~~~'..~L9~d in}f]i~~!~,,,9OOdsC:"·'S
2. The dogs were able to leave their garden because the
gate had been left open.
'M
3. The boy died before being offered any help.
r ~r~ k.illed as<"winie~"~ ::~, ~'~C m~r;"I'_: J:f~(~(
~~:':~"~i:'~~I~:~~'!'),~:
.f ...• '" •
4. The breed of dogs responsible for the attack is covered by
the Dangerous Dogs Act. Mill<-,',' pel lis retJ f:I', p
ift urged r.~;~I1:h~1 J;'b.o~,i ~ Dts a·'''' ~
w,,rn..
5. The owner of the dogs wanted them killed.
Inil110 .lall I '''n
6. The victim's family still cannot believe what has
happened. t() S
.. ,
fl\'C t,.h)(' 2nd
.h~.ut
"'
,hal
_
Willi
..
(>.,. "~""d: hat j
1\, n•• "'h. ,
I",hor ,'~ • II.-"e:'/'I hav" I'tll... ,
7. It is generally believed that other breeds of dogs should

also be covered by th~ Act.
8. As far as the other incident is concerned, the children
(R.disaster
.-., . . . .:;;:::"~-". ma}or tremors 1
~;::! cities turn to r~~~.~
shouldn't have been playing in that place.
9. The attack wasn't serious.
1 ... > 1(1.-:1 0 _;, ~
10. The general feeling is that the British do not have a '•. "I "'1""': death t~
responsible attitude towards animals. 1,1111'\ ';,111j .1., Ilo .. "Jof
11. Many dogs have to be destroyed because nobody wants ".r Climbers d
to look after them.
12. People will face prosecution for acts of cruelty towards
kl·JI 259,0',............
animals. A k'll
UWKlinp ana .......-'
II :ond .,,,. \",,.,, - l ('r f ~.h
i~'t"h~
~.~, Ilt~ grOllp
mergency ypllooll
...... "
t...
e of e ,V' "'
th sZc~l'II· tr~ and .... u'
"~.
EXERCISE 2. , c: ~I!, Thill yn'
,. II h"" h«n 'urn it ~
r noodingr~ . . "M."'~~~~:C~ 'k'., ;. .... A •

COLUMN A COLUMN B
e .- "'bn,~,_an,lne(
~~.1
SI tUa t · -"~l".,
dog attack -"".colo .. ''' "-".
horrendous dogs
... 'H'I<>",..,I the
o'"'nl".1 l'y ,h<!
[I\(,nd,.1 h,('('l,Y
-;~ hil.l. 311
other pi:
land..·• 10IJ ,aTO'-
'"
'-. . . .
make I ftre'Cld mn...",
Gude", the
II .ft\.,...~.k_.
Po
r
h
•
t:cOIo~./tn d coaa......... i""" !

hospital incident Conti.blllY Com loom, !l flt.....
. . ,., " '-sen

",.",~ fI/
legal
responsible
sham
,
,
lovers
ownership
remedies
seek refuge{"tn"~
d''': ~~:~~1. ~i:b~~:~if\:~ic;"i A~)- ",.._
. .' -, .... .... _. ..
I
snarling sentimentality
n:::.! 'M~t~ ~c.urrcd ID me: ~hC' 1I'Irt1ii~. '..:Ia''''II). ~. . '
tragic treatment r tllousand' children expected t()

for answers go to page 320, for transcript and related exercises go to page 244,
94 "~;:~recked blocks of flai;'~~
th... n: " n",v~1 _ ...... ;,,~ nl..,,;~;;ri';;i·, j,;' -111.;;.;1' .. .....0
, . ·'e··'····S~·nt'''· f·'·"I;;r'~·'-e"·'-:·ir.~,~~n~~~ ;t~~~,. Afft~('t'e(1

"r '~y 'I~'I
' ~". \Va. <t",!t' flahl ''''0'' J U

READING COMPREHENSION
';;;;.:i':--.: '\a;ili~s' C~)asta~NATlJHAL DISASI 11

lit fl
tarvin . ..
C,an C
•
, ._..."
--.." 'fl( I d
• ... ,....
"""". ill' ill
"flIY' Th.. ",.,,1<1',
.... ~
lSe"
f\t, ....
... ,,., 'nt' r.~' .ttd, )Ot {'..
'1Iv.~~ic:al S..
M.~'
1hr hint. wJ
F;;.". 11110) I't(\nl"wncf.' /II~
,j.
• nlVlh",,.u:Iil;',·, .~'Ull
~. ·~_.t.7~:·t~
~ ,
,~''''l'
tn· ,f"I ..,....1 "I."", Ill'
i f I Is "",...,
• ltr. • ;\.' ",h\.\.,I.·d,

• t, ~fI
'h,'
t\\'.',"
pI .. \d ..
;1'.... ..... ~
,...,,,.,
section one:
NATURAL CALAMITIES
~I~~!d_~ drou~t~j_lio.ns.fS
!.av.~uiIMw'-"r 'h"''':::;;;;';~'- dlng. disease
11l.fSe fe:.,·
Oods I'
news item 1: FOREST FIRES .......................98
~..
~.!l.rJ!t~ killed as '~lnier""" ., ";' "'~-;'"":' . .
... fr .r 7 ......"" -.
,"r\.\lI'"
" .......
hftu'il-. • •crv.. •- . :lrfl..,..
news item 2: DROUGHT .......................... 100
I."1',,1: ~Ijlk'r'" ~ ~:.: ~i:;~,.:~ .!"~ i: :~,:p t perll~. l ell ~tr

news item 3: FAMINE ............................ 102
urhft uroed fi~:i!I\:~ (~~,i USa mill ~ .,.~ L.

•• , news item 4: HURRICANES ....................... 104
news item 5: RAINSTORMS ....................... 106
.,!e
to sa"
M
I
tubl'!' 2nd
.I".ut thai with
\w<,"""'
"'*'_"
1I~~hor .i~
.'
c.'".."d. IU n..........
• ....Iic:.t. havt!
10h a news item 6: FLOODS ........................... 108
disaster major tremors

i" "- 1"100'"
news item 7: EPIDEMICS ......................... 110
Sm
~..,:,l~:.,~.,":RE(JORO . . . ."m_~" E:...:::cities to r~b
news item 8: EARTHQUAKE 1 ..................... 112
news item 9: EARTHQUAKE 2 ..................... 114
.DR turn
. . . . . n.".I~ (~~.I'lo :::~":
news item 10: AVALANCHES ........ , ............. 116
~" ~
.. tt
II: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS .............. 118
~~.~.~
••\. "11 • r ... ..... ....
lIulln.: nw Ul~at'''I'
,.! ,'d·w.' III' I'flfl·,,·(Jf~
, ........ n.. , ........

.::,:,';::'" ,,(Clinlbers die n~~,·I':"""·
c DUG
toll was40 (j()O .

and dnnbing '''' -"'-- .
12: GAS POISONING .................... 120
!~i~2~U!~.~!l
.. . e
n 9 ~!l~ )~
ency " t~t'~~M y~". YI

Imllf' 1001
rg
.to •••.
"rHS
".,'
0 f em
tift'll alld .".
,,~~ ~rll
(' S«ldy Thill Y'l'.·

V' - .~.~ ;.. It lurn i.
,a te floodingC'a "".. "''')~~::j,.
'w"n. ......,,'
toa. . .~t.-""!::-.---lllJ
)Ver _._ S1..- . - 1II11l1~"t_i~
··~;".I Gudene
I~"",
Ito,
, __-'
_":
... tbe
0"" .....1
We mllndt,l btt<'lY
.he
1''1...",...1
"V
his,l.
1'.
bn<f~"~p
other
ttol~ Uld
lOll
_.-.. tnl1~
10 n w'...0 .'.
mike a 11"'1'(1.'
Loon
~~_,~_.~e~~ .r~fllge:~" ~;:.1:~:;;.~••~ A_- !S

lint. pa$l Conliebl'fY <:OM· (lO"-
f'
d
...... ,
~ rt'r'fr~lly. l.:InUI ne\luQClCurr~dcumf'~lw 1'1' . . . .1111011.

-.'.
he '"CtV mH(')' .." .... inf ,l'.... • , .. nu ~.
()ur thousand children expected
Oarr. .... k d . ... _.. . . . . .
;""·1..0.
~ wrec e bi OCk sof ..fl at
I""!t' '
exl~",""..... ~J :seapesa
I
..._..i • OW/t,
_ ._ L _ _ .... l.til!t.~.L.. ... _"•.. "I..all
~ I~
~_ ~_,~
ell·..........•
•........ .......... ..... -"
••..£--....."'"'--....,...
", -~)W..'
:•~•
'~. •~tV
More than 1 million acres of forests have gone up in flame this year.
retardant (n) - chemical which slows burning - substante chimice pentru
oprirea focului
eerie (adj) - strange, unearthly - sinistru, lugubru
glow (n) - radiance - stralucire, vapaie
conflagration (n) - blaze, destructive fire incendiu, foe mare
I,
;1
This represents the worst loss of timber in Norwood this century. Millions til 'I
of dollars worth of damage has been caused, with beautiful woodland EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE iI'
!~
areas and natural reserves.being reduced to ashes. Following a severe Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
drought for the third year in succession, a series of lightning storms (answer page 321.)
ignited a wave of fires which were almost impossible to contain. In just
one National Park, the inferno got out of control and seared 700,000 acres - FORESTS- DESTROYED - MORE - BLAZES UNCONTROLLABLE
in 5 months. When one raging fire is put out, firemen move on to another
outbreak, often caused by airborne embers.
"Fire spreads so quickly", said one firefighter, his eyes swollen, his EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
face covered with grime, "that you can easily be cut off by the flames". Answer the following questions:
Indeed, 20 fire-fighters have died battling this year's forest fires: some
were overcome by smoke and flames before they could reach the safety of 1. What sort of damage has been caused by the fires?
fire-resistant shelters, while several were taken to hospital with burns and 2. What makes containing the fire so difficult?
injuries from falling trees. One was killed when a water-bombing aircraft 3. What caused the casualties?
accidentally emptied its 1,000 gallon load over him. 4. What is being done to prevent the fire from spreading?
At the scene, it is impossible to endure the heat; in some areas the fire 5. Is the damage caused by the fire irreversible?
reaches 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit - hot enough to melt metal traffic signs
and vaporize small streams. Dense smoke cuts visibility by half. The ashes
at each smouldering spot have to be checked to make reignition impossible. EXERCISE 3. PHRASES Tb LEARN
In an effort to prevent the fire from spreading further, helicopters and planes Complete the following phrases. Each line stands out for one word:
dump fire retardants. At night, an eerie orange glow can be seen in the sky
from many miles away and the conflagration was detected by weather - a arde, a se mistui - g u f_ _ __
satellites. - a constitui 0 pierdere - r a 1._ _ __
Forests, with the exception of some very old and large trees, - a da foe, a aprinde focul - i f_ _ __
regenerate quickly - although it could take 300 years before the worst - imposibil de a fi stapcmit - i to c,_ _ __
burnt areas return to their full majesty. - a stinge incendiul - p 0 f ____
a ...
- a suporta caldura - e the h,_ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page 128, for discussion topics go to page 278. - topit l}i vaporizat - m and v_ _ __
- a limita vizibilitatea la jumatate - c v by
h._ _ __
timber (n) - wood suitable for building and carpentry - materiallemnos - a preveni extinderea focului - p f ____
the ...
(cherestea) ! _ _ _ _ _ s._ _ _ __
ash (n) - powder that remains after burning - cenul}e, scrum - a verifica locurile fumegande - c s s,_____
ignite (v) - inflame, set on fire - a declanl}a, a aprinde focul
contain (v) - stop, keep under control- a tine sub control, a opri for translation practice go to page 246.
inferno (n) - something burning fiercely - infern, iad
sear (v) - burn scorch the surface - a arde, a parjoli
rage (v) - burn fiercely - a se dezlantui, (aici: incendiu violent)
embers (n) - small pieces of burning wood - taciuni, jaratic
grime (n) - soot - funingine
endure (v) - stand, bear, put up with - a suporta, a rezista la
vaporize (v) - become steam - a vaporiza
smoulder (v) - burn slowly without flame a arde inabu;>it, a mocni
98 99
virtually (adv) - practically - real, efectiv
news it
sparse (adj) not profuse - razlet, impra;;;tiat
A conference was held today in Agunda's capital, Barnaros, to discuss EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
possible measures for averting the major food crisis caused by this year's Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
drought. Reports show that the autumn grain stockpiles will fall to little (answer page 321.)
more than a month's supply. Several factors combined to contribute to the
disaster. First, the rainless' summer and scorching sun parched the land WATER - DROUGHT - REDUCED - SEVERE - RESERVES -
damaging wheat, corn, and peanut crops, and killing millions of chickens DRAMATICALLY - BY
and turkeys. Second, last winter, the driest in nearly a century, left areas
bare of their normal snow cover and vulnerable to high winds. Subsoil
moisture was depleted and the insufficient winter rain and snow failed to EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
restore it. Fertile topsoil has thus eroded faster than it has been renewed. Answer the following questions:
It cannot be improved even with the heavy use of chemical fertilizers. These
two facts have resulted in the drastically diminished yield of crops. 1. What are the consequences of a rainless, hot summer?
Drought has brought other problems, too. Water shortages in many areas 2. How can winter weather affect the quality of the soil ?
limit the amount of land that can be converted to agriculture by irrigation 3. What is the relationship between soil fertility and crop yield?
methods. Also, getting rid of weeds, which suck up the remaining water, poses 4. How is it possible to increase the acreage for agriculture?
yet another problem; turning up the soil causes it to lose even more moisture. 5. What are the consequences of low water levels?
To add to the drought damage, uncontrollable fires swept through coffee

6. In what way does the situation pose a health hazard?
plantantion bringing massive devastation.

Drought has also seriously cut the country's hydroelectric potential
bringing obout cuts in electricity. It has virtually emptied the smaller
EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
reservoirs and produced water emergencies. Formerly roaring rivers

Complete the following phrases. Each line stands out for one word:
have been turned into trickles. Water restrictions have been imposed and
city residents have been banned from using hosepipes for domestic
- a preintampina criza - a a c _ _ _ __
purposes. In some areas, low river levels concentrate chemical pollutants

- factori care contribuie la catastrofa - f c to the
to such an extent that the water is unsafe to drink. According to weather d_ _ __

forecasts, there is little prospect of a steady rainfall in the foreseeable
- ploi insuficiente - r_ _ _ __
future. As last year's rain was also sparse. it looks as if the climatic pattern
- a reca~tiga pamantul pentru agricuItura - c the 1 to
is changing for the worse. a,_ _ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page 160, for discussion topics go to page 278. - a provoca distrugeri insemnate - b m d _ _ _ __
- a diminua puterea hidrocentralelor - c ' h _ _ _ __
p---
avert (v) - hold off, prevent - a preveni, a preintampina - a impune restrictii - r_ _ _ __
stockpiles (n) - reserves - stoc, provizii, rezerve - intr-o asemenea masura '7 t S an e that...
combine (v) - put together - a (se) asocia, a (se) combina - a ~ansa redusa de - p of
scorch (v) - take life away by heat - a arde, a parjoli - schimbare in rau - c f__ the w_ _ _ __
parch (v) - become dry from heat - a usa, a fi ars (de ccddura)
bare (adj) - unfertile and unproductive - neroditor, neacoperit for translation practice go to page 246.
vulnerable (adj) - exposed - vulnerabil
moisture (n) - water within another material
deplete (v) - use up and weaken - a epuiza, a secatui
fertile Cadj) - productive - productiv, fertiI
yield Cn} - production - recolta, productie
convert (v) - adapt - a transforma
irrigation (n) - supplying water - irigare
101
llvestock (n) - farm animals -I;>eptel
decimate (v) - reduce in number - a decima
plight (n) - difficult condition - situajie grea, neplacuta
laden (adj) - weighted with impovarat, incorcat
Fears are growing of another famine in Agunda which could prove to

be much worse than that of 1981 when more than a million people starved
to death. Relief agencies are talking in terms of ten million at risk in the EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
affected area. They are calling on the world community to act now to avert Rearrange the words to fc,rrn the headline to the story:
a major tragedy as the situation in worsening rapidly. (answer - page 321.)
Reporters speak of a pitiful picture of human suffering oaused by drought
ar:td disease. The infant mortality rate is steadily climbing, and for many of the FOR - MILLIONS - INTERNATIONAL STARVATION - AS - FOOD.
children who survive, there is only a prospect of stunted growth and - AGUNDA - FACE - RELIEF
irreversible brain damage from chronic malnutrition. Hundreds of thousands
of emaciated people are said to be undernourished. dehydrated and on the
move, searching for food. Looting by hordes of famished peasants are daily EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
occurences. Villages are deserted and towns overpopulated. According to Answer the following questions:
estimates, two million tons of food are needed immediately. One ton feeds five
people at an "absolute minimum" subsistence level for a year. 1. Why must the world community act now?
The current emergency has arisen because there has been no rain for 2. What shows that the situation is desperate?
the second year running. The relentless drought has withered crops and 3. How has the situation affected the life of the country ?
turned grazing land into deserts. Consequently, livestocks has been ·4. How has the drought affected the food situation?
decimated. Before the dry spell, there were two successive years of poor 5. What immediate measures have been taken?
harvests which complicated the country's economic plight. Annual targets
for grain production have not been met and the acreage of land used for
agriculture has shrunk dramatically. Among other necessities, fertilizers EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
and high quality grain are needed to boost production. Complete the following phrases. Each line stands out for one word:
Besides food, funds are being sought for medical aid and fuel for the
fleet of trucks laden with supplies. A major airlift of stockpiled flour has - a se dovedi mult mai rau - p m w_ _ _ __
been improvised to reach the worst-hit areas that are inaccessible to - zona amenintata - a a._ _ _ __
convoys and to distribute basic rations to the starving. Despite a raging - a pretntampina 0 tragedie - a a t _ _ _ __
civil war, humanitarian aid to the famine-stricken areas will continue. - situatia se inroutolel;>te rapid - the s is w _ _ _ __
r_ _ _ __
for discussion topics go to page 278. - rata mortalitatH crel;>te constant - m r is
s c _ _ _ __
-leziuni ireversibile ale creierului - b d._ _ _ __
starve (v) - suffer severely from hunger - a muri / a Ii lihnit de foame - eveniment zilnic - d 0 _ _ _ __
pitiful (adj) causing pity - jalnic, de plans . - a Yndeplini obiectivele planificate anual- m a _ _ _ __
infant (n) - baby - prunc, copil sub 7 ani

stunt (v) - stop or slow down growth - a opri din cre:;;tere - a couta fond uri - s f._ _ _ __
malnutrition (n) - condition caused by not getting enough food - a imparti ratiile minime de alimente - d b _ _ _ __
r ______
malnutrilie
emaciated (adj) - skinny, skeletal vlaguit, scheletic - razboi civil care face ravagii - r c w_____
undernourished (adj) - without sufficient food - subnutrit
dehydrate (v) - deprive of water - a (se) deshidrata for translation practice go to page 246.
famished (adj) suffering from extreme hunger -lnfometat
relentless (adj) - showing no mercy - neindurator
wither (v) - (of plants) become dry - a usca
grazing (n) - cattle eating grass in fields - pcu;;une, islaz
103
EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
(answer - page 321.)
11
Hurricane George, which has been sweeping across the Atlantic for the - OVER - DEADLY - JAHAR - STRIKES - KILLING - GEORGE
last few days, struck the coastal areas of Jahar shortly before dawn, with :J
',,~;"1,
winds of up 170 miles an hour. The, battering gales are said to be moving
inland, causing widespread damage and devastation. As the hurricane ,EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION II
force winds cut a swath across the country, they are leaving behind a trail Answer the following questions: I
of destruction: downed power lines and telephone poles, torn off roofs and
uprooted trees. The fishing fleet was totally destroyed as the winds ripped L How destructive are the winds?
boats from their moorings and tossed them on shore. , 2. Could the destruction of the fleet have been prevented? '1
Huge seas heavily inundated populated areas of the coastal plains, 3. What caused the flooding of coastal areas? ,I
wiping out several settlements. Coastal town residents have sought
refuge in stone-built churches and on higher ground. So far, violent
4.
5.
How could one save one's ?
Why is the number of dead unknown? I
hurricane has left one hundred dead in its wake. The death toll is still 6. What other destructive elements have caused damage and casualties?
climbing as more and more bodies are recovered from under collapsed
buildings. Five hundred people are reported missing and are presumed
dead, having been swept away by flood waters. The casualty list and the EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
damage statistics are still incomplete and will probably soar as Complete the following phrases. Each line stands out for one word:
communication links with affected areas are restored.

As hardly a house in the area still has a roof, the President has declared - a provoca pagube I}i distrugeri - c d and
a state of emergency. Residents are in desperate need of food and shelter.
The authorities ordered the evacuation of people from the capital, although - a rupe Hniile de lnalta tensiune - p'__________
it is hoped that by the time the hurricane reaches the city, it will have - a matura (a distruge) 0 al}ezare (grup de case) - w_ _ _ __
downgraded to a tropical storm. If so, the city will survive relatively a as_ _ _ __
unscathed. However, what has not already been flattened by the winds is - a lasa distrugerile - a t of d _ _ _ __
likely to be severely damaged by mudslides and floods caused by the - a lasa In urma - 1 its w _____
accompanying torrential rain. Judging by the devastation, Hurricane - date incomplete - i s_ _ _ __
George is likely to be the deadliest storm on record. i_a reface legaturile de comunicalie - r c__________
- a declara stare de calamitate - d a s of e _ _ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page 106, for disscussion topics go to page 279. - a da ordin de evacuare 0 e _ _ _ __
- fala de suprafata afectata, se poote aprecia - b the u _ _ _ __
- a Ii inregistrat be 0 r_____
sweep (v) move at a fast pace - a matura
battering (adi> - striking hard and often - (vant) a bate puternic for translation practice go to page 247.
gale en) - strong and violent wind - vant puternic I}i violent
cut a swath (v) - clear space after the passage of something - a defril}a
rip (v) - tear with force - a smulge
mooring (n) - place where a ship is secured - dana de acostare
inundate (v) - flood, cover with water - a inunda, a acoperi cu apCi:
seek refuge (v) -look for shelter, run away to a safe place - a cauta
re~~ ,
presume (v) suppose to be true - a presupune
soar (v) - go up quickly - a crel}te rapid
downgrade (v) - reduce - a reduce (in intensitate)
unscathed (adj) - untouched, undisturbed - neatins
flatten (v) - make flat - a culca la pCi:mant
torrential rain (n) - pouring rain - plooie torentiala
lOS
Fifteen inches of water have fallen in the last few days, as violent FOLLOWING - EXTENSIVE - CENTURY'S - REPORTED - RAINSTORMS
rainstorms lashed the coastal areas of lahar in the worst downpour of _ THIS - WORST - DAMAGE
this century. Following the cloudburst, many flood barrieres and
dykes failed to withstand the pressure of the swirling waters and
proved no match for the swollen rivers. These overflowed and caused EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
widespread damage. Bridges collapsed and were swept away, cutting Answer the following questions:
communication.
As the roaring waters flooded low-level areas, people ran in panic for 1. What caused the flooding?
their lives. Many were seen clinging to trees and rooftops, guarding their 2. How did people react tp the disaster?
possessions and waiting for the waters to subside. At least a thousand are 3. What caused the food shortage?
feared·drowned in the raging waters. Dozens of cars were swept out to 4. In what kind of cases were helicopters used?
sea. Helicopters battled through slashing rain to winch to safety 5. Why do outbreaks of disease often accompany disasters such as
who were still clinging to buoyant objects and to rescue people from
treetops. Many attempts were unsuccessful. floods?
As the situation worsens, food is becoming a serious problem. Prices 6. What make the rescue operation difficult?
have increased sharply and much of the produce is rotting. Due to a lack
of cooking facilities, many face the threat of starvation. Thousands are
isolated in remote areas and helicopters are now ferrying relief goods to EXERCISE !l. PHRASES TO LEARN
the worst-hit regions. People are queuing at distribution centres in waist Complete the following phrases. Each line stands out for one word:
deep water for their ration of food and a container of drinking water.
Many go away empty-handed because supplies run out. - a rezista la presiunea apei - w the p of
w _ _ _ __
So far, three thousand people are reported dead but a rapidly spreading
epidemic is pushing the death toll even higher with fifty new cases daily. - a provoca distrugeri pe zone Intinse - c w d,_ _ _ __
Describing the situation as critical, fervent appeals were issued to relief a fugi pentru a-~i salva viata - r one's 1_____
agencies for international help. However, because the airports are flooded, incercari nereu~ite - u a,_____
only light planes can land, 'reducing to a trickle the supply of desperately - situatia se inrautate:;;te - s w_ _ _ __
needed food and medical aid. -lipsa facilitatilor de a prepara (gatf) mancare - of
c f,________
for related vocabulazy go to page 108, for disscussion topics go to page 279. - a se afla in fata spectrului foamei - f,_____
_ _ _ _ of
s,_ _ _ __
-a cu mainile goale - 9 a e,_ _ _ __

lash (v) - strike violently - a lovi iute ~i violent h_ _ __
downpour (n) - heavy fall of rain - ploaie torentiala se epuizeaza - s r 0._.-.:_ __
cloudburst (n) - sudden, violent rainstorm - furtuna violenta, nea~teptata - a adresa un apel fierbinte - i a a._ _ _ __
dyke (n) - wall which flooding - dig
swirl (v) - twist and curl- a involbura for translation practice go to page 247.
overflow (v) - flood, spread beyond usual area - a se revarsa peste, a
inunda
cling (v) - hold tightly - a (se) agata
subside (v) - return to normal level- a reveni in matco
slash (v) - come down hard and at an angle - a plesni
winch (v) - pull up using a lifting mechanism - a trage cu un vinci, troliu
buoyant (adi> - floating - plutitor
ferry (v) - transport goods - a transporta (in mod regulatl bun uri, alimente
fer·vent (adi> - emotional, hopeful plin de speranta {fig. fierbinte}
trickle (n) - thin flow of liquid - ~uvita, dara de apa
106 107
unprecedented (adj) - never having happened before - fora precedent
submerge (v) - put under water - a fi acoperit de apa
looting (n) - unlawfully taking away goods - talharie
abandon (v) -leave, desert - a abandona, a parasi
According to the latest reports from Anturia, a country bedevilled by subversives (n) - people wanting to destroy - persoane care vor sa
natural disasters, 100 people are confirmed dead and up to 300 are feared distruga, sa rastoarne ordinea de drept
drowned after the rivers burst their banks on Friday and inundated large recede (v) - go back, return to normal- a reveni la normal
parts of the country. Five days of heavy monsoon rains raised the number
of dead to 1,200 in this year's unusually heavy storms and widespread
flooding. EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
Reportedly, a boat carrying more than 50 passengers capsized in one Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
river killing at least 35 people, while another boat sank in crocodile (answer - page 321.)
infested waters, causing the tragic death of fourteen people. However,
according to health officials, a third of all deaths have been caused by WIDESPREAD . MONSOON - ANTURIA - AFTER - PARALYSED - BY
diarrhoea and other stomach ailments after villagers drank polluted - FLOODING - HITS
floodwater. Other victims were killed by venomous water snakes or were
drowned. Among the homeless are thousands of displaced families
huddled on embankments, waiting for evacuation, while others are EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
marooned on the roofs of their houses. Answer the following questions:
Many villages are isolat~d, as bridges have been damaged and hundreds
of miles of roads are under water. Railroad services have been suspended and 1. What was the weather like in Anturia this year?
flooded airports have forced the cancellation of flights. The disaster has been 2. What factors have caused deaths?
described as unprecedented. causing severe shortages of food and fuel due to 3. How has the flood disrupted the country's life?
submerged storage buildings. Amid growing fears of the flood worsening, 4. What should be done to lessen the effects of the flood?
irrigation experts are urging more protection work against other rain-swollen 5. What kind of criminal activity can accompany disasters?
rivers threatening residential areas along their banks. 6. Why is the full extent of the damage unknown?
People have been warned that flood-related crime will be severely
punished, even to having offenders shot on the spot. About 100 cases of
looting of abandoned properties have been reported, as well as several EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
cases of sabotage. Boat patrols have been set up to locate looting gangs Complete the following phrases. Each line stands out for one word:
and to guard the dykes against subversives. The President will report to
Parliament today on new measures to be taken to counter the flood. - potrivit relatarilor - a the r_ _ _ __
However, a clear picture of the damage will only emerge after the - ;>alupa s-a rasturnat ljIi oamenii s-au inecat - b c_ _ _ __
waters recede. and s p were d _ _ _ __

- familiile sunt lipsite de adapost - f are d _ _ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page 110, for discussion topics go to page 279. - a suspenda transporturile feroviare - s r_ _ _ __
s,_____
- a provoca lipsuri serioase - c s s_ _ _ __
bedevil (v) - harass - a chinui, a tortura - a impu;>ca pe loc - s 0 the s_ _ _ __
confirm (v) admit that something is true - a confirma - a pazi impotriva - g a _ _ _ __
drown (v) - die from liquid flooding the lungs - a muri inecat - a intreprinde actiuni - t m_ _ _ __
burst (v) - break outwards. - a ie;>i din matca - imagine clara a distrugerilor - c p of the
capsize (v) - (of a boat) overturn - a se rasturna d_ _ __

ailment (n) - illness - boala, suferinia
displace (v) -leave homeless - a parasi (a abandona) casa for translation practice go to page 248.
huddle (v) - crowd together - a ingramadi
embankment (n) - wall that holds water back - indiguire, dig
marooned (adj) - cut off by water - izolat (in urma unei inundatW
108 109
appalling (ad)) -- shocking lnspaimcmtator, ingrozitor
facilities (n) -- aids -- facilitali
virulent (adj) -- strong and powerful -- virulent
impair (v) -- weaken a slabi
1. Disease among the recent typhoon survivors in Jahar could reach . safeguard (v) -- protect -- a proteja
epidemic proportions, because most refugee camps are now flooded. contagion (n) -- disease that can be spread by contact -- boala contagioasa
These people are now facing the threat of water-borne diseases, such as
gastroenteritis, as they have only contaminated water to drink. As water
purification tablets are unavailable, diarrhoea is taking its first toll on EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
children, who die after drinking untreated water or eating rotten food. Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:
(answer -- page 321.)
Dehydratation, caused by diarrhoea, is now the number one killer.
Drowned cattle, which float in the flood waters, could soon trigger a much
more serious epidemic. A health officer is quoted as saying that the bacteria 1. PACKED -- BY -- FLOOD -- DIARRHOEA -- IN -- REFUGEE -- VICTIMS
spread so swiftly because of the congestion in the tents. Vaccines against __ PLAGUED -- CAMPS
tetanus and typhoid are needed to immunize people. Because of the lack of 2. DEADLY -- VACCINE -- AS -- INTERNATIONAL -- MENINGITIS -- TAKES
money, there have been no inoculations in recent years. Already there have __ ITS -- APPEAL -- TOLL
been several mortalities from cholera and measles.
The President, who toured the area, described the conditions as "appalling".
The camps are insanitary and the evacuees will continue to suffer unless drastic EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
measures are taken. Adequate medical care, massive doses of antibiotics and Answer the following questions:
proper sanitary facilities are needed to ease the plight of the people who have
been through so much suffering. 1. Why were refugee camps needed?
2. Scores are reported dead as meningitis has struck Ishmad. This disease 2. What has made the health situation unsatisfactory?
has wiped out the entire families in the space of 72 hours and can leap from 3. Why are people dying?
village to village. The virulent strain of bacterial meningitis found a perfect 4. What must be done to ease the situation?
breeding ground as the population's resistance to illness is impaired by the 5. What makes the outbreak of meningitis difficult to contain?
effects of famine and chronic malnutrition. Those who contract the disease 6. Why is the disease so easy to catch?
pass the airborne bacteria through coughing and sneezing. To safeguard the
remaining population, an emergency appeal was issued for vaccine to
contain the lethal contagion. The Red Cross and the Red Crescent have EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
already answered the calL Complete the following phrases. Each line stands out for one word:
for related vocabulary go to page 120, for discussion topics go to page 280. __ a aUnge proportiile unei epidemii -- r e p----
__ a se aHa in fata amenintarii -- f the t,_ _ _ __
-- !ipsa de bani -- of m,_ _ _ __
-- a lua masuri drastice d m_ _ _ __
water-borne diseases (adj) -- diseases passed on by the use of

contaminated drinking water -- boli datorate consumului de apa -- un teren £oarte favorabil -- p b g----
-- rezistenta este scazuta -- r is i,_____
infestata
-- a contracta (a lua) 0 boala -- c the d,_ _ _ __
contaminated (adD -- made unclean, harmful, impure -- contaminat, impur

purification tablets (n) -- substante de purificare (a apeD
untreated (adj) -- not purified -- contaminata, infestata for translation practice go to page 248.
rotten (adi) -- not fresh, gone bad -- stricat, alterat
swiftly (adv) quickly, without difficulty -- rapid, u1;"lor
vaccine (n) -- substance protecting against disease -- vaccin
immunize (v) -- secure from disease as a result of vaccination -- a imuniza
inoculation (n) -- injection of vaccine to safeguard against disease -
inoculare
mortalities (n) -- number of deaths caused by something -- mortalitate
III
110
I news item 8: EARTHQUAKE 1 heave (v) - sway - a disloca I a (se) cutremura
rupture (v) - split, burst - a rupe, a secliona
pall of smoke (n) - dark, heavy cloud ofsmoke - nor negru, compact, de fum
raze (v) - destroy, tear down - a rade, a demola
At least 5,000 people are estimated to have died and thousands of others
to have been injured in a destructive earthquake which devastated large
areas of Ishmad. This small mountainous country is prone to seismic EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
disturbances as it lies on a seismological fault. This tragedy proved Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
particularly calamitous and the still incomplete statistics speak of (answer - page 321.)
unprecedented damage. The high magnitude quake measured 7.7 on the
Richter scale and was the strongest this area has experienced in more than a 5,000 - MAGNITUDE - STRIKES AS - QUAKE - KILLED - HIGH - ISHMAD
century. It followed a fortnight of tremors and its epicentre was some 150 miles
southwest of Zento, the Ishmadic capitaL Three small villages, close to the
epicentre, are said to have been completely wiped out. The quake also EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
triggered devastating landslides which destroyed a power station, depriving
one-third of the country of electricity. No aftershocks were reported.
Answer the following questions:
1
At two in the morning, two strong quakes, thirty minutes apart, rocked 1. What information do you get about the country of Ishmad in this
the capital. catching the inhabitants in their sleep and leaving homes report?
badly damaged. Those who did not immediately leave the affected area 2. Did the quake come as a complete surprise?
paid for it with their lives. Hundreds of bodies lie buried under the ruins 3. Why can't the precise number of dead be given at this point?
and the death toll mounts as rescue workers dig into the mounds of 4. What architectural mistake was made in Zento, the capital of the
debris to find those entombed. country?
With half the city reduced to rubble, most of its surviving inhabitants 5. Why did fire accompany the destruction? .·Ii
':
have been left homeless. Hardest hit were the badly-constructed high-rise 6. What is the town's future?
apartment blocks, built of precast concrete slabs, which have sprung up in
recent years. They were the first to collapse on their occupants and they
are now being blamed hr the high death toll as there are few which
withstood the tremors. Many schools and hospitals disintegrated as the Complete the following phrases. Each line stands out for one word:
earth heaved. Other buildings were gutted by fire from ruptured gas pipes
and a pall of smoke still hangs over the town. All the structurally - a devasta tara - d the c_ _ _ __
damaged buildings will have to be razed. It is now predicted that, even
- a fi expus cutremurelor - be p q----
after years of reconstructive work, Zento' will never look the same again. - a gasi pe cineva in timpul somnului - c somebody,_ _ _ __
hiss,_ _ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page 114, for discussion topics go to page 280.
- a se afla sub daramaturi I b u the
r_ _ _ __
- numarul mortilor cre:;;te mereu m_ _ _ __
(seismic) disturbance en) - upheaval - mi§lcare seismica
calamitous (adD - disastrous - dezastre - a-i lasa pe locuitori fara acoperi§l deasupra capului -1 the
________ h________
magnitude (n) - strength - magnitudine
- a suporta undele seismice - w the t_ _ _ __
tremors (n) - quakes - unda seismica, cutremur
- mistuit de foc - g b f_______
wipe out (v) - completely destroy - a rade de pe fata pCimantului
trigger (v) start, initiate - a declan§la, a da na§ltere
deprive of (v) - strip of something - a priva (de ceva) for translation practice go to page 248.
mounds of debris (n) - heaps, piles of rubble, wreckage - mormane de
daramaturi
entomb (v) - bury - a ingropa
rubble (n) - debris - sfaramaturi, moloz
spring up (sprang, sprung) (v) - appear, grow from the ground a rasari
(a se inalta) din pamant
112 8. 113
hamper (v) - hinder, prevent activity - a ingreuna
limbs en) - appendages, arms and legs membre ale trunchiului, brate,
picioare
grievously (adv) - dreadfully, severely - grav (ranit)
A powerful eartquake devastated Palmon, in southern Anturia, in the
run low (v) - suffer shortage of - a duce !ipsa
early hours of yesterday morning. Buildings rocked and fell apart as the
tremor struck the area. The city centre was completely obliterated while
residential districts suffered similar levels of damage, as well as massive
casualties. According to reports from the scene, entire buildings
disappeared into fissures. The death tool is, as yet, unclear but it will run Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
into tens of thousands. Temporary shelter in tents is being offered to the
homeless who seek in improvised camps outside the city, but most
CONTINUE - RESCUE - SAVE - VICTIMS TO - QUAKE - EFFORTS
are stumbling down rubble-strewn streets, dazed and frightened, waiting
for the bodies of their to be recovered.
Search-and-rescue aided by dogs, are looking for survivors, but
EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
the dogs get very distressed climbing through the rubble, which is heavy
with the smell of The teams have also brought with them ~n."''''''n
equipment to help for and pillPoint the thousands trapped in the
1. Which parts of the town have suffered most damage?
ruins. They have sophisticated thermal-imaging infra-red cameras, which
2. Why aren't some of the survivors staying in the shelters provided?
can detect the heat generated by a survivor's body. Sound devices are not
3. What methods are used to look for survivors?
being used because the noise at the scene of the emergency renders them
4. What factors are making the difficult ?
useless. Relief efforts are being hampered by sub-zero temperatures, which
5. Why are the first 24 hours vital in a rescue operation?
diminish the chances of survival for those still alive and buried. Most of
6. What was the international response to the tragedy?
those found are dead.
Previous earthquakes have taught that the first 24 hours are critical. If
adequate measures are not taken immediately, the body count increases
dramatically. The injured, who are pulled out from under the rubble, must
Complete the following phrases. Each line stands out for one word:
often have gangrenous limbs amputated immediately. This is the only way
to save them from the fatal toxic shock which sets in when a limb is - a se transforma intr-un morman de moloz - f a _ _ _ __
crushed. Official media reports said that the quake levelled all hospitals,
- a inregistra pagube ~i pierderi umane - s d and
and thousands of grievously injured are being treated in field conditions. c_ _ _ __
As supplies of blood ran low. an appeal was issued for international aid. - a oferi adapost temporar celor fara casa - 0 s_ _ _ __
Worldwide funds were set up to assist tragedy-stricken Palmon. t theh_ _ __
- a gasi trupurile - r the b _ _ _ __
for discussion topics go to page 280. - a detecta caldura emanata de corp - d h_ _ _ __
g b ab_ _ __
- a ingreuna actiunea de salvare - h r e _____
obliterate (v) - wipe out - a distruge, a ~terge de pe fata pamontului - a diminua ~ansele de supravietuire - d the c of
casualties (n) victims - victime s______
fissure (n) - opening in the ground created by pressure - fisura, falie - a aplica masuri adecvate - a m _ _ _ __
stumble down (v) - stagger - a se impleticii - a lansa apel pentru ajutor - i an a for a._ _ _ __
strew {strewed, strewn} (v) - scatter - a impra~tia, a risipi - a organiza colectarea de bani - s u a 1_ _ _ __
recover (v) find, get back - a gasi, a descoperi
distressed (adj) - upset - nelini~tit, nervos for translation practice go to page 249.
pinpoint (v) locate - a localiza
sophisticated (adj) - complex, with the latest improvements and
refinements - sofisticat
render useless (v) - make or become unusable -a face (a devenil nefolositor
114 115
ravine en) - deeg narrow valley - ravina
I news item 10: AVALANCHES venture (v) - go so far as - a se aventura
Eight climbers, two of them girls, were swept to their deaths yesterday EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
when an avalanche of ice and snow thundered down Mount Bloor. It hit the Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
party of two guides and six teenagers shortly after they had made a dawn (answer - page 321.)
start to assault the peak, despite both adverse weather conditions and
official warnings. They were swept down the slopes from a mist-covered ON - AVALANCHE - SLOPES REPORTED - MORE - THE - DEATHS
mountain ledge, and buried under thousands of tons of debris.
It is not yet known what triggered this avalanche. Severe frost has delayed
the rescue operation and the teams are finding it increasingly hard to reach the EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
disaster site. A rescue worker is quoted as saying that there is no chance of Answer the following questions:
finding any survivors. He even doubted whether they would be able to find the
bodies as three feet of snow feU during the night. If the bad weather persists, 1. Why was the climbers' decision unwise?
the search for the missing climbers will have to be abandoned until early 2.How did th~y die?
spring when the snows begin to melt. Meanwhile, the authorities have 3. What makes the rescue difficult or almost impossible?
requested extra snowploughs to clear the tracks and free scores of tourists , 4. How was the missing skier's body found?
stranded in mountain villages. S. What are all skiers requested to do ?
Just two days ago, rescue teams at a nearby resort were alerted when 6. What is the connection between soil erosion and avalanches?
a skier strayed off the piste. When he was unable to avoid the surging
wall of snow, he was buried in the cascade. Sniffer dogs were brought in
and his body, thrown 1,200 feet by the impact, was found under a heap in EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
a ravine. It was dug out, although near-zero visibility made the rescue Complete the following phrases. Each line stands out for one word:
operation extremely difficult. Following this tragedy, a warning has been

issued to skiers to keep to established runs and, by no means, to venture - a fi strivit de avalan§la s an
onto steep, unmarked slopes. In January alone, avalanches caused a,_ _ _ __
fourteen deaths. - conditii meteorologice proaste a w c,_____
The increase in the number of avalanches is believed to be the result - ingropat sub zapada b u the s_ _ __
of the widespread deforestation of the mountain slopes to make way for ski - acUune de salvare r 0,_ _ _ __
resorts. The resulting serious erosion of topsoil has substantially multiplied -locul tragediei d s,_____
the incidence of avalanches and endangered skiers' lives. - cautarea celor care au supravietuit s,_____ ,______
s_____
for related vocabulary go to page 118, [or discussion topics go to page 280. - a opri cautarile - a the s,_ _ _ __
- a avertiza, a da un semnal de alarma - a w _ _ _ __
- in nici un caz - b n m_ _ _ __
sweep (swept, swept) (v) - push away - a azvarli (a strivi) - a multiplica numarul cazurilor - m the ,_____
thunder (v) - make a loud crashing noise - a bubui - a ameninta viata - e one's ,_____
assault (v) - attack - asalt, atac
debris (n) - sweepings and rubble - rama§lite, fragmente for translation practice go to page 249.
trigger (v) - initiate - a decIan§la
persist (v) - continue to exist - a continua (de a £0, a persista
stranded (adi> - 1e[t without means of transport - izolat
stray off (v) - wander from the right path - a pierde (a rataci) drumul bun
plste (n) - skiers' route - partie
surge (v) - move forward - a aparea pe nea1,>teptate in fata
sniffer dogs (n) - rescue dogs - caini salvatori
heap (n) - mound - morman de resturi
116 117
snap (v) - break with a crack - a se rupe troznind
blast (n) - explosion - explozie
perish (v) - die - a pieri, a muri
extinct (adj) - no longer active - stins, inactiv
There is increased danger of fresh mudflows from Mount Araramo,
according to the latest reports from Anturia. Eruptions reached a height
of 2.5 miles yesterday as the volcano entered its eleventh week of violent EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
activity, despite vulcanologists' predictions that it was subsiding. Mt.
Araramo, dormant for three centuries, erupted for the first time this year
on June 9th with the strenght of a 20-megaton hydrogen bomb. That
upheaval sent rocks and plumes of hot ash twelve miles into the air.
TO - MT. ARARAMO - MORE - ACTIVITY - BRING - FROM - VOLCANIC
Large amounts of lava have already been released and molten rock is - DESTRUCTION - STILL
continually oozing out of cracks in the ground. Large pieces of floating
pumice were found on the surface of the ocean 150 miles south of Mt.
Araramo indicating a simultaneous underwater explosion. EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
Thousands of trees snapped like twigs seconds after the initial blast. Answer the following questions:
Superheated gases melted ice and snow on the upper parts of the
mountain which resulted in an avalanche of boiling water and mud. Dust 1. What miscalculation did the vulcanologists make?
reached as far as 4,000 miles, lengthening the glow of sunsets by almost
2. What phenomena accompanied the eruption?
two hours. Massive amounts of C02 released into the atmosphere are
3. Why is the blast so destructive to the environment?
believed to be adding substantially to the greenhouse effect already 4. What caused the casualties?
threatening our planet. 5. Are volcano eruptions rare on our planet?
One hundred people are said to have perished in various volcano
related incidents. Some were killed by poisonous gases, others were
buried alive by twelve feet of volcanic ash, or hit by falling rocks. Forty EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN ,
,
thousand villagers have already fled the area as heavy rains threaten Complete the following phrases. Each line stands out for one word:
I',
to send more mud and debris further down the mountain slopes. Several 'il
hundred cattle were killed and 100,000 acres of crops destroyed. The - potrivit relatarilor recente - a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
damage is estimated to be in excess of two hundred million Anturian r ______
dollars. - a atinge inaltimea - r a h _ _ _ __
The world experiences an average of thirty major eruptions each year - activitate vulcanica violenta - v v a _ _ _ __
from more than six hundred active volcanoes. Others, though believed to - a exploda cu foria unei bombe - e w a s _ _ _ __
be extinct because of centuries of dormancy, may be only waiting to o ab,_ _ _ __
thunder back to life. - a contribui in mod considerabil - a s_ _ _ __
-ingropat de vi u - b a,'_____
for discussion topics go to page 281. - a parasi in graba zona - f the a _ _ _ __
- pagube care depa~esc valoarea x - d is i,_ _ _ __
e ofx
mudflows (n) - flows of mud - ~uvoaie de namol - secole de inactivitate c 0 d,_ _ _ __
eruption (n) - outbreak of a volcano - eruptie
prediction (n) - forecast, telling in advance - prognoza for translation practice go to page 250.
subside (v) - become quieter, less violent - a scadea in intensitate
dormant (adj) - in a state of temporary inactivity - inactiv (temporar)
upheaval (n) - cataclysm - cataclism
plumes (n) -large feathers - farame, bucaii mici
molten (adj) -liquefied - topit, lichefiat
ooze (v) -leak, flow - a se scurge
pumice (n) -light, porous stone - piatra ponce, tuf vulcanic
118 119
!;
I news item 12: GAS POISONING endanger (v) - put in danger - a pune in pericol
facilitate (v) - make something easier - a facilita
A geological explosion cracked the bottom of a volcanic lake in a remote

region of northern Arahon two days ago, releasing a cloud of toxic gas that is EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
estimated to have killed at least 1,200 people. The casualty figures are Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
incomplete and the death toU may be much higher. The gas is believed to (answer - page 321.)
have escaped at night. The wind blew the toxic fumes over villages scattered
on the hillside, and caught people in their sleep, in several cases wiping out PEOPLE - KILL DEADLY - MYSTERY - IN - 1.200 - FUMES - DRAMA
whole families. The cloud, a mixture of unspecified lethal gases of volcanic
origin, was apparently trapped in the sediment at the bottom of the lake and
might have been released by a small tremor. It then rose to the surface and EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
exploded. Although the gas is said to have dispersed by now, many residents Answer the following questions:
have fled the area, fearing for their
A relief operation in now under way. Hundreds of people injured by 1. What caused the release of gas?
the fumes are being treated in hospitals, which are ill-equipped to deal 2. What made the death toll so high?
with the blistered and paralyzed survivors. The site has been isolated and 3. Is the danger over?
army teams are searching the four-square-mile disaster area for more 4. What effect did the gas have on people?
victims. As the temperature soars, the soldiers have been instructed to 5. Why must rescue teams hurry ?
bury the dead immediately in mass graves so as to head off the threat of 6. What has been the response from international organizations?
epidemics. A stench of decay hangs in the air while the decomposing
animal bodies have already contaminated the water supply,
EXERCISE ~. PHRASES TO LEARN
endangering the lives of those who refused to be evacuated.

The disaster reportedly caused unprecedented emotion among the Complete the following phrases. Each line stands out for one word:
tragedy-stricken population and the evacuees were offered all that was
- a elibera un nor de gaz - r a e 0,_ _ _ __
available. The President has called for international assistance to cope
with the catastrophe. Several countries have already responded to the g---
- cifrele sunt incomplete - are i,_ _ _ __
call and offered to fly in help, donations and supplies during the
- a-i surprinde pe oameni in timpul somnului - c p,_ _ _ __
emergency. Doctors in many countries are on standby ready to fly to ,_____ their s,_____
Arehon at three hours' notice. An air-strip has been improvised to
- gaz de origine vulcanica - g of v 0,_ _ _ __
facilitate the relief operation.
- actiunea de salvare este in toi - the r 0 is
u w______
for discussion topics go to parJ.e 281.
- a-i trata pe cei care au suferit leziuni - t the i,_ _ _ __
- a izola locul accidentului - the d s,______
- a inlatura pericolul epidemiei - 0 the t,_ _ _ __
release {v} - set free - a elibera ofe,______
fumes (n) - gas, strong smelling smoke - gaz ~li fum puternic mirositor - a solicitaajutor international- c,_____ "-_ _ _ _ ,_____
lethal (adi> - causing death - mortal a,_____
sediment (n) - what settles at the bottom of reservoirs - roci sedimentare
- populaUa afectata de nenorocire - -s p,_ _ _ __
disperse (v) - a (se) dispersa
-la trei ore de 10 notificare - a three h n _ _ _ __
flee (fleIL fled) (v) - run away from - a fugi din
- a facilita actiunea de salvare a r 0'_ _ _ __
ill-equipped (adj) - without proper equipment echipat necorespunzator
blistered (adj) - with burned skin - cu pielea arsa, ba~icata
for translation practice go to page 250.
head off (v) - prevent - a preveni
stench en) - odour - duhoare, miros greu
decompose (v) - go off. rot- a descompune
contaminate (v) - make dirty or poisonous - a contamina
120
_ f~
....
a P . . -"..u~i"." ~ ~".', ,".i' r0...... .-
-
.i~"inl.t . h
3. 4- '- ., .}.'
d'" ;
. . . , h.,,.. '\~"
"'" tOr ...
1e,
..... pm, f(,(,'l • .....
.:;. nfMlllf·ad,pII',o·· in
tn '" .
"iI
1'\lI'M'
n~'
Ihl
~m
II • •
inf,n'~t .." -'''' ,

w.". of ""'file
"",v.nll nut
..." ra~hen,
to licularlv
~IWMII ~!, .
:(;JJi;jo~ 'Tolfa::;'l e~d {t,. . ;:~~::" qr-l

··'ii.;"ilerald in IrainedS,?f tilt'
. . ,.
•
.........
~(\ S
t'tddpairin .... '"
... .
d I
....
p1.
•
," ~.(··llr.nelfAII "1 "1
,,," " " " " " , " q~S
section two:
_u,-l\%"fIuni~~h'"''
(If <01.... "'1' ..'r,. • \ .
(t JI r ( ) . tnt r "nl...... " .• I;';IIlt. Ihat t •
i\'S. '- . . . ~ "-, """ ~rroJ. ' ' "..11l1e

'S
MAN-MADE DISASTERS
l.~iiJ 70 ARE INJURED IN FATAL COlll::"v.. news item

news item
13:
14:
ACCIDENTS AT AIR SHOWS .......... 124
AEROPLANE CRASHES ............... 126
- - -. - - - - , . fire
:rash hon.o
news item 15: FIRES .............................. 128
news item 16: MINES - FIRES, EXPLOSIONS .......... 130
news item 17: OIL SPILLS ........................ .132
II.. . . . . . .
fI \\\rl\~, lr'~'Jh~ es 25 ~""'. ~
w,·t·~,I:/"',
H
news item 18: SEA COLLISIONS .................... 134
IUJur",_. ~::.' ...moi'"

1.. _"\t't 1 ...· ' . \ t'" "'ill: ,t4lJjfl. nut
\\ •.H \. • • Ion jI.
;III I:' ,,"
'''''h kills ten,
\II 0( hf'm N
. news item 19: ROAD· ACCIDENTS .................. 136
. . . . ~~..'m~~f'f'labl ::! ~dReactor

' 'f:\",,,"C .--'
rway eras news item 20: TRAIN CRASHES .................... 138
re
..
.~y
. ,,' f
", . \'\lor..*
lJl
\\1i '.
ast Ie111. fillllin,I~

•_ _ . . . . . . J'I,""'""fit
\li'bo''''' 1111 .,
news item 21: NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS ............... 140
,".~ S .... ""'" .• .... _-;;; 11:.";, _"""'''"fall

'lit '" •
I1rittiln .. rile "m' ...
;
Ie
I '"", ......;..,--...
,,,,, ",....:;..;,.. n. - ...... r.:.... '''''''
,.... ""'"
It}', C'I
~ ~jllt!d• • In,~ lOtidMI. I~ j

~~~~:~~£~~,pnot and son die in'heli;::nnt",
' <hi mlahr rixbttd b1r "4lt

,", ;.
~t G~8i27 Die in London Subway Fi

S
'ond era. I'" rprp'a'I<'1.I11 '" "'I'~ "If"It·h.·.."""~ ••nl/,'"
t roo'''', ". ",/ "". HlII'." I •••,' II r~ ,,}'
'I ,'.111,/. ,,,,,,i;,'
.... •..." "I ' .• "/11
'Ost .
:c,)111·\1··". tn()th"'1att!~
• .,c... ,pel/
h
s""ill";"
rI'
"",'"<1"'.1"'"I.·."'."c '"l! "."It,,,,,, H".p"

'''''.,.., .'..... , I, In
. .~" ",c.~ ,oh... ,,,~.,. ,. h e sma
·
...t lIDS 0 r/bO'h
;,'\ "I~I r
011\" ,1/ II. .... ,'1"
S
f
·'"'''''''''' "" "".., I,an
hI h"r~1
I;"..,. .....
·.11 10.1,'
'h.j.: ~<'. S eS
,.'
I +l
j
It f (h..
<)tS"'r",,,,,,~.,,
".... I ••
w/.
(.tv ,.,,(,1,...
. r.' 1'.,."
H."
" "" I", ",,/
h.lI "'11 • '\e\ ..".,"
~ nuclear ;:":"'' ' ' ' '. Ulr~r '"1.\/ } •
~l-1 dl-saster
."""dd,~ ~s l~q ",;;;·.;;:::::T..··"
Nuclear Tlh11"tor' *' UIf· ··.rtt;:t,. II
i ..
" .. -'w;,
r,,,~,,,,f)(>l.
"'IIIft'
U\
·'i!". d"'I'I'" fI" • ..
:r,lV·f".,.
fl'·I""". • a I.".tL1r "qdJ-'" u'" t _
.• - the brilliant whkb
J'.. •<.
reactors:;;';;tO\~'§?£~.~-.'''i~i
YOU "."
• '- < .,-.. " . . . . ". O:IC n',

OID1C
L
· am
era t lD2 '.-ue;....B.\\l.'~~', ~"Q' n ,<Iii. 1
stall (v) - stop functioning -Q (se) opri din functionare
steep (adj) - rising or falling sbarply - abrupt, propostios
eject (v) - bere: make an emergency exit witb a paracbute - a ejecta
deploy (v) - unfold - a (se) deschide
The annual air show in Altenland came to an abrupt end yesterday .trap (v) - fasten - a strange (rn centum)
when three planes colllded in mid-air and disintegrated. Two heart

shaped formations of jets were flying towards each other from opposite
directions, in what was to have been the highlight of the show, when the EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
disaster struck. About three hundred thousand spectators watched in Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
horror as the wreckage of the planes plunged to the ground near the main (answer - page 321.)
stand, sending a huge ball of fire into the air, blowing people off their feet
and showering debris over a wide area. Thousands of hysterical people 60 - AIR - JETS - SHOW - HORRIFYING - AT - KILLING - IN - COLLIDE _
ran for their lives as panic broke out. At least twenty spectators were killed A-ACCIDENT
in the stampede. Hundreds were severely burned. Witnesses described

such horrifying scenes as the one in which a man was beheaded by flying
debris. EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
So far the catastrophe has claimed sixty victims. One hundred and Answer the following questions:
twenty are being treated for multiple injuries, smoke inhalation and burns.
Local hospitals, which have accommodated the victims, are filled to 1. Why did the accident kill so many people?
capacity. The initial inquiry has established that pilot error and 2. What was the cause of the collision? i
miscalculation were to blame. There is unconfirmed speculation that the 3. Why is a total ban on air shows being considered? I
sun may have disorientated one of the pilots. 4. What do the other two accidents described in the text prove?
The future of the show is now in doubt as this incident is likely to fuel
discussion on a total ban of low-altitude flying and aerobatic stunts in the
limited air space available at displays. Almost every show ends with EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN !
,I
reports of "near misses". The organizers of the Altenland show supposedly Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word: i
met all international safety requirements. However, mid-air collisions

carry the risk of aircraft plummeting in unpredictable directions. - a se incheia - c an e,_ _ _ __
Last year in Altenland a bomber crashed while landing. The pilot lost - a privi cu consternare - w h_ _ _ __
control when the engine stalled as the plane was making a steep - a impro§ltia resturi - s d'-_ _ __
approach for a short landing at the end of a four-minute demonstration. In . - a fugi pentru a-~i salva viafa - r one's 1,_ _ _ __
another accident, a pilot ejected from his fighter plane less than one ' - s-a declan§lat panica - p b o,~_ _ __
hundred feet above the runway. His parachute did not deploy and he - a descrie scene de groazo - d h s_ _ _ __
landed still strapped to his seat, sustaining multiple injuries. - catastrofa a cauzat moartea a x oameni - c c x
v_____
for related vocabulary go to page 126, for disussion topics go to page 281. - a trata numeroasele leziuni corporale - t m,_ _ _ __
- a umple pano la limite Ie posibilului - to c._ _ __

abrupt (adj) - unexpectedly sudden - nea§lteptat . - a declan§la a discutie, a dezbatere (a turna gaz peste foc) - f,_ _ __
collide (v) - meet and crasb - a intra In coliziune d._ _ __
disintegrate (v) - break up into small parts - a dezintegra - a indeplini cerintele de securitate - m s'_ _ _ __
highlight (n) - most prominent part - punct culminant

plunge (v) - fall rapidly - a (se) probu~i
stampede (n) - sudden rusb of frigb ten ed people or animals - panico for translation practice go to page 250.
behead (v) - cut off someone's bead - a toia capul cuiva, a decapita
ban (n) - probibition - interdictie
altitude (n) - beigbt - altitudine
plummet (v) - fa1l, plunge steeply - a pica in zig-zag
mayday call (n) - international signal of distress - in cod international:
",",~
:!:I
I,
semnal de ajutor ,III
plummet (v) - fall, plunge steeply - a pica in zig-zag
mutilate (v) - damage done to a body - a mutUa
1. Four people died yesterday when their aircraft bound for Palmon mangled (adi> - cut up, torn, damaged - distrus, zdrobit
crashed and burst into flames soon after take-off. The plane ploughed into falter {v} - waver, stall, lose strengtb -a pierde din putere, a avea sincope
a field and broke apart. As fuel poured out, the wreck caught fire and pall (n) - dark, beavy cloud - nor gras, negru
burned. The son of the pilot, who had watched the plane taxi across the overhaul (n) - tborougb examination - revizie generala
field, take off and crash after a nose-dive. ran across to the plane but it bereaved (adi> - saddened by death - indurerat, indoliat
was already ablaze. He attempted to rescue the passengers but had to be
dragged away from the scene for his own safety. He said he could hear the
people in the plane screaming, but they burned to death before the fire EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
fighters arrived. Civil aviation experts examined the wreckage the next Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:
day and blamed the pilot's handling of the aircraft for the disaster. (answer - page 321.)
2. An airbus crashed fifty yards short of thf3 runway at Bradley Airport
yesterday and exploded on impact. It had suffered engine failure and the 1. 4 - BLAMED - WHICH - PILOT - FOR - CRASH - PLANE - KILLED
pilot had sent a mayday call requesting an emergency landing. But, 2. DEAD - ENGINE - AFTER - 123 - CRASHES - FAILURE - AS - JET
within seconds of being cleared to land, the plane had burst into flames
and had plummeted to the ground. The wreckage suggested that the fire
was the fiercest over the wings, where emergency exits are located. Most EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
of the victims were found still strapped in their seats. There were no Answer the following questions:
survivors among the 123 on board including 10 crew members. The bodies,
were so badly burnt and mutilated they had to be identified from dental What are the basic differences between the two accidents described
records. in the report?
Rescue teams sealed off the site and began examining the mangled Could the people in the first accident have been saved?
wreckage, trying to piece together what had gone wrong. Eyewitnesses What suggests that the pilot of the jet was aware of the danger?
reported hearing a faltering engine noise and seeing a pall of black What methods are used to establish the cause of the accident?
smoke behind the craft. The inquiry revealed that it was to be the plane's
last flight before an engine overhaul. Surprisingly, there was no "black
box" flight recorder on the aircraft but radio transmissions indicated that EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
the accident was probably caused by a technical error. Though messages Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
of sympathy were sent to the bereaved by airline authorities, it is likely

that they will be sued for damages by the victims' families. - a se aprinde ~i a arde in flacad - c and
b,_ _ __
for discussion topics go to page 282. - pornit, in drum spre - b,_____ L _ _ _ _- - - .
- a lncerca sa salveze - a to r_____
... a invinui pentru dezastru - b the ~ _____
plough (v) - break up land - a (se) prabu~i - a suferi avarii ale motorului - s e,_____
L. _ _ __
taxi (v) - (of a plane) move overground on wbeels -a merge pe sol {inainte ~ a identifica dupa fi~ele dentare - f d,_ _ __
de decolare sau dupa aterizare} r_____
nose-dive (n) - (of a plane) come down, nose first - a se prabu;;;i in pica;, - a izola locul - s a the s'_ _ __
in bot (av.) - a trimite condoleante celor indurerati Cindoliqti) -:- s,_ _ __
ablaze (adj) - on fire - in flacari m _'_ of s to the ~ _____
drag (v) - pull away from - a smulge
wreckage (n) - fragments, broken objects - ramal}ite, rest uri ,lor translation practice go to page 251.
runway (n) - part of an airfield for planes to land and take off - pista
(decolare, aterizare)
impact (n) - moment of collision impact
126 127
I new~ item 15: FIRES u
J
charred (adj) - blackened by burning - carbonizat
smoulder (v) - burn slowly without flame - a arde inabu:jlit I mocnit
gut (v) - destroy the inside of a building - a devasta (pe dinauntru)
1. Two children were severely burned and the third jumped to his
death from a window, when the fire swept their home. Their father was EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
turned into a human fireball when he dashed into the blazing house to Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:
save them, and had to be rushed to hospital. He was badly burnt, suffering (answer - page 321.)
from smoke inhalation. and had to be revived. The firemen were beaten
back by dense smoke and falling debris and a few were overcome by 1.. TRAGIC - HOUSE - DIE - FIRE - IN - THERE
fumes. By the time the baIze was put out, the house had been completely 2. MYSTERY - MAN - IN - BLAZE - HOSPITAL - AFTER - CRITICAL
burnt out. Police believe that inflammable upholstery had caught fire 3. ALL - BURNS - OCCUPANTS - KILLING - DOWN - SHELTER
from a discarded match, or that a short circuit could be to blame. The
children, aged three, five and six, had been left unattended, while the
father was having a beer at the local pub. EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
2. A powerful explosion rocked a house in Trontham in the early hours Answer the following questions:
of the morning with a raging fire breaking out. The fire gained such a hold
that it consumed the house in a matter of minutes. The owner ran out of the 1. What were the causes of fires in all three stories?
house engulfed in flames. Neighbours tried to smother the flames with 2. Could these accidents have been avoided?
blankets but his polyester shirt melted onto his arms and chest and he 3. Which accident do you find the most tragic?
suffered third degree burns. He is said to be on the critical list with burns
over 95% of his body. Detectives investigating the scene say that the man
was probably engaged in the illegal production of alcohol and the naked EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
flame of a distilling device may have started the blaze. Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
3. A shelter for the homeless burnt down last night because neither the
smoke detector nor the sprinkler system was working, investigations - a mud sarind pe fereastra - j one's d _ _ _ __
revealed. When the fire brigade arrived at the scene, the building was - a transporta (rapid) la spital - r to h _ _ __
already enveloped in flames and smoke. It continued to burn fiercely. - a nu putea inainta din cauza fumului dens - b b by
despite extensive efforts to extinguish the blaze. The heat was so intense d s,_ _ __ I
that rescue workers had to use asbestos suits to get anywhere near the - intoxicat cu oxid de carbon - 0 by ._____
inferno. Charred and smouldering bodies are being removed from the - a se aprinde - c f'-_ _ __
gutted building, but identifying the victims will be hard because all the - a ramane nesupravegheat - u_____
records were destroyed. The cause of the disaster is unknown. - in dear la cateva minute - a m 0,_ _ _ __
m _ _ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page 98, for discussion topics go to page 282. - a suferi arsuri de gradul trei - s d,_____
- in pofida eforturilor intense - d e e _____
blaze (v) - burn with a flame - a arde in flacari - invaluH de fum - e i s,_____
smoke inhalation (n) - breathing in smoke - fum inhalat - a extrage cadavrele carbonizate - r c b,_____
revive (v) - bring back to consciousness - a readuce la viata

inflammable (adj) - easily set on fire - inflamabil , for translation practice go to page 251,
engulf (v) - surround and swallow - a tnghiU
smother (v) - put out fire by covering with something - a inabu:jli, a stinge
(focuD
smoke detector (n) - alarm device which is activated by smoke - detector
de fum
fiercely (adv) - intensely - intens
extinguish (v) - put out - a stinge . 9.
129
unaccounted for (adj) - missing -!ipsa, de negasit
belch (v) send out smoke and flames - a erupe
. pit (n) - coal-pit, mine - galerie de mina

derail (v) - run off the rails - a deraia
air-pocket (n) bubble of air - punga de gaz (aer)
1. One hundred miners are mlssmg and presumed dead, in the strenuous (adD - using great effort - extenuant
nation's worst mining disaster this century. As deadly methane gas
leaked into the coal mine in Benton, the eight hundred miners inside
rushed to. emergency points. Although most escaped to safety, about a EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
hundred were cut off when the gas exploded and fire broke out in the Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:
main shaft. A fifty-man rescue team was ordered to abandon their efforts (answer - page 321.)
when it became apparent that there was no hope of survival for those
trapped inside. The colliery will be shut until experts conclude their 1. INFERNO - DIE - IN - HUNDRED - MINE - ONE
investigation into the cause of the disaster. 2. HOPE - SEALED - FOR - ALL - PIT - TO - RESCUE - DIES - AFTER - BE
2. There has been an explosion at a coal mine following a dreadful
rumbling more than 1,000 feet below ground. It is feared that forty-seven
miners were killed instantly, crushed by roof falls, asphyxiated, or burnt EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
alive. The blast started a fierce fire which swept through the tunnels. Only Answer the following questions:
thirteen bodies have been recovered. Thirty-four miners are still
unaccounted for and hopes for their rescue have run out. Ninety-two What poses a real threat for miners in coal mines?
miners have been brought up to safety from the belching smoke and fire, What makes rescue operations difficult ?
some very badly burnt, their faces scorched and and blackened. Despite What other kinds of incidents can endanger miners' lives?
the latest technology in fighting blazes in mines, the pit will have to be Describe the rescue operation in passage four,
sealed because firefighters are unable to contain the inferno raging

underground.
3. Miners fought for two hours trying to free three colleagues after a pit EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
train was derailed and then crashed against the wall of the tunnel. The Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
three miners, who were trapped under the wreckage, had to be freed by
using hand-operated cutting tools, for fear of a methane explosion at the - disparuU, probabil morti - m , p._____ '-', _ _ _ __
scene. - a fugi tntr-un lac sigur - e to s,_____
4. The collapse of a reservoir caused flooding in an iron-ore mine - a abandona eforturile - a e_ _ _ __
trapping three miners in an air pocket 250 feet below the surface. A shaft - fara speranta de a supravieiui - with n of
was drilled to the men to lower a microphone for communication, and s,_ _ _ __
provide supplies, while another, a much wider one, was made to bring - a tncheia ancheta - c__________
them up. Despite the danger of a rooff all, the operation was completed - a gasi corpurile - r b_ _ _ __
successfully after three days of strenuous work. - in pofida celor mai noi realizari ale tehnicii - d the
for discussion topics go to page 282. - de leama fata de - of
- a furniza provizii - p s,_____
- a incheia actiunea - c an 0,_ _ _ __
leak (v) - (of gas) let in or out through a crack - a (se) infiltra (ref. gaz)
rush (v) - hurry - a se grabi for translation practice go to page 252.
shaft (n) vertical tunnel for descending into the pit put de mina
apparent (adi> - clear, obvious - clar, evident
trap (v) - cut off, capture - a Ii prins in cursa
coll1ery (n) - coal mine with buildings and equipment - mina de carbune
rumbling (n) - explozie, bubuitura
asphyxiate (v) - die because of lack of oxygen or bad gas - a (se) asfixia .
130 131
tow (v) - pull along by a rope - a remorca (eu a parama)
tug (n) - small boat for towing ships - remorcher
skim (v) - remove floating matter from the surface - a curata (suprafala
apeD
booms (n) - floating objects held together to prevent something floating
1. An emergency operation is under way after a fully-laden oil tank away - pIasa plutitoare de protectie
was hit by an explosion off the coast of Veldonia. The tanker was heading rupture (v) - break apart - a (se) rupe
east, with 80,000 tons of oiL About 20,000 tons gushed from the ship after spew (v) - gush, discharge - a revarsa, a se scurge
fire broke out, enough to categorize it as a major spillage and obligatory (adj) - required by law - obligatoriu prin lege
environmental disaster. All crew members were winched from the deck to
safety and rescued. Waves crashing over the wreck finally estinguished
the fire after 10 hours. EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
A 40-mile oil slick from the abandoned and half-submerged tanker is Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:
slowly being pushed towards the coast by high winds and currents. At the (answer - page 322,)
moment it is too wide to be contained and would require hundreds of tons
of antipollutants. However, the oil is light crude and much of it will soon 1. CREATES - OIL - SEAS - SLICK - IN - HEAVY - EXPLOSION - TANKER
evaporate. A salvage crew, with the pollution fighting equipment, is 2. FORCE - SAFER - PROPOSALS - FOR - TRANSPORT - NEW - OIL
standing by waiting for the seas to become less heavy. Once the seas are -ACCIDENTS
calmer, the wreck will be taken in tow by salvage tugs and another tanker
will take on the remaining 60,000 tons of oiL The main spill will be cleaned
up by skimming off the oil from the surface of the water. EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
2. An American tanker ran aground this morning, after taking on its Answer the following questions:
cargo, and leaked 100,000 barrels of oil into the sea. The oil formed a slick
about four miles long. It is feared that high waves may break the ship in 1. What are the elements'of a rescue operation involving tankers?
half, releasing the remaining oil, as the winds grow stronger by the 2. What makes the skimming of oil so difficult?
minute. Floating booms have been set up to try to stop marine life in the· 3. What steps should be taken to minimize the risk of another tragedy
area from being threatened and to prevent the slick from being washed on taking place?
shore.
The accident happened just days after another tanker struck a reef
while trying to avoid floating ice. Several of the vessel's tanks were EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
ruptured below the water line and the ship spewed 420,000 gals. of oil into Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
the sea. As human error is blamed for more than half of oil spills, there are
calls to impose tougher regulations on oil-shipping, including obligatory - a se Indrepta spre est - e_ _ _ __
alcohol testing of crews. Tankers should be built with double hulls, which -tmpins de vant puternic - p b h_ _ _ __
are more expensive to build, but offer more protection if a collision occurs. w_____
- a fi in a$teptare - s_____ ~ _ _ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page 166, for discussion topics go to page 283. - a prelua restul de petrol - t a r_ _ _ __
0 _ _ _ __
-a e~ua - r a _ _ _ __
gush (v) - flow freely and suddenly - a ta~ni, a se revarsa - a rupe pe jumatate - b i h_ _ _ __
spillage (n) - amount which is spilled - pierde prin scurgere - tot mai puternic cu Hecare minut - s b the
winch (v) - hoist, pull up - a ridica eu ajutorul unui vinci m _ _ _ __

extinguish (v) - put out - a stinge . - a preveni ca pelicula de petrol sa ajunga la farm - p _ _ _ __
slick (n) film of oil covering an area of the sea - pelicula (pata) de ulei pe o b w on s_ _ _ __
mare - a introduce norme mai aspre - r_ _ _ __
current (1'1) - stream of water - curent marin
evaporate (v) - become vapour - a vaporiza for translation practice go to page 252.
salvage (v) - rescue, save - a salva
132 133
numb (adj) - dazed -lnmarmurit, paralizat II
capsize (v) - overturn, keel over - a se scufunda II
list (v) -lean to one side - a se inclina pe 0 parte
hamper (v) - hinder, prevent activity - a impiedica
1. Eighty people are feared drowned in a ferry disaster which took
place in the early hours of the morning. The Rose of the Seas bound for
Galamos, sank in shallow coastal waters after striking a reef in dense fog EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
3 miles off Gueno, Anturia's major port. The impact of the collision cut Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:
electricity, plunging the ship into darkness as water quickly began to (answer - page 322.)
the craft. As the ship began to keel over, the captain gave the order to
abandon the vessel but it went down too quickly for many to get to the 1. AS - OFF - SINKS - FERRY - FEARED - GUENO - DROWNED - 80
deck and lifeboats. Teams of divers are working around the clock 2. 108 - STUNNED - AS - FERRY - KILLING COLLIDE - WORLD - AND
searching the sunken ferry and retrieving bodies. Rescuers mounted an _TANKER
air-sea search involving lifeboats and helicopters. Those passengers who 3. DROWNED - SEA FREEZING - CAPSIZES - IN - AS - 350 - FERRY
are still unaccounted for are believed to be still trapped inside the
submerged vessel.
2. A shipping tragedy, in which one hundred and eight people are EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
believed to have perished, happened when a ferry cut across the path of Answer the following questions:
a tanker. As the tanker rammed it, the ferry was sliced in two and sank
within seconds. Only a handful of the panic-striken passengers are known 1. What were the causes of the accidents described above?
to have survived, because most of them were trapped below decks. The 2. What caused the heavy loss of life in each one of them?
rescue teams are trying to identify the drowned. The families of the victims
are numbed with shock and the world is deeply saddened by the tragedy.
3. A fery is reported to have capsized soon after leaving the harbour EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
of Icenberg in what could be the worst tragedy since the Titanic. Experts Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
still cannot figure out how the disaster happened, but there are
speculations thai unsecured cargo shifted, causing the vessel to list _ impact al coliziunii i of the c,______
sharply. Water rushed in through the doors and the ferry went down with _ a da ordinul de parasire a vasului - g an 0 to
a the s,_ _ _ __
a heavy loss of life. The crew appeared ill-prepared to handle such an
emergency and safety devices seem to have been faulty. Rescue efforts _ a lucra zi ;::i noapte w a the c_ _ _ __
were hampered by adverse weather conditions and low temperatures. taiat pe jumatate - s i_ _ _ __
__________ s _________
Scores of dead passengers were pulled from the water because without - a se scufunda In cateva secunde - s,_ _ __ w
proper clothing, the chances of survival in cold water are few. The officials - pasageri cuprim;d de panica - p_ _ _ __ -s - _ _ _ p,---
d_ __
are putting the figure at three hundred and fifty drowned. - se aflau sub puntea superioara - t_ _ __ b
.!.. tncarcatura nefixata bine - u_ _ _ __
c_ _
for discussion topics go to page 283. - mari pierderi In oameni H _ _ _ __
ofl
- echipaj slab pregatit i -p c_
- instalatii (echipamente) cu defecte - f d c _________
shallow (adj) - not deep - putin adanc - conditii meteo nefavorabile a _____ w.
dense (adD - thick - dens ;Jansa de a supravietui - c_ _ _ __ ofs
plunge (v) - fa11- aici: a lasa fara
keel over (v) - capsize - a se scufunda for translation practice go to page 253.
sunken (adj) - submerged - scufundat
retrieve (v) rescue - a recupera
mount (v) - organize - a organiza
perish (v) - die - a muri
path (n) - way, route - drum, cale
ram (v) - strike and push heavily - a lovi in plin
135
134
~
head-on (n) - with fronts meeting - accident frontal
scarcely (adv) - barely, not quite - abia, aproape deloc

throw clear (v) - a ejecta, a azvarli
sustain (v) - suffer, undergo harm or loss - a fi remit \:
1. Fog played its part in a ten-vehicle pile-up on a busy road manhole (n) - hole in a road with a cover - gura de canal
yesterday, bringing traffic to a halt and causing a five-mile tailback. Four run over (v) - knock down and pass over - a trece peste (cu un vehicul) I
of the cars burst into flames. Rescuers believe that an entire family was stationary (adj) - not moving - stationat
wiped out when six people were crushed to death by an articulated lorry negligence (n) failure to take proper care - neglijenta
that rammed their car. A bus, with school children, skidded off the road somersault (v) - fall turning head over heels -a se da peste cap
and plunged into a ditch. Two of the children died later from their injuries.
The driver of the car which started the chain reaction collision suffered
only slight bruises. He is believed to have lost control of his car seconds EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
before hitting the crash barriers. The road was closed for hours to traffic Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:
while police removed the tangled wreckage. (answer - page 322.)

2. Four people were seriously injured in a head-on crash when a car
suddenly changed lanes and collided with an oncoming van. The autopsy 1. IN - CHAIN - 12 - DRIVER REACTION - CAUSES - CRASH
revealed that the man who caused the accident had had a heart attack - DEATHS
and had died at the wheel. The two cars involved were scarcely 2. HEART - FOR - COLLISION - RESPONSIBLE - HEAD-ON - ATTACK
recognizable after the collision. The driver of the van was thrown clear 3. OPEN - DRIVER - KILLS - MANHOLE - AVOIDING - SPEEDING - SIX
and miraculously survived. His three passengers had to be cut free from 4. BY - CAMPER - DEATH - TO - UNSUSPECTING - CAR
the wreckage before being rushed to hospital and treated for their - CRUSHED- 350 - FERRY
sustained injuries.
3. Six people lost their 'lives on Friday when a car, trying to avoid an
unmarked open manhole. skidded and ran over a pedestrian who died EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
instantly. The car then crashed into a stationary coach and the driver and Answer the following questions:
four passengers were killed on the spot. According to the police, excessive
speed was partly to blame for the tragedy and the driver was found to be 1. What were the causes of all four accidents?
more than four times over the drink limit. The man responsible for road 2. Who were the casualties in each of them?
works in that area will appear in court charged with negligence.
4. A camper was killed yesterday when a car hit the hard shoulder
and ploughed into his tent ten yards from the road. The car then EXERCISE 9. PHRASES TO LEARN
somersaulted twice before hitting a tree. The driver and her passenger Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
were rushed to hospital where they died from their injuries soon after
being admitted. - a juca un rol- p a p.----
- a fi cuprins de flacari - b,_____ ' - - - - - , - - - -
for related vocabulary go to page 138, for discussion topics go to page 283. - a muri din cauza leziunilor - d _____ L._ _ _ __
_a se izbi de a furgoneta care se apropia - c w an

a v _ _ _ __
pile-up (n) - a number of vehicles which have crashed into each other - greu identificabil - s r_ _ _ __
accident in lant _ a elibera victimele din automobilele avariate - c the
v f the t w _ _ __
tailback (n) - cars which line up behind an obstacle on the road -Iilir de
malilini in a:;;teptare - a deceda pe lac - d 0 the s'_ _ _ __
crush (v) - press, so that there is breaking or injury - a zdrobi, a strivi - a !nvinui viteza excesiva - b e s,_ _ _ __
articulated lorry (n) -lorry with parts joined in a flexible manner _ a avea alcolemia de patru ori mai mare decat limita admisa - be
f t a thed 1_ _ __
camion (autobuz) cu burduf
ram (v) - strike and push heavily - a Iovi in plin - a fi internat la spital - be a to u _ _ _ __
skid off (v) - slip sideways on a road - a derapa, a ielili in decor
bruise (n) - injury where the skin is discoloured - contuzie, vanataie for translation practice go to page 253.
137
136
(answer - page 322,)
At least twenty-four people died and more than eighty-five were .KILLING - DUE - COLLIDE - DRIVER - TRAINS - TWO - TO 24 - ERROR
seriously injured after two passenger trains collided this morning near
Shockville. The driver of the express train, the 7.25 from Gloomford, passed
a red signal and smashed into a packed stationary commuter train. The EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
derailed coaches fell into the path of an empty goods train which was Answer the following questions:
pulling out of the station. It was revealed that the commuter train was
,1. What kind of trains were involved in the collision?
running 3 minutes late, but signal failure was ruled out. It seems that the
driver of the express train made the fatal error, maybe due to some 2. What did the rescue operation involve?
3. What was the public's respons,? to the accident?
distraction. When the train crossed from the fast to the slow track and 4. What is the purpose of setting up the emergency telephone service?
entered the station, it was too late to brake effectively.
Emergency procedures were immediately put into operation. Scores
of rescuers worked throughout the day to clear the wreckage and extract
victims. A 300-ton crane was moved into position to begin lifting the EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
Complete the following phrases. line stands for one word:
derailed coaches. Firemen used cutting gear to reach the injured and the
dead who were pinned under the wreckage. Thermal-image cameras had _ a suferi grave leziuni corporale - to be s'_ _ _ __
to be used to find survivors in the unrecognizable metal tangle. _ tren aglomerat din suburbii (de naveti~ti) - p c, _____
Paramedics and doctors set up saline drips, distributed powerful pain t,_ _ _ __
killers and reassured those in agony while waiting for the stretcher _ a porni din statie - p 0 0 the s,_ _ _ __
bearers to carry away the wounded. _ a avea 0 intarziere de trei minute r three minutes
The Transport Secretary ordered an inquiry into the cause of the 1,_ _ __
accident and called for an improvement in "fail-safe" systems designed to - a exclude - r 0 _ _ _ __
make such accidents impossible. He praised the swift reaction of the _ a savar~i 0 gre~eala fatala - m a f e _ _ _ __
emergency services and the people who came to tend to the injured. Many _ a administra medicamente puternice impotriva durerii - u _ _ _ __
came forward to donate their blood when supplies ran low. Others offered p p -k
their cars to ferry the less seriously injured victims to nearby hospitals. An _ a ordona desfa~urarea unei anchete - 0 an . - - - -
emergency telephone line has been available for relatives. It is - a dona onorific sange - b _ _ _ __
hoped that, by tomorrow morning, services will be restored. Meanwhile, _ a asigura folosirea unei linii telefonice - m
rail traffic is being rerouted. 1 a a________
t_ _ _ __
_ a reface transportul feroviar - r r s_ _ _ __

for discussion topics go to page 284.
collide (v) - meet and crash - a face 0 coliziune
stationary (adj) not moving - stationat
derail (v) - run off the rails - a deraia
failure (n) - bad performance - intarziere
track (n) - set of rails for trains - ~ine de ferata
brake (v) - reduce speed so as to come to a stop - a frana
coach (n) - railway carriage - vagon de cale ferata
pin (v) - make unable to move - a fi tintuit, a nu putea sa te mi~ti
praise (v) - speak with approval of - a lauda
tend (v) - take care of - a avea grija
run low (v) - suffer shortage of - a duce !ipsa
reroute (v) - find an alternative route - a trimite pe 0 alta rut a
139
138
flaw (n) - sometbing tbat lessens tbe value - fisura, defect
rods (n) - bars - ban:':!. cremaliera
core (n) - centre - corp central
meltdown (n) - topire, fuziune
1. A nuclear power station reactor was shut down yesterday because
of a rupture in its tubings. According to safety officials, a small amount of
radioactive gas has escaped into the atmosphere. The emergency EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
protection system was activated seconds after the gas reached the Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:
ventilation system and the amount of radiation released was 5 times (answer - page 322.)
above the usual level. This was due to short-lived fission products. The
leak has been contained ·and the reactor will be put back into operation 1. POWER - LEAKS - RADIOACTIVE - PLANT - GAS - BREAKDOWN
following an official inquiry into the accident. It is not believed the leak 2. DANGEROUS - BATTLE - WIN - TERRIFIED - PLANT - AGAINST
poses a serious threat to the local population, or the environment. The gas -RESIDENTS
may have contaminated 5.000 people, causing symptoms similar to 3. RADIATION - RELEASING - REACTOR - CLOUD - EXPLODES
bronchitis, which should clear in six months. 4. PREVENT DISASTER - STATION - TO - SHUT - MAJOR POWER
2. A uranium-processing plant has finally been shut down as a result -DOWN
of the protests of local residents claiming that radiation leaks are
responsible for the area's high incidence of leukemia. They allege that
nuclear fuel on the site presents a serious health hazard. Though it can be EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
more than 20 years before cancer is diagnosed, doctors called for regular Answer the following questions:
screening of residents.
3. There has been a major explosion at a nuclear power plant after the 1. What were the causes of the accidents described above?
early warning system broke down. The fire was put out within an hour. but 2. What will the short or long-term effects be?
the blast released a cloud of radiation. Because there was very little wind,
it is hoped that the radioactive fallout will not affect a wide area.
Readings show that the level of radioactive isotopes, especially Caesium EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
137, is dangerously high. Exposure to this radiation for longer than a day Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
may prove fatal and all people within a radius of 20 miles have been
evacuated. A decontamination operation is under way. Until radiation _ a pune 'in funciiune sistemul de securitate in caz de avarie - a._ _ _ __
e P s_______
levels are published, it will be impossible to assess the impact of the
disaster. - a repune in funciiune - p b,______ , - - - -
0 _ _ _ __
4. A nuclear power station was shut down yesterday as a precaution
after the discovery of a flaw in the reactor's design. 17-ton fuel rods were ~ a constitui 0 serioasa amenintare - p a s'______
t,________
found to be vibrating. If they break loose, there is a danger of the rods
plunging into the core and causing a meltdown. _ simptomele de infestare radioactiva trebuie sa dispara - s of
r c should c,_ _ _ __
for related vocabulary go fo page 144, for discussion topics go to page 284. - a constitui un pericol pentru societate - P a h.______
h_ _ __
- a face apel - c I,_ _ _ _ __
rupture (n) - split ~ ruptura, spartura - un nivel extrem de mare - d h 1._ _____
activate (v) - put into action - a activa - se poate dovedi mortal - m P f,______
fission (n) - splitting of tbe nucleus of atoms - fisiune - a estima influenta accidentului asupra oamenilor - a the
i of the d on p,_ _ __
pose (v) - present - a prezenta, a constitui .
incidence (n) - rate or extent of occurence - incidenta - depistarea unui defect de constructie la reactor - d of a
f in the r 's d _ _ __
allege (v) - put forward -a pretinde. a afirma
screening (n) - medical testing - screening, test medical
fallout (n) - radioactive dust created by nuclear explosion - praf radioactiv for translation pr:actice go to page 254.
precaution (n) . .:. care taken in advance to avoid risk - precaut ie
141
140
_ct· •.
. "...;'., ACid
• •".t' ca 11"''I'~1 .'\II.-1C•• t.~
ram
IS
tH ,.
.• ,.... ... ,,,,,,,,,'1>, M,jo" .

I
~In
· II14!: '\liuul"".
1".... .e ..1r .... ~.
~h'" READING ·COMPREHENSION !
;':1
Ihi~ ~·(lllllt· sll."h(~··'.~·,.;.l< :.,,,.

II?, ,,, ell!, , "wi.. , a"< _ __
_~ V
luI' whkh
deed I.Md.
""", \h' ............ ::,1·-·1·
..
{!IIIt('11 Stll!<"I. I he lIlli·., '''"',,'

•... -I r . rc
~ U .. I.... ,., i ••.,
'~: " ... 1"1 '.'I'I,',,:-'·hl;/
"~'~, .,,,..,,.
ilTTlh .... ___ , _
"'1\., ...._ .
.,..
n~t rests i ~ : ' : i : ' : ; ' : ~ : ; : , : : , ; ' , : ; ',;: : ';,"'~ '"
••. • ,. "U)I. '. •
()
e
(!. <
'L0 I\~ I[~ !:.O . ''',' , ".'
eye Go
." "" ." ,;""".,.' ,....,.....". •...
~ ' ' l i I ' · ' I ~ I · i ' .

l.
\,~d
re ' ',
• \ ..: I 'f\\". .
Ih,"
. th ..•.,J
. . . ..-;t
, . . ..... Itt '.t-.....
\ I'I""~ I"ri~,"""
'.i'l. " .... --- r. nit.
section three:
s
i .' 'i(••
• 11 ..11""" " .. ,l< 111'1'. \ (
10\ ., 5"1<'
a \"\ ",''" ,.."n,,,,, "" ",
.1 ... ",..:,· liur ..IIIIH(·
ECOLOGY
is \? \t ri~illgs(:;tS would destroy
'"'aU
\ "'''" "." , ..,,,," ,,",,' n'..·.. ''', "'" " "..;". ,.."., ".".~_.... ,,, '"
','.'1;:::::,' ,:,:,:lo : M "',,
·.IIII'ht.... \ \ ""
faces ex ....'
II'" ., ... ,.
news item 22: NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL .......... 144
.. ...-.... .'" \"

Ie algae"'",,..·,·.. ,· \1e u ," :;~" "" u.. poI SoII'" .. .
t'>-:,·" \.... 1 I", 1<. •• .... < • ,II "fI;, " 1 " . .:. ,. IIl1'IIt
news item 23: TOXIC WASTE - WASTE DISPOSAL ,., .146
~\ :,;~~?~.~,~!-')a~~ed Nuc'e~~
·~,~\,':,,,.
f',I I.lIh· "ad
news item 24: RECyCLING ................. " ..... 148
r,;'''''''"..
ds re"'j kl.
1n1:'o~· SOI'l.\l\g ~ es b~_-. . .
25: AIR POLLUTION ............ , ... , , ... 150
of \?
.· \.' .ga:
news item
.'\"1',, tI".:''',r;.",·ih('II'JI''''
I"",,,. ,j('('Jur" I.. :'".
news item 26: THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT .. , ....... ,152
\~,. ';i,~;
.:'''' ."....... news item 27: HOLE IN THE OZONE LAYER .... , .... .154
'I \l\e 01-1 sl.ck :anv . ~.i· \" ,"':;';:.,,'" ',::: ,,:;
ll"
news item 28: ACID RAIN " ... ,., ................. 156
" .D "'~. ...'...., ~ .".k~\f~~.irh .~ .·, . ·",1·1.....·

news item 29: DESTRUCTION OF FORESTS ...... , .. ,158
'\I~":- ':;,'~"~~ ,,\ ..,,1', 111"\to",~~.,. '.:,.\" ':',1\'\ \;.,\.,,':':.
• ":-\,,•. : • " • ,,,,• . I,>p« III,..,•. ,; ;111 ill' , . . .. . ! ...
S' . ,1,1\
11":,,1"11.\
<II' I·.. \
\..
\
....,
'.
n\\\\
". \ '
\\,t . I'
l,.:;. ut,
V ,\ • th(t IU !..
••.••'"
t'
i " J'. , ... ",t
II.
fU.lIUly f . f t , ... f.
'.
news item 30: SOIL EROSION ... , ...... , ........... 160
amage1will
,
\,<"11
31: WATER POLLUTION ... , .............. 162
last for 1() news item
a .." ",\\""\,:\,,t"I\\,\\t~ 32: ALGAE BLOOMS ........... , ........ 164
"\I"'.... ...........
news item
_l~ .~. ""\... "~\ "....:: .""' ......,
~hl" ,\t("U~.
) O gle
I ...... - - C ... '1'1'1111'."'" '" " •
news item 33: OIL SLICKS ................... , .... ,166
t~\'\'\
. :'\~\:~~\";~\~:"\Bannlng m
\,'t\ I (-c;..t,Vf· • t,
, \t' , ,,,,,
,\"\,,-.• ,,\1'
,..
...., • . news item 34: ENDANGERED SPECIES .. , .....'.. , .. .168
news item 35: SAVING THE ELEPHANT .. , ..... , ..... 170
· ster·~~~~:~,~~. ~:~\\~~,:"n('\*".\..s only re".

"II' \ .. \ \\,..... \ ,,\\1
",\\\l \' \~\\' ) \.~'3 news item 36: SAVING THE PANDA ............ , ... .172
n' ',.,"..n~;",\,:~ ,eo\\a:\\. \ .,.:~.<, \, .t.~.';.~.,\,\,p .!"~,::".,,

, ~.';", \}a\ ..~
lSa . ... n' ,f: ",,, ••"n ,,\ " e r .,.. , '\,_."
.uve
I ,••,
8 ~" (' • \
\,t' \' <,'
,,\,<'y

,
.t...
•. . ..
t'" ; '. rlJl
...
r polluters·~" o\\u~!;Q
~~'''~h~re "N OlSe -p . . . j\:!,~ ,"t S'1 . I .
'! ;;;,;;:,,',
'I) "AI
' W ......1p,~, ".~ 1tt(~A"""" "I'=~,n, .".'"
'l1l"'a~ "h'.....all)n~; '011
in
'~'~~'.~! dS 111' •tI)ad
Hazat1t . . 1, __ .L . . . . . . "
11.'1'e
__ ....
'"'')","
,.. "ad)
m""·· nq......
wilh"
• /TIll
,•
I~"" ~""''''''hM'A'ay Be Nuclear
~l·tes , . _of' WasL(' 'IS h
thl'\I~n ~ .i..
.i"ll~ I~ ~
I' kt- 10..1<9 hlt.e over ()'
~1I1~
"n' .- "'..".. ". _'I< .'\~:. ~"w "~"h'n!"~'h~~,::,,. dl~.. u. ":~' ,",~ ."'!'" • .' ,:';. ", "~,II.
J ern In he ror ". '. hud fl.'ps rca"-,",-
.. .... 'ae-, :"o<'(.u\'"lion ol·t way til he M«lIy I am of the \ .... , .. "I .:;, k ,I'
\"'"'" ' 1\CI•d w.at er "n..(Nuclear

"." '"
ill " .
":,',:':\'
:11.11\ ~,illll'r.
l~ hel", ~en,\I' ' .
. ." ~ar 1IIM~, ~::.--:.
. . --"
• ..... 0
)'.hI"·..·
1 I\1e,\Ii"'" h,'h
b,,,",
h,.,.... ;t;"''''''
f ••"
",
"'\<'II
,..,"",. "': ,'" d''',
t ••••
, ',."",. I'
I !('""It.,
""'
,
;11:,,,\1.'
t. 1-ng P0·...--. d"Ulr nl.... ~

~ " . I .f~!"'i~
" ' i I l ~ . ~ p r r~,;,;t~
i ,,"~f- ""'<11'dt!
..... "\~I~':;.
,I... ' "d Itt",,,,,I!l
..... - tal""" ~n \M . . .. .....
.",••
...... 1..
.•
shield (v) - cover for protection - scut de protectie
drawback en) - disadvantage - dezavantaj
stringent (adi> - rigorous, strict - riguros, strict
drums (n) - containers - containere
1. A new nuclear dump site for transuranic refuse is under shortsighted {ad]} - unable to see far - nesocotit, fara judecata
construction. The new facility is being carved in salt beds two hundreds
feet below the surface. It is hoped that, with the passage of time, the salt
caverns will converge, entrapping the waste. One thousand years of EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
isolation is the time projected for the radioactive elements to decay into Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:
stable substances. Environmental watchdogs have presented a barrage of (answer - page 322,)
criticism saying that if the process of converging doest not take place,
leakage of slurry may occur, seeping into and contaminating the water 1. PRECAUTIONS - UNDER - SAFETY - REPOSITORIES - OVER
supply. Although such a risk is highly unlikely, it cannot be ruled out. _ NUCLEAR - CRmCISM - NEW
A similar risk faces the new, long-awaited, nuclear waste repository 2. FROM - RADIOACTIVE - OFF-SHORE - LEAKAGE - DUMP
which stretches one kilometre out under the sea-bed. Robot vehicles will
transport waste packages of low and intermediate level nuclear waste
and spent fuel rods encased in leak-proof drums. They will be deposited EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
by remote-controlled crane.s and radiation-shielded fork-lifts. The network Answer the following questions:
of caverns will eventually be filled with cement and sealed off. However,
because the region does have a low level of seismic activity, the possibility 1. Where are the two dumping sites situated?
of tremor, which might damage the structure, cannot be ignored. 2. What are the dangers of dumping waste underground?
2. Undisputedly, nuclear energy will help reduce the greenhouse 3. What safety measures are taken to protect people when handling
effect, acid rain and other environmental disasters, as it has none of the radioactive material?
drawbacks posed by the burning of fossil fuels. But even with the latest 4. Explain the meaning of the last sentence of the report.
technology, the problem of storage and disposal of radioactive waste is a How is it related to the lwo stories?
difficult one. What causes the most concern, however, are the early
nuClear-waste burial sites. Then, the rules were not very stringent.
Radioactive materials were often sealed in drums and casually dumped EXERCISE S. PHRASES TO LEARN
into oceans. Corrosion came fast and what we now have is leakage of Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
radioactive waste from rusting containers, often as close as 12 miles off
shore. Shortsighted dumping of such cargo is just another proof of human - se aHa in construc!ie - u c_ _ _ __
thoughtlessness and raises fears that what seems safe now, may turn out _ a supune unei aspre critici - p a b of c._ _ _ __
to be deadly in the not-too-distant future. _ poate avea loc 0 scurgere - I may 0,_ _ _ __
_ a exclude riscul - r 0 the r_ _ _ __
for discussion topics go to page 284. - telecomandat - r -c_ _ _ __
_ a ignora posibilHatea unui seism - the p of a
t_ _ _ __
dump (n) - place where rubbish may be unloaded and left - lac de - a starni cea mai mare ingrijorare - c m,_ _ _ __
depozitare c_____
transuranic (adj) - having atomic numbers from 93 to 103 - transuranic
- inca a dovada a nechibzuintei umane - a P of
refuse (n) - rubbish, waste'- deljleuri, resturi h t._______
carve (v) - form from a solid material by cutting - a ciopli, a sapa - a starni temeri - r_____ ,_____
cavern (n) - cave - caverna, peljlten:x - viitorul apropiat - the n· -t -d,_____ , - - - - -

converge (v) - incline towards each other - a converge
barrage (n) - overwhelming quantity - atact susUnut
leakage (n) - (of liquid) passing out of a container - scurgere for translation practice go to page 254.
slurry (n) - suspension of a solid in a liquid - suspensie, noroi
repository (n) - place where things are deposited or stored -lac de
depozitare
145
144 10.
tip (v) - dump - a de~erta
landfill (n) - loc de depozitare
incinerate (v) - burn, reduce to ashes - a incinera
biodegradable (adj) - capable of decaying and being absorbed by the
environment - biodegradabil
reusable (adi> - able to be used again - refolosibil
1. One of the daily newspapers has revealed today that a deadly thrifty (adjl - economical - economic
cargo of toxic waste has been "smuggled" into the country and secretly
transported to a waste disposal plant. Some of the containers are alleged
to hold 18 tons of PCB's (poiychlorinated biphenyls), a highly carcinogenic EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
by-product of the electrical industry and one of the world's most Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:
dangerous chemicals. Other waste products include highly inflammable
solvents. corrosive liquids, and other cancer-causing chemicals. The
hazardous cargo was initially refused entry permission for processing 1. DESPITE - ENTERS - TOXIC - COUNTRY - CARGO - REFUSAL - THE
because of inadequate identification. Today's revelation has caused an 2. TOXIC - KILLS - RUBBISH - BY-PRODUCTS - WITH - ENVIRONMENT
outcry from environmentalists. It is still disputed whether high -DISPOSAL
temperature combustion of PCB's produces dioxins, furans and other toxic

substances, or not. So far, five countries have refused to handle the cargo.
Still, it is better to know where the cargo is, rather than having it illegally EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
dumped - the worst crime against the environment that can be committed. Answer the following questions:
2. Today's consumption is rapidly multiplying waste products. Each
household produces tons of rubbish. This refuse is usually either tipped 1. Why was the cargo refused entry?
into the ground at landfill sites or incinerated. Huge incinerations burn 2. Why is the cargo causing concern to environmentalists?
waste and generate electricity, but there are fears of toxic gases and even 3. How is waste disposed of at present?
more toxic ash which cannot be further processed. When buried, the 4. What problems arise with present methods of waste disposal?
organic waste rots away, producing methane which causes pollution and
is one of the "greenhouse gases". Inorganic wastes, such as polystyrene
foam and glass, do not decompose but remain forever. But, more EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
environment-friendly alternatives are being sought as countries are Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
running out of dumping sites. Scientists are experimenting with
biodegradable materials, notably new plastics. However, the future _ substante chimice care genereaza cancerul - c -c._ _ _ __
c,_ _ _ __
clearly lies with the recycling of reusable waste. This is possible with
efficient waste-management policies. Only by being more thrifty can we _ a refuza permisiunea de intrare in tara - r e _ _ _ __
avoid being buried under heaps of rubJ::>ish. p,---
- identificare neadecvata - i._____ - - - -
for related vocabulary go to page 148, for discussion topis go to page 284. - a starni indignare - c an 0._ _ _ __
_ a refuza preluarea incarcaturii - r to h the
c,_ _ _ __
reveal (v) - make known, disclose - a face cunoscut, a dezvalui
- a comite 0 infractiune c a c,_ _ _ __
~isposal plant (n) - place where waste is processed to get rid of it - loc
- a putrezi !,'i a se descompune - r a and d _ - - -
de depozitare unde are loc 0 procesare a de~eurilor
- a cauta solutii nedaunatoare mediului - s
f
e,_ _ _ __
a ______
carcinogenic (adj) - causing canCer - cancerigen
. i nflammable (adj) - easily catching fire inflamabil - strategii in priV'inta gospodaririi de~eurilor - w -m_ _ _ __
solvent (n) - substance that dissolves another - solvent p,----
hazardous (ad)) - risky, dangerous - periculos, riscant
processing (n) - treating by some process - tratare intr-un proces tehnologic for translation practice go to page 255.
combustion (n) process of burning - ardere
multiply (v) - grow in quantity - a multiplica
146 147
litter (n) - rubbish left lying about in public places - (pubela) de gunoi
I news item 24: RECYCLING
receptacle (n) - container - container
reclamation (n) - {of a planO place where waste is reclaimed (brought
back to a useful condition) - lac in care de$eurile sunt reciclate
Increased comsumption generates more garbage and, in turn, causes resource (n) - source of supply - resursa
disposal problems. In most countries, waste is buried or incinerated, household (n) - all persons living in a locuinta
whereas half of what ends up in dustbins could still be useful. Recycling, depots and tips (n) - places where rubbish is collected and stored
with its enormous benefits, is the answer. Bearing in mind that deposits of locuri de depozitare a ~e$eurilor, gunoiului
natural resources are not renewable, recyclable materials like metals,
paper, rags, melted-down plastic and hardwood cutoffs, should be put to
good use. The biggest savings would be in energy consumption, but it is EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
also important to conserve natural resources and be environment-friendly Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
by producing less waste. By investing in materials which are considered (answer - page 322,)
rubbish. whole industry could be built around recycling in this throwaway
culture of ours. RECYCLING - SAVE - WASTE WATCH - SCHEMES - TO - PROMOTES
Waste Watch, a group which promotes the idea of recycling, - ENVIRONMENT
published data on energy saving when new goods are made from waste.
To produce a can from recycled material, it seems we require only one
twentieth of the energy needed to make a can from raw materials. Used EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
drink cans, thrown by the millions into litter receptacles, are a valuable Answer the following questions:
resource. They can provide tin, steel and aluminium. From reclamantion
plants, the recycled aluminium can re-enter the economy in a wide 1. What are the benefits of recycling?
variety of attractive products. 2. What factors contribute to the increasing amount of waste?
Waste Watch has started the campaign by targeting households, 3. Why is that by recycling waste we help the environment twice?
offering advice on local recycling schemes. It presses for making access to 4. How can we make the collec~ion of waste easier?
collection points widely availoble, not only at rubbish depots or tips. For
many people, carrying recyclables to tips or bottle banks is a problem and
many do not bother. Schools should play their part: children don't need to EXERCISE 9. PHRASES TO LEARN
be encouraged to participate in collection schemes - they love it. Each Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
resident supporting the idea can help them by separating coloured glass
from clear· galss, and putting aside newspapers, steel and aluminium - pe de alta parte, la remdul sau - i_____ . - - - -
cans. Consumers should encourage manufacturers to switch to recyclable - beneficii uriage - e b _ _ _ __
or less packaging. For example, where possible, they should sell refill - a avea in considerare - b in m_ _ _ __
packs. By buying recyclables, the public will show their awareness of - a gasi 0 buna utilizare - p to g u _ _ _ __
environmental issues. - materiale considerate gunoi - m c r_ _ _ __
- a promova ideea - p the i_ _ _ __
- a permite accesul- m a_____
for related vocabulary go to page 146, for discussion topics go to page 285. - a incuraja participarea - e to P'_____
- a trece la ambalaje din materiale refolosibile - s to
r p _______
generate (v) - produce - a produce, a genera - a manifesta intelegere pentru problemele protectiei mediului
s a of e ________ ,_____
incinerate (v) - burn, reduce to ashes - a incinera
benefits (n) something advantageous - beneficii
deposits (n) - natural accumulation - acumulare deresurse naturale for translation practice go to page 255.
renewable (adj) - capable of being replenished - capabil de a fi refacut,
reinoit .
cutoffs (n) - what remains after cutting - a$chii
rubbish (n) - worthless, unwanted material, litter, trash - gunoi, resturi
148 149
A car has been constructed which halves the environment-damaging
HALF - CUT - CAR - TO - BY - NEW - NOXIOUS - EMISSIONS
emissions of carbon dioxide pumped out by an ordinary vehicle. It is
powered by a combination of electric motor and diesel engine. On
motorways, the diesel recharges the batteries but in town driving the
electric motor takes over. Although the idea has many advantages, the
drawback is the cost of the car. Answer following questions:
This is one of many concepts which is hoped to lead to more
breathable air and the elimination of deadly smog in the major 1. Why is the new car more environment-friendly?
industrialised cities of the world. At the moment, air pollution breaches 2. Why do cars pose a threat to the environment?
safety guidelines. Successful have helped to decrease the lead 3. What is the of alternative fuel?
content of petrol and more and more cars are being fitted with platinum 4. What is wrong with electricity-powered cars?
filled catalytic converters.' absorb 90% of the noxious gases but 5. Why must we cut missions of noxious gases?
increase fuel consumption. An alternative idea is to develop a car which
could run on ethanol. These cars would cleaner burning, but would
require expensive redesigning and bigger fuel tanks, since they would EXERCISE ~. PHRASES TO LEARN
use twice as much ethanol as petrol. Complete the following Each line stands for one word:
In the meantime, environmentalists are pressing for the implementation .

of more stringent laws to cut deadly exhausts. Campaigns to curb car use - tractiune cu motor electric bye e_ _ _ __
in cities have met with little success: drivers are unwilling to give up their - a reincarca acumulatorul r the b _ _ _ __
vehicles. What we are experiencing is an explosion in traffic volume. The - ideea are multe avantaje - the has m a _ _ _ __
congestion is unbearable and car-choked cities are blackened by fumes. - poluarea depa~e$te normele de securitate - p b_ _ _ __
Electric cars do not solve the problem. They transfer it to fossil fuel-burning s g ________
power stations, which would use even more fuel to supply the cars with - a cre$te consumul de combustibil c_ _ _ __
electricity. Nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide fumes from burning low - ardere mai curata - c b ________
quality coal are spewed into the air, increasing the amount of toxic cancer - schimbari de constructie costisitoare e r________
causing chemicals. Once the damage is done, it will take years for the - a insista cu privire la introducerea unor norme mai aspre - p ______
atmosphere to return to a safer state; the molecules already released will be for i of m s 1_______
with us for the whole of the 21st century. - nu doresc sa renunte - u to g u________
- generatoare de energie electrica, pe baza de combustibillichid
for related vocabulary go to page 152, for discussion topics go to page 285. f p s______~

halve (v) - reduce by half - a injumataU
emissions (n) - something that is discharged - emisie (de gaz)
recharge (v) - re-suppJy with electricity - a reincarca (eu electricitate)
drawback (n) - disadvantage - dezavantaj
smog (n) - mixture of fog and smoke - smog (amestec de fum ~i
breach (v) - break standards - a incalca
decrease (v) - make less in quantity - a reduce, a descre~te
noxious (adi> - harmful - nociv, daunator
stringent (adi> - strict, rigorous - riguros, strict
curb (v) - restrain and control - a restrange, tinand sub control
congestion (n) - overcrowding - aglomeratie
choke (v) - block, cogest - a bloca, a aglomera
spew (v) - emit, discharge - a raspandi
150 IS
barren (adj) - infertile - sterp. arid

I news item 26: THE GREENHOUSE Ei~FECT I emissions (n) - discharge of gas - emanatji de gaz
appliance (n) - device, gadget - dispozitiv. aparat
drag (v) - pull out - a scoate
At their international conference in Ndwana top climatologists have poverty (n) state of having no means of support - saracie
warned against global warming. The continued accumulation of the so
called greenhouse gases results in the world's heat being trapped in the
atmosphere like the glass walls of a greenhouse. Because the earth's heat EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
cannot escape. the planet warms uP. with grave consequences. Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
Carbon dioxide, which contributes up to 60% to global warming, (answer - page 322.1
comes from power stations, where is generated from the burning of fossil
fuels such as coal or oil. Also burning forests and car exhaust fumes GREENHOUSE CONFERENCE - GASES - OF - NDW ANA - TOP
produce C02. Other greenhouse gases include methane, generated by .- EMISSIONS - GETS - AT - CUTTING - PRIORITY
decaying refuse and livestock, and chIaro-fluorocarbons (CFC's). A
single molecule of CFC has 10,000 times the greenhouse effect of a C02
molecule. EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
Scientists predict that over the next century the world will warm up by Answer the following questions:
3°C. However, this apparently modest shift in the mean temperatures will
be cataclysmic in its consequences. The polar ice caps will begin to melt. 1. What is contributing to the accumulation of gases in the atmosphere?
unlocking up to 90% of the earth's surface water. Sea levels will rise by 2. What are the consequences of such a build-up?
about 10 feet over the next 50 years, completely inundating several island 3. How will climatic changes affect agriculture?
nations. which will cease to exist. According to this alarming prediction. 4. Why is the demand for electricity likely to increase?
because of the increased weather turbulence and the redistribution of 5. Is there any way to diminish the danger?
rainfall, the global food production patern will change as most cultivated
areas become barren deserts.
To solve the problem, emissions of carbon dioxide must be cut by at EXERCISE 9. PHRASES TO LEARN
least 60%. Widespread reforestation is an absolute necessity. Non-polluting Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
energy sources must be developed and energy-efficient appliances
introduced to limit the domestic consumption of electricity. Third World - a avertiza fata de w a,_ _ _ __
countries, however. anxi~us to speed up their industrialization, are - consecinte serioase - g c_ _ _ __
increasing pollution. In order to drag people out of poverty. the energy - a inceta sa mai existe - c to e,_ _ _ __
demand will double, making global warming inevitable. If the pessimistic - prognoza alarmanta - a p,_ _ _ __
predictions come true, mankind may have no choice but to adapt to new - modificarea regimului pluvial- r o f r_ _ _ __
climatic and geographical conditions. - a diminua alimentarea cu curent a consumatorilor particulari
d C ofe,________
for related vocabulary go to page 154, for discussion topics go to page 286. - impadurire conceputa pe. scara larga - w r_ _ _ __
- a dubla cererea pentru - d the d f_____
- a face inevitabil - m _ _ _ __
accumulation (n) - build-up - acumulare - a se implini - c_ _ _ __
trap (in) (v) - cut off, enclose within - a fi prins in (farascapare)
fossil (adj) - {of fuel} obtained from the earth - fosH (combustibiD for translation practice go to page 256.
exhaust (n) - gases ejected from an engine - gaze de e~apament
refuse (n) - rubbish waste - resturi. gunoaie
livestock (n) - farm animals - ~eptel
shift (n) - alteration - schimbare
inundate (v) - cover with water, flood - a inunda
cease (v) - stop - a opri
turbulence (n) - irregular motion of the atmosphere - turbulenta
152 153
eco-activist (n) - vigorous advocate of ecological issues - ecologist
implicat tn mod activ
thinning (n) - becoming diminished - a (se) subtia
soak up (v) - absorb, take in - a absorbi
lessen (v) - reduce - a diminua, a slabi
Experts are warning against an increasing depletion of the ozone incidence (n) - rate of OCCurence inciden!a
layer, particularly in the Polar region. The layer, which protects the Earth vulnerable (adj) - susceptible - vulnerabil
from the effects of health-damaging solar ultra-violet rays, is under attack crucial (adj} - vital, important - crucial, vital
from CFC's (chloro-fluorocarbons). Invented in 1930, the chemical is

commonly used in aerosol sprays and refrigerator coolants. From them it
is easily released into the atmosphere. In a complicated chemical EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
reaction, ozone molecules are broken down by a CFC by-product, chlorine Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
monoxide (CIO), at a rate much faster than the gas is replenished (answer - page 322.)
naturally.
To prevent the opening up of new atmospheric holes, all ozone SAVE - CFC's - A - LAYER - MUST - TO - PHASEOUT - OF - TOTAL
destroying chemicals should be phased out or banned. Only "environment -OZONE
. friendly" sprays should be used. The public should be encouraged to
boycott products in aerosol cans not marked as environment-friendly. There
is also an ~ncreasing need to aid Third World countries, both EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
technologically and financially, to switch to safer, hazard-free alternatives. .Answer the following questions:
Eco-activists fear, that the. action is coming too late. Already 20 million
metric tons of CFC's are estimated to have been released. 1. What function does the ozone layer perform in the atmosphere?
The thinning of the ozone shield and the greenhouse effect, two major 2. What is responsible for its destruction?
environmental problems, are both related to UV rays. UV rays kill sea 3. What measures must be taken to save the shield?
plankton which soaks up carbon dioxide, thus increasing the amount of 4. How will ozone depletion affect people's health?
C02 in the atmosphere. Also, UV rays cause skin cancer and can lessen
immunity to such diseases as herpes and malaria. Since skin cancer takes
several decades to develop, experts say that it is still unclear how large a EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
role the depletion of the ozone layer will play in the increasing incidence Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
of the disease. But there is little doubt that the continuing ozone reduction
will make people more vulnerable. High-quality sunglasses, which - e£ecte daunatoare sanatatii datorate razelor e of
absorb UV radiation and protect the eyes from the danger of cataracts, h -d r_ _ __
have been advised. As the layer thins and more harmful radiation -
folosit in mod obi;muit - c u _ _ _ __
reaches the Earth, avoiding exposure to harmful rays become even more -
a tncuraja boicotarea e to ~ _____
crucial. -
cerinta crescanda i n._ _ _ __
mijloace substitutive sigure - s
- a _ _ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page 188, for discussion topics go to page 286. a scadea rezistenta 1a boli - 1
- to ______
-
a juca rolul - p a r_ _ _ __
-
nu exista nici urma de tndoiala - there is d._ _-,-__
depletion (n) - serious decrease - descre(;3tere alarmanta, epuizare (stoe) -
a face mai vulnerabil - m m v_ _ _ __
spray (n) - atomizer - spray - a proteja in fata pericolului - p f d_ _ _ __
coolant (n) - substance used to reduce temperature in mechanisms - a evita expunerea in iata... - a e to
agent llichid de racire.
release (v) - set free - a elibera

replenish (v) - restore, get a new supply - realimentare
phase out (v) - withdraw gradually - a abandona (in mod gradat)
ban (v) prohibit - a interzice
switch (to) (v) - change, shift"': a schimba, a comuta
154
155
deteriorating (adj) - becoming worse - deteriorat
aggravate (v) - make worse, more serious - a agrava
acidify (v) - make or become acid - a spori caracterul acid
foliage (n) leaves - frunzi~
Huge sums of money wiU be put aside for the purpose of restoring the treat (v) - put through a process -a prelucra, a trata tehnologic
nation's monuments and historic buildings which have been eroded by

acid rain. In many cases, the help will come too late, as the damage
already done is now irreversible. What worries the public is the sad EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
realization that the corrosion of buildings and monuments will continue Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
until drastic measures are taken to eliminate the source of the damage, not (answer - page 322,)
its e Hects.
Every year, industry releases millions of tons of toxic substances into· ACID - MONEY - TO TO - DAMAGE - RAISED - ARCHITECTURE
the air. Lead, carbon mOl}oxide, lung irritating ozone from car fumes, - RESTORE - RAIN
deadly vapours from landfills, all form part of the air that people breathe
today. Among other airborne pollutants pumped into the air are sulphur
dioxides and nitrogen oxides. Moisture in the atmosphere combines with EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
these gases in chemical reactions to form diluted acids. Their Answer the following questions:
concentration is particularly high in countries whose power plants depend
largely on fossil fuels, and low-quality brown coal in particular. Acidic 1. How does acid rain affect architecture?
clouds, which do not respect political borders, can affect waterways, 2. Does restoration work make much sense at the moment?
vegetation and buildings thousands of miles away from the industrial 3. What are the sources of air pollution?
complexes that created them. Increased acidity is present even in the 4. Why is acid rain an international problem?
Arctic snow. 5. What measures must be taken to stop the damage done by acid rain?
Nitric and sulphuric acid coming down in rain, snow and fog are said
to be responsible for a wide variety of harmful effects such as dead lakes,
decimated forests, lifeless soil, deteriorating statuary and architecture EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
and aggravated respiratory conditions in people. In the worst hit areas, Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
the contamination is so serious that there are no fish in the acidified lakes,
and trees permanently lose their foliage. - distrugeri ireversibile - i d,_ _ _ __
Not much can be done without changing the entire system of energy - a intreprinde acjiuni decisive - t d m,_ _ _ __
production. Treating the fuel before it is burnt or cleaning the smoke are - a elimina sursa. nu efectele - e the s , not the
very costly processes, considering the scale of emissions. But the situation e·_ _ __
is becoming intolerable and, whatever the consequences, man must stop - depind in mare parte de - d 0 _ _ __
upsetting the delicate balance of the ecological system. - a larga stera de acUuni daunatoare - w v of
h e_ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page 150, for discussion topics go to page 286. - regiunile cele mai afectate - the w h a _ _ __
-luand in consideraUe arriploarea problemei - c the
s of the p _ _ __
restore (v) repair, reconstruct - a restaura - a inceta perturbarea echilibrului sensibil - s u the
irreversible (adj) - that cannot be reversed, brought to its former state b._ _ __
ireversibil
irritate(v) - make sore or inflamed - a irita for translation practice go to page 257.
vapours (n) - gases, fumes - vapori
airborne (adj) - transported by air - transportat pe calea aerului
moisture (n) - wetness - umezeala
diluted (adi> - made weaker by adding water - diluat
acidity (n) - state of being acid - aciditate
dec:1mate (v) - reduce in number - a decima
156 157
lumber (companies) (n) - cherestea
chainsaw (n) - a portable mechanical saw - ferastrau mecanic portabill
gater
pulp mills (n) - plants where soft mass of wood fibre is processed _
Governments of couI1tries which approve of the exploitation of exploatare forestiera
ecologically unique rainforests will be targeted by conservationists with
stump (n) - part of a tree remaining in the ground after the trunk has been
an urgent call for rigorous safeguards to protect them. Opposition to cut down - buturuga, radacina
forest-logging is very strong because every sixty seconds trees are being ravaging (n) - destruction, damage - distrugere
felled and 50 acres of forests are being destroyed somewhere in the world.
This special wilderness is home to a great, mostly unique, number of
species and, with every tree chopped down, they vanish forever. Tropical EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
and temperate rainforests are the last untouched ecosystems in the world
and the people who are destroying them are committing ecological rape
on a gigantic scale. (answer - page 322.)
Forests are being destroyed in three ways. In some areas wood is the
PUT - ON - FOREST-LOGGING - AN - TO - GOVERNMENTS - TO - END
only fuel available. In others, forests are burned down to make way for -CALLED
cattle grazing, as man needs meat to sustain an ever growing popUlation.
Many governments are trying to monitor the extent of the damage, but
cattle rangers want more land cleared for pasture and development. The EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
delicate soil is quickly depleted and after a few years the farmers move Answer the following questions:
further on. Conservationists insist that the trend is suicidal as these forests
are oxygen-providers for the whole planet as well as being the most 1. Why should forests be protected?
efficient natural absorbent of CO2 - a greenhouse gas. Instead, by burning 2. How and why are forests being destroyed?
forests, man contributes to global warming and gains little in return. 3. What are the consequences of the reduction of wooded areas?
Timber is another reason behind the destruction. Unscrupulous
lumber companies chainsaw trees, looking for commercially valuable
hardwoods like mahogany. Additionally, the waste from pulp mills EXERCISE 9. PHRASES TO LEARN
poisons the rivers. When a forest is cleared, only stumps remain. It is only Complete the follOWing phrases. Each line stands for one word:
recently that companies have been obliged by law to reforest promptly,
replanting denuded areas with seedlings. - a fi Unta atacurilor - be t_ _ _ __
The destruction of forests is regarded as the world's most notorious act - a cere (aplicarea) masurilor de sec uritate c f,_____
of environmental vandalism. With two-thirds of the forests still intact, the s,_ _ _ __
indiscriminate ravaging must stop now, as the balance of nature depends - a disparea pentru totdeauna - v_____ L _ _ _ __
on a large part of the earth's surface being covered with trees. - a savar~i un viol ecologic c e r__~__
- a crea lac pentru - m w_____ ,_____
related vocabulary go to page 160, for discussion topics go to page 287. - a nu obtine mare lucru tn schimb - g in
r _ _ _ __
- a controla dimensiunile distrugerii - m the e of the
exploitation (n) - using natural resources, also selfishly - exploatare d,_ _ __
(resurse naturale) - lemn tare, pretios din punct de vedere comercial - c,_ _ _ __
unique (adj) - the only one of its sort - unic v w _ _ _ __
rigorous (adj) - strict - riguros, strict - plantarea de puieti pe terenurile despadurite - r_ _ _ __
wilderness en) - un violated expanse of land - pustietate u _____ a with s_ _ _ __
temperate (adj) - {of climate} free from extremes of heat and cold - temperat - a considera drept - r a _ _ _ __
grazing (n) - {of farm animals} eating growing grass - pa~unat -inca neafectate - s._____ L _ _ _ __
sustain (v) - keep up, support - a sustine

deplete (v) - use up - a epuiza, a saraci for translation practice go to page 258.
absorbent (n) - absorbant
158 159
I news item 30: SOIL EROSION exhaust (v) - deprive of useful properties a degrada, a epuiza
dung en) - waste dropped by animals, used as a natural fertilizer
balegar, Ingra~amemt natural
humidity (n) - moisture in tbe air - umiditate
Leading conservationists have revealed today that many of the unabated (adj) - continuing as before - neabatut
natural calamities that seem to plague the globe more often than ever
before are partly attributed to soil erosion. Widespread abuse of land,
specifically tree-felling, overgrazing, and inappropriate cultivation EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
techniques, are responsible for the man-made ecological disasters. Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
The interrelation between the ravaging effects of deforestation and its (answer - page 322.)
resultant erosion can be seen in the following way. Tree-cover provides a
precious "sponge effect", retaining and recycling water. Without the root SOIL - FOR - DEVASTATING - EROSION - BLAMED - DEFORESTATION
structure of trees to bind it, monsoon-type rains wash tons of high quality
top soil off bare hillsides in uncontrolable torrents to swollen rivers which
then flood the lower areas of a country. Once the countryside is devoid of EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
trees, the hot sun finishes the damage by baking what remaining soil Answer the following questions:
there is into a cracked, lifeless shell.
"Slash-and-burn" farming is a great contributor to both deforestation 1. How important a role does soil erosion play in ecological destruction?
and soil erosion. Land cleared of forests in this manner exposes low 2. Why is deforestation responsible for floods?
fertility soil which becomes exhausted in only two years. The farmers then 3. Why is clearing the land of trees to make way for farming an unwise
move on to do more damage, leaving a trail of ruin behind them. In many move?
poor countries of the world, only wood is burned as fuel. When trees thin 4. Why must top soil be protected?
out people switch to dried animal dung as a substitute. However, this robs
the soil out of the little natural fertilizer available, resulting in low crop
yields. EXERCISE S. PHRASES TO LEARN
Forested land plays an essential part in the global recycling of water, Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
as well as influencing wind, temperature and humidity. If deforestation
continues unabated, in a few years many countries will have lost their - mai des ca oriccmd - m 0 _ _ _ __ '_____ e,_ _ _ __
remaining trees. With the richest soil already gone, the land in the upper b_ _ __
parts of many countries will no longer be able to sustain the population or - partial atribuit unui lucru - p a _____ '_ ____
livestock. - responsabil pentru tragedia - r f the t_ _ _ __
- a finaliza opera de distrugere - f the d_____
for discussion topics go to page 287. - pamant cu crapaturi, sterp c ,1 s_ _ _ __
- a lasa in urma 0 zona distrusa - I bat of
r _ _ _ __
plague (v) trouble repeatedly - a napastuL a calamita - pe masura ce copacii se raresc w_ _ _ __
widespread (adj) - found over a large area - de larga extindere 0 _ _ _ __
cultivation (n) - belping crops to grow - cultivare (pamemt, plante) - a avea ca urmare - r_ _ _ __
interrelation (n) - mutual relationsbip - interdependen!a, in corela!ie - a juca un rol esential - p an e p_ _ _ __
resultant (adj) - coming as a result - rezultant - a nu fi in stare mai mult timp - n be a _ _ _ __
retain (v) - keep in place -'a reline to

bind (v) - bold in a solid mass - a consolida, a intari
bare {adj} - witbout protection - neacoperit, gola~, neroditor for translation practice go to page 258.
torrents (n) - rusbing streams of water - torent
devoid (adj) - witbout, empty of -lipsit de
slash-and-burn technique (n) - cutting of trees and burning tbem
afterwards - tehnica folosita in curalarea zone lor impadurite: taierea
~i arderea copacilor la fala locului
ISO 11. , 161

dump (v) - throwaway rubbish - a arunca, a deversa (gunoaie)
filth (n) dirt, sludge - murdarie, gunoi
indiscriminately (adv) - without care - de-a valma, fara a tine seama de
nimic
A report has been published today revealing the present state of
Anturian inland and coastal waters. They have been found to be oxygen
deficient, algae-infested and chemically polluted with all manner of EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
industrial waste. Among the harmful contaminants discharged are heavy Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
metals. Two other chemicals - chlorine and phosphates - are among (answer page 322.)
major pollutants responsible for algae blooms. As a result, plant life and
fish are dying from lack of. sunlight and oxygen. Both types of chemicals BREACHES - LIMITS - ALL - WATER POLLUTION
are present in cleaning products used in every household. When flushed
down the drain, they end up in the waterways. Chlorine, used in
bleaching processes, reacts with other chemicals to release harmful EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
compounds like dioxins, which leave waterways devoid of aquatic life. Answer the following questions:
Pollutants and chemicals from factories cause rivers to smell like

cesspits. Even with treatment plants working at full capacity, sewage 1. Where do the harmful contaminants come from?
often overflows, or is pumped untreated directly into water reservoirs. 2. What is killing aquatic 'life?
Even treated tap water is not free from chemicals and is found to contain ·3. Is the water treatment effective?
levels of nitrates exceeding maximum limits laid down by health 4. Where do bacteria and viruses found in the water come from?
authorities. . 5. Will the seas absorb everything that is dumped into them?
Polluted beaches also fail to reach sewage safety standards. Bathing
waters and beaches tested at random were found to be polluted with·
viruses. The viruses found could cause anything from an upset stomach to EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
meningitis and respiratory diseases. Polio is a risk for those who have not Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one w~rd:
been vaccinated. Viruses are seldom taken into account in assessing

beach cleanliness because water can be polluted by seagulls, dogs or - a arata starea actuala - r the p s_ _ _ __
children bathing. In addition to viral contamination, bacteria from - de~euri provenind din cele mai variate surse - a m_ _ _ __
untreated sewage were also found, posing an additional health hazard. ofw_ _ _ __
Despite environmentalists' protests many countries still dump wet - a muri datorita lipsei luminii solare - d f._____
sludge (treated human sewage) into the sea. But ocean currents and tides 1,_ _ __
of s
wash up all the sickening fllth back onto beaches, alongside all the - prezent in produsele de curatenie - p._____ in c
floating plastic rubbish thrown indiscriminately into the water. p,---

- a Iucra la capacitate maxima - w_____ a
for related vocabulary go to page 164, for discussion topics go to page 287. c,_ _ __
- lips it de substante chimice f._ _ _ _ _ _ __ h.
c,_ _ _ __
coastal (adj) - of seashore - de coasta - depa!iii coteIe maxime - e

a m 1.
discharge (v) - release, send out - a descarca. a depune - examina la tntamplare

a a,_____ r.
drain (n) - pipes for carrying unwanted liquids - canalizare - lua in consideratie - t .
a i_____ a
bleach (v) - make whiter by chemical action - a inalbi I a curata, a spala - a
constitui un pericol pentru sanatate - p'_ _ _ __ ah
h._ _ __
compound (n) - component
devoid (adD - without, empty of - a lipsi - murdarie (gunoi) care te scarbe!iite - s_____ ._ ____
aquatic (adj) - of water - acvatic
cesspit (n) - place into which sewage drains empty - hazna, cloaca for translation practice go to page 259.
tap water (n) - treated, drinking water from the tap - apa potabila
meQ.ingltls Cn) - meningita
a••••• (v) - decide on the extent of something - a evalua
162 163
suffocation (n) - death from lack of oxygen - sufocare
proliferate (v) - multiply - a prolifera
perilously (adv) - dangerously - periculos, primejdios
flourish (v) - grow and prosper - a inflori, a prospera
An outbreak of poisonous algae {phytoplankton} is reported to be· nutrient (n) - nourishing, feeding substance - nutrient
polluting two hundred miles of the Anturian coastline. This year, the bloom (n) - flowering - inflorire .
infestation appears to be the worst on record, with the rotting carpet of tertiary (adj) - third in order - care are 0 calitate in gradul al treilea
algae releasing putrid odours and spawning swarms of tiny flies. An
emergency warning has been issued to the public not to eat shellfish
caught in the affected area, since it will have become contaminated after EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE .
digesting the algae. Crustaceans including prawn, lobster and crab, Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
which also eat algae, have also been banned for human consumption (answer - page 323.)
indefinitely. The poison concentrates in the shellfish and affects the
human nervous system when eaten. High levels of the toxin were detected FOR - TOXIC - POLLUTION - OF - WATER - BLAMED ALGAE
in twenty people who displayed symptoms of poisoning after eating - WIDESPREAD - OUTBREAKS
seafood dishes. The ban is bound to seriously affect several hundred
fishermen living in the area whose livelihood depends on the sea.
When a phytoplankton bloom occurs, the tiny organisms exhaust the EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
area of nutrients and oxygen. That signals their death and they sink to the Answer the following questions:
bottom of the sea. In the process of decomposing, the organisms use up
virtually all the oxygen still available, creating so-called anoxic water, 1. Why are people warmed not to eat shellfish caught in the affected
dead zones almost totally depleted of oxygen. All living organisms that area?
swim back into the area are killed by suffocation and poisoning. Because 2. Why do algae blooms threaten marine life?
such areas proliferate, stocks of fish may fall to perilously low levels. 3. What helps algae to grow?
Unusually hot weather this summer has helped the algae to flourish. 4. What action must be taken to minimize the risk of blooms?
However, pollution from farming and sewage works is also partly to 5. Can algae be put to any good use?
blame. The input of nutrients from rivers is an important factor in the
development of this major bloom.
As toxic algae have a devastating effect on marine life, the EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
government should take urgent action to control the discharge of Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
nutrients. Few treatment plants are able to perform the tertiary treatment
needed to remove the dissolved contaminants: nitrates and phosphates. - roiuri de musculite - s of ,_____ ,______
Meanwhile, more than 40,000 tons of algae have been removed from the - a lansa un comunicat de prevenire - ,_____
water since last month and shipped to farms for use as fertilizer. w_____
- a interzice de a fi consumat - ~ _____ ,_ _ _ __
for discussion topics go to page 287. - a influenta sistemul nervos - a the n
- a manifesta simptome de otravire - d _ _ _ __
p,---
outbreak (n) - apari;ia (in mod brusc ~i acut) - a scadea la un nivel primejdios de scazut - f,_____
infestation (n) - troublesome invasion - infestare 1,_ _ __
putrid (adi> - rotten, stinking - rau mirositor, pestilential - a avea un efect devastator - a d _ _ _ __
spawn (v) - produce in great numbers - puiet - a intreprinde actiuni rapide - t u_ _ _ __
crustaceans (n) - class of animals with a hard shell living in water - instalatie de purificare - t p _ _ _ __
crustacee - a inlatura poluanJii dizolvati - r d._ _ _ __
indefinitely (adv) - for an unspecified period - pe timp nelimitat
detect (v) - discover the presence - a detecta for translation practice go to page 259.
livelihood (n) - way in which one earns money - subzistenta, mijloace de
trai
164 165
smothered - acoperi!' tmbibat
smear tV) - cover wnn SOIIlf:::l111111Y - a cu ceva
waterproofing (n) natural protection not letting water througb
protecJie natura16 fmpotriva apei
hypothermia (n) - freezing to death - hipotermie, moarte prin inghet
A huge oil slick was created when 270,000 barrels (11 m.gal.) of crude reek (n) - unpleasant smell - miros neplacut
oil spewed from the grounded tanker Sea Beauty. Today it hit the beaches scour (v) - get rid of something with a strong jet of water - a curata cu un
of Mardonia, despite intensive efforts to avert an environmental disaster. jet puternic de apa
A containment operation was delayed by bad weather. Clean-up crews dispersant (n) - chemical that disperses (breaks up) oil - dispersant (subst.
battled strong winds and rough waters before they could lay containment chlmic~ .
booms. Exhausted workers continue to struggle to minimize the danger of assessment (n) estimate, evaluation evaluare, estimare
contamination though twenty miles of beaches are now polluted. Using residue (n) - that which remains - reziduu
absorbent pads they scoop up the noxious tide while smaller patches of
oil are ignited with lasers.
Statements have been issued saying that the spillage, which is bound EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
to have long-term toxic effects on marine life, is threatening seabirds and Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:

colonies of sea lions. Turtles, which nest on the sandy beaches, and
offshore coral reefs are also at risk as are beds of seagrass. Hundreds of
wading and diving birds have been smothered. by oil. Oil-soaked gulls RESCUE - OIL - LIFE - DESPITE - INTENSIVE - MARINE OPERATION
have already been found on the smeared beaches and volunteers are - THREATENS SLICK
trying to catch dozens of trapped birds and wash them in detergent. The
oil affects birds' waterproofing and they die of the cold if it is not removed
in time. Sea otters also die of hypothermia if their fur becomes coated with EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
oil. But the most worrying is the effect on the feeding grounds. Answer the following questions:
The reek of oil hangs in the air over the beaches as the cleaners wield
1. Why was the first stage of the rescue operation unsuccessful?
high-pressure hoses to scour the crud oil and mop it up in a massive
2. What elements were involved in containing the slick?
cleanup operation. The plan includes dropping chemical dispersants
3. What marine life in the area is under threat from the oil?
from the air in order to break up the remaining slick into droplets that
4. What is being done on the beaches as part of the cleanup?
eventually sink. But this process releases hydrocarbons, also toxic to
5. How extensive is the damage?
marine life.
It will be difficult to prepare a detailed assessment of the damage to
the environment. The residue from the spill will stay in the area for a long
EXERCISE S. PHRASES TO LEARN
time before it eventually degrades. The permanent effects on the marine Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
ecosystem, however, will not be known for years to come.

- eforturi intense - i e,_____
for related vocabulary go to page 132, for discussion topics go to page 288. - a evita 0 catastrofa - a a d,_ _ _ __
- a diminua la minimum pericolul poluarii - m the d _ _ _ __
ofc_ _ _ __
crude (adj) - (of oil) in natural state - (petrol) in stare naturala - a da un comunicat, un anunt - i a s_ _ _ __
spew (v) - gush, discharge - a (se) deversa - amenintat - a r_ _ _ __
containment booms (n) - floating objects held together to prevent - efecte pe termen lung - p e,_____
something floating away - retea piutitoare de mid containere - inca multi ani - f m Y to c._ _ _ __
exhausted (adj) - very tired - epuizat

scoop up (v) - a stremge, a colecta for translation practice go to page 260.
noxious (adj) - harmful, toxic - nociv, toxic
patch (n) - smalJ, irregular part of a surface - pata, dara
wading birds (n) - long-legged water birds that walk through water
pasare de mare
167
166
sterility (n) - inability to reproduce - sterilitate
monitor (v) - check - a monitoriza, a supraveghea
slaughter (n) killing - a macelari
outlaw (v) - make unlawfuL prohibit a scoate in afara legii
A worldwide campaign has been launched to save scores of animals
exploitation (n) - using selfishly for ones own profit - exploatare (in folos
from the brink of extinction and to preserve their habitats. A quarter of all propriu)
living species on the planet could be extinct within the next 50 years, as mercilessly (adv) showing no mercy- neindurator
ecosystems are destroyed. To prevent this from happening, millions of dolars drift-netting (n) fishing technique in which nets are carried by the
have been raised and allo~ated to various conservation projects to protect current - tehnica de pescuit, cu trauler (pIasa) purtat de curent
threatened wildlife and slow the reduction in the diversity of living things.
sanctuary (n) - area where, by law, it is forbidden to hunt - sanctuar
In the case of the Javanese Rhinoceros, a very rare mammal as there
(rezervatie)
are only about 50 in Indonesia, reserves have been established. Another
method often used to enlarge the numbers is captive breeding. From the
remaining 30 representatives of the Arabian Oryx, an antelope hunted to EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE

near extinction, 700 animals were raised in captivity and later returned to Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
. (answer page 323.)
their natural habitat.
Birds of prey are also on the decline. This has been accelerated by the
destruction of their feeding and nesting places. Pesticides and herbicides SAVE - EXTINCTION - FROM - CAMPAIGN - INTERNATIONAL - TO
in their food cause sterility, malformation and mass deaths. Eagles,
_ ENDANGERED - CALL - FOR - SPECIES
falcons and condors are now being provided with uncontaminated food
and their breeding cycles are being monitored. The fact that, at the
moment, there are fewer than 40 Californian Condors shows how urgently EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
the help is needed.
. Answer the following questions:
Many countries have joined in banning both the killing of endangered
animals and the trading in the articles for which they are killed. Elephants, 1. How serious is the situation of some species?
2. What methods of saving some animals from extinction are used in the
slaughtered for ivory, and polar bears, shot for their fur, now have some
chance of survival, due to the coordinated efforts of many organizations most dramatic cases?
3. What can be done if the natural habitat is polluted?
which are urging governments to outlaw their exploitation. To stop the
4. Why must the campaign be a coordinated international effort?
trading in the skins of the tiger, cheetah, jaguar and snow leopard, people
are being discouraged from buying furs. Among other animals which are
mercilessly hunted are whales, walruses, sea turtles and seals. Also drift
netting - called the most destructive fishing technology ever devised by . EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
man - and overfishing are taking a heavy toll on marine life. Only by
providing safe sea and land sanctuaries will we succeed in saving these '
- la Bmita disparitiei - 0 the b of e _ _ __

species from extinction. This should be the moral obligation of every
- a colecta fond uri - r m,_ _ __
human being.
- a crel}te in captivitate - r in c_ _ _ __
- pasari rapitoare - b of p _ _ _ __
for related vocabulazy go to page 170, 172, for discussion topics go to page 288.
- a furniza hrana neinfestata - p u_____ ' - - - -
- a avea I}ansa de a supravietui h a c of
s_ _ _ __
scores (n) - a great many - mulUme, gramada

- eforturi coordonate - c e _ _ _ __
habitat (n) - natural place of living - areaL arie de raspcmdire - a sfatui sa nu cumpere - d b _ _ _ __
allocate (v) - put for a purpose - a aloca
- conceputa vreodata de catre oameni - e d by
div-ersHy (n) variety - varietate. diversitate m_____
reserve (n) - area put aside for a particular purpose - rezervatie - secatuind in mod serios - t a h _____ - - - -
breeding (n) - reproduction of animals - reproducerea animalelor
decline (n) - continuing loss of something - dedin

accelerate (v) - speed up - a accelera
169
L _____.~.__~~~168
...,_._....
poachi~g (n) - illegal hunting - braconaj
carcasses (n) - bodies of dead animals - carcasa, le~
wrench (v) twist and pull violently - a smulge (prin {orta)
culling (n) - picking out and killing selectively - omorarea (animalelor) in
A worldwide ban on ivory trading has finally been imposed following mod selediv
repeated pleas by conservationists alarmed at the sharp dwindling of confines (n) -limits, boundaries -limite, granite
elephant herds in Africa. The number of African elephants roaming the fodder (n) - food for farm animals - furaj
Continent has dropped - even by a conservative estimate - from 2 million habitat (n) - natural place of living areal, arie de raspcmdire
to 650,000. These imposing animals have been slaughtered nearly to
extinction solely for their tusks. A ton of ivory, known as "white gold",
means an average of a hundred elephants, counting calves left to die of EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
starvation. Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
The business of ivory trading became so lucrative that it led to a (answer - page 323.)
tremendous increase in the uncontrolled poaching of elephants. Despite
laws protecting elephants, poachers organized themselves into gangs, CRITICISM - ALREADY STRONG LONG-AWAITED - NORY - FACING
defying all bans. Helpless park rangers were finding hundreds of -BAN
elephant carcasses riddled with bullets.
The long-awaited law makes the shipment and sale of any elephant
products illegaL give it an added dimension, 12 tons of confiscated EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
ivory were publicly burnt. The $3 m. worth of tusks had been cut or Answer the following questions:
wrenched from 1,800 elephants' skulls. The message of the sad ceremony,
as one conservationist put· it, was clear: "The only place we want to see 1. Why has the ivory ban been imposed?
ivory is on a living elephant". 2. Why is poaching so difficult to eradicate?
The new laws, however, also cause concern. Many African 3. What was the purpose of the tusk-burning ceremony?
governments claim that the cost of the ban is as colossal as the elephants 4. What arguments are being used by the opponents of the ban and
themselves. Before the ban, legal income from ivory allowed them to culling?
finance conservation programmes. For this reason, a call for legally

controlled culling has been issued. It is also difficult to keep elephants
within the confines of a natural reserve. Total protection means confined EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
areas but elephants can eat themselves out of food, as each one consumes Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
300 kg of fodder and 200 litres. of water daily. The local population also
oppose the ban, because of the damage to cultivated crops. It is argued - a introduce a interdic!ie la scara mondiala - i a w _ _ _ __
b_ _ __
that the habitat will regulate the elephant population, and that the natural
cycle should be allowed to maintain this population at sustainable levels. - numarul a scazut - n have d_ _ _ __
- a mud de foame - d of s _ _ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page 172, for discussion topics go to page 288. - afacere rentabila - 1 b_____
- cre~tere uria~a - t_____ ,_____
- a nu lua in seama interdic!ia d the b _ _ _ __
ivory (n) - white, bone-like substance forming the tusks of elephants - gaudt de gloan!e - r with b_ _ _ __
filde~
- a starni temeri - c c_ _ _ __
- venit legal-l_ _ _ _ _ _ __
plea en) - request - cerere

- a face un apel - i a c f._____
dwindling (adj) - diminishing in number - imputinare, scadere

roam (v) - walk without any definite aim, wander - a merge la voia
intamplarii for translation practice go to page 260.
imposing (adj) - impressive, majestic - impunator, impresionant
extinction (n) - being no. longer in existence - disparitie
tusk en) - long, pointed tooth, as in the elephant colt
calves (one calf) (n) - young of some animals - pui (de animal)
L 170
171
Extensive research is being carried out to facilitate the breeding of PANDA - ATTEMPTS - UNSUCCESSFUL - TO - STILL - POPULATION
the giant panda, a reclusive bear-like animal living in China. Destruction _RESTORE
of its natural. habitat has taken a heavy toll on the panda population so it
has become one of the world's most endangered species. Measures taken
in the mid-seventies by the Chinese government in recognition of the EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
urgent need to preserve the panda's ecosystem coincided with a rare Answer the following questions:
natural phenomenon of the bamboo forests bursting into flower and dying
off. The consequences for the panda were disastrous: more than 10 per 1. What are the three main reasons which have caused the panda to
cent of the whole population died of starvation. Pandas feed almost become an endangered species?
exclusively on bamboo and a mature animal needs more than 40 pounds 2. What are we told about the panda's eating habits?
of its shoots daily to survive. 3. What is the main objective of "Project Panda"?
In the 1980s, Project Panda was launched. As cases of a panda being 4. What methods of reproduction are employed?
born in captivity are extremely rare, special breeding stations have been 5. Why is so much being done to facilitate captive breeding of pandas?
set up to facilitate natural breeding and improve their low reproduction
rate. This has proved to be one of the hardest parts of the project because
the impregnation period for a female is very short: only one to three days EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
a year. Not only is ovulation difficult to pinpoint. but also mating has to be Complete the following phtases. Each line stands for one word:
encouraged at precisely the right moment. When natural methods of

reproduction fail. scientists try artificial insemination. Unfortunately, so _ a face cercetari - 0 r_ _ _ __
far, most attempts have met with limited success. _ a secatui Yn mod dramatic - t a h _ _ _ __
Nevertheless, wildlife conservationists are intensifying their efforts to - specie amenintata - e s_ _ _ __
protect the existing population of pandas and eliminate those factors - a lua masuri - t m,_ _ _--'-_
which threaten its survival. They are hoping to enlarge it one day with - a inflori - b i._ _ _ __
offspring born and bred in captivity, so that future generations may also _ rata redusa de inmultire - 1 r r_____
enjoy the sight of these charming. widely admires creatures. _ metodele naturale nu reu:;;esc - n m,_____ , - - - -
_ incercarile au fost incununate doar eu un sucees limitat - a._ _ _ __
m w I s,_ _ _ __
- a spori eforturile - i e _ _ _ __
- a se bucura de priveli:;;tea - e the s,_____
facilitate (v) - make easier - a facilita
breeding (n) - keeping animals for reproduction - reproducere for translation practice go to page 261.
reclusive (adD - "antisociai", avoiding meeting people - retras, izolat
starvation (n) - hunger -Ynfometare
exclusively (adv) - only - exclusiv. doar
launch (v) - start initiate - a initia, ci lansa
(in) captivity (n) - not in the wild - (in) captivitate
impregnation (n) - making pregnant - fecundare
pinpoint (v) find with accuracy - a calcula exact
mating (n) - uniting for reproduction - momentulYmpreunarii
artificial (adj) - not natural artificial
enlarge (v) - boost, expand - a spori, a cre<\)te
charming (adj) - adorable - fermecator
i73
172
I '1~
i,'",,;4/1n·~
'\ i .... I,·11
\\1".1,".
::I~:.I! ...diI .•:. . 1

II ' itt H ..... "
lH' Clhl~r'·I1(~C I
Iii.,} ·~"I,,),",··I •
\\
I~
a
l"(,e .-.I........ - -Snlo'\C.·I·~ told
1 ()jl ~"")COl'·1(-- 'il!" ..,\ ",,'1''''''11',' e'· .... '.'lI·. '<ISS
j
"...... n.~
10
1'..du.Il ....
it goO(lh\'(,
,.. '"
....
\\.,t1 •. tth 'II~ ,.d

......
rll,t • ~ READING COMPREHENSION
fol''''PH' .~\,... i' f~ 01,•• 1.··..... P •• :h 11I!1tt U,.UI,t'., '.
\"('"\Ct"\().. 11 \·II:'I'II:hl~.1 l '1I"~d

'O.
1 4'u.1 t'llt ,,, :i\1 Ilit...... "'\1.: t,,"!f •. rll',u ••1h... I ...
l·· ..... - it~lItt r'·llud h-
(t.II'.lUl\fl,,'r'd \1 fl't ~I'
I h,. .... ~
ftlfU
"~lfHtlil ...
r'H,lt·l'H~'Hff'"t
tes';..
'
,1'01 be
i h," .... ' 1
l~LUh.· Vir' is . \.
"'I""~' '.\~ ~""'''''. \\1 '", II
'~(t(I.';:,
r
! •• ,
, •• Ltl~'f··
"U! .;.,
.otl ....
H'''~hllnl!
·,,,,It.!, ",,·it.·,1 ','.'
S~lft''"
• ~,:J
..,
J
.,..,. . . . lOp f . .
\..
~
"1
"'!\
I
<
'
·n"h:
\..
. '." '., ''IIt'"I.
reast Can'" ,.. C·····. ,I'

~ ~ Orhl . . h., '
t\] 11C~(\:1"'" e"·r' . . .r
I".,,, II,. . • •
section four:
HEALTH
~.. ~,
.', .,-,. 1"'111·1 II ""'''. '11'
.1" !'l"I:f,UI ..tlHUttf liP'"
~~
"' .... ,. >l'U\('o,'" " . 1 '\1' ;'H',. n' lIl1 l\!tl''-HJ',
·,,,··."I".d'('r·,I'vJ"~ ff~1'~ l"'\I'rl·~.·
I I II \ ., " \\
'h""
••• " : ' I ,
',., .....'., .. "
'.. \, I
., ... ,11"" i'/""" '., II".
:::':.t~r'eniedJ.e'S"fiO·r c
news item 37: RABIES .............. .
.176
,. ' I l l ,~l·
. ..., ( ) "''''
. . •. "...
\\"l.l.' \. U\'... · \\11'
' , " " , "'\
It .\I'''·UlI'\ "t
\,.1\.
,...
.. ' \ .~. ,~~" 0\\1 ........ "
~.. t" • ·l)lh""'. j ,tft .

Pa news
news
item
item
38:
39:
LEGIONNAIRE'S DISEASE
FLU ........... .
.178
.180
.:':~; ·"~:'i·"~..' t, ;
~ ~.L'~ r II'~"
.1' 41 .,'
. '-I
SO":er111 ·". \l \.,

.' .' ,
. r{,
<ttHl. ' \"
.'\\1:' : \\\
'",
Sa1a news item 40: FOOD POISONING .182

S .
'~.I l Ill:l~
' .-{IS
.WI .. .. '.
,to ,-\. "" " '~, I~\\··'~ ,,!U . '("r~ I, t'
11 ( • . ...
news item 41: CANCER ....... .
.184
11~. I""'" \... '"d .... ,,,,.
r- - . ."'' ',.
t,. .
J'.'I'I.'I~ l" .....\11 \,pr" '.'!'
•'"
] l~
~ . . ,,,,,1-..'",.,\ .II"'·'\~: ~
,<ltI"\,,h'I:"
\\''1I:,\(·tt
n . " h••• l"\
/t
.,.
."..
~l.H ~ 't. to.
'1" \".,
••
,w
'"' • •
1.\,... u"" ..
, \
. ', .. ", II· Llith
!)/'
news
news
item
item
42:
43:
BREAST IMPLANTS
SUNBATHING
.186
.188
"",.th
,,,,""''',,I''-;''U\
" ~~.""h .~' ..•.'.'1,
\\,l'\ tHIl~ ,,\\1: nfP.~'.
reast ca
iu ·'\ ......1 ~U10 .~
n cer
'\'""'/'1',,
.....1 .",," '\..
~
"«
,news
news
item
item
44:
45:
FAST FOOD
BULIMIA
.190
.192
.<I~ .1i'·~"lU."t(1 .. ~h"ur.it JHth 'II, \1 I
news item 46: SMOKING .194
'''lIIi,,~ ,W" a:,:nl'r':' .""IIj,,'C..,j"l .... III'" i~fi"., ..lPn. "',,'.
,':1\' ml'/! 111.",,1:1111 Lb" .1 "~rr"'rH ',1,., :'mc '\.."flii:i 10I1 !l ("~'.~' '«'1'(' 11'1'('., ~nd news item 47: PAIN .196
~ck spread of epidemic "in~ ....!JIIi~e£';' i'~'':I~;lll; L news item 48: ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE .198
. ~n Il~'J"', d I.f)e~
~' ",h.. or news item 49: TEST-TUBE BABIES 1 .200
t}ectJ On
Q
,f :."
~'
,.'m,·
1Ilr'1I. hI' ?oU""
IIf'\\ II ,;n(.,. tl'd
~'lttl, It~J.'14·full.!
~
i~~ ~~
)·C.l\l~
111,-
S ..Se'
II ... 101,'" .. i, " '. 1f,".,Illv
1 ·
111.11" l,,· .. 1I1t.1.·, ./t,...
.• .1tut t.
... Ilq l" 01
. an.ltll 10
wdl tUJI It... "
../,. ...
pilt ",...
news item 50: WORKING WITH COMPUTERS .202
I a In -.
" h'''\\"i)It,.·U •
In1". 1I1.<1lhl ,1..1,·
I.. , "'j!hth ,"h'rna,
'"I: ,I<'l.,l" il'" •• , "
.,..-.
·..,n
\.111 news item 51: ELECTROMAGNETIC
!"""H l" "" .'. i., RADIATION THREAT .............. .
..204
lImone i;;~:I';' ~~;:;~;';~::'f.''':

S.~1111 on
..."""Ct'"lldhoo .1, and

f9H .... er n'Un '.'
1 C.
..... 1\1"" HI r]u'
.111",,, ,... It ,',1 I" 1•.11
I -; ' .... ..- WOl!l"" ~ ..~ d (.O()U,~ III \\~Jgh,.·,1
1'1~.r
~'
i'"/}..·... I ..''!l
II ....
nl<'~Hh!
' ., '''''
.,(fc-.' m . (lIt.
0'\
c illlCor '"/'"I"'! .,,," ,. II... 'Iotr
r'C), •
~ I "pur"ml< [tit,!'" Ih~" I es
dlSeaS..
• It ~ n., Pr I(
~t;II"lflI"'hl'r
"'11" h.,", ..,," <li'''l ""110/"111('
t'Vlllft I· .;\ ,II,. ,Ih I'..,.. 1/. ( ....
III
'bJ ell]'h~.ad HI \'
!~,~"{,.t 1)f)~i,I'.'·
"'. •• h.ld
....' •. tho
Itl.
beaten by lit <:>Ii dirt"t·,.., "I 'v ....ill]
::, :::':(;81l<.",.1;1lk WIth ;:i::::'· vaccines Wild fox p

\il\e!il! \lH s\·;' i i 11.1. {."Inlf' ~"I.~.l\"
,.... Wll" h .• " In- III',' .11 d I", 11;III'PI'~i''''''
11"11;0':. . •..... ,., ....... ,'
utlWer
flIj(hl,·r< "l:",r I~~ alIt! ni, h"lnl!! ,·ltl .11 ,·"k h\· d.III1"
.,,,,1<.. .. lit"" ",',,,, , ,,'
r
,"", hf,·, ;""1 J!r.lll"·d""J!I'I<'r~ ;111/IIt,ll ,f... "m.n, •.lIh· ...,.
'h.w '" u .. j""'d, ,I ",,'
III " .. t.•
•11.,1 1I:l"II,'" hau II.. ·....• all,/ Itl<' IfillI' Wf',." !,~" (;"1::.1 ..\.(, ./an:qep .... 1'" ',...... li".• tI" i•
,1.(.' ..,
teenage anoreJ~JI1lO:t1('~;~':2
" .
III 0 ..... n
'!Jell'!) • ., .. ,.
I!.~
~"'"
If\(OSL'(UAI. I';U Iners
'" h"r IIII'/'I' 11\ ... ,
"','.·1.· ....., ... ,., .. "1\' ""~'" A~~'l( 1.1rll." "h,d. ';h .. II...
W.U(",d n'IIIll'11 h"u,;c r"nalll

'~Ie Itt h~· 1':"'('1) 'he- ~Ilm(' li~I'h;
ht:tn'C'l' ''(llu'J..... ·
... ,
.
"!!I!"I.1 I,,·
~ ~j
• • ..., It
.. ,,,.,.,
"f~ \:~ ~ol

I\lCInI'.V
1
t';II,I'''' ..
Ii'" ,w" q
,1 .. ",1.1 .... , .. I,·, "'..
J'I1'r.
.l f
virulence (n) - capability of a microorganism to cause disease - virulenja
combat (v) - fight - lupta
A fifty-year-old man died yesterday after succumbing to rabies - one EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
of the most feared killer disease. He contracted it after being bitten by a Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
stray puppy which wandered into his garden 3 months ago. When, after
a month, he started developing rabies symptoms, which include difficulty
in swallowing and the characteristic fear of light, he was admitted to the AMID _ ANOTHER - ERADICATE - V1CTIM - EFFORTS - TO - THE
National Hospital. Unfortunately, it was too late for the anti-rabies serum _ RABIES - DISEASE - DIES
to be effective. For the man, as for other victims of rabies before him, death
came as a merciful release after several days of painful agony.
Rabies, or hydrophobia, is a disease communicated through animal EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
bites, as the virus is present in the saliva of the infected creature. It Answer the following questions:
invariably represents a mortal danger to people and there are still several
deaths among humans each year. Those bitten have to undergo painful 1. Why did the man die?
abdominal injections, as this remains the only treatment available to save 2. Why is his death described as a "merciful release"?
them from an agonizing death. For the post-exposure inoculation to be 3. How can victims who have been bitten be saved?
successful not more than a week should elapse between the bite and the 4. Why are scientists concentrating their efforts on foxes?
commencement of the treatment.
Red foxes are the most common carriers of rabies and it is among their
population that the disease gains a fast hold. Scientists have tried to EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
control the disease in the affected areas by fitting these animals with Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
electronic collars in order to monitor their migration. Also game wardens
try spreading chicken heads injected with live virus vaccine. The aim of _ una dintre cele mai ternute bali mortale - the
k m,_ _ __
d,_______
this operation is to immunize foxes against the disease. This could help
check the alarming spread of rabies among wild animals and eventually _ a se imbolnavi - c a d,_ _ _ __
make the country rabies-free. Although the virus present in the vaccine is _ a manifesta simptome - d the s_ _ _ __
attenuated. that is havihg lost its virulence. it is argued that vaccinating. _ a fi acceptat la spital - be a t h_ _ _ __
10xes orally is not necessarily the best way of combating the disease and _ a constitui un pericol - r a d _ _ _ __
could actually spread it even further. However, if successful, the plan _ injectii dureroase in abdomen - p a,_ _ _ __
could eliminate the horrifying disease for good. _ a salva de la moartea in chinuri - as f
d_____ an
for related vocabulary go to page 180, for discussion topics go to page 288. _ vaccin administrat post factum - P -e_____ - - - - - -
. . . tnceperea tratamentului - c of t _ _ _ __
_ a se raspandi rapid - g a f h,_ _ _ __
_ a spod rezistenla la boala - i a the d _ _ _ __
succumb (v) - yield, give way to disease - a sucomba, a muri
stray (n) - homeless, wandering animal - ratacit, vagabond _ a controla raspcmdirea bolii - c the s of the
d,_ _ __
wander (v) - go from place to place without any purpose - a rataci, a te
deplasa de colo-colo - a elimina definitiv - e g-----
serum (n) - fluid taken from the blood of an animal immune to a disease
and used for inoculations - ser, vaccin for translation practice go to page 261.
saliva (n) - natural liquid present in the mouth - saliva
abdominal (adj) - of the belly - abdominal
carrier (n) - person or animal that transmits a disease - purtator
monitor (v) - observe -a monitoriza, a supraveghea, a controla
live (adj) - living and alive, - viu, In viaja
attenuate (v) - weaken - a atenua, a slabi
177
12.
176
bathroom fittings (n) - shower and water taps - instala!ii sanitare ,~l
t:;~
bug (n) - germ, virus - virus, microb
stagnant (adD - not moving, stale - statatoare (apa)
virulent (adi> - strong and deadly virulent
Legionnaire's Disease has claimed its thirtieth victim this year with the strain (n) breed - soi, cultura (de viru~i)
death of George Pym, a 55-year-old builder from Stoke. Eight other people swarm (v) - move in large numbers - a napadi, a mi 9una
are sick in hospital and a further ten cases are being investigated sampling (n) - taking specimens to show what the rest is like - probare
following the latest outbreak of the disease amongst maintenance workers eradicate (v) - destroy - a eradiea, a distruge
at a hospital. spray (v) - send liquid through the air in tiny drops - a vaporiza
The rod-shaped bacterium called Legionella pneumophila was first lethal (adj) causing death -letal, mortal
isolated and named in 1976 when a group of delegates attending an vapour (n) steam, mist - vapori
American Legion Convention in Philadelphia was struck down by a
mysterious type of pneumonia. The agent. which on that occasion caused
death of twenty-nine people, was found in bathroom fittings in the EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
hotel which housed delegates. Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
The disease most often affects people working or living in buildings (answer - page 323,)
which are air-conditioned. by water from cooling towers. Following a
nationwide investigation, the bug was found in the water systems of two- IN - DEADLY - BUG HOSPITAL - OUTBREAK - STRIKES - AGAIN
thirds of hospitals and about half the hotels, putting all their occupants at
risk.
The trouble begins when the bacteria find their optimum breeding EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
temperature at between 3TC and 40'C, and a good source of food, such as Answer the following questions:
algae or organic rubbish in stagnant water. This creates virulent strains.
The design of many buildings makes it very difficult to exterminate the bug 1. Why has the bug hit the maintenance workers?
swarming in the water tanks. Sampling and testing are continuing and 2. Why did so many people die of Legionnaire's disease at the
chemical treatment (chlorination) helps eradicate traces of the bug which Philadelphia convention in 1976?
spreads when contaminated water is sprayed into the atmosphere of a 3. Why is the water in cooling towers an ideal breeding ground for
building. It has been recommended, however, that water-cooled air Legionella pneumophila?
conditioning be replaced with air-cooled ones. 4. In what respect is the disease similar to pneumonia?
The potentially lethal disease is caught by inhaling droplets of water
vapour containing the bacteria, not by person-to-person contact.
Symptoms can manifest themselves from two to ten days after exposure. EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
The ilness may start like a cold, but rapidly progresses to fever, aches and Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
coughing. There is vomiting and diarrhoea. The bug responds well to
antibiotics, and the outlook for recovery is favourable if the correct - a face 0 victima - c a v_ _ _ __
diagnosis is made quickly. - a cauza moartea - c of the d._ _ _ __
a ameninta - p a r_ _ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page lBO, for discussion topics go to page 2B9. - temperatura optima pentru tnmultire - 0 b,_ _ _ __
t_____
- simptomeie se manifesta - s m._____ - - - - -
maintenance (n) - keeping something in working order - (lucrari de) - a Ii sensibil la antibiotice r w to a,_ _ _ __
intreUnere - 0 buna prognoza pentru vindecare the 0 for
r_ _ _ __
rod·shaped (adi> - in the shape of a thin, cylindrical object - de forma
unui cilindru subUre - a puna un diagnostic corect - m the c d _ _ _ __
strike (struck. struck) down (v) - hit, affect - a doborl, a afecta
pneumonia (n) - inflammation of lungs - pneumonie for translation practice go .to page 262.
agent (n) - substance producing an effect - agent, substanta care produce
un efect
178 179
l news item 39: FLU ] susceptible (adi> - easily affected by something -
susceptibil
hastily (adv) - hurriedly - in graba
u~or afectat de ceva,
1. The Secretary of Health has reported the finding of a new flu bug
which differs significantly from all strains that have caused recent flu EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
epidemics. The new multi-drug resistant strain, currently on the loose, was Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:
declared responsible for a new outbreak of the disease which has already (answer - page 323.)
claimed 25 victims. The .virus has proved impervious to antibiotics,
especially where the· immune system of the patient is impaired. The strain 1. 25 - FLU - DEAD - BUG - AFTER - PEOPLE - HITS - NEW
produces severe symptoms, including high fever, chills and aches. The 2. VACCINATED - OLDSTERS - VIRUS - BE - INFLUENZA AGAINST - TO
noxious bacllli are transmitted by air and contracting the disease takes
place through person-to-person contact. At the moment little can be done
to prevent the infection from flaring into a full-blown epidemic. EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
2. A new outbreak of influenza has been reported. This year's has mild Answer the following questions:
symptoms and a moderate fever. Most victims recover within a week or less
and, unlike other major mutations of the flu virus, it is not expected to 1. Why is the new virus potentially dangerous? (l)
cause any fatalities. People previously exposed to the virus will have some 2. How does one catch flu?
degree of immunity. Those most susceptible to the new bug will be 3. What factors will help keep the number of victims low? (2)
children who, according to recent findings, should be given paracetamol 4. Whoshould be protected against the flu virus and how?
and not aspirin, except under close medical supervision. The spread of flu
is likely to decrease with children staying home for their Christmas
holiday. EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
From year to year, the influenza virus undergoes minor variations Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
known as "drifts" but the properties of the virus can change so dramatically
that antibodies recently acquired do not provide adequate protection, and - a se deosebi mult fata de - d s f_ _ __
epidemic-size outbreaks may spread. Despite the mildness of this year's - a lua amploare, a se intinde - be 0 the 1_____
strain, flu always poses a health risk to the older age group and those - a considera responsabil pentru - d r f._ _ _ __
whose resistance has already been weakened. Research laboratories have - a avea ca simptome - p s._ _ _ __
therefore been hastily ordered to produce an appropriate vaccine. - a cauza cateva decese c s f,_ _ _ __
- dupa cele mai noi descoperiri - a to r_____ L_ _ _ __
for discussion topics go to page 289. - sub supravegherea stricta a medicului - u c_ _ _ __
m s,_ _ _ __
- a suferi U90are schimbari - u m v_____
bug (n) - germ, virus - virus, germene - a slabi rezistenia - w the r_ _ _ __
strain (n) - breed - soi, gen, cultum (de virul,)i) - vaccin corespunzator - a v _ _ _ __
resistant (adi> - offering resistance, unaffected - rezistent
impervious (adj) - not influenced - insensibil (la) for translation practice go ~o page 262.
impair (v) - weaken - a slabi, a gasi nepregatit
severe (adj) - not mild - sever
chills (n) - shivering of the body - frisoane
noxious (adj) - harmful- nociv, daunator
bacilli (one bacillus) (n) disease-causing bacteria bacili
flare (v) - burst out suddenly - a izbucni
full-blown (adj) - fota1- pe scala larga
mild (adj) - not severe - Ul,)or, bland
mutation (n) - c;hange in an organism produced as a result of genetic
alteration - mutatie
180 181
withdraw (v) - take back, remove - a retrage, a scoate
feedstuffs (n) - food for animals - hrana pentru animale
scare (n) - alarm, widespread fear - alarma
listeria (n) - rod-shaped bacteria named after f. Lister - gen de bacterii
1. Food served and sold in delis. supermarkets and take-away bars prezente in vegetalele In putrefac!ie
can cause serious food poisoning, according to health experts. Ready-to- pate (n) - paste made of liver, meat etc. - pateu (ficat, carne)
eat food, such as seafood dishes, prepacked salads or pork pies. may be potent (adj) - powerful - puternic
contaminated with salmonella bacteria. It may also have been on display
too long, or at an unsafe temperature, making it unsuitable for
consumption. EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
A newly proposed Code of Practice will make it an offence to "render Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:
food injurious to health", enforcing the provisions of food safety (answer - page 323.)
legislation. It is, for example, recommended that temperature readings be
taken at four-hourly intervals. and that strict hygiene rules should be 1. NEW - CONSUMER - SAFER - LAW - FOOD - MAKES
applied to storage and display of dishes. Also, precautions must be taken 2. pATE - PANIC - AMID - CONTAMINATED - SALE - WITHDRAWN
to minimize the risk of customers touching products or coughing over them. FROM - LISTERIA
Today's warning has been issued following a dramatic increase in
food poisonings. Most outbreaks are caused by Salmonella enteritidis
commonly associated with the consumption of chicken eggs or egg EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
products due to shell contamination. Almost every day newspapers report Answer the following questions:
that cooked meats and poultry dishes are being withdrawn from sale. The
alarming rise in the number of infections is the price the consumer pays for 1. What can make some dishes dangerous to health?
the development of factory .poultry farming and cheap meat feedstuffs. 2. What should be done to eliminate the risk of food poisoning?
2. Another food poisoning scare swept the country today as deadly 3. What is responsible for the increase in outbreaks of salmonella
listeria was found in imported pate sold by leading food stores. Those who infections?
bought pate in recent days may be putting their lives at risk and are asked 4. What is being done to contain the spread of listeriosis?
to return it. Shops have been ordered to remove the pate from their shelves
to prevent a major outbreak. Medical checks are being carried out to
discover the extent of the listeria contamination. EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
More than fourteen people are suffering from the infection and Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
undergoing hospital treatment. Following a recent spate of similar
outbreaks, pregnant women in particular are advised to avoid pate, soft _ infestat cu bacterii - c w_ _ _ __
cheese and ready-cooked poultry dishes. The bug is potent enough to kill _ care nu e bun pentru a fi consumat - u._____
c,_ _ _ __
unborn babies and cause miscarriages.
_a aplica normele de igiena - a h r_ _ _ __
for discussion topics go to page 289. - a lua masuri preventive - t p-----
_a lansa un avertisment - i a w _ _ _ __
- a plati un pre! pentru - p the p - - - - - ' - - - - -
deli. delicatessen (n) - shop selling foods ready for serving - magazin _a periclita viala - p at r_ _ _ __
specializat in vanzarea de produse care pot Ii consumate imediat _a efectua control ~i analize medicale - c 0 _ _ _ __
m c_____
pie (n) - meat covered with pastry - placinta
offence (n) - breaking of a rule - contraventie, delict _ a spitaliza pentru efectuarea unui tratament - u h,_ _ _ __
t,_ _ _ __
render (v) deliver, offer - a oferi
injurious (adj) - likely to cause injury daunator - a provoca un avort - c a m _____
provisions (n) - conditions·in a legal document - prevedere, stipulare
interval (n) - time between two events - interval for translation practice go to page 263.
storage (n) storing of goods - depozitare, pastrare
poultry (n) - hens, ducks, geese... - pasari de curte
183
182
nutrition (n) - process of receiving nourishment, food ofhigh value - nutritie
comestibles (n) - things to eat - comestibile
ward off (v) - repel - a (te) feri
convert (v) - change from one form to another - a transforma
1. Mary Howard, the well-known actress, has confirmed that she inhibit (v) - suppress - a opri, a nu permite
underwent surgery for breast cancer. The first suspicion of malignancy intake (n) - quantity taken - ratie de alimente
appeared during a routine mammography. A biopsy was performed and proliferation (n) - growing by rapid multiplication of cells - proliferare,
the tissue sample h~rned out to be cancerous. The surgeon proceeded with cre~tere rapida
a radical mastectomy. Fonunately, the cancer had not spread beyond the cured (adj) - treated to keep in good condition by saiting, smoking etc. -
detected tumour and she will need no follow-up radiation or conservare alimente (prin sarare, afumare, etc.)
chemotherapy treatment. She must, however, remain clear for five years induce (v) - activate, generate - a genera, a favoriza apariUa
before doctors can say she is out of danger.
Announcing the news, Ms Howard wanted to encourage all women to
do a breast self-examination regularly to check for suspicious growths. EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
"Not every lump spells cancer, many are benign, but none can be Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:
ignored," she said, emphasizing the importance of early detection. Breast (answer - page 323.)
cancer victims now have a 77% chance of survival.
2. New evidence has been published today on the relationship 1. BREAST - APPEAL - FOLLOWING - MARY HOWARD'S - CANCER
between diet and the incidence of cancer. People are advised to follow - EMOTIONAL - OPERATION
certain dietary recommendations which stress the role of nutrition in 2. RISK - DIETS - TO - SPECIAL - CANCER - RECOMMENDED
fighting cancer. Some foods appear to promote cancer and should be -REDUCE
avoided, whilst other comestibles may actually help to ward off the
disease. Carrots, oranges and tomatoes have been singled out as
particularly valuable. Carotene, which is converted into vitamin A in the EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
body, reduces the risk of bladder and lung cancer, even among smokers. Answer the following questions:
Vitamin C inhibits the formation of any cancer. Vegetables and fruit
should be eaten raw, as most vitamins are lost in cooking. However, 1. What are Mary's prospects of recovery?
consuming vitamin pills in excess, the report has warned, may be toxic. 2. Why did Mary make the news of her operation public?
What we eat does affect our chances of developing cancer. People 3. What foods should be avoided?
who favour high-fat diets, such as deep-fried foods, run a greater risk of
cancer of the boweL Experiments revealed a lower occurence of tumors in
animals if their fat Intake is reduced. Ir(:m deficiency is said to promote EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
gastric cancer and to allow an increased proliferation of malignant cells. Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
Also a diet which is high in cured foods may induce cancer of the stomach.
- a suferi 0 interventie chirurgicala - u s_ _ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page 186, 190 for discussion topics go to page 290. - a nu avea nevoie de tratament tn continuare - n f_____
u_____ ,______
- importanta depistarii timpurii - of e d _ _ _ __
malignancy (n) - state ofbeing harmful to life - malignitate, daunator vietii - ~ansa de supravietuire - c of s'_ _ _ __
mammography (n) - X-ray photography of the breast to detect cancer- -legatura dintre - r___________
mamografie - a proceda in acord cu recomandarile - r_____
biopsy (n) - excision of a piece of tiBsue from a living body for diagnostic - a sublinia rolul- s the f _ _ _ __
study - .biopsie - a semnala ca fiind deosebit de pretios - s 0 as
mastectomy (n) - removal of a breast - mastectomie (ablatia glandei p v________
mamare) - a consuma excesiv - c in e _ _ _ __
lump (n) - swelling - nodul - a se expune unui risc sporit - r a g f _ _ _ __
benign (adj) - harmless, non-malignant -benign, nedaunator vietii
Incidence (n) - rate or range of occurence - incidenla for translation practice go to page 263.
184 185
fate (n) - that which must inevitably happen, destiny - soarta, destin
anxiously (adv) - with painful uncertainty - nelini~tit
the pill (n) - birth control pill - anticonceptional
breakthrough (n) - significant progress in scientific knowledge -
Recent revelations allegedly linking silicone implants to breast descoperire ~tiinti£ica semnificativa
cancer have alarmed those women who once decided to undergo
form of cosmetic breast surgery. The surgery, known as breast
enlargement, or augmentation. restores the fullness and firmness of the EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
breasts giving a woman who considers her breasts to be too small a sense Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
of well-being and pride in her body. The implants, soft pliable bags filled ,,,,,,,=..- - page 323.)
Irr..
with silicone, are also used for reconstruction surgery following radical
mastectomy, though this kind of operation accounts for only 20% of all BREAST - SCARE - IMPLANTS - OVER - COATED - CANCER
breast corrections.
According to recent studies, the implants, 10% of which are coated
an added layer of polyurethane foam, may pose a health hazard. The EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
polyurethane coating has been found to eventually break down into a
carcinogenic substance. Even though the evidence is far from conclusive
and the risk small, the revelation has caused a great stir especially among
1. For what reasons do women undergo cosmetic breast surgery?
cancer victims who have already undergone one ordeal.
2. What fact makes the recent revelation even more dramatic?
Silicone implants came into widespread use in the sixties and enjoyed
3. What will happen if the product is found hazardous?
enormous popularity. However, fears over the safety of the product have
4. What lessons can be drawn from cancer panics?
always been raised as invariably happens when any unnatural intrusion
into a human body takes place. If the product is now found to be
hazardous to health,. it will immediately be withdrawn from the market. As
EXERCISE 3. PHRA~ES TO LEARN
yet the question remains unanswered as to the fate of the thousands of
women with a potentially harmful implant in their breasts. Such women
are waiting anxiously for their fears to be set at rest. - a se supune unei operalii plastice la semi - u c_ _ _ __
Some years ago the contraceptive pill brought about a similar cancer ~ _______ s______
panic. Yet, even today, doctors have been unable to prove or disprove - a constitui (parte din cev~) - a ______ 1_ _ _ _ __
the higher incidence of breast cancer in some women can be attributed - a periclita sanatatea - p a h _ _ _ __
solely to taking the pill. One thing is clear: what at first seems a - a starni panica - c a s,_ _ _ __
revolutionary breakthrough in medicine, is sooner or later likely to be
- a trece printr-o experienta chinuitoare - u an 0,_ _ _ __
questioned for its possible carcinogenic effects.
- a fi larg utilizat c into w u _ _ _ __
- a se bucura de interes enorm - e e p_ _ _ __
- a spulbera temerile - s at r_ _ _ __
- a atribui ceva unui lucru - a something
allegedly (adv) - supposedly - dupa toate probabilita!ile
silicone (n) - complex organic compounds used in cosmetics - silicon
implant (n) - matter inserted underneath the skin - implant
augmentation (n) - making (by adding) - cre~tere, marire
restore (v) - bring back to a former or original condition - a readuce in
starea
pliable (adj) - flexible, easlly
coat (v) - cover a surface with a layer of som.ething - a acoperi 0 suprafata
cu 0 pelicula
invariably (adv) - always, constantly - invariabil, totdeauna
withdraw (v) - remove, stop using - a retrage, a scoate
186 187
sunburn (n) - reddening and blistering of the skin caused by too much
exposure to the sun - arsura de soare. bronzare
average (adi> - typical- obi~nuit. tipic
adequate (adi> - sufficient, satisfactory - adecvat
The mass media are making more and more people aware of the
dangers of being exposed to the sun. The publicity given to health hazards
posed by the depleted ozone layer has made suntan lotions go out of EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
fashion. Instead, "shade sunscreens", or "sunblockers", which Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
moisturise the skin and offer ultraviolet protection, are being introduced as (answer - page 323.)
a safer alternative. They are manufactured with different sun protection
factors, depending on the individual needs of the buyer. WARN - EXCESSIVE - HARMFUL - EXPERTS - HEALTH - SUNBATHING
Unrestained tanning has always been dangerous. Excessive exposure
to the sun'srays is responsible for skin ageing too soon as well as drastically
lowering one's immunity to infectious diseases. What causes the most EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
concern, however, is the very real danger of developing skin cancer. Every Answer the following questions:
10 to 15 years the number of cases of this type of cancer doubles. Its most
vicious form - malignant melanoma - now claims about 1.000 lives each 1. Which products are becoming popular and which are not selling well?
year. 2. What fashion has become popular recently?
Two factors contributing to these alarming statistics are the increase in 3. Why is overexposure to the sun dangerous?
the amount of harmful radiation reaching the earth and the fact that 4. What advice should Wo.; follow as regards sunbathing?
lifestyles have changed. For many years, a deep tan was regarded as an
essential fashion component with bikins growing so skimpy that the
sunseeker's whole body was finally exposed to the sun's rays. Today it is no EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
longer considered attractive, and fashion designers are trying to introduce Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
an element of common sense into their summer collections.
No matter· what kind of sunscreen one is using, overexposure and - a Ii con~tient de pericol - be a of the d,_ _ _ __
deliberate tanning should be avoided, especially if one has sensitive skin - a introduce ca mijloc substitutiv mai sigur - i a a
little pigmentation. Exposing your skin to the sun should be a gradual s a._____
process if one wants to avoid sunburn. It is estimated that twenty minutes in - expunerea excesiva la soare - e e to the
the tropical sun is the maximum for the average European. Sun-care s ·sr_ _ _ __
products are designed to minimize the danger, but will never entirely - imunitatea la bolile contagioase - to i d_ _ _ __
eliminate it. Holidays in the tropics will continue to be popular among - a starni temeri - c c_ _ _ __
sunseekers but, without adequate precautions. they may have a tragic end. - a considera drept parte componenta - r a a
c_ _ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page 154, for discussion topics go to page 290, . - a considera atragator - c a _ _ _ __
- element al bunului simi - e of c s_ _ _ __
- a evita bronzarea exagerata - a d __________
lotion (n) liquid cosmetic -loUune - a exclude complet - e e-'-_ _ __
moisturise (v) - make something moist, counteract a dry condition -
a umezi for translation practice go to page 264.
factors (n) - agents - agenti. factori ';iiI
unrestrained (adj) - without limits - fara limite
immunity (n) - safety, security from a particular disease - imunitate !I
i.1
vicious (adj) - severe and merciless, malicious - vicios
malignant melanoma (n) - deadly tumor of the skin - cancer al pielii
contribute (v) ...: help to bring about - a contribui
skimpy (adj) -less than enough, too small - extrem de ingust
pigmentation (n) - natural colouring of the skin - pigmentare
188 189
stable Cadi> - not readily decomposing - stabil
additives (n) - substances added to food as preservatives or colouring
agents - aditivi, coloranti
competitive (adi> - involving rivalry - competitiv
Eating real food is a thing of the past, lament nutritionists who are hooked (adj) - addicted to or obsessed with - consumator constant
increasingly concerned about the convenience foods which dominate stroke (n) - apoplexy - apoplexie
today's eating habits. The success of mass-produced fast food results induce (v) - activate and generate - a genera
largely from changing lifestyles. The pace of life nowadays leaves little obesity (n) - being fat - obezitate
time for leisurely eating. People eat on the run and avoid having meals awareness (n) - having knowledge - cuno~tiinta (a ~ti ceva)
around the dinner table. It is much easier to grab a quick snack and a can
of soft drink at lunchtime or tt;;) spend an evening in front of the TV set with
a bag of potato chips and a bottle of beer. Among the many Junk foods EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
offered by fast-food outlets, which are so favoured by the young, are Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
hamburgers, pizzas, fried chicken and cookies. All this spells the end to the (answer - page 323.)
culinary traditions of many nations.
To meet the demand for fast food, a whole new way of processing had CUT - CONSUMERS - ON - DOWN - FOODS - TO - WARNED - JUNK
to be devised, introducing new techniques for preservation, canning,
refrigeration and plastic wrapping. Chemical ingredients that extend the
shelf life of a product and keep it stable are added. Other artificial EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
additives provide extra flavour to improve the taste and colouring so as to Answer the following questions:
make a product more attractive and more competitive on the market.
Heavy advertising and smart marketing boost sales. However, 1. Why are fast foods so strongly associated with modern lifestyles?
sophisticated processing and storage techniques have deprived the food 2. How did the market demand come to affect the quality of food?
of all its natural goodness and vitamin value. 3. How can increasing the attractiveness of food be damaging to health?
Those who are hooked on junk food may yet pay a greater price for
their culinary obsession. Fast-food diets are rich in fats, cholesterol, sugar
and salts, and are responsible for a number of diet-related diseases such EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
as tooth decay and high blood pressure which can lead to strokes. Deep Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
frying may induce bowel cancer. Obesity, in turn, promotes heart disease
and diabetes. Extenders and other additives, like saccharine, are widely - a £i tot mai nelini~tit - be i c,_ _ _ __
known to be carcinogenic. As public awareness of the problem grows, - a lua 0 gustare - g a q s._ _ _ __
foods labelled as natural and organic, though more expensive, are - a desemna sfar:;;itul - s the e _ _ _ __
gaining new followers. - a satisface cererea - m the d _ _ _ __
- a spori vanzarea - b s_ _ _ __
for discussion topics go to page 291. - a plati un pre! - p the p _ _ __
- raspunzator de - r f'-____
-la randul sau - i,_ _ _ _ ,_ _ __
nutritionist (n) - person who deals with the science of feeding humans - - unanim cunoscut drept cancerigen - w k to be
n u tri1ioniost c_____
convenience (n) - easiness, anything that saves or simplifies - conventional - a ca§ltiga mai multi adepU - g m,_ _ _ _ ,_ _ __
fast food en) - food prepared in comparatively little time - fast food
pace (n) - rate, tempo - rHm for translation practice go to page 265.
junk foods (n) - food that is low in nutritional value and high in calories-
alimente bogate tn calorii, dar cu a valoare nutritiva redusa
outlets (n) - here: shops, bars, cafeterias - aid: magazine, baruri,
restaurante
preservation (n) - keeping from decay - conservare
extend (v) - increase the length or duration, prolong - a extinde, a prelungi
190 191
oesophagus (n) - passage from the pharynx to the stomach - esofag
I news item 45: BULIMIA u
1
constipation (n) - difficulty in emptying of the bowels - constipaiie
nutritious Cadi> - nourishing, having high value as food - nutritiv
cardiac arrest (n) - stop cardiac
An article published in one of the leading medical journals revealed appalling (adj) - terrible, shocking - teribil, ingrozitor
that, statistically, one in five female students engages in bulimic activity.
Bulimia is an eating disorder which, alongside anorexia nervosa, is
having a devastating effect on young women, often with tragic results. EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
Bulimia, the "binge and purge" syndrome, is the practice of Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
consuming food and then getting rid of it by vomiting, andlor using (answer - page 323.)
laxatives and diuretics. Addiction to the disorder means that a true
bulimic vomits up to five times a day to disgorge every single morsel of BULIMIA - ALERTED - AS - SUCCUMB - TO - WOMEN - MORE
food that has been eaten. Such a practice does extensive damage to one's -PARENTS
body. The blood-sugar level is destablished and the vitamins and
minerals are seriously depleted. The gastric acid rots one's throat, irritates
the oesophagus and causes tooth decay. Hormonal imbalance and heart EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
abnormalities soon appear. Answer the following questions:
Parents of the victims often fail to recognise the symptoms In time, as
. bulimics keep their embarrassing practice a most carefully guarded 1. How widespread is this practice?
secret. However, drastic weight loss is a primary sign that something is 2. What are the consequences of frequent vomiting?
wrong. Other symptoms include the lack of menstrual periods, excessive 3. Why is it difficult for others to realize what is going on?
constipation and hair loss. The organism, deprived of nutritious food, 4. Why do bulimics need help?
succumbs to diseases with cardiac arrest being the most common cause
of death among bulimic and anorexic patients. Treatment of the disease
deals with the malnutrition first, then sets up a specially calculated diet to EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
restore balance in the organism. An important success factor is early Complete the following ph~ases. Each line stands for one word:
detection. The longer these patterns continue, the more difficult they are to
break. - a practica e a _ _ _ __
The cause of bulimia is psychological. and the reasons why any - a avea un efect devastator - h a d e,_ _ _-'-_
woman would inflict on herself such appalling damage are complex. - a scapa de ceva - g r 0 something
Initially, it is the way a woman copes with reality. food is used as a - a crea daune considerabile - e d,_ _ _ __
weapon against herself. Soon, however, a bulimic loses control and the - a nu reu;>i sa identifici simptomele - f to r the
addiction to throwing up food becomes physical. Without expert advice, s,_ _ _ __
the bulimic is unable to break free from the "trap" she herself has created. - un secret rigures pazit - c g s,_ _ _ __
- primul semn, indiciu - p s,_ _ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page 220, for discussion topics go to page 291. - a se lasa cuprins de boala - s to d _ _ _ __
- a institui 0 dieta speciala - s u a s,_ _ _ __
alongside (prep) - parallel with Ympreuna cu - a nu se putea elibera din capcana (cursa) - be u to
binge (v) - indulge in eating and/or drinking - chef, mancat;>i baut pe b from the t,_ _ __
saturate
purge (v) - empty (bowels, stomach) - a curali (a da afara tot ce-ai mancat) for translation practice go to page 265.
laxative (n) - medicine causing the bowels to empty laxativ
diuretic (n) - medicine increasing the excretion of urine - diuretic
(stimulent al excreUei urinare)
disgorge (v) - throw up, vomit - a vomita
morsel (n) - tiny piece oHood - bucatica (de mancare)
rot (v) - cause to decay, go bad - a distruge, a ataca
192 13. 193
relapse (v) - fall back again - a recadea
craving (n) - strong desire for something - nesat, dorinta fierbinte
tar (n) - black organic substance, by-product of tobacco smoking - gudron J.
nasty (adj) - unpleasant - neplacut .
1. A powerful parliamentary lobby has emerged pressing for irritability (n) - annoyance - iritabilitate
legislation that would ban cigarette smoking in all public places, making quit (v) - stop - a (se) lasa, a opri
it an offence punishable by heavy fines. The lobby, determined to assert
their right to clean air, has been successful in outlawing what they call a
"disgusting and self-destructive habit" on underground trains. The EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
motives for their action go well beyond the protection of passive smokers' Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:
health. They want to make the underground cleaner (80% of litter is (answer - page 323,)
smoking-related), more attractive to passeng~rs, and safer. The tragic fire
at a major underground station, which claimed 36 lives, was started by a 1. SMOKING - PUBLIC - FOREST - FIGHT - BAN - TO
carelessly discarded match. Pro-smokers, who belong to FOREST 2. HELPS - NICOTINE - UP - PATCH - GNE NEW - SMOKERS - IT
(Freedom Organization for the Right to Enjoy Smoking Tobacco) have
promised to fight the proposed ban, saying it would restrict the freedom of
individuals to consume a substance they wish to consume. EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
2. New hope for those desperate to kick the smoking habit has Answer the following questions:
emerged in the form of a patch which, when stuck to the skin, releases a
small, continuous dose of nicotine into the bloodstream. After a time, the 1. What is the anti-smoking lobby pressing for?
dosage is reduced and the patch is replaced with a smaller one. At the 2. What were the reasons for banning smoking on the underground?
end of the treatment, one should be able to abstain from smoking without 3. How does replacement therapy work?
effort. Only one third of confirmed smokers are predicted to relapse into
the old habit. The' therapy leaves the person comfortable, while the
organism feels satisfied that it is receiving something it is craving for. All EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
this without the harmful by-products of smoking such as tar. There are no Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
nasty withdrawal symptoms which include stomach discomfort,
irritability. nervousness and sweating. - a insista cu privire la introducerea legii - p f_____
Reports show that an increasing number of people who realize the 1
health hazard want to quit but smoking is a real addiction. The patch, and ,- a-!,.'li cere dreptulla - a one's r to
other replacement treatments, may help overcome dependence but - a face X victime - c X 1_____
nothing will work without determination. Death from a smoking-related - a abandona viciul- k the h._____
illness is a preventable event. Hopefully, with the availability of these new - a se ab}ine de la fu mat - a f s,_ _ _ __
products, smoking should become a thing of the past. - persoana care fumeaza - a c s_ _ _ __
- a se sim!i satisfacut f s_ _ _ __
for discussion topics go to page 291. - simptome ale curei de dezobi\)nuire w s_ _ _ __
- deranjament stomacal - s d._ _ _ __
- a lupta impotriva dependentei de... - 0 the ~ _____
lobby (n) - pressure group, parliamentarians who try to influence other - eveniment care poate Ii prelntampinat - a p e_ _ _ __
members - grup de presiune pentru influentarea uriei decizii .
ban (v) - prohibit - a interzice for translation practice go to page 266.
offence (n) - breaking of a rule, crime - contraventie, delict
fine (n) - sum of money paid as a penalty for breaking rules - amenda
outlaw (v) - make something unlawful, prohibit - a scoate in afara legii
litter (n) - odds and ends left lying about in a public place - gunoaie,
resturi aruncate in locuri publice
discard (v) - throwaway - a arunca
patch (n) - piece of plaster - plasture
194. 195
apprehension (n) - fear - teama
I news item 47: P , A I N j access en) - means of reaching - posibilitatea de a avea
pang en) - sharp, sudden feeling of pain - chin, durere insuportabila
The Association for Cancer Patients has stepped up their campaign

aimed at forcing doctors to alleviate the pain and suffering caused by EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
illnesses, notably cancer. Mrs Ann Roberts, the chairwoman of the Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
Association, who herself lost a leg to cancer, said in her statement that (answer - page 323.)
medical science has failed to deal adequately with the excruciating pain
that patients suffer in the advanced stages of cancer. As the disease EASED - THEIR - VICTIMS - HOPE - FOR - TO - SUFFERING - HAVE -
progresses, the tumour forces pain to build as it invades body organs or CANCER
presses on nerve centres. For some, it is a dull, aching sensation, others
may perceive it as sharp and stabbing. Whatever form it takes, patients
suffer agonizing, gnawing pain which should be relieved. EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
The campaign is opposed by doctors who are reluctant to prescribe Answer the following questions:
narcotics. They resort to other pain~relieving techniques which, unlike
drugs; do not provide enough reliefand have little analgesic effect. Their 1. Why does pain accompany cancer?
fundamental argument is that effective drugs like morphine, or other 2. Why is the threat of addiction irrelevant?
opiate-type narcotics pose a threat of drug addiction. However, in its 3. How do analgesics differ from tranquillizers?
advanced stage, cancer tends to be overwhelmingly fatal and the 4. Why is it important to ease patients' suffering?
potential dependency very short-lived. Also many people would rather
die in peace, drugged and totally oblivious of passing away.
Cancer is invariably associated with pain and suffering. Pain is a EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
physical thing and cancer victims should be assisted in enduring it in a Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
humane way. Emotional fa~tor is also involved, and part of the suffering is
brought about by the realization of the upcoming death. This should be - a Ynteti campania - s u a c,_____
treated with antidepressants, tranquillizers and sedatives because - a pierde piciorul din cauza cancerului - I a 1 to
apprehension increases pain. Instead of having to beg for adequate c_ _ _ __
treatment, it is advocated that patients themselves should have access to - a nu reu~i sa faci fata intr-un mod satisfacator - to
pain killers whenever the pangs that they experience reach beyond their ""'_____ a _____
individual acceptance levels. pe masura ce boola inainteaza - a d p,_____
- argument fundamental a._____
for related vocabulary go to page 208, for discussion topics go to page 292. - a constitui pericolul de a deveni dependent de narcotice - p_ _ _ __
at _ _ of d a._ _ __
- a muri, a se duce - p a,_ _ __
alleviate (v) - make easier to endure, lessen - a uf;lura (0 durere), a calma - a suporta in mod demn - e in a h w___- -
excruciating (adD - extremely painful - extrem de dureros - conf;ltiin!a mortii iminente - r of an u d_ _ __
tumour (n) - abnormal overgrowth of new tissue - tumoare - nivelul individual de rezistenta Oa durere) - i a,_ _ __
gnawing (adj) - tormenting - chin uitor I
relieve (v) - ease, free from - a Uf;lura, a alina
resort (v) - turn to something - a recurge for translation practice go to page 266.
rellef (n) - comfort alleviation - Uf;lurare, linil;;tire
analgesic (n) - substance which relieves pain - analgezic
oblivious (adi> - unaware - uitemd de, nef;ltiind
dependency (n) - state of being conditioned to a drug - dependenta
invariably (adv) - always - invariabil, totdeauna
assist (v) - give support, or aid - a ajuta
tranquillizer (n) - sedative, drug that calms - tranchilizant, sedativ
1~6 197
remedy (n) cure for a disease - remediu
gem (n) - cut and polished precious stone - piatra prejioasa, talata!>i
fatetata
ridicule (v) - make fun of - a ridiculiza
A new shop opened today· specializing in aromatherapy and panacea (n) - remedy for all diseases - panaceu, remediu universal
hydrotherapy treatments and products. Aromatherapists claim that highly lure (v) - attract - a ispiti, a ademeni
concentrated plant extracts, in the form of oils, have a healing effect when
inhaled, added to the bath, or massaged into the skin. Aromatherapy is
believed to have a beneficial effect on acne, cramps and nervous disorders EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
such as depression and insomnia. They are said to refresh, relieve stress Rearrange the words to form headline to the story:
and also revive low spirits. Hydrotherapy, on the other hand, uses sea (answer - page 323,)
products rich in minerals to eliminate toxins from the body.
Also, a new luxury medical clinic has opened its doors for those patients FOLLOWERS - OPEN - ALTERNATIVE SHOP - TODAY - AND -
who are tired of conventional medicine and are seeking alternative forms of TREATMENT - FOR NEW CLINIC - OF
treatment. There is an extraordinary range of therapies on offer:
homeopathy, acupuncture, acupressure, Chinese herbal medicine,
aromatherapy, hypnosis, osteopathy and others, Holistic medicine, as that EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
is what these therapies are'colectivelly called, attempts to view patients as Answer following questions:
a whole, looking at them in relation to their psychological state. It is
essential therefore, to treat the whole person, not just his complaint or the I. What substances are used in aromatherapy and hydrotherapy?
symptoms of the illness he displays. The idea, which revives many ancient 2. What is the basic difference between traditional medicine and the
concepts, is to enhance the natural healing properties of nature. Fever, for holistic approach?
example, should not be suppressed, but encouraged as this is how an 3, What makes alternative medicine attractive despite the criticism it has
organism fights diseases.
received?
Orthodox practitioners, who believe in sound scientific principles for
everything, seldom approve of herbal preparations. They argue that
synthetic chemicals allow control of the precise dosage of a drug. Clinics
which offer treatment using obscure rem~dies like the so-called Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
Silmarillon lamp (this therapy, also know as crystal healing, involves the
shining of a beam of light through gem stones onto the sick part of the body) - a avea un efect benefic - a b e _ _ _ __
are ridiculed and come in for strong criticism. But distrust of modern - a ameliora starea proasta - r I s,_ _ _ __
medicine and belief in panaceas, which will treat without side effects, are - a cauta forme subtitutive de tratament - s a _ _ _ __
luring more and more people to shops and clinics like those opened today. ,_____ of t,_ _ _ __
for discussion topics go to page 292. - a privi pacientul in intregul sau - v a p as a

w _____
- a trada simptome (semne) de boala - d s of an
heal (v) - restore to health - a vindeca, a re£ace
- proprietalile eu raI de insanato~ire ale naturii - h._ _ __
inhale (v) - breathe in - a inhala p ofn_______
acne (n) - disease of the skin of the face - acnee
- a lupta cu boala a d ______
cramp (n) - sudden contraction of muscles - crcimpa
- principii !>tiintifice riguroase - s s p,_ _ _ __
insomnia (n) chronic inability to sleep - insomnie
relieve (v) - ease, free from - a Ynlatura - a admite mixturile din plante - a of h p _ _ _ __
- a fi supus unor critici aspre - c_ _ _ __
revive (v) - invigorate and revitalize - a revitaliza, a revigora s c_ _ _ __
osteopathy (n) - restoring health by manipulation of the skeleton and the
muscle - osteopatie - neinerederea in medicina actuala - d of m _ _ _ __
m._ _ _ __
essential (adi> - absolutely necessaTY- esential
suppress (v) - reduce, diminish - a reduce, a scadea (temperatura)
obscure (adj) mysterious and unclear - obscur for translation practice go to page 266.
198 199
implant (v) - graft - a implanta
womb (n) - uterus, organ where a foetus develops before birth - uter
attach (v) - afix, stick to - a (se) fixa
lVF, in-vitro fertilization, has come under strong criticism, not only quadruplets. quintuplets (n) - four and five babies at one birth -
from religious organizations, but also from women themselves. For some. cvadrupli, cvintupli
it is the only way to have their own children. but the price they have to pay emphasis (n) - stress, placing of special value - subliniere, accent special
may be too high. Apparently, the success rate of the lVF procedure is very ailment (n) - illness - durere, suferinta
slight. As many as 9 wom~n out of 10 who undergo the treatment remain device (n) - something invented for a special purpose - dispozitiv
childless. According to women's health campaigners, the high financial contraception (n) - any method ofpreventing conception - anticonceptional
cost, plus the short and long term effects of the drugs administered to
induce·ovulation are not balanced by the benefit of successful conception.
The women who most often benefit from the technique are those with EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
blocked fallopian tubes. The actual operation involves bypassing the Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
blockage. An ovum (egg cell) is removed from an ovary, placed in a (answer - page 324.)
solution of blood serum and sustaining nutrients and externally
fertilized by adding sperm cells. After several divisions, the blastula is COSTS - CRITICIZED - AND - TUBE - OVER - TEST
implanted into the mother's womb where it attaches itself to the wall. INEFFECTIVENESS - FERTILIZATION
and continues the growth process. The embryo develops normally until
the long-awaited birth takes place, preferably by caesarian section to
avoid complications. EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
Success, however, may sometimes exceed expectations as the Answer the following questions:
technique often creates multiple births. To be sure that a patient becomes
pregnant, doctors often implant several fertilized eggs in the uterus. If all 1. What drawbacks of lVF are given in the report?
of them develop into foetuses, then quadruplets or quintuplets are the 2. What does the technique involve?
result with whom the mother may not be able to cope, either physically or 3. Why are multiple birth possible?
financially. 4. What arguments are used by the opponents of the technique?
Those who oppose the technique claim that because the most common
cause of infertility is blocked fallopian tubes, the emphasis should first be
put on how to avoid ailment. Among the causes are untreated EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
gynaecological infections and the use of IUD's -intra-uterine devices. Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
IUD's, though a popular method of contraception, are not recommended
to women who have not had children.
- a supune criticii - c u c'_____
- a se trata - u,_____
- e£ecte de scurta ~i lunga durata - s and 1_____
for related vocabulary go to page 210, for discussion topics go to page 293. t e_____
- 0 beneficia din aplicarea unei tehnici (metode) - b_ _ __
o_ _ _ _ _ the t_____
in-vitro fertilization (n) union of male and female gametic nuclei 'lin a
- ocolirea blocajului - b the b_____
test-tube" - fecundare in vitro
- na~tere mult a~teptata - I -a_ _ _ _ '"'_____
slight (adj) small-.redus
- a depa~i o§lteptarile - e e_ _ _ __
induce (v) - bring about - a provoca, a determina
- a pune in contact ovulul fecundat - i a f e_ _ _ __
conception (n) - fertilization - conceptie (act sexual + fecundare +
- cauza care se manifesta in mod obi§lnuit - a c c_ _ _ __
formarea fatuluil
- infectii netratate - u_ _ _ __
fallopian tubes (n) - trompele uterine
bypass (v) - avoid by taking a different route - a oeoli
solution (n) - liquid that results from ,dissolving substances - solutie
(amestec lichid omogen)
sustaining (adj) - enabling to keep up, maintaining- sustinator
200 201
eyestrain (n) - eye exbaustion, fatigue - oboseala ochiului
glare (n) - strong, dazzling ligbt - lumina strcdudtoare
flicker (n) - (of ligbt) waveming, sbining unsteadily -licarire, sclipire
miscarriage (n) aid: avort
shield (n) - protective screen - ecran protector
drudgery (n) - uninteresting work - corvoada
PC's - personal computers - have become so widespread that today
one cannot imagine offices and schools without them. Without fear of
exaggeration, it can said that they have just another
household appliance. every invention has its drawbacks. EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
Doctors are currently reporting a new wave of complaints from VDU
(visual display unit) users work with them on an everyday basis. Job
dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression and confusion are the symptoms
AND - MAKING DOCTORS - SAFER - VDU's - RECOMMENDED
reported. Also described are severe headaches with accompanying
nausea. Heavy use of keyboards can cause muscle and joint damage MORE - USER-FRIENDLY - BY
known as RSI, repetitive strain injury syndrome. It has been discovered
that there are safeguards to be implemented and rules that users have to
comply with if they don't want to experience these unpleasant effects. EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
The prevailing rule is that the screen and the keyboard should be Answer the following questions:
movable, so that the working can be adjusted according to one's
own Also they should properly sited, preferably with the user 1. What do VDU users complain about?
at the screen, not up. Lighting is also a root problem. To
2. Why is the proper positioning of a VDU so important?
avoid eyestrain one shaul? cut down on glare and reflection by pulling 3. How can one protect one's eyes when working with VDU's?
down blinds and never sit facing the window. Poor ventilation may lead to 4. What extra protection is recommended for pregnant women?
nasal and breathing problems, mostly because of the significant amount
of heat given off by VDU's. One is advised not to work for hours on end
without a break, and to relax one's eyes by frequently looking away from EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
the VDU into the distance. Screen colour is not as important as a non- Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
reflective screen, clear character definition and minimal flicker. .
A link with miscarriages, supposedly ~aused by small amounts of obiect de uz casnic - h a,_ _ _ __
ionizing radiation, has not been established, but pregnant women should un val de plangeri - a ".; of c _ _ _ __
not take unnecessary risks. Extra screen shields and antistatic carpeting insatisfaciie datorata mundi pe care 0 faci - d _ _ _ __
are advisable. Nevertheless, the of radiation that one receives from - sa suporte efecte neplacute e u e _ _ _ __
VDU's is thousands of times smaller than that which one absorbs daily in acord cu propriile nevoi - a to one's 0 _ _ _ __
n._____
from natural background radiation. With these recommendations in mind,
computers will continue to free us from office drudgery and prove a useful - cantitate substantiala de caldura degajata - s
0 a _ _ _ __
ofg a h________
tool.
- fara sfar:;;it - f h on e _ _ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page 204, for discussion topics go to page 293. - a privi in zare - the ....______
asuma un risc inutil u_ _ _ __
- a avea in vedere recomandarile - h r_ _ _ __
,______ m.______
exaggeration (n) - stretcbing tbe trutb towards fantasy - exagerare
drawback (n) - disadvantage - dezavantaj
anxiety (n) - fear and uncertainty- anxietate, nelini:;;te for translation practice go to page 267.
nausea (n) - feeling of sickness - greata, ameteala
safeguards (n) - precautions to prevent barm - precautiune, protejare
comply with (v) - act in accordance a acUona in conformitate
prevailing (ad» - dominant - dominant, precumpcmitor
site (v) -locate, place - a a:;;eza, a pIasa
202 2~
erratic (adj) - variable and unbalanced - neregulat
news disruption en) - disorder, breaking up of a continuance - deranjare,
dezordine
incidence (n) - rate or range of occurrence - incidenta
disorder (n) - sickness, disturbance - tulburare, boola
proximitiy (n) - closeness, vicinity- vecinatate
Many people are deciding not to wait for the outcome of the debate causal (adj) - of cause and effect - cauzal
on electric power lines. They are selling their property and moving out of
houses situated anywhere near power lines. As scientific discussion
continues as to whether the electromagnetic fields created by electricity Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
pose a serious threat to human health or not, these people are claiming (answer - page 324.)
their right to a healthy environment. In many cases, local residents have
successfully pressed for the rerouting of power lines away from
HARMFUL - ALLEGATION - OF - EXAMINED - RESIDENTS - TO - PRESS
residential districts. With more prominence being given to the issue in the - RADIATION - BE - FIELD - FOLLOWING - EFFECTS - FOR -
mass media, houses for saJe in affected areas are now less likely to find ELECTROMAGNETIC
buyers, as no one wants to expose himself to potentially harmful waves.
Radiation, that is the movement of waves through space, does not EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
come only from high-voltage wires. Household appliances, electrical Answer the following questions:
wiring, TV sets, and visual display units, all create electromagnetic fields
to which people are exposed 24 hours a day. Even an electric alarm clock 1. Why do many people living near power lines decide to move?
on the bedside emits a small amount of non-ionizing radiation. Many 2. What kind of radiation are they escaping from?
scientists insist that electromagnetic waves can do no harm, and exposure 3. According to the report. are human beings affected by
to the radiant energy generated by power lines is not unsafe. However, electromagnetic fields?
high frequency waves, like microwaves, and the radiation they generate,
can allegedly have an adverse effect on the human body, interfering with EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
the organism's own delicate electrical pattern and exerting influence on Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
biological processes.
Scientific experiments carried out on mice and rats show that - a constitui 0 amenintare serioasa - p a s __________
extremely high frequency waves affect the chemical balance in the blood, - a-~i cere dreptul la - c a r to
the brain and the liver. These waves can also slow the heartbeat ans - a face cunoscuta 0 anumita problema - g p to
stunt growth. Experiments have shown that people exposed to erratic some,_____
frequencies over a period of time undergo sensations of terror and a crea un camp electromagnetic - c e f_ _ _,...-_
disorientation. Disruption of sleeping patterns and changes in brain - a degaja 0 cantitate mica de radiaUi - e s_ _ _ __
waves are also reported. The radiation may also be linked to a higher a ofr_ _ _ __
than normal Incidence of cancer and brain disorders among those living - a dauna - d h,_ _ __
or working in close proximity to power lines. Yet, a direct causal - a fi expus actiunii de iradiere - be e to r_ _ _ __
relationship has not been qefinitely established. - a avea un efect - h an a e_ _ _ __
- a avea 0 influenta asupra - e on
for discussion topics go to page 293. - a stabili legatura cauza-efect - e a c r_ _ _ __

outcome (n) - consequence, conslusion reached - concluzie
rerouting (n) - setting a different course for passage - reamplasare
affected Cadj) - influenced injuriously- afectat, atins
voltage (n) - electrical pressure measured in volts - voltaj
pattern (n) - natural configuration model, configurare naturala
exert {v} - exercise - a exercita
extremely (adv) - exceedingly- extrem
l1ver (n) - ficat
205
V.ll. ".U"''''••'''''':'...'::.'':.~· ----
-. Ill. i~C.. t'il1\!d tile- t'",-
SOCC
er fans
~~, ~: h;..
Oz
M,
. , .
r
',. "'
,
It ve
I ests {)II
•
.~, . IrcUIll:!n'~ ~.·n., ,to II/I'{I{t.J'"''''
• ·'11. Afll'f I
e,c.--s . .'
ctl-
., ..... ,It ,... .. 'HW!\
"'lInll't·H·f:llcnlll'di"nq
: .. " ;nH
e {~
" "'\Il""
,,'"1
"1<
". 0
IllI~tlll1~
~'l:iv':ll
.h"hIe"
•rill. H"lIlt fllld ba!;k .....
... '"
'";111 hOIl,("' ill
K.-t\·
n1(,( "'-I ." n'1(,'
....11. 1
h'fllj\l'dIlR lilt' t;' h
~JIh~1
I'a, f('l'l\l<,kd
"~rue pare
~I.
'
"''''
,
,. . .st tube
wi ... " .... n',,'''_'., V:ly '-
ll.hN
... . ( \..f!
y I<,lflnIh~~.. r l'f'tI.
.:.1Illh. ptl~. ei.,.. P'~e
....
I
'IInl, 1~'llIa!.~
.. "" ,~ ",'I section five:
..J
,
. - ". ,,' - I IMir nl"'''
y;ratln,.
bu.. il'lns CIlmm"",.
CO"~,. Ih ... \." .. ,.f,
....
SSl.llle ...,
,/1"11.
SOCIAL ISSUES
1
srump lin • ,',., ... '.... r. •
're INI"" r ' •
~chOO . !~a~~~~~,,!?~~ ,!.?' ,~~.~~I

· 01t Jd e rIi. . ,. . ". ,' .". """;.'" . "'' ;. .
news item 52: EUTHANASIA .................... , .......... 208
news item 53: TEST-TUBE BABIES 2 ......................... 210
news item 54: SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD .............. _.. 210
.e'V ,'I!lI!tliOI\
, ' ""., ' . . /.. .. mediCI
<,lIIul3lrd 11\ Ilmdc:rn lhllam.
l.'w ,nnlcnllXl! ilry individual
Am(,l1ra H (11\ lItl,', , ...... ,
fain It J"!lOfilflll<! II .. , \'IUI ..n Ihal Ilm',,\ "n ,"\' ......
news
news
news
item
item
item
55:
56:
57:
PRO-ABORTION MOVEMENT ......... , ........ 212
ANTI·ABORTION MOVEMENT ................. 214
BROKEN MARRIAGES ....................... 216
~"d t"llf!uml (or tvrn fOfl"'r31t't tx-lld:It'IOT"S C'II"I'JII;"I'I"( ,, ... I.~"."." .. , __ 'f news item 58: COSMETIC SURGERY ........................ 218
lestions that cannot be alls.wered news
news
item
item
59:
60:
ANOREXIA ................................. 220
FAT RIGHTS .............................. ; .222
:1;};ia.i;;n ~;f i;'·i~~it' S h J. . . . "'..'" . , ", , , news item 61: GAY RIGHTS ............................... 222
h""tel
U,II' VIole Iii
~1I1l('\'r,,'tl:1\I1
·~.~. ess !'a~l~('n C 00 nee 01 62: VIDEO NASTIES ............................. 224
G
news item
63:
NO
m-m)e'u news item PORNOGRAPHY .. , ....... , .. , .............. 226
!I!rrj"I().~II.'1I
Ihrir II'SllC'fl-
illf.,r'''~''
troll"
•.
s· in\lnj(Illol
,,~..
Ic"";"~ tn()~~'
Am('III";W
",'" ..
'I·.k .... ",.....
news
news
item
item
64:
65:
PROSTITUTION ... , ..... , . , ... , ............. 228
TEENAGE GAMBLING ..... " ........... , .... 230
I~ . . . . 8m . . "
0'" . . 'C. :. ' ,.
lw:'d(';Jrn news item 66: SCHOOL VIOLENCE ................ , ... ' ..... 232
"",')'~. If
. 111\1. arl : news item 67: SOCCER HOOLIGANISM .......... , .......... 234
~ ... Itl(, n,,1 I'·p.rll ".., news item 68: THE HOMELESS ........... , ................. 236
In II. '"'' "'"" ,,, ••.• ", .. ,.,. EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS 1 ..... , .......... 238
ear ,phr U)('{IJill't.","

news item 69:
amp 70: EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS 2 ..... , .......... 240

.r, news item
of StlC"lal
II 1IIi\llInm,), purl tiC tI, news item 71: CURBS ON DOGS ........................... 242
I
\:, Iklil"'rale
hl'r~,,'h;.'·.· • k
is lal'Rrly anti·.. .
wn"" .,"". news item 72: DOG ATTACKS, ............................ 244
:;:;,I~"':crac
'" III,
. Irc~n~titutional right"ar.
to a b or () \\ •. , .. " ."'.......... , ... ' " "
~
il~, (l!). ccer thugs ~:~~f~~ii';;;;;~;~·I;';/~"~'ifli~I)f.(1 tIll tu~;:J
'-
.'
.... '· ,"iI.' !Io, .. lti(;h wmbl.
• .. ". "".".1 ".~, '" "" ,,,''. ".".~ ,•.,,_r,,~. ~;~.'~.. ,... 0 III
.~.. { .~
I'oh'" 0'"''''\"('11'''
C II hlw\ I"'ill!' Ii.',;! w,. 111"1' <
(11/
•
:,~:'. ~g~~.~.~.!. .~~-;~~", l~uts i·:~lt $.:.

Inf ert-'-ty
hll,1 ·:W., r t'il IIllpmj "if " .. n ......... ,. ., ,. ' ',' . Il~ gr"";lr "Iltlmi!.lr., ......,
II Iil';~..aklh"rj(hta, "
"
<. h"IiN IIlM III -
1,1.1":",, 1';Hm,,1 N WI)l11t1 IIhll(l'>' (""rtail.I·. "'.' II"
"'~ .rll! la~
\I';,
m?lgh, 111' ..... ".11111, <'4'lIrl"vmg !)''ll'" '" .,,,. I
'.~ tt~I" .,.u. ,..
C a're lesf..... .
an n
wur
-l""
"'''lUl1l1illad'' nil!! Iwen U~(

• t:l1( t.;hf:U ....
0
Q .. ~ .'.':: bh." I..~
J
incapable (adj) - not having the power or ability- incapabil
I news item ~2: EUTHANASIA J resuscitate (v) - bring back to consciousness - a resuscita, a readuce la viala
legislation en} - law or a set of laws - legislatie
I
terminate (v) - bring to an end - a sfarl;li
According to the recent surveys, euthanasia, commonly referred to as prosecute (v) - start legal proceedings against somebody - a fi urmarit in
"mercy killing", is gaining more and more advocates, especially among justitie
those who feel that the law and the doctors let them down in their darkest manual (n) - handbook or textbook - manual
hours. Thus, a special committee has recently been set up to promote the prosecution (n) :- legal procedure against somebody - acuzare
idea of "assisted death" for terminally ill or comatose patients who
cannot survive without life-supporting machinery.
Everybody would like to die peacefully and with dignity. However, EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
terminally ill patients often undergo long periods of excruciating pain. Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
(answer - page 324.J
Doctors may even refuse narcotic medications which might relieve
intolerable pain. A solution for those people would be to sign in advance
a declaration or "living will" to the effect that they do not want the doctors SEEK _ DIGNITY - TO - DYING - EUTHANASIA - ON - COMMITTEE -
to give them life-prolonging treatment or make strenuous efforts to save WITH - LEGISLATION
their lives if there is no chance of recovery, of if they are incapable of
responding to their environment. Many people are fearful of unending, EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
painful treatment or of being hooked up to intensive care machines, and Answer the following questions:
they do not want to be resuscitated if severly brain-damaged.
Unless there is legislation on this issue, many people will continue to 1. What kind of patients may request euthanasia?
terminate their suffering themselves, often struggling with their religious 2. How would a "living will" work?
beliefs. They should be given a lawful alternative and the right to obtain 3. Why is the need for legislation urgent?
sufficient doses of pain-killers to make them as comfortable as possible so . 4. Is the publication of "suicide manuals" legal?
that they may pass away in peace. Doctors should not be prosecuted for
deliberately hastening death, if they are respecting the earlier wishes of EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
the patient and family. Complete the following phrases. Each line stand for one word:
Meanwhile, an inquiry has been launched after it was revealed that
the committee issued pamphlets which give instructions on how to take _ a dezamagi pe cineva - 1 somebody d, _ _ __
one's own life. These "suicide manuals" are said to make horrifying _ a infiinta un comitet - s u a c _ _ __
reading. Since, under the Suicide Act of 1961 it is illegal for anyone to _ actiuni de mentinere in v~ata -1 -p.---- , - - - -
assist another's suicide, the committee members may be subject to _ Unut in viala cu ajutorul echipamentelor de terapie intensiva -
h u toi c m._ _ __
prosecution.
- a muri in linil;lte - p a p.----
for related vocabulary go to page 196, for discussion topics go to page 294. _ a respecta dorinia exprimata anterior - r e, _ _ __
w _ _ __
_ a incepe ancheta - 1 an i _____
advocate (n) - person who speaks in favour of somebody or something - _ a-:;;i lua viala - t one's 0,_ _ _ _ _ , - - - - -
_ a ajuta pe cineva sa se sinucida - a another's s'_ _ _ __
adept
promote (v) - encourage to exist - a promova, a contribui Ia _ a fi pus in stare de acuzare - b s to p ' - - - - -
assist (v) - give support or aid - a asista, a sprijini
comatose (adj) - deeply unconscious, usually from injury or illness- for translation practice go to page 268.
comatos
dignity (n) - self-respect - demnitate
terminally (adv) - incurably, ending in death - incurabil
excruciating (adj) - extremely painful, acute - inspctimantator, groaznic
intolerable (adj) - too pain'ful to be endured - intolerabil
strenuous {adj} - using great effort - epuizant
209
L__ . 208 14.
otherwise (adv) - if condmons are or were different - altiel
offspring (n) - here: children - aici: copii
ominous (adj) - menacing, threatening - amenintator
deliberations (n) - careful considerations - deliberare, dezbatere
unanimously (adv) - showing complete agreement - unanim
It took many years of research to develop "test-tube" techniques until surrogate (adi> - acting as a substitute for another - surogat
finally, onJuly 25, 1978, the first baby c:;:onceived "in vitro" was born. The stir (n) - commotion, controversy - controversa, agitatie
procedure has brought children and joy to many who feel their lives uterus (n) - womb - uter
would otherwise be unfulfilled without offspring. It has also provoked commission (v) - place an order for something - a comanda
discussion about its disturbing moraL ethical and social implications. lease (n) _ using something for a certain time for a fixed payment- a inchiria
The prospect of creating life outside the womb has fascinated people condemn (v) - express strong disapproval of- a condamna
for centuries. Now successful, it is seen by some as yet another ominous fertile (adj) - able to reproduce - fertiI
manipulation of basic life processes. Many people believe that under no outcome (n) - consequence, conclusion reached - conciuzi4:'J
circumstances should any interference with nature take place. One of the
most difficult ethical deliberations involves the destruction of unused EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
frozen embryos. "Right-to,..!ife" activists argue that all fertilized eggs Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:

should be used. However, this is medically unacceptable because some
embryos are abnormal. Whether embryos should be entitled to full human
rights is an issue which is unlikely to be agreed on unanimously. 1. TEST-TUBE - OVER - TECHNIQUE - DEBATE - PROVOKES - ETHICS
2. CREATES - MOTHERHOOD - LEGAL - SURROGATE - QUESTIONS
1. Who is likely to support the test-tube technique?

2. On what grounds is the technique opposed?
3. How do the two types of surrogacy described differ?
4. What legal doubts are raised by surrogate contracts?
Commercial surrogate motherhood has created a legal stir. In _ multi ani de cercetari - m Y of r_ _ __
surrogacy, a fertilized egg is taken from one woman, physically unable to - a starni 0 discutie - p d,_ _ __
have a child, and implanted in the uterus of another, who agrees to bear _ posibilitatea de a crea viala - P 0 c_ _ __
1_ _ __
it for an agreed sum of money. In other words, the commissioning couple
leases the womb of the surrogate mother. Has a woman got the right to do _ dirijarea proceselor de ooza ale vietH - m 0,_ _ __
this? Problems may arise, when the father is the only true biological b p------
parent, donating his sperm to the surrogate mother. Occasionally, the - in nici un caz - u n c._____
surrogate mother changes her mind, claiming that the child is hers and - a avea dreptulla - be e _____ , - - - -
that she wants to keep it. Who is the baby's legal mother in such a case? _ toate drepturile care revin omului - f h r_____
Most children born under such contracts are wanted very much by the _ a produce 0 controversa (agitatie) - c a s,_____
commissioning parents. Condemning surrogate motherhood is easy for _ incapabUa de a nal}te un copit - u to h a
c,_ _ _ __
those who are fertile, or wealthy enough not to have to consider offering
thier bodies for money. Whatever the outcome of the debate, it will always _ a schimba intentia - c one's m,_____
leave someone emotionally hurt.
210
211
-~
news item PRO-ABORTION strict (adj) - demanding exact observance - strict
steeply (adv) - sharply - abrupt
EMERT rellable (adj) - that can be trusted - de incredere
cease (v) - stop - a inceta, a opri
Few issues have managed to split public opinion more effectively

than that of abortion. As courts and parliaments worldwide are engaged EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
in heated debates, activists on both sides of the dispute step up their Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
campaigns. Emotions run high as the opponents use impassioned (answer - page 324.)
arguments to support thier respective cause.
"Pro-choice" advocates want to ensure that abortion rights continue, STOP - PROPONENTS - WON'T ABORTIONS - SAY - LAWS
and they want to see them introduced in countries where abortion is still
against the law. They argue that if a woman wishes a termination, the EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
procedure should be routinely available on demand during the first three Answer the following questions:
months of pregnancy. She may be counselled on alternatives, but the final
choice should be hers. After the first three months it would be more 1. Why are activists on both sides of the debate now stepping up their
difficult to have an abortion, but not impossible. Under slogans such as campaigns?
"My Womb Belongs To Me", campaigners say a woman's right to control 2. What is the main argument used by the abortion rights supporters?
her own body cannot be denied. It is inhuman, they declare, to bar a 3. Can a government effectively enforce a ban on abortion?
woman from having an abortion, especially if the pregnancy results from 4. What are some of the factors that may influence the rate of unplanned
incest or rape. pregnancies?
In countries where a ban is in force, women sometimes travel abroad,
to countries where the.procedure is legal. Their motivation is high because EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
of the tremendous financial and social pressure they may face by having Complete the following phrases. Each line stands ofr one word:
a child out of wedlock. They may lose their jobs, or face ostracism in their
local neighbourhood. For many teenagers, the fact that they must bear an - a participa la 0disputa aprinsa - be e a
unwanted baby because their first romance "got complicated" means h d_ _ __
ruining their chances of ever getting married, especially in strict Catholic - a inteti campania s u a c_ _ _ __
communities. - emotiile cresc - e r h_ _ _-.:..._
In western countries, one in five pregnancies ends in abortion, and the - in contradictie cu legea - a the 1_ _ _ __
rate is rising steeply. AIDS campaigns for "safer" or "protected" sex by - accesibilla cerere - a on d _ _ _ __
using condoms may decrease the rate. But many women have given up - optiune definitiva - c_ _ _ __
the pill due to fears of breast cancer, and changed to other, less reliable, - a refuza dreptu1 - a r _ _ _ __
forms of contraception. The figures indicate that it is an absolute nonsense - a obliga - be f_ _ __
to think that by
, declaring abortion illegal, it will cease to exist. - a avea un copil in afara casatoriei - h a c _ _ _ __
o ofw_ _ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page 214, for discussion topics go to page 295. - a te aHa sub presiunea opiniei publice - f s_ _ _ __
p---
split (v) - divide into two or more parts - a divide, a tmparU - a anula 0 :j.Iansa - r a c_____
cause (n) - principle, ideal- cauza, ideal - a diminua proportia - the r_ _ _ __
termination (n) - here: abortion - aici: avort
counsel (v) - advise, recommend a certain course of action - a sfatui, for translation practice go to page 270.
a recomanda
bar (v) - ban, obstruct, prevent - a interzice, a impiedica
incest (n) - unlawful sexual intercourse between near relations - incest
tremendous (adj) - very great, immense - imens, enorm
ostracism (n) - exclusion from a society - ostracizare
bear (v) - here; give birth to - aici: a da na~tere la
212 213
fee (n) - sum poayable to somebody for services - onorariu
news entity (n) - something that has an existence - entitate
MOVEMENT ruling (n) - authoritative decision - lege
regarless of (adv) - paying no attention to - nepasator, cu indiferenta
stand (n) - declaration of one's opinion - pozitie (sustinerea unei
"Pro-life" activists have reportedly resorted to new methods of trying declaratii)
to dissuade women from having abortions. So far, the campaign has been condemnation (n) - disappl'Oval of something - condamnare
limited to rowdy demonstrations, notably in front of abortion clinics. Now
they say they are going to defend the right to life of the unborn by all
possible means. New tactis in this all-out war involve harassment and EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
violations of privacy. Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
Women who visit abortion clinics for consultation are sent colour (answer - page 324.)
photographs of bloody foetuses and anti-abortion tracts. Those who have
just had their pregnancies terminated receive phonecalls in the middle of THEIR - ANTI-ABORTION - BATTLE - CAUSE - ALL-OUT - ACTNISTS
the night, in which anonymous callers ask them why they "murderd" their CONTINUES - AS - DEFEND
own child. Also, fake clinics have been set up which, instead of
performing operations, lecture pregnant women on the horrors of the EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
procedure in an effort to persuade them to give up their intention. They Answer the following questions:
are made to listen to the foetal heartbeat and look at pictures of a foetus at
. the same stage of development as theirs. As part of the crusade, mock 1. What are some of the tactics used by anti-abortion activists?
"wanted" posters are issued depicting doctors who work in abortion 2. What is the purpose of setting up phoney abortion clinics?
clinics, calling them "hired<Issassins who kill unborn babies for a fat fee". 3. Does the campaign discourage doctors from performing abortions?
As a consequence of such harassment, few new doctors learn to perform 4. How do "pro-lifers" justify the controversial methods they are using in
abortions, concerned that unfavourable publicity could ruin their their campaign?
practices. 5. Why is abortion also seen as a political issue?
One "pro-life" leader has been quoted as saying that "God's law is
higher than man's law" to j~stify some of the movement's actions. EXERCISE S. PHRASES TO LEARN
Ultimately, they seek legal recognition that a foetus is a living human Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
entity with a right to life. Such a ruling would make it possible to outlaw
abortion, except in cases when the mother's life is endangered. - a apela la noi modalitati - r n_ _ _ __
A recent poll taken in America has revealed how emotional the m _ _ _ __
debate on abortion is. Twenty-four per cent replied they would never vote - toate mijloacele accesibile - a p m_ _ _ __
for a candidate who supports abortion rights, regardless of his or her - viola rea vietii personale - v 0 p_ _ _ __
stand on other issues. All candidates running for political offices are now - a abandona intentia - g u an i_ _ _ __
expected to declare publicly their firm support or their condemnation of - a repeta cuvintele cuiva - q as s_ _ _ __
abortion. - a justifica un demers, 0 fapta - j a _ _ _ __
- a cere recunoa~terea de catre lege - s_ _ _ __
for discussion topics go to page 295. r _ _ _ __
- a efectua un sondaj al opiniei publice - t a p _ _ _ __
- a candida la 0 funcUe publica - r_ _ _ __ _____ a
dissuade (v) - discourage - a descuraja p 0 _ _ _ _ __
rowdy (adj) - noisy, disorderly- galagios, zgomotos
notably (adv) - principalJy- mai ales for translation practice go to page 270.
harassment (n) - causing annoyance repeatedly - hartuire
tract (n) - short, printed essay on a moral subject - bro~ura
fake (adj) - not genuine - contrafacut, falsificat
mock (adj) - not real, made to imitate - parodiat, imitat
assassin (n) - killer - asasin
214 215
burden (v) -load excessively- povara
[news item 57: BROKEN MARRIAGES I
lllegitimate (adj) - here: born out of wedlock - ilegitim
reconcile (v) - cause to become friends again - a impaca, a reconcilia
spouse (n) - husband or wife - sot I soUe
The steady rise in the incidence of marital breakdown may soon make distraught (adi> - upset troubled, distressed - suparat, necajit
the institution of marriage obsolete. Single-parenthood, once uncommon,
is now almost the rule in certain communities. It is usually the father who
is absent - often defaulting on his financial responsabilities and failing to EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
meet his moral and legal obligations to support his family. Only a quarter Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
of such husbands are found to contribute the awarded alimony and child (answer - page 324.)
support payments, and this leads to increased poverty among divorced
mothers. In rare cases, however, courts grant custody of children to the BEFORE - SHOULD - TIME - BE - MORE - COUPLES - TO - DIVORCE
father, stripping the mother of parental rights. She is given limited access GIVEN - RECONCILE
to her children and, in extreme cases, visits may take place only under
supervision. EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
One in every three marriages now ends in divorce, with teenage Answer the following questions:
marriages three times more likely to break up. These facts are partly due
to changing morals. Some blame sexual permisslveness for the alarming 1. What changes are taking place as far as the institutions of marriage
statistics on divorce, and for the numer of children born out of wedlock. and family are concerned?
According to statistics, ninety percent of fathers are too immatUre to take 2. What is the main cause of divorce?
responsibility for their babies. The remaining ten per cent are forced into 3. Why do so many single mothers have to depend on welfare?
teenage marriages, but these are filled with frustration, tension and strife, 4. Is there any evidence that some couples divorce too quickly?
and usually end in divOrce. Unwed mothers, burdened by their
illegitimate offspring, feel trapped. They can only turn to welfare for EXERCISE .3. PJRASES TO LEARN
support, from that time on leading a life 0 social dependency. Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
A survey was recently conducted among divorced couples. It reveals

- a-:;1i Indeplini datoria mora1a - m m 0,_ _ _ __
that a surprinsing number of divorced partners would like to reconcile

- a acorda custodia - g c_ _ _ __
and get together again. Over fifty per cent of the men surveyed are willing
- a lipsi de drepturi parinte§:ti - S 0 P'_____
to remerry their ex-spouses, as are 28% of the women. It is now being r_____
argued that divorce gives neither partner enough time to rethink and,
- acces limitat -1 a _ _ _ __
after careful consideration, some couples regret splitting. An attempt to

- sub supravegherea - u s._ _ _ __
start anew should be made for the sake of the children, whom divorce
- copii nascuti in afara casatoriei - c b 0 _ _ _ __
often leaves distraught and mentally scarred. ofw_ _ __

- a-:;1i asuma raspunderea pentru - t r f_____
- a apala la asistenta soda1a pentru ajutor - t_____ '-_ _ __
w s_ _ _ __
- a desfa~ura 0 ancheta - c a s _ _ _ __
marital (adj) - relating to marriage - marital
- in interesul copiilor - f the S 0 _ _ _ __
obsolete (adj) - no longer used - demodat, invechit c_ _ _ __
default (v) - neglect to perform a duty- a nu-~i indeplini obligatiile
- a 0 Iua de la inceput - s a _ _ _ __
aUmony (n) - allowance paid by a husband to his wife after a legal
separation - pansie alimentaro {platita solieD
poverty (n) - state of being poor - saracie
morals (n) - standars ofbehaviour - ansamblul normelor de conve~uire
permlssiveness (n) - greater moral freedom - legalitate (a unei acUunil
immature (adj) - not yet fully developed - imatur
strtfe (n) - discord, quarrelling - disputa, diferend
unwed (adj) - unmarried - necasatorit
217
recuperation (n) - becoming stronger after illness - recuperare
item
quest (n) - search for something - cautare
vanity (n) - excessive pride in one's appearance vanitate
Clinics which perform corrective cosmetic surgery are enjoying a real

boom as more and more people seek assistance in improving upon
nature. The range of procedures available to meet the demand for the
beautiful body is comprehensive, including both breast reduction and
augmentation, facelifts, the elimination of wrinkles, "bat ear" correction (answer - page 324,)
and hair transplants to reverse baldness.
One of the most common procedures reshapes the nose. Advertising POPULARITY VANITY - OF - HUMAN - SURGERY - REFLECTS _
INCREASED - COSMETIC
leaflets claim that the nose is the key to a beautiful face; it is central to the
way one feels about one's appearance. They say that this procedure is a
must to create "a new confident you". Suction lipectomy is another

intrusion into one's own body for which there is considerable demand.
This painful technique, otherwise known as the fat vacuum, involves
1. Why are there so many types of cosmetic surgery?
removing fat from the abdomen, bottom and/or thighs, sucking it off with
2. Why are people encQuraged to reshape their noses?
a thin tube attached to a vacuum-cleaner type device. It does away with
3. Is suction lipectomy an easy procedure to go through?
bulges, which are virtually impossible to eliminate through diet and
4. Why do some people consider cosmetic surgery as unethical?
exercise. However, this technique is a means of body contouring, not of
weight reduction. The success of the operation depends on how elastic EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
and resilient the patient's skin is. Recuperation lasts a week and
Complete the following phrases. Each line stand for one word:
medication is prescribed to minimize discomfort.

Achieving physical perfection,· that is, making essentially normal - a cauta ajutor s a _____
people look better merely for aesthetic purposes, may seem unethical. It a coreda natura - i u n_ _ __
could be argued that the money spent on such procedures, not to mention - a veni in Intampinarea - m the d,_____
the surgeons' time and efforts, might be put to a better use. But for women, - 0 cerere considerabila - c d_____
who make up almost all of the clinics' clientele, the motivation behind the - a scapa de ceva - d a w something
quest for a new look and an improved self-image is largely psychological. - a minimaliza proasta dispoziUe - m,_____ '"",_ _ _ __
If some feature is discomforting enough to affect one's mental well-being, - atingerea perfectiunii fiziee - a p p'_ _ _ __
the operation can be regarded as part of a psychiatric therapy. Still, - In scopuri estetice - a p._ _ _ __
unless real deformities justify surgery, if remains a matter of human - a gasi 0 mai buna utilizare - p to a b u,_____
vanity. - a avea influenta asupra bunei dispoziiii a cuiva - a one's
w -b____~-
- a considera drept... - r a _ _ _ __
- a justifica interventia ehirurgicala - j s,_ _ _ __
boom (n) - increase in trade activity - dezvoltare brusca 1ntr-o activit ate for translation practice go to page 271.
range (n) - extent - gama
comprehensive (adj) - broad, wide, extensive - larg, extins
wrinkle (n) - line on the skin surface - rid
reverse (v) - turn backward in direction or order- a inversa
confident (adj) - sure of oneself - increzator
abdomen (n) - belly - abdomen
thigh en) - part of the human leg between the knee and the hip - coapsa
bulge (n) - protruding part - um£latura, protuberanta
contouring en) -profiling, shaping - profil. forma
resilient (adj) - elastic, pliable - elastic
218 219
I news item 59: ANOREXIA] achievement (n) - something gained or reached by effort,
accomplishment - realizare, reu~ita
resort (v) - furn to something - a recurge
voluntary (adj) - ready to do things willingly - din proprie initiativa
According to recent reports, more and more girls, some as young as

starvation (n) - lack of food - lnfometare
ten, are falling victim to anorexia nervosa, the "slimmer's disease".

predict (v) - tell in advance - a prezice
Anorexia means "loss of appetite" but the term is misleading. The sufferers
do feel hunger pangs but in spite of this, they refuse to eat - food becomes
a reverse obsession. So far, anorexia has been mainly associated with EXERCISE 1. HEADUNE
teenage girls who pursue an idealized image of a perfectly slim body as
manifested by scores of skinny models in fashion magazines. The
western obsession with dieting, slimness and the keep-fit mania often (answer - page 324,)
results in thousands of teenagers starting compulsive diets.
NUMBER - FOR - SUFFERERS - MAGAZINES - BLAMED _ OF _
Although sometimes classified as an eating disorder, anorexia ANOREXIA - FASHION - INCREASING
nervosa is largely a mental problem. Yound women, dissatisfied with their
figures, continue to cut down on food in the misguided belief that they are EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
overweight. Terrified of gaining extra pounds, they refuse to eat even Answer the follOWing questions:
though they are painfully thin. What is most dangerous is their dIstorted
body image: no matter how thin they are, anorexics always feel like losing
1. What kind of a disorder is anorexia nervosa?
"just one more pound".
2. In what way are fashion magazines responsible for the epidemic?
What precipitates anorexia is not clear. There are probably many
3. In what way can anorexia be seen as a mental problem?
causes of the disorder, many of them sociological. The victims maintain an
4. Why do specialists stress the role of the family in fighting anorexia? ,
overwhelming belief that the thinner they are, the better people they
become. If you put on weght, they say, you are not socially acceptable. It EXERCISE 9. PHRASES TO LEARN
may also be a form of protest against parents who set excessively high Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
standars of achievement for their children. Unable to fulfil their parents'

expectations, they often resort to drugs or voluntary starvaring. Their - a cadea victima a bolii - v a
bodies become the only thing they can control; they can choose to eat or d,
not to eat. - expresie care induce in aroare - am_ _ _ __
Medical specialists predict that the number of young women starving - asociat in principal cu - m a w_ _ _ __
themselves will increase, with the average age dropping. Helping - nemuItumit de propria figura - d w one's
anorexics can be a matter of life and death as families who have lost a [
member to anorexia know only too well. - a limita memcarea - c d 0 f _ _ __
...
- a lua in greutate - p on w_____
- a impune cerinte exagerate - s e __. h,_ _ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page 192, for discussion topics go to page 297. s,_ _ __
- a indeplini a~teptarile parintilor - f the p'_ _ __
e _ _ __
pangs (n) - sharp, physical sensation, spasm - spasm - 0 chestiune de viala ~i de mearte - a m of 1 and
pursue (v) - seek, follow - a urmari, a Unde d._ _ __
scores (n) - a great many- mulUme
skinny (adj) - very thin - glabanog, scheletic for translation practice go to page 271.
compUlsive (adj) - caused by an obsession - fortat, (auto)impus
misguided (adD - mistaken, wrong - gre~it
overweight (adj) - obese, exceeding normal weight - supraponderal
distorted (adj) - mixed up, twisted out of true meaning - distorsionat
precipitate (v) - cause, commence - a provoca
overwhelming (adi) - overpowering - cople~itor
220
221
I news item 60: FAT RIGHTS u
J
disability (n) - impairment - deficien!a
obese (adj) - overweight, very fat - obez
lingering (adj) - remaining - plictisitor, obosHor
tubby (adj) - round and fat - grasan
A new association has been formed for overweight people,
colloquially known as "fatsos". They will attempt to oppose what they call
bullying (n) - intimidation, harassment - hartuire
strip (v) - deprive of - a priva (de)
"size discrimination" and they are seeking legislation of "FAT RIGHTS".
militant (adj) - aggressive - combativ
The legislation would ban intolerance against far people, make
gay (adj) - homosexual- homosexual
discrimination illegal, and officially recognize that being fat may be a
conceal (v) - hide - a ascunde
disability. People who are obese quickly realize that it is no fun living in
a society obsessed with thinness, dieting, and jogging. They have to fight
celebrity (n) - famous person, personality - celebritate
label (v) - name - a eticheta
lingering stereotypes of fat people as lazy, stupid and unmotivated. They
dyke (n) (sO -lesbian - argou: lesbiana
find it harder to find employment, losing the race against slim people.
fag (n) (sD - male homosexual- argou: homosexual
From earliest childhood "fatsos" are faced with cruel verbal 'abuse
crude (adj) - impolite - grosolan, aspru
from other schoolchildren, who shout rhymes like "Tubby, tubby, two by
queer (n) (s1) - homosexual, deviant - argou: homosexual
four, Can't fit throught the kitchen door". This and other forms of bullying
are the manifestation of ostracism and plain dislike. Another key issue for
smear (n) - damage done to somebody's reputation by spreading rumours
pala pe reputaUa cuiva
the association is teaching its members that FAT IS O.K. They have to
straight (adj) (s1) - heterosexual- argou: heterosexual
learn to accept themselves as they are and do everything they can to

restore the dignity they have stripped of. EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
Rearrange the words to form the headlines to the stories:
1. WEIGHT - SOUGHT - END - DISCRIMINATION - RIGHTS - TO - FAT

2. POSTER - GAYS - IN - CLOSET - BROUGHT - OF - THE - CAMPAIGN
-OUT-SMEAR
Answer the follOWing questions:
1. What are the aims of the association of overweight people?

2. What created the necessity for seeking legal forms of protection?
3. Who is being exposed by "Outing"?
As part of a national controversy over homosexuality militant gay 4. What do gay activists want to achieve?
activists have launched a campaign called "Outing" aimed at exposing
"closet homosexuals", gays who conceal their sexual orientation. Posters EXERCISE a. PHRASES TO LEARN
of celebrities have been put up labelling actors, actresses, media Complete the following phrases. Each line stand for one word:
personalities and politicians as dykes or fags, traditionally derogatory

terms sometimes used sarcastically in reference to gays. This crude, - a infiinta 0 societate f a,_____
public exposure of queers is seen as a smear and an invasion of privacy, - a recunoa~te oficial 0 r_____
but the "outers" see their action as an attack on hypocrisy. Those who are - a fi expus inj urWor - be w v a _ _ _ __
not straight, they say, and belong to sexual minorities, should come out of - a reda demnitatea - r d _ _ _ __
the closet and publicly delcare their support for gay rights. - a initia 0 campanie - 1 a c,_____
- termeni depreciatod (injositori) - d t._____
for discussion topics go to page 297. - amesteculin viata personala - i of p _ _ _ __
- a face cunoscut in mod public - p d _ _ __

222
223
awkward (adj) - embarrassing - neplacut, penibil
[news item 62:VIDEOiiMTIES

nightmare (n) - frightening dream - co:;;mar
violate (v) - act contrary to - a contraveni, a !ncalca
civil Uberties (n) - freedom of an individual to do, think and speak as he

A parliamentary campaign has been launched to impose stricter or she chooses - libertaU cetatene:;;ti
control over the spread of "video nasties" - gruesome horror or obscene lucrative (adj) - profitable -.profitabil
films on video cassettes. These are available through video rental shops,
practically without any restriction. Mostly American productions without
any artistic merit, these films glorify and encourage violence and portrary EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
repulsive acts such as cannibalism. sadomasochism and torture. Although· Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
the law prohibits the sale of any material "likely to deprave or corrupt . (answer - page 324.)
"minors". surveys show that 40% of six-year-olds claim to have seen at
least one horror film on home videos, either with or without parental FIRE - CHILDREN - UNDER - OVER - VIDEO - CORRUPTION - OF _
consent. ALLEGED - NASTIES
All videos that legally enter the market have to be examined and
certified as suitable for home viewing prior to their· release. Yet. only EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
about 10% of films reviewed yearly are deemed suitable for children to Answer the following questions:
watch without parental control. The proponents of this legislation

maintain, however, that films which exploit the wordst elements of human 1. What type of films are defined as video nasties?
nature for profit should be banned. "The damage done by such films on 2. Do children have access to these films?
minors could last forever", they say, demanding that the distribution of all 3. Should children be prevented from watching video nasties and, if so,
video films classified as "unsuitable for children" be stopped. Cassette how?
covers displayed in video shops should not provoke awkward questions or 4. Will the problem ever be solved by legislation?
give nightmares to children who only come to borrow a cartoon.
Opponents have voiced fears, however, that such a ban would violate EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
civil liberties. The issue is whether the government should interfere in Complete the following phrases. Each line ,stands for one word:
what people choose to watch for entertainment. It is also argued that no

legislation can remove the parents' responsabilitiy to protect their children - a initia 0 campanie - I a c_ _ _ __
from corruption and depravity. In addition, if the proposed bill becomes - a impune un control strict - i s c._____
law, it is bound to encourage a black market in banned videos, run by - fara restriciii - w r_____
organized crime gangs, making enormous profits from this lucrative trade. - a glorifica violenta - g v_ _ _ __
- a interzice vanzarea p the s,_____
for discussion topics go to page 298. - considerate potrivite pentru copii d s for c._____
- a exprima anumite temeri - v f._____
- responsabilitatea pentru protecjia - r p._____
spread (n) - expansion - expansiune, proliferare - a obtine pr6fituri uria~e - m e p._ _ _ __
video nasty (n) - repulsive. morally filthy film - film indecent, obscen
gruesome (adj) - ugly, repulsive. horrible - oribil, care-ti starne:;;te repulsie for translation practice go to page 273.
merit (n) - value. quality that deserves reward merit. calitate
repulsive (adj) - causing a feeling of disgust - sarbos, desgustator
deprave (v) - corrupt. make morally bad - a deprava
minors (n) - those under legal age - minor
survey (n) - opinion poll- sondaj de opinie
consent (n) - permission - permisiune, consimtamemt
suitable (adj) - appropriate - adecvat
proponent (n) - person who argues in favour of something. puts forward
a proposal- ini1iator, sustinator
exploit (v) - use for one's own profit - a exploata
224 15.
225
I news item 63: PORNOGRAPHY bizarre (adj) - aberrant, peculiar - bizar
degrade (v) - reduce the value - a degrada
inhibited (adi> - restrained, suppressed - inhibat
shun (v) - avoid, turn away from - a se abUne de la, a evita
Recent surveys provide new evidence that pornography rarely baffle (v) - puzzle - a zapaci, a I$icana
provokes sex-related crimes like rape or child-molestation, and that the two indicrous (adj) - laughable, ridiculous - ridico!, absurd
are not linked. In fact, pornographic materials can actually diminish male
aggression, rather than encourage sexual offences. There seems to be
correlation between the amount of hard-core material sold. and crimes EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
committed in a tested area. If pornography were a cause of sexual abuse, it Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
would mean that male and female porn consumers are automatons driven (answer - page 324.)
to act out fantasies induced by explicit sexual imagery.
These findings should ultimately settle the question of whether SEX-RELATED - DISPUTED - PORNOGRAPHY - AND - LINK - IS _
obscene, offensive materials incite violence against women. But BETWEEN - CRIMES
pornography, now under fire from feminist activists, is seen in itself as
violence against women. They argue that because of the way pornography EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
shows women. they are devalued and suffer humiliation. Pornography is Anwer the following questions:
dehumanizing, they say, and exploits primitive tastes. Explicit scenes

showing bizarre behaviour are degrading and harmful. As part of their 1. What is the correlation between pornography and the crime rate?
campaign, they are objecting to newsagents' "top-shelf" girlie magazines '2. What arguments do feminist activists use against pornography?
and are demanding that video renters should not give prominence to "blue 3. Why is defining something as pornographic difficult?
. ".
movles 4. What adverse effects may ponography have on people?
On the other hand, people who feel less inhibited, and there are
women among them too, say that there is nothing wrong in showing human EXERCISE 9. PHRASES TO LEARN
bodies, especially if they are beautiful to look at. Unless it becomes a sex Complete the following phrase. Each line stands for one word:
substitute, pornography should be available to those who enjoy it.

Relatively few women admit that pornography turns them on, but this is - a oferi noi dovezi - p n e_ _ _ __
because for centuries they were supposed to shun sex. - a stimula savdr;1irea de infratiuni pe fond sexual - e_ _ _ __
Lastly, the question of what is obscene has baffled censors for years. s 0 _ _ _ _ __
Nowdays, there are few cases in which something is banned on the grounds - a pune capat definitiv problemei - u s the
that it is "likely to deprave or corrput". Still, psychologists maintain that ql_ _ __
pornography, however defined, can lead to perverse fixations and can - sub presiunea - u f._ _____
encourage the ludicrous myth that women actually enjoy being abused. - a da prioritate, a expune - g p______
- a deveni mijloc substitutiv - b a s,_______
,for discussion toplcs go to page 298. - a interzice pe motivul - b 0 the g ______
- a conduce la fixaUi perverse - 1 p_ _ _ __
f
child-molestation (n) - making indecent sexual advances towards
children - pedofHie for translation practice go to page 273.
correlation (n) - reciprocal relation - corelajie
hard-core (adj) - (of pornography) not soft, but explicit material
pornografie
Induce (v) - bring about, generate - a genera, a induce
expllcit (adi> - fully and clearly shown - explicit
obscene (adj) - immodest, lewd - obscen, desfrdnat
incite (v) - stir up - a indta
L_
exploit (v) - make unfair use of something - a exploata, a face 0
nedreptate uzdnd de cineva
226 227
I news item 64: PROSTiTUTION
unscrupulous (adj) - stopping at nothing - fara scrupule
pimp en) - man who solicits customers for a prostitute in return for a
share of the proceeds - proxenet
racket (n) - business organization for making illegal profits - racket
A recent radio phone-in programme revealed a broad spectrum of

(organizaUe criminala pentru a obtine profituri ilegale)
opinions on prostitution. The callers fell roughly into two groups: those
amend (v) - make changes in the law- a amenda (lege)
who were all for it, and those who fiercely opposed it. The main question
promiscuity (n) - having many sexual partners - promiscuitate
was whether the world's "oldest profession" should be legalized. The

astOnishing {adD - amazing - uimitor
majority expressed the belief that it should at least be decriminalized.

Even though it is not illegal to be one, a prostitute breaks the law when she
plies her trade and solicits clients. Yet, prostitution has proved hard to EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
stamp out, it even flourishes. The existence of red-light districts in all t11.e
major cities is undisputable. Prostitutes who joined the programme spoke
of problems that only official recognition of prostitution can solve. "Sexual (answer - page 324.)
service providers", as they wish to be called, raised points which even the
LEGALIZING - CONTROVERSIAL - ARGUMENTS - REMAINS
most vigorous opponents of legalizing prostitution had to take seriously. OVERWHELMING - DESPITE - PROSTITUTION
First, with AIDS spreading rapidly among heterosexuals, there is an
urgent need to stop infected women from passing the disease to their EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
clients. Although many of them practise "safer sex", they are still paid Answer the follOWing questions:
more for having sex without a condom. Therefore, it is better to run regular
health checks for AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases than to ignore 1. How is prostitution treated by the law?
the problem. To do that, there is a need for legalized establishments for
2. What arguments were raised in favour of legalizing prostitution?
prostitution, in other words, brothels. Second, it is better to make "paid 3. Why was the proposal rejected as unacceptable?
sex" available, and thus lessen the higher than ever rate of rapes and 4. What is the scale of the problem?
other sex-related crimes. Another benefit of getting women off the streets
would be to rescue them from the hands of unscrupulous pimps and to EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
eliminate Mafia-controlled rackets.

Despite several attempts, proposals to amend the prostitution laws

have been successfully blocked on moral grounds. Licensing brothels, it is - un spectru larg de opinii - a b s of 0,_ _ _ __
argued, would encourage sexual promiscuity. Yet, the demand for sexual - a exprima convingerea - e a b._____
services is astonishing; a single streetwalker admits to having an average - a practica 0 meserie - p one's t_____
of twenty-two clients a week. The radio programme proved that - recunoa~tere oficiala - 0 r_ _ _ __
prostitution is a problem that cannot be ignored. - a se extinde in ritm rapid - s r_ _ _ __
- cerinia (nevoie) urgenta - an u n._____
for discussion· topics go to page 299. - a fi supus in mod sistematic unui control medical - r_____
r h___ c_____
roughly (adv} - approximately- aproximativ for translation practice go to page 274,

fiercely (adv) - aggressively, vehemently- vehement, inver~unat
decriminalize (v) - make something not punishable - a nu fi incriminat
solicit (v) - make a sexual offer especially in a public place - a acosta
(tntr-un loc public)
stamp out (v) - suppress completely, end - a elimina, a eradica
flourish (v) - prosper, be at the height of activity- a innori
undisputable (adi> - unquestionable - incontestabil
provider (n) - one who supplies services - furnizor
vigorous (adi> - forceful, strong - viguros, tnver~unat
brothel (n) - establishment for prostitution - bordel
228 229
scar (n) - mark - aici: tulburare, dezordine
I news item 65: TEENAGE GAMBLING]
gradual (adi> - taking place by degrees - gradat
straighten out (v) - reform a !ndrepta
venue (v) - meeting place - loc de intdlnire
Having a bit of fun on a slot machine can soon become a real fixation access (n) - entry - acces
for some unaware teenagers, leading psychologists warned today. penalty (n) - punishment for failure to obey rules - pedeapsa, sanctiune
According to specialists, gambling is a kind of addiction and can be as penala
compelllng as drugs. Amusement arcades, with their machines and
flashing lights, can mesme'rize youngsters and form a compulsion which
they are unable to resist. It is the noise when the machine starts paying out, EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
the thrill, which really get teenagers hooked on the game. Soon the game Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
becomes the only thing on their minds: they start playing truant from school, (answer - page 324.)
they steal from their parents, they lie and do anything to get money for
gambling; their sale purpose in life is to return to the "one-armed bandit" to GAMBLING - FIGHT - OF - PARENTS - TEENAGE - GROWING - WAVE
have another gal
Altgough the law forbids admission to the places in question to anyone EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
under 16, underage gambling is on the increase. It has now been proved Answer the following questions:
beyond anmy doubt that playing these machines can create a kind of
dependence. This, in turn, causes behavioural problems, such as lack of 1. Why can playing slot machines become a compulsion?
interest in any other activity, and in school in particular. Not everyone 2. Why do teenagers easily develop a dependance?
become a problem gambler but, when a person realizes that he is one, it is 3. What kind of problems result from gambling?
already too late. 4. What the withdrawal therapy involve?
Every addiction leaves mental scars. Therapy takes a long time and
the process of adaption to normal life is gradual. Violence and aggression EXERCISE :1. PHRASES TO LEARN
are typical withdrawal symptoms. Teenagers are not allowed to handle Complete the follOWing phrases. Each line stands for one word:
money for several years. They are encouraged to take up new interests,
make new friends and get a job. Apart from this, parents of young gamblers - a se distra - a b of f_ _ _ __
are organizing themselves to help young victims kick the habit and - a forma deprinderi comportamentale - f a c,_ _ _ __
straighten out their lives. But, above all, they are campaigning to have slot - a trage chiulul- p t f s_ _ _ __
machines removed from all venues to which children have access in order - fara urma de tndoiala - b a d _ _ _ __
to reduce the temptation to play the game. They also seek penalties for - lipsa de interes fata de oriee de activitate - 1
a
of i
a _ _ _ __
in
those arcade owners who admit youngsters below the age of 16.
- simptome de reactie in timpul curei de dezintoxicare - w_ _ _ __
s,_ _ _ __
- a se folosi de bani - h m_ _ _ __
- a dezvolta noi preocupari - t u n _ _ _ __
slot machine (n) - machine for gambling activated by dropping a coin in
a slot - joc mecanic - a abandona viciul - k the h _ _ __
fixation (n) - preoccupation, obsession - preocupare excesiva, obsesie - a diminua ispita - r the t_____
gambling (n) - playing at any game of chance for money - participarea
la jocuri de noroc, exclusiv pe bani for translation practice go to page 274.
compel (v) - have a powerful and irresistible effect - a avea un efect
puternic ~i irezistibil
mesmerize (v) - hypnotize - a hipnotiza
thrill (n) - excitement - fior, excitare
hooked on (adi> - addicted to something - dependenta de ceva
forbid (v) - prohibit - a interzice
dependence (n) - state of being conditioned by somethinfl"': dependenta
230 231
I news item 66: SCHOOL VIOLENCE I
distruptive (adj) - causing disorder or turmoil- producator de dezordine
galagie '
graffiti (n) - writing on a wall, often with spray paints - scris pe ziduri
commonplace (adj) - usual- usual. obi~nuit
The Teachers' Union has published a report which provides rowdy (n) - hooligan, thug- huligan, golan
substantial evidence as to why scores of discouraged teachers are punching (n) - striking hard with the fist - lovitura de pumn
leaving the profession seeking less stressful alternative employment. Five turn on (somebody) (v) - attack- a ataca
hundred men and women were surveyed for the report, and as many as corporal pUnishment (n)":' physicial punishment- pedeapsa corporala,
40% revealed that they had been subjected to daily verbal abuse, bataie
intimidation, threats and physical violence from their pupils. The abolish (v) - do away with - a aboli, a interzice
deterioration in children's behaviour is manifested by foul language and reprimand (v) - rebuke - a mustra, a face observaUe cuiva
appalling manners. The badly-paid profession is held in very low esteem. assault (n) - attack - a ataca
Teachers say that there is a limit to the enthusiasm one can generate for
the job on a tiny salary. For many, the strain is too high and it is driving.
them out of the classroom for good. EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
The teachers report a horrifying degree of classroom violence, with Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
children as young as eight being suspended for being disruptive. (answer - page 324.)
Vandalism, graffiti, arson and theft are commonplace, and few schools
manage successfully to tackle rowdies who disrupt school life. Parking MORE - CLASSROOM - OF - TEACHERS - TO - DISCIPLINE - OVER
outside a school means finding scratched paintwork, twisted aerials and LACK - RESIGN
punctured tyres. The violence involves knifing, punching and beating. In
one case, a boy turned on a teacher, grabbed him by the throat and EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
threatened him with a broken bottle. But even in such drastic cases, there Answer the following questions:
is little support from the headmasters who are reluctant to pass details to
local authorities because such reports reflect badly on their schools. 1. What is making many teachers leave their jobs?
A breakdown in discipline at home has affected students' behaviour at 2. How violent are the incidents described in the text?
school. Bad behaviour has increased dramatically since corporal 3. Why is there no support for teachers from headmasters?
punishment was abolished. Many young people drink excessively and 4. In what way is children's upbringing at home related to classroom
parents turn a blind eye to it. If a teacher tries to correct or reprimand an violence?
unruly student, he or she risks physicial assault and severe verbal abuse.
On top oHt, there is no support from the parents who rather come and tell the
Complete the following phrases. Each line stand for one word.
teacher off for trying to keep their children in order. Pupils know they can get
away with assaulting teachers because no-one takes such acts seriously. - a cauta un alt post - s a e _ _ _ __
- limbaj vulgar ~i maniere ingrozitoare - f and
for discussion topics go to page 299. a m_ _ _ __
- a stima foarte puUn - h a e _ _ _ __
- a se deseurca eu golanii - r_____
substantial (adj) - considerable - substantial, considerabil - a reflecta negativ asupra - r b 0 _ _ _ __
verbal abuse en} - being offensive using bad language - folosirea unui something
limbaj grosolan, jignitor - a inchide ochii la ceva - t a b e_ _ _ __
intimidation (n) - making someone afraid - intimidare ,_____ something
deterioration (n) - becoming worse - deterioare - a tine pe cineva la respect - k somebody •_ _ _ __
tiny (adj) - very small- fo~rte modest (salariu) 0,_ _ _ __
strain (n) - tension, frustation - tensiune, frustrare - a scapa nepedepsit - g a w something

suspend (v) - announce that somebody will not be allowed to perform
duties for a time because of a breach of the rules - a suspenda, for translation practice go to page 275.
elimina temporar
232 233
affray (n) - fight in a public place causing a disturbance - tulburare a
ordinii publica
notorious (adD - widely known for something bad - notoriu
rClam (v) - walk or travel without any definite aim or destination - a ralaci,
1. Fighting broke out, shortly after a football match between two rival a vagabonda
clubs ended with the guests winning 4 to 1. Tension had been high for over disreput~ (n) - disgrace - proasta reputatie, compromitere
an hour before the violence erupted. Fans rampaged through streets,
smashing windows, tearing up fencing and clashing with rival supporters.
Trouble also broke out in pubs and at the station, as coachloads of fans were EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
assembling to make their way home. Coaches had windows smashed and Rearrange the words to form the headline to the third story:
seats ripped. Twenty-five men, who were arrested by the police and now (answer - page 324.)
await trial, deny causing violent disorder. They were released on bail but
barred from going within a mile's radius of any football ground on a match TRAVELLING - TO - LAW - THUGS - CONVICTED - BY - ABROAD
day. FROM - BARRED - SOCCER
2. Football supporters ~ho took part in the "fire bombing" of a train,
endangering the safety of passengers, will be charged today. They are EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
members of a gang of football hooligans who threw milk bottles full of petrol Answer the following questions:
at a train carrying rival supporters. Four hundred fans damaged cars and
hurled missiles during a spate of violence, when gangs of youths from 1. What damage was done by the football fans? (part 1)
opposing sides met each other near the station. The police charged the 2. How violent are the riots induced by football matches?
rioting supporters, many of whom were carrying offensive weapons. A 3. What steps are being taken to eradicate soccer hooliganism?
number of officers were assaulted during the scuffle. It took police two hours
to restore order and the match was put off till the next day. EXERCISE :l. PHRASES TO LEARN
3. New measures will be introduced today in an effort to stamp out the Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
current wave of soccer hooliganism. Known offenders will be barred from

going aborad on the day the team they support plays a match in a foreign - a pleca acasa - m w_____ u _ _ _ __
country. They will have to report to their local police and make their - a produce tulburari violente - c v d _ _ _ __
presence known. Both police and football clubs are determined to gain - a elibera pe cau1iune - r 0 _ _ _ _ _ ""_ _ _ __
control of unruly fans. The new laws mean that thugs may face up to ten - a ameninta securitatea - e the s_ _ _ __
years in jail for causing an affray. - a restabili ordinea - r ............... 0 _ _ _ __
Britysh supporters in particular are notorious - they get drunk on cheap - a amana pentru a doua zi - p a the
n _____ ...._ _ _ __
whisky bought on the ferry to the Continent and then roam round towns in
drunken packs. Those who indulge in violence and vandalism and who - a introduce norme noi i n m_ _ _ __
bring disrepute to the game are warned that they can expect no mercy. - a confirma prezen1a m one's p _____ ....._ _ _ __
- a nu te a~tepta 1a clemenla e n m _ _ _ __
rampage (n) - riot - navcdire

rip (v) - pull out, tear, cut quickly - a rupe, a zdrobi
hurl (v) - throw violently- a azvarli
spate of violence (n) - sudden outpouring of violence - izbucnire de
violenta
offensive (adj) - used for attacking - ofensiv
scuffle (n) - rough confused fight - invcdma§leala
stamp but (v) - suppress completely, end a opri, a interzice
unruly (adj) - disorderly - turbulent, nesupus
thug (n) - violent hooligan - derbedeu agresiv
234 235
I news item 68: THE HOMELESS J u
eviction (n) - expelling tenants from a house by authority of the law
evacuare
reluctant (adj) - unwilling, disinclined - ~ovaitor
demolition (n) - pulling down buildings - demolare
A group of squatters have taken possession of a derelict building survey (v) - here: examine the condition of a building- aici: a examina
under the slogan "The .Homeless Help Themselves". Although the starea cladirii
commandeered building is in an appalling condition, they promise to make
the hovel habitable again. They will do it up and turn it into a place where
the homeless can have a warm bed and a hot meaL The deserted property EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
had remained disused and boarded up for the last year. Even in its present Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
state, the squatters say, it is much better than sleeping rough. At the moment, (answer - page 325,)
there are seventy people housed there, their ages ranging from twenty to
seventy-six. SQUATTERS - HOMELESS - FOR - CLAIM - SCHEDULED - SHELTER
In a press interview, the man behind the project talked about how easy DEMOLITION
it is to end up on the street and, describing the meagre resources now at his
disposal. appealed for donations and voluntary work. Impressed by his EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
determination to keep the project going, many people have responded. Answer the following questions:
Donations of bedding, clothes and food are slowly coming in.
The action raises the question of the government's responsibility to 1. What are the squatters going to do with the disused building?
provide cheap rented accommodation for people who need assistance in 2. What kind of help are they getting?
this respect. Too many of the nation's poor are unable to find an affordable 3. What kind of policy should the Government have for the homeless?
place to rent. However, among them are people who have made them 4. Is there any future for the shelter in question?
selves intentionally homeless. These cases are not top priority on the housing
list. It is widely felt that the government money, which is desperately needed EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
to finance shelters for the desolate and the dispossessed, is being misused. Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
Most of the "meals-on-wheels" programmes and soup kitchens are funded

by charity organizations. - a lua in posesiune - t P of...
The current action offers more than just a roof over people's heads. It is - a dormi sub cerul liber - s r_ _ _ __
a means of helping the homeless to move back into the social system. Yet, - a ramane fara casa - e u 0 the
despite their efforts at self-help, the squatters may still face eviction, as the s_ _ _ __
city council is reluctant to give up its plans to pull the building down. A - a face apel pentru donatii ~i
munca voluntara - a f_____
demolition contractor has already surveyed the building, which is d and v w_ _ _ __
scheduled for demolition next month. - a ridica 0 problema - r a q _ _ _ __
- locuinta de lnchiriat la un pre! accesibil - a p to
for discussion topics go to page 300. r_ _ __
- finanjat de institujii de binefacere - f by c_ _ _ __
0 _ _ _ __
squatter (n) - person who occupies empty, deserted buildings without - a nu fi dispus sa abandonezi un plan be r to g _ _ _ __
permission - persoana care ocupa Hegal 0 casa u p _______
dereliot (adD - abandoned, left to fall into ruin - abandonat, darapanat - a demola 0 caso: p d a b _ _ _ __
commandeer (v) - confiscate, take over- a confisca, a-r;d insu~i
hovel (n) - poorly cared for, dirty building - daropanatura, ~andrama for translation practice go to page 275.
habitable (adj) - fit to be lived in -locuibil
deserted (adi> - one that has been abandoned abandonat
meagre ladj) - insufficient, poor - insuficient, saracacios
respond (v) - act in answer - a raspunde acUonemd
the desolate (n) - people who are lonely - abandonat, nenorocit
the dispossessed (n) - people who were denied ownership - dezmo~tenit
236 237
lethal (adj) - causi:Q.g death - mortal
news item 6 : EXPERIME placard (n) - written or printed slogans displayet at demonstrations
pancarda
1 humane (adj) - merciful- ;nilos, omenesc
usurp (v) - take wrongful possession of - a uzurpa, a-i;Jl atribui prin
Animal rights' activists staged a demonstration in front of a research violenia
depict (v) - portray, show- a infatiijla
laboratory yesterday as part of a massive campaign now being mounted
to combat the abuse of animals and condemn those scientists who
perform experiments on them. It has been revealed that a staggering
number of creatures are slaughtered annually in laboratories, among EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
them popular pets like cats and dogs. Brochures distributed during the (answer - page 325.)
demonstration describe the horror and torment these animals experience
at the hands of scientists.
END - FOR - ANIMAL - CALLS - MEDICAL - DEMO - TO -. AN
The public is not aware of how the animals suffer convulsions,
vomiting, loss of balance, sores and skin rashes. Creatures, which also EXPERIMENTS - RIGHTS
include rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and monkeys, are subjected to
electric shocks, doses of radiation and induced infections. Toxic chemicals EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
are injected into their bodies and tablets are mixed with their food in order Answer the following questions:
to screen medicines for effectiveness and safety. Drugs are force-fed, and
then the animals are closely monitored for side-effects even though their 1. What was the main issue of yesterday's campaign?
2. What kind of information was given out during the demonstration?
metabolisms are different from that of humans. Unbearable pain is
inflicted, especially when testing cosmetic products to see if they are safe 3. Why are animals made to suffer in research laboratories?
for people. A common practice is to squirt irritants into the eyes of rabbits
to measure safety levels. Activists reveal that these horrifying experiments EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
often leave animals blind, burned and mutilated before their suffering is Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
mercifully put to an end by a lethal injection.

- a organiza a demonstraiie - s a dl_____
Demonstrators carried placards reminding the public that animals

- a desfaijlura a campanie intens sustinuta - m a m _ _ _ __
also deserve humane treatment. A human being, they maintain, has no c_____
right to usurp its dominance over other animals, no matter how Justifiable
that action may seem. To communicate the message effectively, heart - a efectua experienje - p e _ _ __
- a injecta substanje chimice toxice - i t c,_ _ _ __
breaking posters were displayed depicting animals in whose eyes one

- a monitoriza efectele secundare - m f s,_ _ _ __
can see an appeal for mercy. Bearing these pictures in mind, we must e,_____
never forget they are living feeling creatures that have every right to
- a produce durere - i p,_____
coexist alongside human beings.

- a masura nivelul de siguranta - m s,_ _ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page 240, for discussion topics go to page 300. - a merita un tratament umanitar - d h,_____ ' - - - -
- implorare pentru clementa - a m._ _ _ __
- a avea in minte - b,_ _ _ __ ,______ m _______

condemn (v) - express strong disapproval- a condamna, a infiera
staggering (adj) - astonishing - ameUtor, innebunitor for translation practice go to page 276.
slaughter (v) - kill in a brutal manner - a macelari
torment (n) - pain and ag(:my- durere insuportabila
sore (n) - painful spot on the body - inflamatii, usturaturi
rash (n) - red irritated areas on the skin - eruptii (pe piele)
unbearable (adJ) - that cannot be endured - (de) neindurat
squirt (v) - eject liquid in a jet - a lansa un jet de lichid
irritant (n) - substance that causes inflammation - iritant (substanla)
mutilate (v) - cripple and maim - a mutUa
L___~__. 238
239
defeat (n) - failure - tnfrd:ngere, e$ec
news item 70: EXPERIMENTS needless (adi> - unnecessary- inutil, de prisos
ANIMALS 2 pooling (n) - putting together for the use of all who contribute - a furniza
ceva tn interesul tuturor
data (n) - information - informaUe
Animal rights's activists have launched a massive campaign to save simulation (n) - imitation - imitatie, simulare
animals from cruelty and death, rekindling the debate on whether the exemption (n) - freeing from, release - scutire, dispensa
practical benefits of animal experimentation outweigh the moral costs. opt out (v) - choose to take no part in - a opta sa nu (participe)
Centres conducting experiments are being picketed by activists, and the callous (adi> - indifferent, uncaring - nemilos, crud
people who work there are being barraged with hostile phone calls. Many
break-ins to set the cag~d animals free have been reported. These
laboratories are now protected against such raids by razor sharp railings, EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
reinforced fences topped with barbed wire, and sophisticated surveillance Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
devices, including infra-red body sensors. (answer - page 325.)
Every medicine must, by law, be safe, effective and of high quality.
Therefore, scientists say that they have no alternative, but to test drugs on FOUR-LEGGED - LOVERS - AGAIN - - ANIMAL - STRIKE - THEIR
animals. Thanks to this testing, man benefits enormously from lifesaving FRIENDS - OF - DEFENCE .
treatments and vaccines developed through animal research. However,
many doctors are giving in to the activists' pressure and are withdrawing EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
from experimenting on animals. This can be seen as a defeat for science. Abswer the following questions:
Animal rights' advocates claim there is too much needless suffering
and too much repetition of experiments already carried out. Pooling of 1. What kind of action do animal rights campaigners resort to?
information in special data banks is an absolute necessity. The 2. How is animal experimentation defended?
advancement of science is such, that, in many cases, live animals can be 3. What stepts could be taken to reduce the number of animals used in
replaced with simulations or cell cultures. testing?
Testing drugs takes 12 years. It is argued that clinical trials - on 4. What proposals are being put forward concerning the treatment of
critically ill patients, for whom the potential benefits outweigh the possible animals during biology lessons?
risk - should be allowed to take place much earlier.
Another issue concerns the treatment of animals at schools. Activists EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
are seeking a ban on dissection lessons or, at least, exemption for pupils Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
who wish to opt out when vivisection is demonstrated. Such classes can
have a devastating effect on a child's psyche, enouraging cruelty and a - a pune in libertate animalele inchise - s the c_ _ _ __
sense of dominance over animals. They teach children to be callous and a f_ _ __

unfeeling. . - instalatii ingenioase pentru supraveghere (urmarire) - s_ _ _ __
s d________
for discussion topics go to page 301. - a nu avea de ales - h n a _ _ __
- a nu rezista presiunii - g i to p _ _ _ __
- a se retrage din procesul de efectuare a experientelor - w_ _ _ __
rekindle (v) - rouse anew - a redeschide f e _ _ _ __
benefits (n) - positive outcome - beneficiu - progresul ~tiintei - of s,_ _ _ __
outweigh (v) - be greater in value - a depa$i (ca valoare) - a solicHa interdictia - s a b _ _ _ __
picket (v) - demonstrate outside somewhere pichet (de demonstranti) - a exercita 0 influenta nefasta - h a d e_ _ _ __
barrage (v) - be subject to an overhelming quantity of something - .a £i - a tncuraja cruzimea - e c_____
napadit
hostile (adj) - nasty, spiteful- ostil for tran~lation practice go to page 276.
barbed wire en) - wire with short sharp points - sarma ghimpata
surveillance (n) - observation, keeping close watch on persons suspected
of wrongdoing - supraveghere
240 18. 241
single out (v) - choose from among many- a alege, a selecta
fatal (adj) - resulting in death - fatal
exempt (from) (adj) - not includet in - neinclus
savage (adj) - cruel, wild - salbatic
Curbs on dogs become law today as the Dangerous Dogs Act comes
into effect. It puts owners of the fighting dogs listed in the Act under an
obligation to ensure that their dog does not appear in public without a EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
muzzle and a leash. Failure to comply with the new rules will be treated Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
as a criminal offence carrying a penalty, upon conviction, of up to L2,OOO (answer page 325.)
or six months' imprisonment. Yesterday, there was a last minute run on
muzzles at pet shops. Owners and breeders are also worried about the BY - CURBED - LAW - ATTACKS - VIOLENT - TO - NEW - BE
cost of neutering and third-party insurance.
The new law gives the owners of the three breeds branded as killer EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
dogs, pit bull terriers, the Japanese Tosa, and the Dogo Argentino, a Answer the following questions:
deadline by which they must decide if they want them humanely
destroyed or else neutered, insured and officially registered. The law also 1. What does the Dangerous Dogs Act provide for?
aims to encourage responsible ownership. This means that, as well as 2. What steps are being taken to make dog-owners accountable?
being registered, dogs should additionally be branded with an identity 3. How do pit bull terriers differ from other breeds?
mark, such as a microchip implant. In this way, their owners can be held 4. What kind of steps can the police take if the law on dogs is broken?
accountable. Dogs are also expected to be properly trained and obedient.
The listed breeds, which were developed specifically for fighting, EXERCISE 3. PHRASES TO LEARN
have been singled out after a series of savage attacks on people. Pit Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
terriers, of which there are about 10,000 in Britain, are fifty times more
_ _ _ _ _ e _ _ _ __
powerful than other breeds. This increases the chances of an attack being - a intra in vigoare - c_ _ _ __
fatal. However, Rottweilers and Dobermann Pinschers, exempt from the - a obliga - p u an 0 _ _ _ __
list because they are not bred specifically for fighting, are also responsible - a aparea in locuri publice - a in p _ _ _ __
for savage attacks, and there are calls for an extension to the new law to - a actiona in acord cu normele - c w the
cover these breeds, too. Opponents of the Act argue that there is no r_ _ _ __
genetic reason why a pit bull should attack humans. - infractiune - a c 0·_ _ _ __
Meanwhile, the police will be taking proper steps to make sure that - a fixa ultimul termen - g a ....._____
the law is obeyed. Dogs that are spotted by the police running loose and - a trage la raspundere - someone a _ _ _ __
without a muzzle will be caught and disposed of in a humane way. Their - a intreprinde masuri corespunzatoare - t p----
owners will be punished. s_ _ _ __
- a respecta legea - 0 the ,_ _ _ __
for related vocabulary go to page 244, for discussion topics go to page 301. - a vagabonda - r_ _ _ __

curb en) - something that restrains or controls - (fig.) frau
muzzle (n) - guard plqced over the mouth of an animal to prevent it from
biting - botni~a
leash en) - strap for holding an animal- lesa
conviction (n) - declaration of guilt by the court - sentinta (data de
tribunal)
neuter (v) - deprive of sexual function, make sterile by operation - a lipsi
. de funcUa sexuala
breed (n) - group of animals possessing common qualities - rasa
brand (v) mark for identification - semn de identificare
microchip. (n) - microcip
L 242 243
I news item 72: DOG ATTACKS fend (v) (for oneself) -look after oneself - a-$i purta de grija
put down (v) - humanely take away the life of an animal- a omort(un
. animal)'
An eight-year-old boy was savagely bitten on the face and then

mauled to death in a horrendous attack by Alsatians as he was returning EXERCISE 1. HEADLINE
home from school yesterday. The boy was rushed to hospital. but died Rearrange the words to form the headline to the story:
from the injuries shortly afterwards. The dog were running freely in a (answer - page 325.)
neighbour's garden when they jumped over the fence. Following the
incident, the dogs were taken away, at the request of their owner, to be SAVAGE - OWNER - FOR - IRRESPONSIBLE - DOG - ANOTHER
humanely destroyed. Relatives of the boy are trying to come to terms with ATTACK - BLAMED
the tragedy and are under sedation for shock.
Although Alsatians are not listed as dangerous, today's tragic EXERCISE 2. COMPREHENSION
incident has heated the debate about an extension of the Dangerous Dogs Answer the following questions:
Act to other breeds. In another case this week, five boys were savaged by
a pack of Rottweilers running amok and biting and mauling children in 1. How dangerous were the incidents described in the report?
a school playground. Other pupils fled screaming when the three 2. Could they have been prevented?
snarling dogs burst into the yard. The boys needed extensive hospital 3. What examples are given to disprove the myth of the British being
treatment. Again, the owner of the dogs was blamed for recklessness. animal lovers? .
It is said that the British, known worldwide as dog lovers, should 4. What is meant by "responsible ownership"?
change their attitude from sham sentimentality to responsibility and act in
a socially acceptable way. Owners who allow their dogs to foul parks and EXERCISE 9. PHRASES TO LEARN
mess at random will soon face prosecution. Kennels report that the British Complete the following phrases. Each line stands for one word:
turn 1,000 dogs a day out onto the streets to join an army of strays which
have to fend for themselves. This is mot common at Christmas when - a mU$ca de fata - b 0 the f~____
thousands of puppies, given as presents, are thrown away after a few - a muri din cauza leziunilor suferite - d f._____
days. About 360,000 unwanted dogs are put down each year. Also, so
many pets die because of their owners's stupidity that societies from the -la cererea proprietarului - a the 0 's
protection of animals have sought legal remedies against the most r_ _ _ __
common type of abuse. Thus, it is now illegal to leave animals in locked - a se impaca cu tragedia - c to w ~~ the
cars, or "walk" a dog while riding a bicycle. Bringing to justice people who t_ _ __
inflict cruelty, and teaching responsible ownership, will prevent accidents - a infierbantat dewaterea - h the '""_ _ _ __
in future. - a invinovati pentru neglijenta - b f r_ _ _ __
- a schimba atitudinea - c the a _ _ _ __
for discussion topics go to page 302. - a cauta sancUuni juridice - s r_ _ _ __
- a pune sub acuzaUe - b to
- a pricinui durere, chinuri - i c_ _ _ __
maul (v) - hurt or injure in a brutal attack - a zdrobi

horrendous (adj) - terrifying, frightful- groaznic, infrico$ator for translation practice go to page 277.
sedation (n) - treatment by sedatives - sedare
pack (n) - number of animals going about together - haita
run amok (v) - run about wildly- a alerga furios
flee (fled. fled) - run away as quickly as possible - a 0 lua la goana
snarl (v) - (of dogs) show the teeth and gl'Owl- a-$i arata coItH, a mared
recklessness (n) - thoughtlessness, carelessness - neglijenta
sham (adi> - false, pretended - fals, pretins
kennel (n) - place where dogs are cared for - cU$ca (de caine)
stray (n) - homeless, wandering animal- animal vagabond
244 245
TRANSLATION PRACTICE
cauzat de absenja ploilor, care n-au mai cazut in aceasta zona timp de doi
anL 0 seceta nemiloasa a distrus recolta ~i a transformat pa~unile in
de;;ert. $eptelul a fost decimal. Pentru cre;;terea producjiei agricole sunt
necesare seminte de buna caWate ;;;i ingra!?aminte chimice. Sunt
necesare, de asemenea, fond uri pentru asistenja medicala. A fost pregatit
un transport cu avionul a unor rezerve de faina care sa fie impanita celor
Anul acesta multe paduri s-au transformat in scrum. Incendiile au infometaji. In pofida razboiului civil care bantuie in tara, asistenja
cauzat pagube ce sa ridica la milioane de dolarL Padurile iau foc de la umanitara va continua.
fulgere. Incendiile sunt greu de stapanit. Flacarile se extind rapid. Un
incendiu teribil a mistuit padurile din intregul Parc NaHonai. Douazeci de
pompieri au disparut in lupta cu focui. $i-au pierdut via!a deoarece nu au
reu!?it sa revina la adaposturile din fier rezistente la foc. Avioanele
cisterna ejecteaza apa ca sa preintampine extinderea focului. Valvataile
. se vad de la multe mile distanta. Vor trece multi ani pana ce suprafejele
cele mai parjolite vor reveni la splendoarea de odinioara.
Uraganul care s-a abatut in ultimele zile deasupra Atlanticului a atins
astazi de dimineaja coasta Iaharului. Potrivit relatarilor de presa, uraganul
inainteaza spre interiorul tarii, producand mari pagube. Uraganul a rupt
de inalta tensiune !;>i acoperi;;;urile, a daramat copaci !;>i stalpi tele
fonid. Marea involburata a inundat a;;ezarile de langa tarm. Populajia
cauta adapost in biserici !;>i pe culmile dealurilor. Numarul victimelor
cre;;;te. A fost declarata starea de calamitate. Autoritatile ora!;>ului au
Astazi a avut loc conferinta pe tema modalitatilor de preintampinare hotarat evacuarea populaUei din capitala, de~i se spera ca, inainte de a
a
a crizei alimentare. Criza fost provocata de seceta. Actiunea combinata ajunge in zona ora~ului, uraganul va slabi considerabil in intensitate.
a alt~r factori a contribuit ~i la acest dezastru. Soarele incins a ars Exista sperante ca in capitala nu se vor produce pagube. Judecand dupa
pamantul. lorna uscata n-a permis acoperirea solului cu un strat de dimensiunile distrugerilor, uraganul George poate Ii considerat cel mai
zapada, expunandu-l actiunii gerului !?i vanturilor puternice. A scazut necrutator dintre toate cele inregistrate pana In prezent.
umiditatea solului. Stratul fertil de la suprafaja a fost supus eroziunii.
Recoltele s-au diminuat considerabil. Seceta a diminuat, de asemenea,
capacitatea hidrocentralelor, cauzand intreruperi in alimentarea cu
energie electrica. S-au introdus restricjii in folosirea apeL Nivelul scazut al
apei din rauri a condus la concentrarea de poluanti chimici, tntr-o
asemenea masura incat apa nu mai e buna de baut. Sunt !?anse reduse
pentru precipitaUi abundente.
In cursul ultimelor zite un val de ploi torentiale s-a abatut asupra

Iaharului. PloHe abundente augenerat inundatii. Barajele improvizate
din sad cu pamant ~i digurile nu au rezistat furiei apei involburate. Apa a
inundat terenurile joase, producand pagube imense. Oamenii au fugH
cuprin!;>i de panica, incercand sa-~i salveze viata. Multi s-au catarat in
copad ~i pe acoperi~urile caselor, a;;;teptand ca apele sa se retraga.
Cresc temerile potrivit carora foametea in Agunda va Ii mult mai Elicopterele i-au salvat pe cei care s-au mentinut la suprafata apei,
acuta decat cea din anul1981. In prezent pe teritoriul afectat de tragedie, agatati de diverse obiecte plutitoare. Cei izolati in spaliul neinundat sunt
circa 10 milioane de oameni sunt ameninjaji cu moartea prin infometare. amenintaji de foamete. Elicopterele furnizeaza hrana ~i apa potabila in
Organizajiile care ofera ajutor jarilor afectate de foamete cheama raioanele cele mai afectate de tragedie. Pana acum se !)itie ca sunt trei mii
intreaga comunitate internationala la acjiuni care sa previna inrautajirea de morit, dar din cauza epidemiei, care se raspande;;te rapid, numarul
situatiei. Mortalitatea infantila cre~te permanent. Epuizaji, oamenii cauta acestora va cre!)ite. lntrucat situatia din Jahar este critica, s-a facut apella
mancare. Furtul de alimente este la ordinea zilei. Dezastrul actual este ajutor interI1ational.
246 241
curent electric. Jumatate' din capitala Ishmad zace sub daramaturi.
Trupele de salvare incearca sa se strecoare printre gramezile de ruine in
cautarea oamenilor aflati sub daramaturi. Cel mai mult au suferit
blocurile inaIte. Putine cladirt au rezistat undelor de :jlOC. Multe dintre ele
Se spune despre Anturia ca este a tara bantuita de cataclisme. In s-au prabu~it peste locuitori ~i au cauzat numeroase victime. Multe cladiri
ultima vreme, dupa cateva zile de pIal tropicale, raurile au ie~it din albie au fast mistuite de foe.
:jli au inundat mari suprafete din tara. Numai anul acesta, din cauza
ploHor torentiale :;;i a inundatiilor, au murit in Anturia a mie doua sute de
persoane. Unii s-au Inecat, alUi au murit din cauza ca au baut apa
infestata. Intrucat depozitele de alimente se afla sub apa, populaUa sufera
din cauza lipsei de hrana. Mijloacele de comunicare in masa relateaza
despre cazurile de jefuire a caselor parasite ~i despre actele de sabotaj. S
a organizat trimiterea de ~alupe de patrulare de-a lungul raurilor pentru
a localiza bandele de jefuitori :;;i ex pazi barajele de sabotori. Astazi vor fi Zeci de mB de oameni au murit ieri in timpul cutremurului din
prezentate noile masuri care vor fi Iuate in continuare pentru a contracara Palmona. Cladirile s-au inclinat :jli s-au prabu$it. Centrul ora:jlului a fast
efectele inundafiilor. . complet distrus. Pentru cei rama$i fara acoperi$ deasupra capului s-au
pregaHt adaposturi in tabere dincolo de ora$. Multi oamani a:;;teapta
scoaterea de sub daramaturi a trupurilor celor apropiati. Grupele de
salvare, ajutate de caini, if cauta pe supravietuitori. Pentru a depista mai
rapid oamenii de sub daramaturi, grupele de salvare se folosesc de
dispozitive speciale. Actiunea de salvare este ingreunata de ger. SpitaleIe
s-au daramat, astfel incat ranitilor Ii se acorda ajutor in conditii de
campanie. Se termina rezervele de sange. S·a lansat un apel pentru
1. Lagarele refugiatilor au fast inundate. Numarul cazurilor. de ajutor international.
imbolnavire in randul populaUei sinistrate poate capata dimensiunile
unei epidemii. Oamenii beau apa contaminata. Substantele de purificare
a apei sunt inaccesibile. Diareea face ravagii indeosebi printre copii. Sunt
necesare vaccinuri impotriva tetanosului ~i a febrei tifoide. In ultimii ani,
din cauza lipsei de fonduri, populatia nu a fast vaccinata. Pentru a
ameliora situaUa in lagare este nevoie de asistenta medicala ~i de imense
cantitati de antibiotice.
2.rn Ishmad a izbucnit epidemia de meningita. Boala a gasH un teren Opt alpini~ti au disparut ierl, inghiUti de a avalan~a. Un grup de llIase
favorabil printre locuitorii acestei tari din cauza rezistentei scazute adolescenti cu doi ghizi au incercat sa cucereasca un vcrrL in ciuda
generata de subnutrHie. Pentru a feri populatia de aceasta boala conditiilor atmosferice nefavorabile. Au fast maturati de pe panta :;;i
contagioasa mortala este nevoie de vaccin acoperiU de avanlan$a. Nu se ~tie inca ce anume a cauzat declan:;;area
avalan~ei. Daca vremea nu se amelioreaza, cautarile vor £i amanate spre
primavara. Intre timp trebuie create trasee de comunicare pentru a-I
elibera pe turi!?tii izolati in sateIe de munte. Autoritatile n previn pe schiori
sa nu se abata de pe partii. Defri;;area padurilor de pe pante ~i eroziunea
solului au multiplicat frecventa declan~arii avalan:;;elor.
In timpul cutremurului de ieri mai suprafete ale Ishmadului au fast

complet distruse. Seismut cu 0 putere de 7,7 pe scara Richter, a fast eel
mai puternic seism inregistrat pe acest teritoriu in ultimul seccI. Catastrofa
a fast precedata de 0 serie de $ocuri resimUte in decursul ultimelor doua
saptamcrni. Potrivit relatarilor, trei sate au fast maturate de pe suprafata
pamcrntului. Cutremurul a provocat deplasari de teren :;;1 inundatii. Din
cauza ruperii liniei de tnalta tensiune, a treime din tara a ramas fara
248 249
Organizatorii demonstratiei au respectat toate normele interna1io
nale referitoare la asigurarea securitatii. Cu toate acestea, viitorul de
monstratiilor de acest fel se afla sub semnul
Potrivit celor mai noi relatari din Anturia, vulcanul Araramo este inca
primejdios. Forta eruptiei de ieri este comparabila cu puterea unei bombe
cu hidrogen de douazeci de megatone. Vulcanul a aruncat in aer pietre la
o inaliime de cateva mile. Totodata, s-a semnalat ;;i 0 eruptie submarina.
Gaze fierbin!i au topit gheata ~i zapada de pe crestele muntelui ceea ce a (l{ti~e;;l(jJi~;!liii:fh!'il·'i'Ii'~'AE:ROPUAN···
I~"\>j:·,:;'/"'> ,j\, .. ,;!;,;.;':;~'~':t, '>" ", ..'" " ~(;'>"!~ ,,~,;,', ;, ;:'::::\'/":" ,~2"""i'<~"";'~"'/" '
condus la 0 avanlan¢X de apa Herbinte ~i noroi. Mari cantita!i de bioxid de
carbon s-au ridicat tn atmosfera, contribuind considerabil la intensi
ficarea efectului de sera. Circa 0 suta de persoone au murit in urma Un avion care zbura spre Palmon s-a prabu:;;it ~i a izbucnit in £lacari
eruptiei vulcanului. Patruzeci de mii de oameni ~i-au parasit casele, imediat dupa decolare. CaUva martori au vazut cum avionul a decolat,
fugind din fata ~uvoaielor noroi ~i pietre. in Hecare an in lume se s-a inaltat in aer, dupa care s-a prabu9it deodata la pamant, fiind cuprins
inregistreaza in jur de treizeci de eruptii puternice, de la peste ~ase sute de £lacari. Inainte ca pompierii sa ajunga la locul accidentului, pasagerii
de vulcani activi. Ceilalti vulcani cunoscuti sunt considerati stin~i. au ars in avionul naufragiat. Cu 0 luna In urr~a, pe acela:;;i aeroport s-a
prabu~it un turboreactor. Cauza accidentului a fost 0 avarie de motor.
PHotul a solicitat 0 aterizare urgenta datorita avarieL lnainte ca
avionul sa reu~easca sa s-a prabu~it la pamant. Incendiul nu a
permis ca actiunea de sa fie eficienta. Nimeni nu a
dintre cei 0 suta doi oameni imbarcati. Acest zbor trebuia sa fie
inainte de revizia generala a motoruluL La bord nu s-a inregistrat nimic
pe "cutia neagra". Pana acum nu s-au comunicat cauzele accident1l1uL
. Un gaz toxic a fost emanat ca urmare a unei explozii pe fundullacului
din norul Arehonului. Probabil mici $ocuri subterane au cau~at eliberarea
gazului de origine vulcanica, acumulat pe fundullacului. Noaptea, vantul
a impra~tiat vaporii toxici in sateIe din jur, cauzand moartea a multor
oameni. Se afirma ca gazul uciga:;; s-a dispersat deja. Cu toate acestea,
multe persoane din sateIe din jur ~i-au parasit casele. Actiunea de salvare
continua. Cei ar:;;i ~i paralizati au fost transportati la spital. Grupuri de
mtUtari au izolat 10cul accidentului :;;i cerceteaza terenul tn cautare de 1. Doi copii au suferit arsuri grave, iar al treilea a murit sarind pe
victime. Pentru a tnlatura pericolul epidemiei, mortii trebuie sa fie de fereastra in timpul incendiului care a izbucnit in casa lor. Casa a ars
inhumati imediat. Peste zece state au raspuns la apelul pentru ajutor. complet. Politia afirma ca, probabil, cauza incendiuluia fost un scurt
circuit al instalatiei Este posibH, de asemenea, ca tapiteria
inflamabila a mobilei sa se fi aprins de la un bat de chibrit aruncat.
2. Dimineata in zori auzit 0 explozie puternica intr-una din """"''''''''''''
din Trontham. Incendiul a cuprins intreaga casa in cateva minute.
Proprietarul casei a ie$it in strada, arzand ca 0 flacara. Vecinii au incercat
sa stinga £lacarile cu paturi. Barbatul cu arsuri de gradul trei se aHa in
stare critica.
3. Ieri noapte a ars adapostul folosit de sarmanii strazii, tn pofida
leri, in timpul demonstratiei aviatice anuale de la Altenland trei actiunii energice a pompierilor. Senzorii instalali In cladire, care
avioane s-au ciocnit in aero Martori ai acestui eveniment ingrozitor au fost reactionau la fum, 9i extinctoarele erau defecte. Din imobilul distrus de foe
trei sute de mii de spectatori. Bucati de avioane au cazut pe pamant. au fost scoase cadavre carbonizate. Nu se cunoa9te cauza incendiului.
Oamenii au fugit cuprin:;;i de panica. Peste zece persoane au mu.rit tn
imvalma~eala creata. Pana tn prezent, :;;aizeci de persoane :;;i-au pierdut
via1a tn urma catastrofei. Cei rani1i, ar:;;i :;;i asfixiati au fost transportati la
spital. Ancheta a aratat ca 0 eroore a pilotului a constituit cauza acciden-
250 251
1. Astazi, 10 primele ore ale dimineUi, s-a scufundat feribotul Rose of
L Intr-o mina din Benton a avut loe ceo mai mare catastrofa din acest
the Seas. Feribotul a-a: ciocnit de un recif de corali 10 douazeci de mile de
secoI. 0 suta de mined au ramas izolati in urma unei explozii de gaz ~i a Gueno. S-a raaturnat complet ;;;i, de~i capitanul a ordonat parasirea
incemdiului, care a izbucnit in putul principaL Inca nu s-au gasit corpurile vasului, multe persoane nu au ajuns la barcile de salvare. Scafandrii
a cinc.izeci ~i ;,:;ase de perscone. Echipele au intrerupt actiunea de salvare investigheaza feribotul scufundat pentru a descoperi corpurile pasage
cand au constatat ca este imposibila debloearea minerilor. rilor. Salvatorii acUoneaza din barci de salvare ~i elicoptere.
2. Intr-o alta mina, unde explozia s-a produs 10 0 trei sute de metd sub 2. Un alt feribot, pe care, probabil, au pierit 0 suta opt persoane, s-a
pamant, au fost uci~i patruzeci ~i ~apte de minerL Nouazeci ;,:;i doi au reu~it izbit de un petrolier. S-au salvat doar cativa pasageri, restul au pierit
sa iasa 10 suprafata. In pofida aplicarii celei mai noi tehnologii de stingere blocati sub punte.
a incendiilor miniere, pompierii nu pot stapani infernul dezlantuit in 3. Feribotul s-a scufundatla scurt timp dupa paraairea portului din
subteran. Icenberg. Se presupune ca incarcatura neasigurata s-a mi~cat ~i a produs
3. Pentru soIvarea a trei mined prin~i 10 ~aptezeci de metri adancime, inclinarea navel. Echipajul feribotului nu era pregatit pentru 0 avarie de
a fost necesara strapungerea spre 0 alta galerie, adica 0 munca acest gen. Materialul de salvare s-a dovedit ineficient. Condi!iile atmos
istovitoare de trei ferice nefavorabile au tngreunat actiunea de salvare.
1. Pe un petrolier a izbucnit un incendiu. Actiunea de salvare 1. Ceata de aseara a fost cauza unei cumplite coliziuni in lant. Patru
dureaza. Membrii echipajului au fost luati de pe vas. S-au scurs ma;;;ini au luat foc. 0 mama cu fiica sa au fost strivite in urma ciocnirii
aproximativ douazeci de mii de tone de petroL 0 pierdere considerabila. ma~inii lor de catre un carnion cu remorca. Un autobuz care transporta
Vantul §:i curentii marini poarta pata de petrol spre tarm, pe 0 lungime de elevi a intrat in derapare. $oferul ma~inii, care a declan~at coliziunea in
patruzeci de mile. Pata este prea intinsa pentru a putea fi neutralizata lant, a fost doar u;,:;or ranit. Au trecut cateva ore pana ca politi a sa
chimic. In conditiile unei mari lini;;;tite, eo va fi colectata de pe suprafata elibereze carosabilul de ma~inile avariate.
opel. 0 parte se va evapora rapid. 2. Patru persoane au suferit grave vatamari corporale ca urmare a
2. Un petrolier din Anturia a intrat tntr-un banc de nisip. S-au scurs unei ciocniri frontale dintre doua ma~ini - un automobil ;;i 0 furgoneta.
zece mii de bariH de petrol. Apare teama co valurile sa nu sparga vasul §:i Cauza accidentului a fost stopul cardiac suferit de ;;oferul automobilului.
restul de petrol sa se reverse in mare. In majoritatea cazurilor, vino pentru $oferul furgonetei a scapat nevatamat, fUnd aruncat afqra din vehicul.
catastrofele petrolierelor 0 poarta omul. Vor fi emise norme mai stricte 3. Viteza neregulamentara ~i depa~irea de potru ori a nivelului admis
vizand transportul petrolului. Testele de alcoolemie in sange ale mem de alcoolemie in sange au constituit aseara cauza a inca unui accident
brilor echipajului or trebui sa fie obligatorii. rutier. $oferul, incercand evitarea unei guri de canal neacoperita, a intrat
in derapare ;;i a accidentat un pieton.
4. Un automobil a parasit carosabilul rostogolindu-se de doua ori ;:ti
lovind un copac. De~i ~oferul ;;i pasagerulau fost transportati imediat 10
spital, peste cateva ore au murit co urmare a vatamarilor suferite.
252 253
Exista totu~i pericolul ca, daca procesul de convergent?x nu are loc, sa se
produca vreo scurgere din de~eurile radioactive care sa afecteze panza
freatica.
Astazi dimineata s-a produs 0 coliziune intre doua trenuri de per 2.Un nou depozit de de~euri radioactive se intinde pe un kilometru sub
soane. Expresul din Gloomford a trecut pe euloarea ro~ie ~i s-a c10cnit cu suprafata marii, la 0 oarecare distanta de uzina electrica. Vehicule-robot
un tren local aflat In staUe. Vagoanele deraiate s-au rasturnat pe !inia pot telecomandate depun de;;eurile in spatiile de depozitare care vor fi
vecina, chiar spre un tran marfar, care tocmai pleca. S-a' exclus ideea ca umplute cu ciment. Mai demult, normele referitoare la depozitarea de~eu
semnalizarea defectuoasa sa fi fost cauza aecidentului. Ministerul rilor radioactive nu erau la fel de stricte ca acum. Atunci, de§leurile erau
Transporturilor a solicitat invesUgaUi. Se impune necesitatea imbunata inchise in butoaie ~i aruncate in oceane. Coroziunea distruge repede re
sistemelor de siguranta. In accident au pierit peste douazeci de cipientul din metal, ceea ce conduce la scurgerea substantei radioactive.
persoane ~i aproape 0 suta au fost ranite. S-a pus la dispozitie celor Acest mod de depozitare a de;;eurilor se poate dovedi In viitorul nu prea
interesati un numar de telefon la care se pot obtine informaUi despre indepartat Inca 0 dovada a nechibzuintei oamenilor.
soarta victimelor. De maine dimineata trenurile vor circula dupa orar.
1. Un reactor atomic a fost inchis din pricina fisurarii uneia din cori 1. 0 foarte periculoasa incacatura de substante toxice a fost introdusa
ducte. 0 cantitate nu prea mare de gaz radioactiv a ajuns in atmosfera. in mod ilegal in tara ~i transportata In secret la fabricile de prelucrare a
Nivelul radioactivitaUi a crescut de cinci ori. Totu~i, acest lucru nu de~eurilor. Dezvaluirea acestui fapt In presa a atras un val de indignare
constituie 0 amenintare serioasa pentru populatia Iocala. A varia a fost unanim. Conteinerul continea optsprezece tone de produse reziduale din
remediata, iar reactorul pus din nou in functiune. Vor fi efectuate industria electriea. Nu exista nici un acord care sa permita transportarea
investigatii in aceasta direcUe. incareaturii in tara. Alte cinci tari refuzasera preluarea acestor materiale.
2. Protestele populatiei locale au condus la inehiderea uzinei de 2. Deseori, gunoaiele Bunt transportate in afara localitalii pentru depo
uraniu. Radioaetivitatea constituie 0 mare amenintare pentru sanatate. zitare sau ardere. De~eurile organice se descompun emanand metan, care
3. Intr-o centrala atomo-electrica s-a produs 0 mare explozie. Sistemul contribuie la "efectul de sera". Substantele anorganice nu se descompun.
de alarma s-a defectat. Incendiul a fost stins dupa 0 ora. Norul radioactiv in multe lari locurile de depozitare sunt tot mai limitate. Se cauta alter
s-a ridicat in aero Masuratorile indica un nivel foarte ridicat al izotopilor native ale metodelor de lichidare a gunoaielor. Ar putea fi arse, pro
radioactivi in aero Populatia a fost evacuta pe 0 raza de douazeci de mile. ducand cu aceasta ocazie electricitate, iar produsele secundare arderii ar
Decontaminarea terenului afectat dureaza. Ii gazele ~i cenu;;a. Se cauta rezolvari nedaunatoare mediului. Se efectu
4. Aseara a fost inchisa una din centralele atomo-electrice. S-a eaza cercetari asupra materialelor biodegradabile.- Cea mai buna rezol
depistat 0 defecUune in construcUa reactorului. Exista pericolul supra vare pentru diminuarea cantitativa a de;;eurilor ar fi refolosirea lor.
incalzirii interiorului, ceea ee ar fi provocat topirea reactorului.
1. Se aUa in plina desfa§lurare luerarile de amenajare a unui loe de Cre~terea consumului produce cre~terea in aceea~i masura a
depozitare pentr de~eurile radioactive. SpaUul de depozitare se aUa la 70 de~eurUor. Pentru rezolvarea, macar parUala, a problemei indepartarii
m adancime, fiind sapat in straturi de sare. Cu timpui, mieile saline reziduurilor, soar impune refolosirea lor. Prin prelucrarea materiilor
artificial create converg una spre alta, izoland astfel materialul radioaetiv. reziduale se eeonomise~te multa energie. In plus, resursele naturale sunt
254 255
limitate. Materiale reciclabile sunt sUda, metalele, hartia, plasticul topit ;;i Emanarea bioxidului de carbon trebuie redusa. Se impune impadu
rumegu~ul din lemnul de esenta superioara. rirea sistematica pe 0 scara larga. in cele din urma, ar trebui gasite noi
"Waste Watch" este un grup de oameni care sustin ideea prelucrarii surse de energie, care sa nu afecteze mediul. AltfeI, previziunile pesimiste
materialelor redclabile. Consumatorii in;;i;;i ar trebui sa se imp lice in se vor indeplini ;;i omenirea va fi obligata sa se adapteze noilor condiUi
campanii initiate de ei. Punctele de colectare a de;;eurilor sa fie larg climaterice.
accesibile, ;;i nu amplasate dear pe langa ghenele de gunoL $i ;;colile se
pot implica in aceasta acUune, copiii trebuind sO: fie indemnaU sa parti
dpe la colectarea materiilor reciclabile. Producatorii ar trebui sa arate
intelegere pentru problemele de protectie a mediului ~i sO: se reorienteze
spre ambalaje accesibile prefabricarii sau refolosirii.
Problemele importante ale mediului inconjurator canstau in efectul de

sera ;;i diminuarea stratului de ozon din atmosfera. StratuI de ozon pro
tejeaza pamantuI impotriva acUunii daunatoare a raze lor ultraviolete.
S-a construit 0 ma;;ina la care emanaUa de bioxid de carbon a fost Ozonul este distrus prin crc - 0 substanta chimica folosita in mod curent
redusa la jumatate fata de cea a unei ma;;ini obh;muite. Alimentarea se la aerosoli ;;1 in sistemele de racire. Particulele de ozon sunt distruse rela
face partial electric ;;1 partial cu un motor Dieflel. 0 astfel de ma;;ina tiv mai repede decal ar dura procesul natural de refacere a lor. Toate pro
prezinta multe avantaje, dezavantajul fUnd pretul ridicat din cauza dusele chimice ce distrug stratul de ozon ar trebui retrase din ulilizare.
costisitoarelor schimoori in constructie. Este una din multele idei avand co S-ar impune, de asemenea. un ajutor acordal tarilor din lumea a treia
scop obtinerea unui aer mai respirabil ;;i diminuarea smog-ului. Poluarea pentru 0 reorientare spre 0 produclie bazata pe mijloace sigure pentru
aerului din ora;;e depa;;e;;te normele admise. Activi;;;tii in domeniul protec mediu.
tiei mediului insista in emiterea unor legi mai stricte referitoare la regimul Medicii afirma ca radiaUile ultraviolete sunt una din cauzele can
noxelor in traficul urban. Aceste actiuni nu au avut efecte. Traficul urban cerului de piele ~i scad imunitatea la boli. Nu exista nid un dubiu ca
se intensifica continuu. Peste ora;;e se ridica un nor de fum negru. Totu;;;i, diminuarea stratului de ozon este un fenomen daunator omului.
"automobilul electric" nu rezolva problema. Pentru a furniza electricitate
necesara In incarcarea acumulatorilor, termocentralele ar arde ;;;i mai
mult carbune, eliminand in aer oxizi de azot;;;i dioxid de sulf.
Unitatile industriale polueaza aerul cu bioxid de sulf ;;i oxizi de azot. 0

concentratie mai mare a bioxidului de sulf tn aer este semnalata in special
in larHe unde se consuma mult carbune. Norii "acizi" ;;i ploia nu respecta
granitele politice. Ele sunt raspunzatoare pentru distrugeri ireversibile,
concretizate in moartea lacurilor, degradarea padurilor ~i a solului. De
Efectul de sera reprezinta 0 acumulare de gaze, cum ar fi bioxidul de asemenea, sunt cauza multor boli ale caUor respiratorii la oameni.
carbon ;;i metanul, care duce la acumularea de caldura in atmosfera. Bfo Sistemul de producere a energiei ar trebui supus schimbarU. A vand in
xidul de carbon este raspunzator 60% pentru incalzirea planetei noastre. vedere aceasta problema, s-ar impune tratarea combustibilului inaintea
Se emana in timpul arderii carbunelui ;;i petrolului. Metanul se emaml ca arderH, sau curatirea emanaUilor. Ambele procese sunt foarte costisiteare.
efect al descompunerii reziduurilor de provenienta organica. Oamenii de Cu alert mai mult, omul ar trebui sa stopeze actiunea de dezechilibrare a
;;Uinta afirma ca in secolul urmator temperatura medie pe planeta noastra delicatei balanje a naturii.
va cre;;;te cu aprox. trei grade Celsius. Efectele pot fi catastrofale. La poli
se va topi stratul de gheata, ridicand astfel nivelul marilor. Intrucat se vor
ana sub apa, cateva state insulare vor. inceta sa mai existe .
.256 17. 257
lwi?f.;;li~Ws~itel11,'i£3'~:ffW A T'ER.'.'iii;
;<' .);./,: .;' ',<. . ' . .
·i\.'.ii<i~;'.U7"'"
&l:'al~ T'·~.·'I"···O'···"0f'.{~i""
L '.~:,. . >ii.~:A/ f!t"
S-a afirmat ca atat apele din interiorul continentelor, cat ;;i cele rive
rane prezinta un deficit de oxigen ~i sunt poluate chimic, lucru care favo
Ar trebui sa se introduca imediat reglementari mai severe menHe sa
rizeaza dezvoltarea algelor. Substante daunatoare, mai ales metale grele,
protejeze padurile, a caror copaci sunt taiati ilegal de catre braconieri.
dar ~i fosfati provin din surse dintre cele mai variate. Clorul ~i fosfatU sunt
Odata cu padurile dispar ~i nenumarate specii de pasari, mamifere ~i
componente ale substantelor de curaiat de uz casnic. Prin micile canale
plante. Distrugerea padurilor tropicale poate fi numita, figurat, un viol colectoare ajung in rauri. De multe ori fabricile i;;i deverseaza impuritatile
ecologic. Padurile sunt taiate din trei motive: direct in rauri. Apa de la robinet, de~i epurata ~i dezinfectata, nu este
- in scopul obUnerii lemnului, daca acesta este singura sursa de lipsita in totalitate de produse chimice daunatoare.
combustibil pe 0 suprafata data; Plajele ~i statiunile balneare sunt contaminate. Viru~ii actuali din apa
- in scopul ob!inerii unor pa~uni pentru animale; ~i bacteriile pot fi cauza multor boli, incepand de la tulburari stomacale ~i
- in scopul obtinerii unor noi terenuri agricole. sfar~ind cu meningita. In pofida protestelor militanUlor ecologi~ti, multe
Agricultorii defri~eaza suprafete tot mai mari de padure, din cauza ca tari deverseaza apele reziduale direct in mare, prin canaleIe deversoare,
stratul subtire al solului cultivabil devine repede arid. dupa care curentii marini readuc impuritaUle pe plaJe.
Padurile asigura oxigen pentru tntreaga noastra planeta. Sunt un
absorbant natural de CO2.·Distrugand padurile, omul cauzeaza cre~terea
excesiva a cantitaiii de CO2, duccmd implicit la cre~terea temperaturii pe
glob. Inca un motiv al defri~arii padurilor este obtinerea lemnului pentru
construciii ~i tamplarie. Lemnul de mahon, scump din punct de vedere ,liiii"wjifitE;ia;3·2·:'~~AI.I·G:A·'"
i!lt4.,. >.,-.-,>::\ ..- .:: _:';':.'~:{
,-~>t-+-') .'- oJ;}:;; .,,,,' "'<:.",,, "
comercial, este un material deosebit de pretuit in industria lemnuluL $,,___
Apele riverane ~i plajele Anturiei au fost acoperite de alge otravitoare

pe 0 distanta de 200 de mile. Invazia de alge de anul acesta este cea mai
periculoasa dintre toate cele semnalate vreodata in aceasta zona. Algele
o:(SO care intra in putrefacUe emana un miros urat ;;;i sunt locul de incubatie a
nenumarate roiuri de musculite. Populatia locala a fost avertizata sa nu
consume creveU, crabi ij\Ii alte crustacee contaminate de alge. Consumul
Eroziunea solului este in mare masura cauza unor calamitaU lor dauneaza sistemului nervos. Douazeci de persoane prezinta simpotme
naturale, cum ar fi de pilda inundatiile, alunecarile de teren ~i avalan;;ele, de intoxicare.
care in prezent apar mai des ca niciodata. Copacii protejeaza solul de In timpul infloririi, algele absorbmajoritatea oxigenului din apa. Defi
uscaciune ~i mentin circuitul natural al apeL Solul de pe suprafetele citul de oxigen Ie provoaca moartea treptata. Descompunerea organis
lipsite de copaci nu este in stare sa absoarba excesul de apa rezultat in melor moarte consuma ~i restul de oxigen, formand astfel zone "moarte".
urma precipitatiilor. Pe masura ce copacii se raresc, apa se scurge in Vremea neobiij\lnuit de caniculara de anul acesta a facut ca aIgele sa
~uvoaie, spaland tone de sol fertii. Partea de sol ramasa este uscata de infloreasca.
soare, formand 0 coaja piesnita ;;;i stearpa. . Reziduurile poluate din agricultura ;;i din curatarea canalelor de
Padurile tropicale joaca un rol esential in cHma pe glob. Ele scurgere au contribuit de asemenea la inflorirea algelor. Autoritatile
influenteaza puterea vahturilor, a temperaturii ;;;i a umidita!ii aerului. trebuie sa Intreprinda urgent acHuni menite sa preintampine infestarea
Defri~area padurilor este un proces mai rapid decat cel al impaduririlor apelor cu nutrienti. substante care asigura inflorirea algelor. Din pOcate,
unor terenuri no!. Daca copacii vor continua sa fie taiaH intr-un asemenea· nu toate actiunile de epurare sunt in stare sa indeparteze din canale
ritm, in curand multe tari vor ramane fara paduri. azotatii ~i fosfatii dizolvati.
~58 259
~orat de trei ori. Pentru a obtine 0 tona de filde~, trebuie uci~i 0 suta de ele
fanti. Comertul cu filde;1 este atat de banos, incat in pofida interzicerii va
natorii de elefanti, braconierii se organizeaza in bande ~i omoara fara
o pata uria~a de titei a ajuns pana pe litoralul Mardontei. in pofida mila toata turma. Conform noli legi. comerjul ~i transportul fildet>ului este
Qctiunilor de salvare menHe sa preintampine catastrofa ecologica. Sa ilegal.
apreciaza ca aproximativ 270.000 barHi .de titei s-au scurs in mare. Con Noua lege treze!?te indoieli. Venitul legal rezultat din comerjul cu
ditiiIe atmosferice nefavorabile au intarziat actiunea de salvare. Echipe filde~ permitea realizarea programelor de protecjie a animalelor. Este
insareinate cu tndepartarea pelieulei poluante au intarziat instalarea dificil sa iii elefanUi in cadrul unor rezervajii. Un elefant obi~nuit mananea
geamandurilor menite sa restranga raspandirea petel. PeteIe mai mici de 300 kg de furaje pe zi; in consecinja, intr-un timp foarte scurt, terenul pe
jijei sunt inlaturate eu ajuforul laserului. Mirosul tijeiului se raspande~te care elefaniU troiesc ramane fara vegetajie. Exista convingerea ca s-ar
pe plaja. Scurgerea aceasta a ameninjat viata pasarilor din imprejurimi. cuveni ca elefaniii sa fie lasaji in mediul lor natural, numarul acestei
a distrus insulele de eorali ~i vegetajia marina. tnainte ea reziduurile din populaUi fiind reglat ciclul natural.
aceasta scurgere sa ajunga la 0 eventuala degradare, ele vor mai dauna
inca multi ani mediului.
Distrugerea mediului natural in care traie~te ursul panda a facut ca

acesta sa fie unul dintre cele mai amenintate animale. DispariUa treptata
Multe specii de animale sunt amenintate eu dispariUa. Exista pericolul a bambusului are consecinte tragice pentru panda, cad acesta se
ca un sfert din toate speciile de animale sa dispara pentru todeauna de pe hrane~te aproape exclusiv cu mugurii acestui arbore. Un panda matur
planeta. Pentru a preintampina acest lucru, au fost alocate tnilioane de mananca zilnic peste 20 kg de muguri.
dolari pentru aetiuni diverse, legate de protecjia animalelor ameninjate. Cre:;;terea pandei in rezervatii este foorte dificila. Pentru a imbunataU
Pentru speciile mai rar intalnite au fost create rezervaHi. Se recurge de indicele scazut de inmuljire, se fac cercetari cu privire la facilitarea
asemenea la cre~terea animalelor in captivitate, dupO care acestea se procrearii naturale a acestui animal. In anii '80 s-a declan~at Acjiunea
II
reintorc in mediullor natural. Panda". Au fost create crescatorii speciale, menite sa faciliteze reprodu~
Pesticidele folosite pe scara larga au infestat mediul in care troiesc eerea. Cand metodele de reproducere naturale nu dau rezultatele seon
pasarile. Pesticidele ~i ierbicidele care se gasesc in hrana naturala a pa tate, savanHi fac experimente de fecundare artificiala. Din pOcate, nici
sarilor Ie eauzeaza sterilitatea sau duc la degenerarea ~i scaderea masi aceste incercari nu sunt incununate de sueces. In pafida acestui lucru,
va a populatiei. Cele mai ameninjate specii de pasari primese hrana militantii ecologi:;;ti i~i sporesc eforturile de a proteja ur~ii panda care
nepoluata. traiesc in libertate. Ei mai spera ca in timp numarullor sa sporeasca eu cei
Multe jari au interzis vanatoarea unor animale ~i comerjul cu articole care s-au nascut ~i crescut in eapUvitate.
care provin de la aceste animale. Multe organizajii insista ca guvernele sa
interzica uciderea animalelor in scopul folosirii blanurilor. Se pare ca, in
acela~i timp, este necesara crearea unor rezervajii marine pentru pro
tectia balenelor ucise fara mila, morselor, broa~telor jestoase ~i a focilor.
Un barbat de 50 de ani a murit ieri de turbare. A fost mu~cat de un

caine turbat, vagabond, care ratacea prin curtea lui. La 0 luna dupa ce a
fost mu~eat, au aparut simptomele caracteristicile rabiei: inghiUtul eu difi~
cultate ale manearii ~i intoleranja la lumina. Era deja prea tarziu pentru
cauza scaderii dramatice a turmelor de elefanU, uci~i in scopw ca serul aplicat sa-~i mai £aea efectul.
obtinerii colUlor lor pretio~i, a fost interzis comerjul cu fHde,;l. Datele ne Virusul rabiei este prezent in saliva animalului infectat. In cazul mu;;~
arata ca, in ultimii ani, numarul elefantilor care traiesc in Africa s-a mic carii, singura salvare a l::;lolnavului de la moartea in ehinuri este adminis
260 261
trarea unei serii de injectii in burta. Vulpile ro~cate reprezinta cea mai imunitar este slabit. Probabil, odata cu sosirea vacantei de sarbatori, ras
mare amenintare, dintre 'animale, acestea fUnd cel mai adesea pur pandirea gripei printre copli va inceta. An dupa an virusul gripei sufera
tatoarele turbarii. Vulpilor Ii se pun zgarzi electronice, care permit so. Ie fie anumite modificari, iar anticorpii creati anterior nu reprezinta 0 asigurare
urmarita migratia. Savantii incearca sa opreasca raspandirea bolii prin in fata noU forme de manifestare.
imunizarea vulpilor. Li se arunca hrana ip care a fost injectat un vaccin
activ impotriva rabiei. De§li virusul din vaccin este slab, unii savanti
afirma ca vaccinarea orala a animalelor nu este suficienta pentru a
elimina pentru totdeauna aceasta boala cumplita.
,;:n'e'ws;,ilem',~40:/ roo Dx))'eO'lsO.NIHG'l
::rt>'.; , .": ,,:_.,;,~d.:;':'::::: , " >--' ";;,'.'",, '.,:,"" , ">' ' <" '," '" ""-' ."':' »,,".,,',:"
1. Din cauza cre~terii considerabile a numarului de intoxicatii alimen

tare, autoritatile au avertizat populajia asupra consumului anumitor pro
[{!'newstilem 3S:LEGIOHHAIRE'SDISEASE"1
duse semipreparate. Majoritatea intoxicatiilor sunt provocate de bacteria
salmonella. Aproape zilnic ziarele informeaza cu privire la retragerea din
vanzare a produselor semipreparate, cum ar fi de pilda pateuri din carne,
Boala "legionarilor" a £acut anul acesta 13 victime. Cazurile existente mezelurile sau preparatele din carne de pasare. Se pare co. produsele
sunt supuse investigajiilor. Bacteria de forma unui cilindru subjire, semipreparate nu sunt proaspete nici daca au fost pastrate la 0 tempe
cunoscuta sub numele de Legionella pneumophila, a fost izolata pentru ratura prea ridicata. Se propune introducerea unei legi in domeniul
prima data in anul 1976. Virusul a fost descoperit in instalatiile de comertului, prin care vanzarea alimentelor daunatoare sanatatii sa fie
climatizare ale unor hoteluri §li spitale. S-a dovedit co. mediul propice considerata drept infraciiune. Se recomanda ca la Hecare patru ore sa se
bacteriei 11 reprezinta apa folosHa in instalajiile de climatizare, ale carei controleze temperatura la care sunt pastrate alimentele.
molecule ajung in aerul din cladiri. Virusul bolii "legionarilor" se dezvolta 2. Presa a informat azi despre 0 intoxicatie alimentara cauzata de 0
cel mai rapid la 0 temperatura cuprinsa intre 37 §li 40°C. Contaminarea bacterie, alta decat salmonella. In pateul de import s-a descoperit bacte
intervine in momentul in care inspiram aerul cu aceste picaturi de apa. ria listeria. Pateul trebuie so. fie retras imediat din comert, iar oamenii
Primele simptome ale bolii sunt similare cu cele ale unei raceli. Mal tarziu care I-au cumparat, sunt sfatui!i sa-l returneze la magazin.
apar varsaturi ~i diaree. Virusul este sensibilia antibiotice §li tratamentul
este eficient cu conditia ca diagnosticul so. fie pus repede ;;i cu exactitate.
Testele au aratat co. aceasta bacterie ingrozitoare poate fi exterminata
prin tratarea chimica a apeL Se recomanda totu;;i so. se renunte la
sistemele de climatizare pe baza de apa, care sa fie inlocuite de altele. ewsilem 41:CAHCE
1. Mary Howard, care a suferit 0 masectomie, indeamna femeile so.
efedueze controale regulat pentru prevenirea aparijiei nodulilor. Nu orice
I~Y""''''':>i'·I' . /:,. '.<39 FLU .,". " ". . . ' ..,." . . "J:'::/JI\ nodul este malign; majoritatea sunt inofensivi, insa nici unul nu trebuie so.
l(D'eWS I em',: AJj'J'!1t'1(:1 fie ignorat. Descoperirea din timp a nodulilor este importanta, cad
spore:;;te :;;ansa de vindecare. in cazullui Mary Howard cancerul nu s-a
raspandit in a£ara nodulului descoperit, bolnava netrebuind so. urmeze un
1. Epidemia de gripa care a avut loc curand a fost provocata de 0 tratament cu raze sau chimioterapie.
noua forma a virusului, care se deosebe;;te considerabil de cele care 2. in ultima vreme s-au publicat noi in£ormatii pe tema relatiei dintre
fusesera cauza epidemiilor de pana in prezent. Aceasta noua forma a alimentaUe ;;i imbolnavirea de cancer. Se evidenUaza rolul major pe
virusului este rezistenta la antibiotice :;Ii a provocat deja cateva morti. in care-l joaca modul de alimentatie in lupta contra cancerului. Unele pro
cazurile unui sistem imunitar slabit, vindecarea este extraordinar de grea. duse alimentare maresc probabilitatea de imbolnavire, despre altele se
Contamirea intervine printr-un contact cu persoana bolnava, caci virusul spune co. pot combate boala. Se recomanda consumarea produselor
este transmis odata cu particulele de aer. bogate in caroten ~i vitamina C. Morcovul, portocalele ~i ro;;iile se numara
2. A fost semnalata 0 nOUa epidemie de gripa. De data aceasta printre cele mai importante. Oamenii care prefera 0 dieta bogata in
simptomele gripei nu sunt acute :;Ii bolnavii i;;i revin intr-o saptamema.' grasimi se expun unui rise mai mare de tmbolnavire de cancer. La
Fata de epidemiile anterioare, aceasta gripa probabil ca nu va provoca ani~alele carora Ii s-a administrat 0 hrana mai saraca in grasimi, s-a
victime. Cei mal expu§li imbolnavirii sunt copiii §ll batranii, al caror sistem observat 0 incidenla scazuta a tumorilor.
262 263
Exista 0 a~a-zisa dependenta intre implanturile cu silicon §!i incidenta Modificarea stilului de viata a condus in ultimii ani de ~i la schim
sporita de cancer mamar. Implanturile de silicon se apUca femeilor in sco barea aHmentatiei. tn di~ta actuala predomina mancarurile preparate
pul maririi sau remodelarii sanilor, sau in cazurile in care sanul a fost in rapid ~i fara bataie de cap. Ritmul de viala nu favorizeaza delectarea
departat chirurgical. Conform ultimelor cercetar,i punga de silicon im mancarurilor. Oamenii mananca pe fuga. arareori se a§!eaza la masa.
plantata in organism, acoperita de un strot de spuma din poliuretan. Barurile ~i chio$curile cu gustari calde ofera hamburgeri, pizze ~i hot dog.
mare§!te riscul imbolnavirii de cancer. Aceasta descoperire a starnit Cel mai u~r este sa infuleci un sandvi§! $i sa dai pe gat 0 sticla cu suc.
panica intre femeile care au suferit 0 astfel de interventie. Marirea sanilor Pentru a face fata solicitarii pentru 0 astfel de alimentaUe, au fost
cu ajutorul acestei metode a fost larg raspandita in deceniul al ~aptelea, elaborate tehnologii noi de conservare, congelare $i ambalare. Mijloacele
cu toate ca aceste operalii au trezit intotdeauna teama cu privire la de conservare prelungesc termenul de valabilitate al produsului
efectele lor negative. alimentar. Coloranti artificiali, ingrediente chimice pentru gust ~i miros.
Orice shimbare in organismul omului reprezinta un anume risc fac mancarea mai atragatoare. Trebuie totu~i sa ne amintim ca procesele
pentru sanatate. eu caUva,zeci de ani in urmapilula anticonceptionala a indelungate de transformare. precum $i noile tehnologii de conservare
provocat 0 panica similara. Medicii inca nu reu~esc sa confirme sau nu lipsesc hrana de calitatile ei nutritive. Pe de alta parte. 0 alimentatie in
daca majoritatea cazurilor de cancer mamar este rezultatul folosirii in care domina gustarile rapide este bogata in grasimi, in colesterol ~i zahar,
mod regulat a acestei pilule. Adesea. descoperiri relevante din domeniul iar acestea 'sunt cauza multor boli. Pe masura ce cre~te numarul
medicinei sunt puse sub semnul tntrebarii dupa ani de observatie. persoanelor con~tiente de consecintele unei astfel de alimentalii. "0
alimentatie sanatoasa" ca~tiga din ce in ce mai multi adepli.
Se vorbe~te din ce in ce mai mult despre diminuarea stratului de ozon

al atmosferei, lucru care-i face pe oameni tot mai con~tienti asupra peri Conform date lor statistice pubUcate de una dintre revistele medicaIe.
colelor pe care Ie aduce cu sine expunerea exagerata la soare. Scaderea una din cinci studente sufera de bulimie. Bulimia este privarea intentio
rezisten!ei organismului, degradarea prematura a epidermei ~i pericolul nata de hrana cu ajutorul unor vomitive, sau prin inghilirea unor mijloace
imbolnavirii de cancer de piele au facut ca statuI excesiv la soare sa se laxative. Persoana care sufera de bulimie vomita de aproximativ cinci ori
demodeze. in locul cremelor care accelereaza bronzarea, au aparut cre pe zi, pentru a da afara orice bucatica de mancare inghitita. Acest lucru
mele cu filtru pentru razele ultraviolete. Acestea protejeaza contra radia provoaca 0 goUre a organismului - un deficit de vitamine $i saruri
tHIor devastatoare ~i hidrateaza pielea. Cremele cu filtru diminueaza minerale. un nivel instabil de zahar ~i tulburari hormonale. Cei din jurul
pericoIul, insa nu-l elimina in totalitate. bolnavilor de bulimie observa simptomele abia atunci cand boala este
Trebuie evitata 0 bronzare exagerata. Oamenii cu un ten sensibil ~i deja foarte avansata. Primul semn este pierderea greutalii corporale,
alb ar trebui sa aiba grija ~a nu faca insolatie. Sa nu uitam ca, pentru un celelalte simptome fUnd intarzierea sou !ipsa ciclului, constipalia $i
european. 0 vacanta petrecuta la tropice poate sa aiba efecte tragice. caderea parului. Cea mai frecventa cauza a morUi bolnavilor de bulimie
este stopul cardiac.
Beala are baza psihice; este 0 modalitate prin care unele femei
incearca sa faca Iata realitaUi. Apoi, bolnava i$i pierde controlul asupra
comportamentului §!i capata obiceiul de a inghiti vomitive. Tratamentul
trebuie sa se desfa~are sub supravegherea specialistului. Descoperirea
la timp a tulburarilor este un factor esential in tratarea bulimiei.
264 265
!7'; ":~i:,0'- ._- " .. - ~:::.~~~'.-)~>;~~:-':----~~-'--' _,n. __:_;_____ -~--- -/ ;,.-'->*<'.~J curative. In hidroterapie se folosesc produse marine bogate in minerale.
ws'ilelli~,,,6f:SMOKI~' Scopullor este a curata organismul de toxinele nocive.
Sunt din ce in ce mai multi adepti ai medicinei neconvenUonale, care
cauta forme de tratament menite sa Ie suplineasca pe cele traditionale.
L Fumatul in locurile publice ar trebui interzis, iar incalcarea acestei Homeopatia, acupunctura, acupresura, medicina chinezeasca pe baza de
interdictii s-ar cuveni sa fie pedeapsita printr-o amenda substantiala. plante, hipnoza sunt doar cateva terapii care incearca sa puna in mi~care
Fumatul in incinta metroului este interzis. Acest lucru este menit sa mecanismeIe de aparare naturale ale organismului, pe baza proprie
protejeze at at sanatatea oefumatorilor, cat ~i sa mentina metroul mai tatHor de ale naturE. Medicina neconvenjionala se straduie~te
curat ~i mai sigur. Incendiul care a izbucnit la una dintre principalele sa vindece omul, nu doar simptomele bolii, dar ~i starea lui psihica. Multi
statH de metrou a fost provocat de un chibrit aruncat la iotamplare. medici cred numai in leacuri sintetice, precum ~i in tratamente bazate pe
2. Din ce in ce mal multi fumatori inraiti ar dori sa se lase de acest principii :;>tiintifice rezistente, iar metodele neconven!ionale sunt criticate
viciu. Una din formele de lupta este lipirea pe pieIe a unui plasture aspru de ei.
special, care emana 0 cantitate de nicotina direct in organism. Aceasta
doza este treptat mic~orata, pana in momentul in care fumatorul, fara a fi
supus la un stres mare, poate sa renunte la tigari. Aceasta terapie permite
potolirea nevoii de nicotina, eliberand in acela~i timp organismul de
aceasta otrava daunatoare. Numai 0 treime din pacientii carora Ii s-a ~lfi:i.eV:is!'ilemi"49rTEST-TUBE;B'A
administrat noul tratament se reapuca de fuma!.
Fecundarea in vitro este larg criticata atat de organizatH religioase,

cat ~i de Pretul pe care-l platesc femeile pentru a avea un copil este
prea mare. Medicamentele care provoaca ovulatia, precum ~i injecttile
dureroase au un efect negativ asupra organismuluL Numai 0 femeie din
~~tneWSHtilem~'j~147:
:-2:$-':..;
PAIN; .'.
zece care urmeaza acest tratament beneficiaza de roadele acestei metode
~i na~te un copil. Aceasta tehnica a dat cele mai bune rezultate la femeile
" " ' ," ;,,}:. .i' -"
care au blocate trompele uterului. Operatia consta din extragerea ovului

Organizatia de ajutorare a bolnavilor de cancer desfa~oara 0 din ovar :;>i fecundarea lui in afara organismului. Ovulul fecundat este
campanie indreptata impotriva medicilor care nu recurg la mijloace de plasat intr-o solutie de ser-sange ~i nutrienU ~i ulterior este mutat Yn uterul
calmare a durerii. tn studiile cunoscute cancer bolnavii sufera din mamei, unde se dezvolta mai departe In mod natural. Medicii
cauza unei dured suparatoar ~i totu~i, in pofida acestui lucru, unii doctori implanteaza de obicei femeH mai multe ovule fecundate, pentru a mari
prescriu cu strcmgere de inima calmante. recurg la alte tehnici de posibilitatea ca sarcina sa se prinda. Daca toate ovulele se prind, avem
calmare a durerii, de~i acestea nu sunt atat de eficiente, ca medica de-a face cu sarcina multipla. Oponentii acestei metode afirma ca, cauza
mentele deja testate. Dupa parerea doctorilor, morfina sau opiumuL aparitiei sterilitatii Wnd in' general blocajul trompelor uterine provocat
secundar, care sunt ~i cele mai eficiente, creeaza pericolul dependentei de in£ectii incurabile, s-ar cuveni mai degraba ca aten!ia sa se
de narcotice. Cancerul 1ntr-o forma avansata este 0 boala mortala ~i 0 concentreze asupra prevenirii Imbolnavirii, ~i nu asupra tnvingerii
eventuaIa dependenta nu ar trebui Iuata in calcul. Dupa parerea efectelor ei.
Organizatiei eel mai important lucru este de a-i asigura bolnavului
conditii umane ~i de a-I ajuta sa suporte durere lntr-un mod demn.
'~JU,~~$l~fAETERtf~:tf~ii~ltl!fiji5~
Calculatoarele personale au devanit In ultima vreme atat de
Un magazin nou de produse cosmetice se spedalizeaza in preparate populare, lncat Iti vine greu sa-ti mai imaginezi activitatea Yn ~coli sau la
destinate aromoterapiei ~i hidroterapiei. Exista parerea ca extrasul din birou fara ele. De:;;i, ca Hecare descoperire noua, :;;i calculatorul are
plante, sub forma de ulei inhalat, ulei de masaj sau de bale ara proprietaU defectele sale. Cei care lucreaza zilnic la calculator intra in contact cu
266 207
efectele neplacute ale acestuia, cum arfi durerile de cap, depresii l;:1i un De vreme ce problema euthanasiei nu este reglementata de prevederi
sentiment de nelinil;:1te. corespunzatoare, oamenii vor incerca singuri sa-Ili curme suferinla §1i sa
Exista unele conditii care, daca sunt indeplinite, permit evitarea unor ~i ia viala. Fiecare om ar trebui sa aiba dreptul de a alege §1i, mai ales, sa
astIel de neplaceri. Ecranul l;:1i tastatura ar trebui sa fie mobile, pentru a Ie aiba acces la calmante care i-ar permite 0 moarte demna. Intra timp,
fixa poziUa in functie de nevoile celui care Ie folose§1te. Ecranul ar trebui" comitetul amintit mai sus a publicat un ghid pentru sinuciga§1i. Aceasta
sa fie piasat sub Hnia privirii. Pentru a nu obosi ochii excesiv, se bro§1ura, cu un conUnut destul de infrico§1ator, contravine 1egH tn virtutea
recomanda intreruperi frecvente din lucru §1i utilizarea unor ecrane hotararii din anul 1961 referitoare la sinucideri, hotarare care interzice
protectoare. Computerul, atunci cd:nd esie folosit cum trebuie, este un acordarea oricarui ajutor in comiterea sinuciderii. Membrii comitetului
instrument de lucru foarte utiI. pot fi PU§1i sub acuzaUe.
Elaborarea unei metode de de fecundare in-vitro a femeH a necesitat

Sunt inca actuale discuJiile ~tiinUfice nascute de intrebarea daca ra multi ani de cercetarL In anul1978 s-a nascut primul copil "din eprubeta",
diatiile electromagnetice create de curentul electric reprezinta a amenin apoi s-au mai nascut ~i alUi. Acest lucru a declan§1at disculii asupra
tare pentru sanatatea oamenilor. Multe persoane, fara sa mai a§1tepte aspectului moral, etic §1i social al fecundariL S-a pus intrebarea daca nu
rezultatul dezbaterii, reclama dreptul la un mediu sanatos §1i cer inlatu cumva acest lucru esta un pas decisiv care sa permita controlarea pro
rarea HnHlor de 1nalta tensiune din jurul spatHlor locuite. Oamenii sunt ceselor fundamentale ale vietH. 0 obieclie a traze§1te practica distrugerii
expu§1i la activitatea campului electromagnetic, creat de obiectele de uz embrionilor nefolositi. Cu siguranta, niciodata nu vor fi pareri unanime
casnic electrice. Chiar §1i ceasul del;:1teptator electronic emHe 0 cantitate refaritoare la dreptulla viata al fiecarui embrion in parte.
redusa de raze neionizate.
In general, oamenii de I;:1tiinta afirma ca undele electromagnetice nu
sunt nocive. In schimb, undele cu 0 frecventa 1nalta, cum ar fi microun
dele, se pare ca tulbura campurile electrice ale organismului. Experimen
tele au aratat ca astfel de unde perturba echilibrul chimic al sangelui,
creierului l;:1i al ficatului. De asemenea, ele incetinesc activitatea inimB §1i
stopeaza cre§1terea.
De tipul acesta de radiatii trebuie sa fie legat numarul crescut de
cazuri de cancer ~i de tulburari ale creierului la oamenii care locuiesc sau
lucreaza tn raza de acUune a HnHlor de tnalta tensiune. 0 legatura directa Maternitatea substitutiva consta in faptul ca femeia, care din motive
cauza-efect nu a fost totu§1i confirmata. de sanatate nu este capabila sa nasca copU. "imprumuta" trupul unei alte
famei, careia i se inoculaaza ovulul fecundat al primeL Mama-surogat
este de acord sa dea na§1tere unui copil care nu este al ei, pe baza unei
recompense stabilite. Se nasc intrebari privitoare la dreptul pe care
femeia il are sau nu in a recurge la 0 asemenea metoda §1i la cine este
mama adevarata a copilului. Problema devine cu adevarat dificUa tn
momentul tn care ,mama-surogat se razgande~te dupa na§1tere, nu mai
Euthanasia ca§1Uga din ce in ce mai multi adepti. Recent s-a format un prime~te banii §1i vrea sa pastreze copUu!. Acest gen de cazuri au cauzat
comUet pentru susjinerea ideii de neprelungire a vietti tn ultimele stadii multe confuzH tn domeniullegislativ. Este greu sa condamni maternitatea
ale boUlor incurabile sau iri starile de inactivitate, cand bolnavul este Unut surogat, inso: §1i mai greu este sa rezolvi problemele pe care Ie creeaza.
in viala cu ajutorul unei aparaturi medicale. Una dintre condiUile care ar
permite euthanasia, ar fi semnarea unei cereri de catre pacient referitoa
re la neprelungirea vietH, in cazu1 in care nu exista §1anse de vindecare, a
existenta dusa in continuare in asemenea situaUe fHnd lipsita de sens.
268 269
pensia alimentara stabilita prin tribunaL Exista 9i cazuri in care tribunalul
11 ridica mamei dreptul de a-9i cre9te coput acordandu-i tatalui ingrijirea
lor.
Neglijarea principiilor morale este considerata cauza ratei ridicate a
divorturilor. Libertatea obiceiurilor a dus la cre9terea numarului copiilor'
Statisticile indica faptul ca in tarile occidentale una din cinci sarcini ilegitimi. Mamele necasatorite se adreseaza forumurilor de ajutor social in
se termina printr-un avort. Disputa referitoare la legalitatea sau vederea unui sprijin financiar. Procesele de div~rt se desfa90ara atat de
ilegalitatea avortului este veche. Adep!ii "dreptului de a alege" doresc ca rapid, incat nu permit sotHor sa reflecteze asupra deciziei de a se separa.
legea care permite avortul sa ramcma in vigoare. Femeii i se pot oferi Anchete Yntreprinse au aratat ca 0 mare parte a partenerilor divortati ar
diverse solutii, insa decizia Bnala ar trebuie sa-i apartina ei. Adeptii legii dori din nou sa locuiasca impreuna. De dragul copiilor, parinUi ar trebui
avortului afirma ca interzicerea avortului in cazul incestului sau violului sa incerce reluarea vietH in comun.
este inumana.
unele medii, na 9terea ilegitima a unui copil poate cauza riscul de
ostracizare, pierderea locului de munca l?i pierderea l?ansei de a se
marita. Daca 0 cetateana a unei tari. In care legea interzice avortul, se ho
taral?te sa recurga la 0 interventie chirurgicala - va reul?i acest lucru in ta :i:It~\Ys}:Yitem!58:,COSMETICS~sSURGERM~
" , .,," "~'~"_ ',: ::'::'::':'::"""," ,,;,~::::!/h;f-, ',~,;<';::','
rile unde avortul este legal. Interzicerea avortului nu ar elimina problema.
Clinicile care fac operatii plastice se Ynmultesc, depa~ind a$tept<:xrile
oamenilor. Din ce in ce mai multi oameni iau in considerare posibilitatea
de a-9 i corecta infati 9area. 'Printre operatiile care pot fi facute se numara:
marirea sau micl?orarea sanilor, eliminarea ridurilor de pe fata,
corectarea urechilor proeminente 9i transplantul de par. Printre cele mai
frecvente operatii se numara corectarea formei nasului, precum ~i
absorbtia grasimii depuse sub piele. Aceasta ultima interventie este foarte
dureroasa, lnsa elimina straturile de grasime care nu pot fi inlaturate cu
Sustinatori ai mi 9carii "pro-viata" recurg la modalitati no! de comba ajutorul unei diete sau cu gimnastica_ Succesul operajiei depinde de
tere a avortului, apelcmd la toate mijloacele accesibile. Multe dintre ele elasticitatea pielii pacientuluL Pentru femei, care reprezinta aproape un
procent de aproape 100% din pacienH, un aspect atragator asigura 0 stare
reprezinta 0 incalcare a vietH personale. De exemplu, femeile care au
sufleteasca buna. Cele mai multe dintre astfel de operajii pot fi deci
facut 0 intrerupere de sarcina sunt, tracasate de telefoane anonime. Apar
tratate ca un fel de terapie. Se ridica intrebarea daca operatiile plastice
cabinete in care se spune ca poti sa recurgi la 0 asemenea interventie
care vizeaza atingerea perfectiunii exterioare nu ar trebut sa fie
chirurgicala, insa in realitate in ele se face propaganda antiavort. Pentru
abandonate, iar banii 9i efortul chirurgilor nu ar trebui sa-~i gaseasca 0
justificarea acUunilor intreprinse se citeaza cuvintele: "Legea divina sta
utilizare mai buna. Cu exceptia cazurilor cand interventia chirurgicala
deasupra legH date de om." Medicii care fac avorturi sunt numiti "uciga9i
este justificata de gradul de mutilare, dorinta de a suporta 0 asemenea
platiti". In consecinta, tinerii medici care tin la 0 repu tatie buna, nici
operaUe este 0 manifestare a vanitatU omene9ti.
macar nu incearca sa-91 insugeasca tehnica unei astfel de operatii.
~;news
,
item 59: ANOREXI
Ij;ne",;!:iiitei1ii:~57:" BROKEN"MARRIAGE~~I
in ultimii ani din ce In ce mai multe fete, care vor sa slabeasca, cad
victima bolii numite anorexie. Aceasta consta Yn £aptul ca bolnavele, tn
Se constata 0 incidenta sporita a divorturilor, lucru care duce la ponda foamei, refuza sa accepte orice fel de hrana. Tulburarile apar in
cre9terea numarului mamelor singure care-9i cresc copiii. De obicei, in principal la adolescentele care viseaza sa atinga 0 silueta subtire, ca
familiile destramate lipse9te tatal, intamplcmdu-se adesea ca acesta sa-9i aceea a manechinelor din revistele de moda. Fetele, bombardate tn
uite indatoririle fata de copil. Cam 75% dintre ta!!i divortati nU-ljd platesc
271
l__",_ 270
permanenta cu informatii referitoare 1a slabiri ~i 1a diete, devin obsedate.
Nemultumite de silueta lor, avand convingerea eronata a supraponde
ralitatii lor, i~i reduc mereu cantitatea de mancare. Dorinta obsesiva de a
slabi rezulta de asemenea din convingerea ca oamenii gra~i nu au
Parlamentul se va stradui sa impuna un control mai strict a raspandi
succesul social scontat. Este ~i 0 forma de protest impotriva parintilor care
rii ororilor sangeroase ~i vulgare pe caseta video.' "Scarbo~eniile pe vi
Ie fmpun fiicelor exigente prea marL Neputand sa faca fata a~teptarilor
deo", in principal produse americane, prezinta acte de violenta ~i de tor
lor, adolescentele recurg adeseori la narcotice sau la infometare. Medicii
tura revoltatoare. Toate filmele care patrund ilegal pe piata sunt supuse
prevad ca numarul fetelor care sufera de anorexie va cre~te, iar varsta
unor controale care Ie certifica dreptul de difuzare. Numai 10% dintre fil
medie a bolnavelor va scadea.
mele care apar in fiecare an pe piata sunt potrivite pentru copii. Initiatorii
acestei masuri legislative de control striGt al distributiei reclama interzi
cerea difuzarii filmelor care au ca tema cele mai condamnabile apucaturi
omene~ti. Efectul negativ al unor astfel de filme asupra tinerilor poate
avea efecte iremediabile.
Adversarii proiectului afirma ca interzicerea distribuirii "scarbo~eni
ilor pe video" este 0 incalcare a drepturilor cetatene~ti. Autoritatile nu ar
trebui sa se amestece in genul de filme pe care societatea il urmare~te
S-a infiintat 0 noua organizatie care concentreaza persoane supra
pentru a se recrea. Nici 0 lege nu-i scute~te pe parinti de responsabilitatea
ponderale; scopul principal al acestor organizatii este combaterea pe cai
de a-~i proteja copii de corupere ~i depravare. Daca masura legislativa
proprii a discriminarii oamenilor gra~i ~i introducerea in vigoare a "drep
propusa va intra in vigoare, se va dezvolta piata neagra a comertului ilicit
turilor oamenilor corpolenti". Obezitatea este 0 infirmitate. Persoanelor
supraponderale Ie este greu sa traiasca intr-o societate innebunita sa-~i filmele interzise pe casete video.
pastreze 0 silueta svelta. Trebuie sa lupte cu stereotipul potrivit caruia oa
menii gra~i sunt lene~i, pro~ti ~i lipsiti de vointa. Din frageda copilarie cei
gra~i sunt expu~i ocarilor ~i ~icanelor din partea celor de 0 varsta cu ei.
Scopul fundamental al organizatiei este de a Ie reda celor gra~i sentimen
tul propriei demnitati ~i de a-i convinge ca obezitatea nu este ceva hidos.
Ultimele cercetari aduc noi dovezi ale faptului ca pornografia este

rareori 0 cauza a infractiunilor pe fond sexual, ca de pilda violul sau
abuzulsexualla copii. In realitate, materialele pornografice pot duce mai
degraba la 0 diminuare a agresivitatii barbatilor, decat la 0 zgandarire a
Gruparea homosexualilor ~i-a inceput campania care are ca scop surescitarii pe fond sexual. Pornografia este sub tinta militantelor
darea in vileag a persoanelor care n-au inclinatii heterosexuale. Pe strazi feministe, care considera pbrnografia drept 0 violare a drepturilor femeii.
au fost raspandite afi~e reprezentand personalitati ale vietii publice cu Felul in care sunt aratate femeile in unele filme sau reviste Ie umbre~te
inclinatii homosexuale. 0 astfel de prezentare publica se dovede~te un demnitatea. Pornografia se bazeaza pe gusturi primare. Scenele care
amestec in via!a personala. Conducatorii campaniei 0 trateaza ca pe un prezinta explicit. acte de violenta de deviatii sexuale sunt umilitoare
pentru femei. Unele femei nu se simt dezonorate ~i nu vad nimic rau in
atac la adresa ipocriziei. Dupa p¢rerea lor, toti cei care au alte inclinatii
expunerea unui trup gel. Decizia cu privire la ce este indecent ~i trebuie
decat cele heterosexuale ar trebui sa ~i Ie dezvaluie, sa recunoasca acest
sa fie interzis cade in seama cenzorilor. Psihologii sunt de parere ca
lucru in mod public ~i sa lupte pentru drepturile lor.
pornografia poate sa duca la deprinderi sexuale contra naturii.
272 18. 273

ews.'ilelili:;~66~;\'SCHO~f . 1'0111:
/" :;¥(t·;~f'~f,h,.·' )~" (1. 1"
v
Unul dintre programele radio de ieri a prezentat 0 gama variata de

Multi profesori in Anglia renunia la meseria lor ;;i-;;i cauta 0 alta pro
pareri ale oamenilor referitoare la prostitutie. Printre cei care ;;i-au expri
fesie. Motivul acestui fenomen, dupa cum ne informeaza raportul publicat
mat parerea au fost, evident, ;;i oponenJi ai ideii, dar ;;i persoane care eon
de uniunea profesorilor, il reprezinta violenta, amenintarile, ;;antajul ;;i
siderau ea praeticarea acesteia nu ar trebui sa fie eondamnata de lege.
vocabularul vulgar al e1evilor. In plus, aeeasta profesie prost platita nu se
Indiferent de ceea ce crede societatea, existenta prostitutiei este un fapt de
bucura de un respect prea mare in societate. Profesorii informeaza despre
netagaduit. Lichidarea prostitutiei, in pofida fncerearilor insistente, par sa
numarul creseut de cazuri de violenta, vandalism, incendieri ;;i furt.
fie imposibila. Legalizarea ei ar permite eliminarea din aceasta profesie a
Directorii anunta fara trogere de inima aceste incidente la politie, cad
prostituatelor bolnave, infectate de boli transmisibile pe cale sexuala,
aeest lucru nu prezinta !,?coala tntr-o lumina prea buna. Lipsa une!
printre care ~i SIDA. infiintarea caselor de toleranta ar diminua numarul
discipline in familie este in stransa legatura cu eomportamentul neadec
infractiunilor pe fond sexual ;;i ar elibera prostituatele de sub influenta
vat al elevilor de !,?coala. De cand a fost interzisa pedeapsa corporala in
proxenetilor. Incercarile de modificare a statutului prostituatelor nu au
!,?coli, comportamentul elevilor s-a inrautatit considerabil. Autoritatile nu
reu~it din considerente morale. Permisiunea de a infiinta case de
reactioneaza la actele de violenJa din partea tinerilor, iar parintii tnchid
toleranta ar determina scaderea ratei violurilor ~i a crimelor pe baza
de asemenea ochii asupra lor. Toate acestea fac ca profesorii sa
sexuala. Faptele ~i parerUe prezentate nu pot £i ignorate.
paraseasca in masa !,?colile.
~~:ne'Ws~1ile'ffiTi'i~6Y5:;,TEEH AGEt:~:G AMBtlN G

_;P" ,'v ~'leniT67i,so°CCER~ootiG'l(HfSM:
; A; '/ " " :\.";' ~', ,',:,,~"" . ',;,'
Jocurile mecanice reprezinta 0 adevarata manie in randurile tinerilor. Meciurile de fotbal provoaca suporterilor emoUi extreme, care sunt
Participarea la jocuri de noroc, exclusiv pe bani, te face la fel de adesea cauzele toanelor hulihanilor. Huliganii sparg geamuri I}i incep
dependent ca drogurile. Fiorul emotiei care tnsote~te deversarea de catre scanda1uri. PoliUa retine de obieei huliganii, care mai tarziu sunt trimi:;;i in
ma:;;ina a banilor ca~tigati face ca tinerii sa nu-:;;i poata refuza placerea judecata. In timpul unei asemenea confruntari nil}te suporteri agresivi au
jocului ;;i in scurt timp devin dependenti. Elevii incep sa chiuleasca, sa atacat trenu1 care li transporta pe suporterii echipei adverse. Multi politi!,?ti
fure, sa minta, numai sa mai poata juca 0 data. In pofida legB care s-au ales cu leziuni. Trebuie introduse noi reglementari care sa interzica
interzice accestul 1a astfel jocuri a adolescentilor sub 16 ani, numarul comportamentul agresiv a1 suporterilor. Celor cunoscuJi ca notorii in per
tinerilor care practica astfel jocuri e incre~tere. Jocul pe bani, ca orice turbarea ordinii nu Ii se va permite participarea la meciurile din strai
narav, lasa urme psihiculuL Terapia de dezvatare este un proees natate. Pe huligani ii al}teapta a pedeapsa de pana la zece ani de detenJie
indelungat, insotit de simptome tip ice, printre care se numara ~i pentru tulburarea ordinii publice. PoliUa ;;i cluburile de fotbal sunt
agresiunea. Acest proces eliberare de sub povara dependentei ;;i hotarate sa lupte cu suporterii nediscipHnati, care dezonoreaza sportuL
inceperea vietH de pe alte baze este susfinut ;;i de parinti. Ei Ii ajuta pe Huliganii nu au de ce sa se al}tepte la clementa.
tineri sa-~i gaseasea no! pasiuni, 0 noua preoeupare sau sa cunoasca no!
tineri. Pentru a reduce tentatia, parinJH pretind indepartarea jocur:ilor
mecanice din acele locuri fn care copii au acces. Proprietarii localurilor ar
trebui amendat! pentru ca permit accesul adolescentilor 1a astfel de jocuri.
Un grup de de persoane a ocupat ilegal 0 cladire parasita. Casa

nelocuitaa fast goala limp de un an. De!,?i cladirea este tntr-o stare jalnica,
Hind propusa pentru demolare, cei fora de casa s~au hotarat s-o faca
corespunzatoare pentru locuit. Este 0 rezolvare mai buna decat dormitul
sub cerulliber. Au f6st oaI'geni care au raspuns apelurilor pentru donatH,
274
275
oferind paturi, haine ;Ii hrana. In cladirea astfel amenajata locuiesc deja
70 de persoane intre 20 -76 de ani. Se pune tntrebarea daca guvernul nu
ar trebui sa Ie asigure 0 cazare mal ieftina oamenilor singuri :,i expropiati.
Organizatiile de caritate Ie asigura hrana calda. Aceasta actiune de
ajutorare a celor fara casa Ie asigura acestora un acoperi;l deasupra A intrat in vigoare Legea referitoare la cainii periculo;li. Proprietarii
capului :,i ii ajuta sa se intoarca la 0 viata normala. Exista speranta ca unor anumite rase de caini sunt obligaU sa-l scoata la plimbare cu botnita
autoritatile locale sa renunte la planul de a demola cladirea, lar locatarii ~i in lesa. Incalcarea acestei legi se pedepse:,te cu 0 amenda contraven
ilegali nu vor mai Ii constrem;li sa 0 paraseasca. tionala sau 6 luni de privare de libertate. In plus, caini din rasele
prevazute in aceasta lege trebuie castrati, inregistrati, asigurati. In cazul
nerespectarii acestor stipuiari. cainii trebuie sa fie omoratL Este v~rba
despre cain! £oarte agresivi, iar atacarea oamenilor de catre ace:,tia poate
provoca moartea. Politia tntteprinde masurile corespunzatoare pentru ca
aceasta hotarare legala sa fie respectata.
Se inmultesc cazurile eu urmari tragice de atacare a oamenilor de

catre caini. Saptamana aceasta un baietel de opt ani a murit din cauza
unor leziuni suferite. Fusese atacat de un ciobanesc alsacian. Pe terenul
An de an. in urma experimentelor medicale. mor extrem de multe de sport al unei ~coli caUva baieti au fost serios raniti de ni;lte caini furio:,i
animale. Foarte multe experiente dureroase sunt facute pe animale. Sunt care au patruns pe terenul ~colii. Responsabilitatea pentru acest atac 0
supuse :;;ocurilor electrice, radiatiilor nocive. Ie sunt inoculate bacterii. poarta proprietarul cainilor. Britanicii, de~i cunoscuU in toata lumea
Animalelor Ii se administreaza medicamente toxice in scopul verificarii pentru dragostea lor pentru caini, Ie pricinuiesc de multe ori neplaceri. tn
eficientei lor ~i a observarii efectelor secundare. Produsele cosmetice sunt jur de 0 mie de caini sunt aruncati zilnic pe strazi. Anual 50.000 de caini
:,i ele testate pe animale. Pentru a stabili doza admisibila a substantelor sunt omorati. daca nu au stapan. Prostia :;;i nepasarea proprieiarilor
iritante. acestea Ie sunt injectate in ochi. Ca urmare a acestor practici, expun animalele la suferinte sau moarte. Britanicii ar trebui sa fie mai
animalele orbesc, sunt mutilate. arse. puUn sentimentali ;Ii sa dea dovada de mai multa responsabilitate fata de
Purtatorii de cuvant al organizatiilor de protecjie a animalelor combat soaria animalelor lor preferate.
majoritatea acestor cercetari. Ierl au organizat 0 demonstraUe in fata
unuia dintre institutele de cercetare. Pancardele aminteau oamenilor ca :,i
animalele au nevoie de lJn tratament omenos. Din cauza incidentelor
survenite, cand demonstrantii au invadat incaperile :;;i au eliberat
animalele inchise, laboratoarele sunt pazite cu grija.
Aceste demonstratii au dus la discutii pe tema beneIiciilor practice ale
experimentelor ~i principiilor morale. Savantii afirma ca nu au de ales.
Medicamentele ;Ii cosmeticele, inainte de a fi introduse pe piata, trebuie
sa fie testate din punct de vedere al eficientei:;;i sigurantei. Datorita
experientelor practicate pe animale au fost descoperite multe vaccinuri;li
leacuri care salveaza viata. Adevarul e ca suferintele animalelor pot fi
limitate. Crearea unai banci de date ar permtte evitarea repetarii expe
rimentelor. in unele cercetari ~tiintifice sefolosesc in prezent metodele
simularii. Unele medicamente pot fi testate pe pacienU care sufera de boli
incurabile, cand 0 eventuala actiune eficienta a preparatului depa;le~te
riscul unei morU mai rapide. Exista multe moduri de a lupta impotriva
cruzimii cu care sunt tratate animalele :,i a indiferentei umane.
276 217
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
4. Can you imagine what it must be like to suffer from starvation and
helplessly watch your children die of hunger?
5. How would you organize and run a food distribution centre? What
priorities would you have?
;:i:lfiwsilem!!!;;fj:H;FOREST~~?FIRE
, ,'ih' ,. , ,~_f~j\' ~'~.-:" t:>/V
1. Do forest fires occur naturally, regardless of man's activities? What

can start them?
2. Why are people so desperate to fight them?
3. Why do so many young people choose the occupation of a
firefighter despite its evident dangers? 1. What kind of precautions can people take against the onslaught of
4. Would you like to be one? Why? a hurricane if they are told long enough in advance that it is coming?
5. Put yourself in the position of an officer in charge of putting out a 2. What makes a hurricane so formidable? What devastating elements
forest fire. How would you organize the operation? What circumstances accompany it?
would affect your decisions? How would you protect the lives of the people 3. A hurricane forms a natural phenomenon known as lithe eye of the
under you command? storm". Can you guess what it is?
4. What would you do if you know that you lived in a region plagued
by hurricanes and typhoons? How would you protect your house and
-family?
L Is it true to say that the world's climatic pattern is changing?

2. If so, what kind of effect could it have on agriculture and on people's
lives in general?
3. How does soil erosion occur in summer and in winter? 1. Would you leave your possessions unguarded if you realized that
4. How does a shortage of water affect people's daily lives? your life was in danger, or would you take the risk of waiting till the last
5. Are you aware of how often you water in everyday life? moment, even though it might be too late to save your life?
6. Imagine that your water supply has suddenly been cut off. Describe 2. How must it feel to be surrounded by floodwdter which is not
the situations in which you are helpless without it. How would you cope suitable for comsumption, yet to suffer from thirst?
knowing there will be no water for three days and you have just five lUres 3. Discuss the following statement: RAIN - a blessing for some, a
to last you. disaster for otbers.
(additional difficulties: a baby to wash, pets to feed, plants to water etc.)
1. Would you answer an appeal for donations and contribute money 1. The devastating power of floodwater is often underestimated and
to the starving who live somewhere on the other side of the world, in people drown because they ignore warnings. Why are they so reckless?
countries of which you know very What other threats to life do people make light of?
2. How can famine change a country, and what elements, such as 2. When disasters occur, there are people who seize the opportunity to
crime, can accompany the tragedy? commit criminal offences such as looting. There will always be people
3. Can governments in.countries which are likely to suffer from famine who, like scavengers, try to profit from human misery and tragedy. What
do anything to prevent the tragedy? is there in human nature that allows some to commit such acts?
278
1. When natural disasters occur, epidemics are not far behind and 1. The destructive power of volcanic eruptions reminds us of how
happen within a matter of days. Can you think of· the factors which vulnerable people are when confronted with the unleashed forces of
contribute to the rapid spread of disease in disaster-stricken areas? nature. What kind of philosophical reflections come to one's mind? How
2. Inoculations are seen by ~ome as an unnatural intrusion into the small do man's achievements seem when confronted with the power of
body's defence mechanism. Is this the right point of view? nature?
3. Discuss the following statement: Epidemics have always been 2. In what way do such powerful eruptions produce geographical and
nature's way of dealing with poverty and overpopulation. climatic changes on our planet?
1. Why do people feel so helpless when confronted with an 1. Why are people able to show sympathy and compassion at the time
earthquake? of great national tragedies, such as the one described in the text, but, on
2. Discuss the difficulties which have to be overcome when working at the other hand, find themselves reluctant to offer help to strangers in the
the sites of disasters such as those described in the texts. street who are obviously in dire need of assistance?
3. Consider the emotions felt by both rescue workers and relatives of a
person who, still alive, is trapped in the rubble, especially if they know
that the teams will be unable to reach him in time.
4. Discuss the following statement: Earthquakes are a manifestation of
God's wrath.
1. Air shows are spectacular events but the implementation of safety

measures would make them less attractive for people who expect all the
thrills and excitement from the show. Does this mean that such shows
should be banned? How would you vote in a referendum on this subject?
1. When reading the first part of the report, an obvious question arises, 2. No matter how sophisticated the planes are, the final judgement in
namely, how come the two guides, local people for sure, were persuaded an emergency lies with the pilot, who, even considering his skill and
to go up the mountain despite the bad weather? Can you provide the experience, is after all a fallible human being. Are you happy to entrust
answer? pilots with your life?
2. Is searching for survivors or their bodies in the mountains more 3. The scenes described in the story remind one of documentary
difficult than any other kind of rescue operation? What unique elements footage of the burning of the zeppelin "Hindenburg" on her maiden
are present in a mountain emergency? voyage to America in 1937. If you had witnessed such scenes at an air
3. Would it be true to say that if someone dies on the slopes, it is show, yet escaped unhurt, would you attend another one?
entirely his own fault because he was consciously risking his life?
4. What is there in mountain climbing that, despite the evident
dangers, attracts so many people?
I
l 280
7: OlL1SPrI
L Put yourself in the position of a passenger on a plane which is about 1. Oil pollution caused by spillages from tankers is known to have
to crash. The captain and the stewardesses have already reviewed the devastating effects on the environment, often causing irreversible
emergency procedure and now you have twenty seconds before the plane changes. Can you think of any other method of oil transportation that
crashes. Can you guess how you would react and what you would be would be safer, but at the same time economical enough to challenge
thinking about? Statisticaliy, when taking into account the number of tankers?
flights taking place every day, plane crashes are rare. Yet, thousands of 2. Would you like to work on a tanker knowing that the ship is like a
people have gone through the ordeal which you are trying to imagine. time-bomb, ready to explode the moment anything goes wrong?
2. Would you ever fly again if you had survived a plane crash?
3. Why are plane crashes so well-remembered? Why do they provoke
general sympathy and official days of mourning?
S;15ilem·~;18:
>" '. SEA .,. C:OLLISIONS~
.. , .• '.' "l\l!r
1. Is sea travel any safer nowadays than in the old days when people
crossed the oceans on sailing ships?
2. What factors may increase the risk of passengers' drowning in case
1. The accident described in the first part of the story happened of a collision or fire?
because the children were left unattended. How would you protect your 3. Is taking a cruise on a sealiner as romantic as is widely believed?
children from starting an accidental fire? 4. In case of a collision at sea there are certain rules that are supposed
2. Office buildings, hotels, and other places where people congregate to be followed concerning evacuation. Do you know what they are?
should be designed and equipped in such a way that fires can be put out
quickly and buildings evacuated easily. This is to ensure the minimum of
casualties. What procedures should be followed to ensure safe
evacuation? What fire-fighting equipment should be compulsory? What
~~'ws'\il<tmtl 9: ROADACCJ:DE!i-r~~1
systems (smoke detectors, sprinklers) should be introduced in such places?

Describe how they work.
1. Have you' ever been in a car accident? you ever caused one?
2. What is really alarming about car collisions is the fact that when
two cars crash, it is usually one driver's fault, the other being an innocent
victim. Is it worth taking the risk of being killed one day at the wheel by a
drunk or reckless driver?
3. Imagine that you are. the driver who started the pile-up described in
the first part of this news item. Would you feel responsible for the deaths of
all those people, even though it was not your fault entirely?
4. Can you think of any measures that might be taken to make roads
1. What makes miners vulnerable to losing their lives in mining safer both for pedestrians and drivers?
disasters that can strike at any time?
2. What makes rescue operations so difficult, often hop&less?
3. Nowadays, heavy machinery helps miners excavate whatever is
being exploited: coal, iron ore, gold or diamonds. Nevertheless, miners
spend years of their lives underground, operating these machines. Would
you like to be a miner? Who becomes one?
282 283
.
wrapping, the better chance of the product being sold. Millions of tons of
paper, plastic, glass and aluminium are thus being wasted. How can
consumers make clear that it is not the packaging they are after but a good
quality product?
1. Of all the means of public transport, trains seem relatively safe. Yet, . 3. Radiation from radioactive waste and the carcinogenic byproducts
train crashes do happen often with very high death toll. Do railway of industry are things that nobody wants. Yet, people are not likely to give
accidents differ in any way from the other accidents described in this up the benefits of nuclear energy or consumer durables. Is there any hope
section? Do they pose any special difficulties for rescue teams? for a satisfactory compromise between the two conflicting positions?
2. What are members of the public who witness such accidents
supposed to do? In what way can they be helpful?
3. Discuss the usefulness of emergency phone information lines that
are set up when trains or planes crash. What would you say if you had to
inform a caller that the relative he is enquiring about lost his life in the
accident?
I. How would you encourage people to participate in recycling

schemes? How would you organize the collection of recyclables in
residential areas of big cities?
2. Is it enough to make people aware of benefits of recycling to have
them participate, or should they be encouraged by offering special
incentives?
1. People often ask each other if they remember the day when
3. Would you participate in a recycling scheme? What stops you from
something very important happened. Do you remember the day when the doing so?
radioactive cloud released by the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 passed over 4. Explain how the following are interrelated when environmental
. your head? What were you doing on that sunny Sunday 27th April, the matters are discussed: recycling, saving natural resources, reducing
day after that fateful explosion? energy consumption, diminishing the amount of waste.
2. Most of the electricity generated in the world comes either from
nuclear power stations or from those burning fossil fuels. Both have their
advantages and drawbacks. Which one would you opt for as your energy
provider?
3. How did radiation affect the lives of the people who lived in the
Chernobyl area? Is there any future for these people, or for the land they
had to leave behind?
1. The number of cars has multiplied dramatically in recent years. This
pleases car manufacturers and the motor industry, as well as satisfying
the needs and desires of car owners. Yet, each vehicle contributes to air
poll ution. Its owner, who is aware of the damage his vehicle is doing to the
.environment, will shrug his shoulders saying: "Why should I give up
driving my car and not other drivers?"
2. The scale of the problem is too big to be solved by alternative fuels
and converters because coordinated actions is needed immediately. What
can be done to stop this selfish, harmful activity?
1. This civilization is . leaving behind a deadly legacy for future
generations in the form of nuclear and toxic waste. Is there anything that
can be done about it?
2. A competitive market creates the need for sophisticated packaging
in order to have an edge on compEditors. The more lavish and colourful the
284 285
1. The common saying that "nothing is ever lost in natrue" has found
vivid manifestation in the case of gas emissions contributing to the
"greenhouse effect". They stay in the atmosphere because there is no
other place where they can disperse and vanish. Discuss how people can 1. Considering the years it takes a tree to grow into a mature specimen
change forever what Mother Nature may never be able .to bring back to its and the seconds it to fell it, cutting trees down should be done only
former safe state. in truly justified circumstances. Think of instances where timber can be
2. If several ocean islands are inundated, their inhabitants, often replaced by other materials.
numbering tens of thousands, will be forced to evacuate. Discuss the effect 2. Think of the tons of paper used in printing newspapers all over the
such a change would have on their lives, their culture and the history of world, newspapers that nobody reads, or which are thrown away after a
these small island nations.. glance. Think of all the cardboard used for packaging. How would you
economize on the use of paper?
3. Forests, such as tropical rainforests, create their own ecosystems.
Can reforestation programmes fully compensate for the damage done by
cutting them down?
1. The depletion of the ozone layer is yet another example of how

people, either unintentionally or out of stupidity, are damaging their own
environment. How can individuals who are aware of the danger have any
influence over the environmental policies of their countries?
2. To make people aware of the problem, we have to reverse the
accepted belief in the wholly beneficial effect of sunshine. How would you
convince people that the danger is real, even though they cannot 1. Waters, both inland and coastal, seem to get all possible pollution
physically see it? How can you prove that the whole problem has not just from all manner d sources. Discuss the ways in which waters become
been thought up by the manufacturers of UV-safe sunglasses who want to polluted. and the ways, if there are any, of preventing the contaminants
make a qUick profit? from entering natural waterways.
2. According to the report, the major attraction of summer holidays at
the seaside swimming and bathing - may hazardous to one's health,
at best resulting in skin diseases. What other pleasures of life has man
managed to eliminate because of his thoughtless attitude towards the
environment?
3. Discuss the following statement: Algae blooms - an example of
L Acid rain is an international problem because no country is safe imbalance in nature due to man's devastation.
from it. Is there any way in which countries that assign huge sums of
money to reduce gas emissions can defend themselves from others
recklessly and indiscriminately polluting the atmosphere?
2. Think of reasons why the damage described in the report is said to
be "irreversible".
3. It is particularly sad that acid rain most visibly affects buildings of
historic interest such as palaces {often built of limestone which quickly
reacts with acids}. How does it make you feel that this civilization is
successfully destroying what has hitherto so well withstood the test of time?
286 2f!l
3. The United Kingdom, thanks to its being an island, has managed to
eradicate the disease and has imposed strict quarantine laws for any
animal brought into the country. Now and again people are caught trying
For related topics for discussion, see news item 17: OIL SPILLS to smuggle their pets in. If caught, they are severely punished. Don't you
that this system is too harsh? How can they be sure that their country
is really rabies-free?
..
ne~s: ,item\~38:
.,<"; ',', ,
,LEGI6NNA]RE~,S~;DtSEA'SEf~
,> ' " :",,::.>, .., : , ,':,'3~i\",:<¥;,:;~-:."" """,,,:,~::'i~::~~!:::'i::':i"i::!ii! ,:" ':"''''1'& ;,'
~"news:'ite"m;1~i39:'.FI.:iU;
:?" . ' , ,';-,' ,
.. wM,'. '" .
1. Now and again doctors and scientists are faced with new bacteria
1. To what extent is man responsible for protecting endangered or sometimes bacteria that have been dormant for centuries in the ancient
species and their natural habitat? tombs of kings and queens. Before they are successfully isolated and dealt
2. Several African governments opposed the ivory ban saying that with, these new bacteria claim many lives. Can you recall any cases like
..conservation programmes run by international bodies are a form of that?
colonialism in disguise". Do you agree with this attitude? 2. Many bacteria nad viruses undergo changes, or mutations,
3. News reports showing elephants being shot by poachers or baby becoming more resistant to human defence mechanisms and to the drug~
seals being clubbed to death so as not to ruin their fur make anyone who designed to combat them. It seems like a vicious circle. What do you
cares for nature and welfare of animals cry with rage and indignation. attribute this phenomenon to? Is it likely to get worse?
This raises the question of whether all forms of hunting, for pleasure or 3. Epidemics of the common cold of flu, which are very contagious,
commercial gain, should be regarded as barbaric and inhumane, sweep through countries periodically in spring and autumn. Why do we
especially nowadays when the animal's chances of winning against the seem so susceptible to these illnesses, even though, in the Middle Ages,
hunter are practically zero; Would you ban hunting altogether? people must have suffered from much worse discomfort on account of poor
4. The Giant Panda can be found on the Wildlife Fund logo. Why has heating facilities, inadequate clothing and poor diet? They may have lived
this particular animal been chosen to stand for all endangered species? shorter lives, yet if someone were transferred to the past and had to live in
those primitive conditions, what would his chances of survival be like?
1. The disease of rabies is invariably associated with Louis Pasteur

(ll'~~;YJ~~ii~iiji:I~IQii(\t091:)'1'!I!g9111~t2~t~{
who conceived the idea of immunization as protection against virulent 1. Imagine that you personally have been assigned the task of putting
diseases. Have you ever thought how difficult it must have been for the 19th forward the provisions for a Code of Conduct concerning the safety of food
century scientists to carry out their research, often c;:hallenging established products offered for sale. What would you propose?
opinions and seeking the truth in opposition to 'accepted beliefs? How 2. Nowadays packed food, including vegetable and dairy products,
depressing it must have been to struggle with hostile public opinion, often carry labels with the words display by... and use by... followed by dates.
not being sure that the path they had chosen was the right one. . Could you explain the significance of this information both for shoppers
2. Few people have actually seen the horrifying symptoms of rabies, and shop assistants?
yet fear of it is deeply rooted in people's minds. How would you deal with 3.Even though the sanitary conditions for preparing and selling food
irresponsible dog owners who fail to inoculate their pets against the are much better nowadays and various chemicals are used to keep food
disease? stable, we seem to be terribly prone to outbreaks of food poisoning. Why?
288 19. 289
protective clothing every time you go out in the sun? Wouldn't you rather
~Y~~f'i 1erri~I~'lc:»~~C A«~ C;\ER<~:;~>\>f; ;:i~! > say that it is just another panic, carefully masterminded by the
manufacturers of "sunblockers" and "UV-safe" sunglasses?
2. Skin cancer, like so many other diseases, is treated as something
1. In this society, diseases are often treated as something shameful that happens to "other people", not to us. However, because of our
and are seldom spoken about, especially if they are associated with death. carelessness, we may become one of its victims. Is this attitude of rejecting
Everybody is expected to "feel fine" and is not supposed to grumble about frightening possibilities characteristic of the human race?
ill-health. What Mary Howard did can be seen as an act of courage. What Could you quote other examples of things people do because they are
is your view on this subject? fashionable, even though they are obviously stupid, unhealthy, or
2. Early detection can be a matter of life and death whenever cancer dangerous?
is involved. Yet, statistically, a relatively small proportion of people go for
regular check-ups. Why?
Is it correct to say that because one cannot permanently live under the
shadow of death, one tends to make light of the potential danger?
3. Increasingly more and more types of food are being singled out as ">lem;~44:\\FA'
potentially carcinogenic. Sadly, the tastier the food, the more harmful it is
alleged to be. Having read the text, would you sit down to have chips and
smoked fish with the same relish as before, reasoning that "life is short, so 1. Why are fast food dishes gaining enormous popularity nowadays?
why not enjoy it to the full"? 2. Of what dangers are most consumers unaware?
Isn't silly, on other hand, to munch away at raw carrots even if you 3. What is a "healthy, balanced diet"?
hate them, thinking "OK, just one more, I feel healthier already"? 4. Is it sensible to pay so much attention to waht one eats?
"..:.' "':" ··.'······1'em

···· ..
~~!te'w's>:>:il ~11t'~~';~'f'i>+BI1'~A~'~t;~l~~LAl{T;,$~' ;news;:1 >
1. According to the report, only 20% of breast implant operations are 1. Judging by the statistics, bulimia is a serious and widespread
performed as reconstructive surgery. What do you think of the remaining problem. Why do some young women choose to commit suicide this slow
80% of the women, who take all the trouble and risk for the sake of and painful way? Are- they fully aware of possible consequences?
improving their bodies? 2. How is it possible that what the bulimic is doing' can remain undetected
2. If the revelations are true, and the polyurethane coated implants do by the family? In most cases it is usually sisters who notice first. Why?
pose a health hazard, some people might say that it is God's punishment
for committing the sin of vanity. Would you agree?
3. Consider the ordeal of breast cancer victims who, devastated by the
trauma of radical mastectomy, opted for a breast implant only to be faced
with this new threat.
1. If one considers the effect smoking cigarettes must have on one's

body, an obvious question comes to mind as to why so many people.
voluntarily poison themselves with nicotine and tar. Your guess?
2. Can you describe the moment when one realizes that one is
addicted to cigarettes and cannot do without them?
1. From now on, radiation in the form of ultra-violet rays is a reality 3. Do you agree that if one member of a family dies of a smoking
people will have to learn to live with. But how many will take the threat' related disease, it is enough to make the rest of the family give up the
seriously? Is it possible to remember to use "sunblockers" and wear habit?
291
290
4. Are the members of the FOREST groups right in what they are
saying about smokers' freedom to as they please? What about the non IWiii~i'ii~nii49: .T,ES T~1JJBE'" ElA,~IE'~'{'1~':1
smokers' freedom?
5. Is the nicotine patch as effective as the text claims? Is nicotine the
1. If conception is as easy as has been described in the report, why do
a smoker misses? How about habitual gestures?
you think the success rate of the procedure is so small?
2. Is there a limit beyond which any attempts to have one's own
are not
3. When children are born, it is anybody's guess as to what kind of
people they will grow to be. If one turns out to be a violent criminal, would
47::PAI thought cross the minds of his parents who used the "test-tube" method
perhaps they shouldn't have taken so much trouble to have that child
after all?
1. Are you for or against the proposal that has been put forward by the
Association of Cancer Patients?
2. Although the question may be very difficult to answer, would you
rather die consciously, or drugged so as to be unaware of passing away?
~.";~)~Wp,RK*~,9i!;WIT
3. Can you see a relationship between euthanasia and the proposal
for patients to have free access to painkillers and tranquilizers?
i~;/::j~·:CO Ml:!cU.~E,R
1. Not so long ago people used to work very efficiently without PC's.
Why can't we do without them now?
';news"!'1 e '~'h~:~~;~'ALTERtl,ATIVE~,~JjicINE
~.'~
•. J ;~,:,%;,;:;i}:; 1~ '!~>i;lrr;f;~;.·.:;'~'I/··~~~\~:
Do people need them because they cannot cope with the amount of
information our civilization generates?
2. It has been proved that the alleged muscle strain was, in fact, only
1. What is the reason why an increasing number of people would a mental problem. one computer user had complained of pain,
rather believe in what holistic medicine has to offer rather than their other people assumed that they, too, were bound to suffer from the same
family doctor's opinions? thing. However, the pain in their arms and wrists was largely imaginary.
2. Do holistic therapies work because people want them to work? Even Do you believe that mind can affect one's health and physical
placebo pills (those without any properties but administered as condition?
were real stuff) are known to work miracles if the patient is 3. Should the recommendations given in the text be taken seriously?
successfully persuaded that he is receiving the best drug available on the Do people tend to ignore tips like the one about antistatic carpeting?
market. 4. What is the source of people's fascination with computers? What
3. Alternative medicirie offers a field day to all sorts of dishonest makes these machines so attractive and popular, especially with young
crooks and con men who will offer expensive (the more expensive, the people? Do people forget that, though sophisticated, they have their
better) therapies which, in fact, are nothing more than hanky-panky. How limitations too?
can people protect themselves against phoney formulas and treatments?
4. Herbal medicine is based on ancient beliefs and uses preparations
laid down centuries ago. Can they be effective in the fight against the new
strains of that have em~rged with the progress of
civilization? After all, the way we live, which surely has a dramtic impact ELECTR~
on our health, is radically different from that of a Chinese herbalist who
lived 2/000 years ago. '
'RADIAT
1. Are you the sort of person that is likely to panic after hearing
unsubstantiated reports of something posing a health hazard? Would you
take action and move out of your home, even having to put up with much
worse conditions, just to get away from the power iines?
292 293
2. Man himself must have created and used hundreds of products 2. Think of books and films in which the idea of creating life in an
which have proved harmful, or deadly like asbestos. Can you think of any unnatural way was the main theme. (Dr Frankenstein's monster comes to
other hazardous products? Is there any escape from them? mind). Why is this largely the domain of horror films?
3. Many people are either unaware of the harmful effects of radiation, 3. Can you see any logical reason as to why commissioned children
or just ignore the facts. Would you be willing to move your bed or use would be loved more than others?
special screens if a dowser (a person who finds underground reservoirs 4. Put yourself in the position of a surrogate mother. Why is she the
using a rod or a pendulum) told you that you are exposed to ionizing most likely person of all involved to suffer emotionally?
radiation generated underground? 5. You are a member of a jury about to give your verdict in a
4. There is speculation that electromagnetic fields might have been surrogacy case. The surrogate mother, who was impregnated by a
used in the past as a weapon. Over a period of time, radiation is supposed commissioning father, has refused to give up the child, despite the fact
to have been beamed at people that were to be eliminated. Consider the that she signed a legally binding contract. She has her own children and
advantages and disavantages of such a lethal application. wants to have one more.
,I~~~;~>,: "'", .,':A'"

,,- 1""""""""':"":;5 2' ' E U',. TH" c' :~ftS""'I:'ft';'" 'iV:I:';
'N'
'J:f;/"e,;"n:;)::,2~j:;~;trn:,;~ ""-1 em,::
;,:neWS/,1
:i>" """ "':"5' 5''.. ''PR'O"'RB'~O"
: -n 'R"TION ",:}"
,~t!e:;,<~
'1. Give you beliefs about euthanasia. Do people have the right to say &~}~~~':;:';~~~X:Zt~~~if;"::;,:;~:j,4:': /;,~• ,:' ,.,.",,',."M'OV,E M'E'NT\'ii'::'::f::~~1:!~$"
,I',
that they want to die if they realize that their life in any meaningful way
has come to an end? _56 "x:'ANTI
:<"~" ftBORTIO'N'k'"
:' _.ra.,"f ;:~"f'
'1~'"~1~tM;:;''''' O ' "<1"" ' >,>c';)(~N'~kX;¥;j>;"~~~?tr!£~:}:t~~;ft~is~}tj,j;:~~;:~~~'
'" ,,'
2. Should people be told by their doctors that they are terminally ill :':;,>'0,3, '.' V
c';-":'
,"., EMETl"~:tO:'::'<Jr';.'::"
~ '_,_,' <: /'.,'1".
.:}y~lt,:~/f<{<??~;'-:(\)~\",,~<'~:·<:·;
and that there is no hope for them? Is it better to know? J
3. Doctors are expected to fight to the bitter end to save their patients'
lives, even if for the patients that means living the life of a "cabbage". Is 1. Why is there so little tolerance shown on both sides towards the
this the right attitude? opponents' views in the debate on abortion? Do you approve of the tactics
4. There are fears that legalizing euthanasia would open the gate for used by "pro-life" activists? '
cases in which people are "helped" to die because, for instance, the family 2. Consider the fate of the unwanted children brought up without
wants to put their greedy hands on the inheritance. What safeguards
fathers, given to orphanages or put up for adoption. Do "pro-lifers" accept
would you propose so that the law on euthanasia could not be used in the responsability of securing a happy childhood for them?
crime? 3. With both sides agreeing that- abortion is a bad thing, what would
5. Committing suicide may be called the most dramatic decision one
you propose to dramatically reduce the risk of unwanted pregnancies?
can ever take in one's life. Do you think that such a decision can ever be
4. The Catholic Church actively opposes any form of artificial
justified, and that in every case there is "no order way out"?
contraception. Is it a realistic attitude? What moral dilemmas does it create
for young people, even married couples, who are religious but who do not
want to have a baby "just yet"?
5. To what extent, in your opinion, do we have control over our own
f[:;!~;:;:i~~·~:u~~~!~:!t!:.!~::~~
bodies and lives? (obortion, suicide etc.)
~. ,,', , • >,' ,'; 1<>:::
1. Do you think that people are justified in going to all lengths in trying
to have a child of their own, regardless of the cost and moral implications?
What about children who are waiting .for adoption? Why is it so
difficult from the legal point of view to adopt a child?
294
l~liei(;i;:lit~m\j,iSi·if'~'i:B-ROKE:N""MA.RRIAG·E:S;;
,,-__:.- -' «i;:< .-'-_.- '" /.
~~<, ' _'(';',(".,
'-'he>:', ~-:, i, 'f(;>,}3~' -',
>:, 58:>:,,8:> '" :., '::",,,'::.' , :'; nxL
_ _ ;", --: ,.' '0" J __ t:; ~<ryl'
1. What may be the reason why increasingly more people in the West 1. Western culture has created a standard according to which
are deciding to live together but declining to be wed? Is there any everybody must be successful, have a career, be fit and healthy and
practical difference between being officially married or living with a always be happy. Probably that's why they keep making sure by asking
partner? everybody "How are you?", to which there is only one reply ''I'm fine". Can
2. What is the correlation between sexual permissiveness, teenage you see any correlation between this and what the report says about the
marriages and divorce? causes of anorexia.
3. How would you defend the institution of marriage? What values 2. Have you ever wanted to look like somebody else? Isn't it sillv to
does it protect? Has it got any chance of survival? want to change your looks to follow fashion?
4. What makes a marriage successful? Does mutual love offer a basis 3. Why does the disease affect women and not men?
that is solid enough to make marriage last? Does the success depend only 4. Analyze the responsibility of the mass media in promoting styles
on the partners themselves? and fashions often aimed at the younger generation. Think of various
5. Describe the life of a single parent. (Have you seen Kramer vs manias that regularly sweep across the Western world.
Kramer?) Of what joys of life is he or she deprived? Can one parent 5. Can you sympathize with a teenager who is devastated by the fact
satisfactorily make up for .the missing spouse? Is the arrival of a step that she cannot wear a miniskirt because she thinks her thighs are too fat?
mother or a step-father in the family always a disappointment for the
child?
'~lf~iWii~i1~1i~:~,58;::tCOSMETI URGERY~
.-~--
1. What is the motivation of people who wish to undergo cosmetic

surgery? 1. Why is intolerance so characteristic of the human race? Why do
2. Which procedures are fairly easy to perform? people discriminate against other people for the sole reason that they are
3. Why do you think people, and women in particular, are so fussy either red-haired, fat, gay, black, or Jewish to mention just a few?
about the way they look? Is it only the natural drive to attract members of 2. Why is intolerance and d.iscrimination such a difficult thing to live
the opposite sex? with? Is it because they are things that one can do little about?
4. Think of books and films in which plastic surgery has played a key Is the process of assimilation easy? Think of immigrants who, with few
part. (Return to Eden comes to mind). Ho~ about Nazi war criminals who exceptions, will remain "strangers" and "foreigners" all their lives.
had their faces changed to escape punishment for the genocide they 3. Why are stereotypes so unjust and untrue? Why do so many people
committed? regard them seriously? Try to give examples of how biased opinions can
Invent your own story in which plastic surgery would playa major affect people's daily lives.
part. 4. Why does homosexuality still provoke radical opinions even though
5. Are you satisfied with it has been with us since ancient times? Homosexuality was acceptable in
. the way you look?
/
Is there anything that you
Ancient Greece, why is it frowned upon today?
think could be improved by corrective surgery? Would you be willing to
suffer pain and discomfort for the sake of having a better-looking body? 5. Have you ever been bullied by your mates because you were
different from them in some respect? How did you feel? Have you ever
manifested any kind of intolerance?
296 2W
'2 :.:vig'lf: H}riIE~
1. Why do sOl!1e people relish watching horror films starting with 1. Why is prostitution called "the oldest profession"? Why has there
Frankenstein and Dracula, and ending with zombies, the living dead, always been a demand for"sexual services" providers?
chainsaw massacres and nightmares on Elm Street? 2. Should prostitution be made legal and brothels officially
2. Why do children cover their eyes while watching a horror film, and established? What is your opinion on this subject?
yet they cannot resist the temptation to peep through their fingers? 3. Do you believe that legalizing prostitution would solve the problems
3. Is it true, in your opinion, that video nasties have a devastating discussed in the phone-in programme? Are the prostitute who joined the
effect on minors and are a source of nightmares and fears that may stay programme right in what they were saying?
with them for the rest of their lives? 4. Why is sexual promiscuity regarded as something immoral or
4. Is there any way of preventing children from watching such films on sinful? Are there any cultures where it is acceptable, or even treated as a
videos and television when their parents are not at home? What do you norm?
think of parents who do not mind their children watching such films? 5. Why are some young women lured to prostitution? What is it that
What would you do if you had forbidden your child to watch horror makes them choose it as a "profession"?
films and then found out that, at a friend's birthday party, the host's parent
had actually played a horror film as the main atraction?
5. Which side would you choose in the debate over civil liberties?
Should people be restricted in the way they spend their free time?
'fitii~~f65';!KtE'EN;AGE:~GAM
-,~,' 'F>, ,"" ::/,,:',':,::::;;:), j·X\ j , ,SO"~"~ '~'"" , __ ':_-:',,' ,', : ::::> :,,·:,:,:::,,::t,:';)':i:<>f0 -,:<" ,,' :-; ;,i,~'!>""
1. Think of different kinds of addictions a person can develop. Which

""'3'"':"''':p''- O"R"'C?7'N"."···O···,'' ' 'Q'·,·''<·..R'·
. ·'''·)y'S''A·'·'·····":·'·ft·H·'·"Dz~li:<,,,,i: one, do you think, is the hardest to break?
;1;' .,. ...if,);.. '.' •..•.• '~" jJ,;~!~~;J,;)iJl\ 2. Why are teenagers so prone to various addictions?
3. Why is it stupid to say: 'Tll never become addicted because I know
1. Why do so many people find pornography exciting, though few I'll stop in time. '7
dare to admit it publicly? 4. Try to imagine what it must be like to be a problem gambler. Why
2. Would you agree that what pornography shows is unnatural, and would the addiction ruin your life as well as your family's?
that people do not normally behave like those in "hard-core" films? Is this 5. Why is withdrawal therapy so long and difficult? Consider all
one of the reasons why it may create myths and wrong expectations? aspects of having to care for a child who is a teenage gambler.
3. Should pornography be widely available, and what rules, if any,
should restrict access to it?
4. Is the majority of cases pornography portrays male dominance in
sex. Is it so because the market is basically targeted at men?
rfi~\~'~<;li'tle'iU""',66:·~ls:cHdon~i¥IO'L·EN'CE~
5. What do you make of people who act in or pose for pornographic
films and pictures? What is their motivation? Is it the big money? How must '\""" ,', :,-:;";:,,,' "':,,'~}:J'-::n,,. ":":;-~,::",\:!;:;>-J" ,i-~:}~,,,J,:: _' ,'" :',:;:c,,,<-,,i>,>-,:<+y~~'t~j;;::i:@<h':''','';:,.(';;;~-,~,)\>'--n' 0~</>' /~::-->«;ti~
they feel knowing that thousands of people will be watching them perform
acts which for others are very private and intimate? 1. What conditions sho~.dd be created to attract good teachers to work
in schools?
2. What changes would you suggest in order to make teachers feel less
. helpless in the kinds of situations presented in the report?
3. How would you tackle the problem of school violence?
4. Why is the problem of school violence not so drastic in Romqnia?
5. What are the factors behind the constant deterioration of children's
behaviour?
298 299
';,~.t.:.;.,
\;::':;4J;;:;at.;t..r\l~.;;.~.r.jrt":;:;!0\L.~.~.r6·
,Dews,;·, em·,· v.• , ' ."~.'.... SO CC jj·;;2r9~~1I~.Ii.ISf1, 4. Do you agree with the statement that "All living organisms have
been created as equal. '7
" "',,~ i.i'·.~ ,:.:-~.,,,, ""if' ' " •. i';':~di">pbhH'"~«t".,,
5. If you were a strong supporter of an animal rights' group, would you

1. Would you agree that soccer hooliganism has got nothing to do with take medicines knowing that they had been tested on animals?
the actual game and that violence has its roots elsewhere?
2. Why do soccer matches attract such a wide audience?
3. Why do they often provoke uncontrollable emotions among
spectators?
4. Would you agree that a lad becomes a football supporter if he has
no real interest in anything else since watching a match involves no
intellectual effort at all?
5. What steps would you take to prevent the outbreaks violence that
accompany football matches?
6. How does a football player feel when he learns that the supporters 1. Do you agree that the practical benefits of animal experimentation
of his football club have run riot and vandalized a train? outweigh the moral costs?
2. Do you approve of the tactics used by animal rights' activists?
3. Can you think of any other ways of testing drugs and cosmetic
products?
4. How would you teach anatomy and how the body works without the
aid of dissection?
m·'68:TH 5. Imagine that you are the only student in the class who doesn't want
to perform a dissection. Would it be easy to admit why you want to leave
1. Do you approve of the action taken by the squatters? the classroom, especially if you were only eleven years old?
2. Give arguments in support of the statement: "It is an ideal solution
for the homeless to form their own community. "
3. If you wanted to make a list of government's priorities where would
you put the social welfare?
4. How does one become homeless? What can be understood by
"voluntary homelessness"?
5. Imagine that you have nowhere to go. Try to describe what sort of
life you would lead. What home comforts would you miss the most? What 1. Do you think the provisions of the Dangerous Dogs Act are
must it feel like to sleep rough? Can you see any good sides to being satisfactory?
homeless? 2. What is your opinion about developing breeds of dogs specifically
for fighting? Should it be allowed?
3. When dogs are kept as pets in towns, especiqIly in high-rise blocks
of flats, what rules should be followed regarding their well-being, as well
as taking into account the safety of the inhabitants of the building?
4. Do you agree that disposing of dogs whose owners refuse to obey
the law is the only way out? Who would pay to keep them alive in kennels
they die a natural death?
5. Why do people want to keep animals as pets? What about those
who choose snakes and spiders as their favourites?
1. Do you believe that demonstrations like the one described in the text
serve any purpose?
2. Think of arguments that justify the practices of animal testing.
3. Do you see. any difference between subjecting a dog and a rat to
medical experiments?
300 301
KEY
i 1. How do you think if feels when your dog does something horrible,
and you are held responsible for it?
2. Do you think that the measures laid out by the Dangerous Dogs Act,
Inews item 1: FOREST FIRES
even if it is extended to other breeds, are enough to prevent incidents like
1. true, 2. true, 3. true, 4. true, 5. true, 6. true, 7. false, 8. false, 9. true, 10. false
the two described in the news item? cause damage natural reserves
3. Is it possible to make generalizations like the one about "the British dense smoke raging fire
being animal lovers'? Are they true? eerie glow smouldering spot
4. What, in your opinion, makes people behave in a cruel way towards fire retardants swollen eyes
animals, even their own pets? lightning storms weather satellites
5. How would you teach "responsible ownership"? Draw up a special
Code of Conduct that anyone who wanted to keep pets, however small,
would have to adhere to. .
I news item 2: DROUGHT

L false, 2. true, 3. true, 4. false, 5. true, 6. false, 7. true, 8. true, 9. true, 10. true,
11. false, 12. true
chemical fertilizers massive devastation

climatic pattern rainless summer
fertile topsoil roaring rivers
foreseeable future scorching sun
grain stockpiles steady rainfall
insufficient rain water shortages
major crisis
I news item 3: FAMINE:

L false, 2. true, 3. true, 4. false, 5. true, 6. true, 7. false, 8. false. 9. true. 10. false.
11. true, 12. false
affected area humanitarian aid

basic rations infant mortality
chronic malnutrition irreversible damage
daily occurences major tragedy
famished peasants pitiful picture
grazing land relentless drought
human suffering relief agencies
303
Inews item 4: HURRICANES r news it,em 8: EARTHQUAKE 1
1. false, 2. true, 3. true, 4. false,S. false, 6. true, 7. true, 8. false, 9. false, 10. true,
11. true, 12. false 1. false, 2. true, 3. false, 4. false,S. true, 6. false, 7. true, 8. false, 9. false, 10. true,
I L false, 12. false
battering gales huge seas
casualty list torrential rain affected area homeless inhabitants
coastal areas tropical storm calamitous tragedy incomplete statistics
damage statistics violent hurricane concrete slabs mountainous country
fishing fleet widespread damage destructive earthquake rescue workers
flood waters devastating landslides unprecedented damage
high magnitude quake
I news item 5: RAINSTORMS I neWS item 9: E~RTHQUAKE 2

1. false, 2. true, 3. true, 4. true,S. false, 6. true, 7. false, 8. true, 9. false, 10. false,
I L true, 12. true 1. false. 2. false, 3. true, 4. true,S. false, 6. true, 7. true, 8. true, 9. true, 10. false,
11. true. 12. false
buoyant objects slashing rain
cooking facilities swirling waters adequate measures residential districts
distribution centers swollen rivers gangrenous limbs sophisticated cameras
fervent appeals violent rainstorms improvised camps sound devices
flood barriers widespread damage massive casualties special equipment
remote areas powerful earthquake temporary shelter
relief efforts toxic shock
Inewsilem 6: FLOODS news item 10: AVALANCHES

1. true, 2. false, 3. true, 4. true,S. false, 6. true, 7. false, 8. true, 9. false, 10. true,
II. true, 12. false. 1. true, 2. true, 3. false, 4. false,S. false, 6. false, 7. true, 8. true, 9. false, 10. false,
II. true, 12. true
abandoned properties residential areas
displaced families stomach aliments adverse conditions rescue operation
health officials storage buildings bad weather severe frost
heavy rains unprecedented disaster dawn start sniffer dogs
irrigation experts venomous snakes disaster site steep slopes
looting gangs Widespread flooding mountain ledge widespread deforestation
polluted floodwater
ws item 7: EPIDEMICS
Inews ilem 11: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
1. true, 2. false, 3. true, 4. false,S. true, 6. true, 7. false, 8. false, 9. true, 10. false,
1. false, 2. true, 3. true, 4. false,S. true, 6. false, 7. true, 8. false, 9. true, 10. false, 11. false
11. true, 12. true
active volcanoes large amounts
appalling conditions lethal contagion boiling wo:ter molten rock
beeding ground refugee camps floating pumice superheated gases
chronic malnutrition rotten food heavy raines underwater explosion
contaminated water sanitary facilities hot ash violent activity
drastic measures typhoon survivors initial blast
epidemic proportions virulent strain
impaired resistance water-borne diseases
304 20.
[news iieD'll2: GAS POISONING [news item i 6: MINES --FIRES~EXPLOSIOHSJ
L true, 2. false, 3. true, 4. false, 5. true, 6. false, 7. false, 8. true, 9. true, 10. true, 1. true, 2. true, 3. false, 4. false,S. true, 6. false, 7. true, 8. false, 9. true, 10. false,
11. false, 12. true 11. false, 12. true
blistered survivors relief operation cutting tools main shaft

casualty figures remote region deadly gas raging inferno
death toll scattered villages dreadful rumbling scorched faces
geological explosion toxic fumes emergency points strenuous work
lethal gases volcanic lake fierce fire
mass graves
[news item 13: ACCIDENTS AT AIR SHOWS I I news item 17: OIL SPILLS
1. true, 2. true. 3. false, 4. true. 5. true, 6. true, 7. false, 8. false. 9. false, 10. true. 1. true, 2. false, 3. false, 4. false,S. true, 6. true, 7. false, 8. true, 9. false, 10. true,
II. false, 12. true 11. false, 12. true
abrupt end safety requirements
crew members major spillage
aerobatic stunts short landing
flying debris emergency operation marine life
smoke inhalation
horrifying scenes environmental disaster obligatory testing
steep approach
hysterical people floating booms oil slick
unconfirmed speculation
low-altitude flying high winds salvage crew
unpredictable directions
multiple injuries human error tough regulations
wide area
[news item 14: AEROPLANE CRASHES I news item 18: SEA COLLISIONS ]
1. false. 2. false, 3. false, 4. true,S. false. 6. true, 7. false, 8. true, 9. true, 10. true,
II. false, 12. true 1. false, 2. false, 3. false, 4. false,S. false, 6. true, 7. false, 8. true, 9. false, 10. true,
II. true .
airline authorities mangled wreckage
black smoke mayday call adverse weather conditions proper clothing
dental records radio transmissions dense fog shallow waters
emergency landing rescue teams heavy loss of life shipping tragedy
engine failure technical error ill-prepared crew submerged vessel
faltering noise low temperatures sunken ferry
panic-stricken passengers unsecured cargo
[news item 15: FIRES

1. false, 2. false, 3. true, 4. true,S. true, 6. false, 7. true, 8. false, 9. false, 10. false, I news item 19: ROAD ACCIDENTS U]
11. true, 12. false
1. true, 2. true, 3. false, 4. false, 5. true, 6. false, 7. false, 8. false, 9. true, 10. true,
blazing house intense heat 1 L true, 12. true
charred bodies naked flame
critical list powerful explosion slight bruises
articulated lorry
discarded match short circuit busy road stationary coach
extensive efforts smoke inhalation sustained injuries
crash barriers
gutted building sprinkler system tangled wreckage
entire family
inflammable upholstery excessive speed
news ilem 24: RECYCLING
I news item 20: TRAIN CRASHES 1. true, 2. false, 3. false, 4. true,S. true, 6. false, 7. false, 8. true, 9. true, 10. true,
1. true, 2. true, 3. false, 4. false,S. true, 6. false, 7. true, 8. true, 9. false, 10. true, 11. false, 12. false
11. true
collection points reclamation plants
cutting gear passenger trains disposal problems recycling schemes
derailed coaches powerful pain-killers energy consumption refill packs
emergency services signal failure enormous benefits valuable resource
fatal error slow track
injured victims swift reaction
metal tangle
I news ilem 25: AIR POLLUTION
1. false, 2. true, 3. false, 4. true,S. true, 6. false, 7. false, 8. false, 9. true, 10. true,
[news item 21: NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS 11. true, 12. false
1. false, 2. true, 3. true, 4. false,S. true, 6. true, 7. false, 8. true, 9. false, 10. true, air pollution industrialized cities
11. true, 12. false breathable air noxious gases
catalytic converters safety guidelines
decontamination operation official inquiry
deadly smog stringent laws
fission products protection system
environment-damaging emissions traffic volume
fuel rods radiation leaks
health hazard radioactive fallout fuel consumption
high incidence safety officials
major explosion serious threat
nuclear fuel I news item. 26: THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT I
1. true, 2. true, 3. false, 4. false,S. false, 6. true, 7. false, 8. true, 9. true, 10. true,
r~ews item 22: NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL I 11. false, 12. true
alarming prediction grave consequences

1. false, 2. true, 3. true, 4. true,S. false, 6. true, 7. false, 8. true, 9. false, 10. true,
barren deserts greenhouse gases
11. true, 12. false
climatic conditions mean temperatures
burial sites seismic activity cultivated areas surface water
environmental disasters stable substances energy-effident applicances weather turbulence
leak-proof drums stringent rules global warming Widespread reforestation
nuclear energy transuranic refuse
radioactive elements waste repository
robot vehicles
rusting containers
water supply I news item 27: HOLE IN THE OZONE LAYERI
1. false, 2. false, 3. true, 4. false,S. true, 6. true, 7. false, 8. true, 9. true, 10. false,
Inews item 23: TOXIC WASTE - WASTE DISPOSAL I

11. true, 12. true
aerosol sprays hazard-free alternatives

1. true, 2. false, 3. true, 4. true,S. false, 6. true, 7. true, 8. false, 9. true, 10. false, atmospheric holes increasing depletion
11. false chemical reaction polar region
continuing reduction refrigerator coolants
biodegradable materials inadequate identification harmful radiation
carcinogenic by-products inflammable solvents
corrosive liquids landfill sites
dangerous chemicals reusable waste
deadly cargo waste-disposal plant 309
news item 28: ACID RAIN Inews item 32: ALGAE BLOOMS . I
1. false, 2. false, 3. true, 4. true,S. false, 6. true, 7. true, 8. true, 9. false, 10. false, 1. true, 2. false, 3. false, 4. true, S. false, 6. true, 7. false, 8. false, 9. true, 10. false,
II. false, 12. true 11. false, 12. false
acidified lakes drastic measures affected area marine life

airborne pollutants fossil fuels devastating effects poisonous algae
costly processes harmful effects dissolved contaminants putrid odours
deadly vapours industrial complexes emergency warning rotting carpet
delicate balance irreversible damage important factor urgent action
deteriorating statuary toxic substances
diluted acids
I news item 33: OIL SLICKS

[;ews item 29: DESTRUCTION OF FORESTS I
1. true, 2. false. 3. false, 4. true,S. true, 6. false, 7. false, 8. true, 9. true, 10. false,
1. true, 2. true, 3. false, 4. true,S. false, 6. false, 7. false, 8. false, 9. true, 10. false, 11. true, 12. true
II. true, 12. true
absorbent pads intensive efforts
available fuel lumber companies chemical dispersants marine life
delicate soil natural absorbent clean-up crews noxious tide
denuded areas suicidal trend containment booms rough waters
environmental vandalism temperate rainforests damage assessment smeared beaches
gigantic scale untouched ecosystems feeding grounds toxic effects
indiscriminate ravaging vigorous safeguards grounded tanker
I ne';s item 30: SOIL EROSION Inews item 34: ENDANGERED SPECIES
1. true, 2. false, 3. true, 4. false,S. true, 6. true, 7. true, 8. false, 9. true, 10. false,
11. false, 12. true 1. true, 2. false, 3. false, 4. false,S. true, 6. true, 7. true, 8. true, 9. true, 10. true,
animal dung ravaging effects 1 L false
bare hillsides soil erosion
breeding cycles natural habitat
cracked shell swollen rivers
conservation projects nesting places
cultivation techniques uncontrollable torrents
coordinated efforts sea sanctuaries
ecological disasters widespread abuse
fishing technology threatened wildlife
low-fertility soil
heavy toll uncontaminated food
marine life worldwide campaign
I news item 31: WATER POLLUTION moral obligation
1. true, 2. true, 3. true, 4. false,S. true, 6. true, 7. true, 8. false, 9. true, 10. true,
11. false. 12. false Inews item 35: SAVING THE ELEPHANT
algae blooms industrial waste
aquatic life safety standars 1. true, 2. false, 3. false, 4. false,S. true, 6. false, 7. true, 8. true, 9. true, 10. false,
beach cleanliness sickening filth II. true, 12. true
bleaching processes tap water
cleaning products treatment plats conservation programmes natural reServe
coastal waters viral contamination controlled culling sustainable levels
floating rubbish wet sludge elephant carcasses tremendous increase
harmful contaminants legal income uncontrolled poaching
heavy metals lucrative business worldwide ban
310 311
I news item 36: SAVING THE PANDA Inews item 40: FOOD POISONING
1. true. 2. false, 3. false. 4. true. 5. false, 6. false. 7. true, 8. true. 9. true, 10 false,
1. false. 2. true, 3. true, 4. true,S. true, 6. true. 7. false, 8. true. 9. false. 10. false,
11. false. 12. true
11. true, 12. true
artificial insemination impregnation period
breeding stations natural phenomenon alarming rise hygiene rules
charming creatures reclusive animal dramatic increase major outbreak
disastrous consequences reproduction rate factory farming potent bug
extensive research urgent need food poisoning prepacked salads
future generations wildlife conservationists health experts seafood dishes
hospital treatment
[news item 37: RAilES . I news item 41: CANCER

1. false. 2. false. 3. true, 4. false,S. true, 6. false, 7. false. 8. true, 9. false. 10. false.
11. true. 12. true 1. false, 2. false, 3. true, 4. true, 5. false. 6. true, 7. false. 8. true, 9. false. 10. true,
11. true. 12. false, 13. t r u e ' "
abdominal injections infected creature
agonising death merciful release detected tumour malignant cells
animal bites mortal danger dietary recommendations radical mastectomy
available treatment painful agony early detection routine mammography
common carriers stray puppy gastric cancer suspicious growths
electronic collars wild animals iron deficiency tissue sample
horrifying disease
I news item 42: BREAST IMPLANTS

I news item 38: LEGIONNAIRE 6 S DISEASE
1. false. 2. false, 3. false, 4. true. 5. true. 6. false. 7. true. 8. true, 9. false, 10. false.
I. false. 2. true, 3. false. 4. true. 5. true. 6. false, 7. true. 8. true. 9. false. 10. true.
II. false, 12. true
11. false
breeding temperature breast enlargement

radical mastectomy
organic rubbish
chemical treatment rod-shaped bacterium carcinogenic substance
revolutionary breakthrough
correct diagnosis stagnant water contraceptive pill

silicone implants
favourable outlook enourmous popularity

unanswered question
virulent strains
lethal disease water vapour health hazard
unnatural intrusion
nationwide investigation pliable bags widespread Use
Inews item 39: FLU I news ite~ 43: SUNBATHING

I. false, 2. true, 3. false. 4. true,S. false. 6. true, 7. true, 8. true, 9. false, 10. true. 11. 1. true, 2. true, 3. false. 4. false,S. false. 6. true, 7. true, 8. true. 9. false, 10. false,
false. 12. false II. true, 12. true
adequate protection minor variations adequate precautions individual needs
appropriate vaccine moderate fever alarming statistics infectious diseases
full-blown epidemic noxious bacilli common sense

sensitive skin
immune system research laboratories excessive exposure ssuntan lotions
major mutation resistant strain harmful radiation unrestrained tanning
medical supervision severe symptoms

312 313
news item 44: FAST FOOD .---- -.---I I news item 48: ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE J
1. true. 2. true, 3. false. 4. true. 5. false. 6. true. 7. true. 8. true. 9. false. 10. true. 1. true. 2. true, 3. true. 4. true,S. false. 6. false, 7. true, 8. false, 9. true, 10. false,
1 L true. 12. false 11. true. 12. true, 13. true
artificial additives quick snack ancient concepts orthodox practitioners

chemical ingredients shelf life conventional medicine plant extracts
culinary traditions smart marketing healing properties psychological state
extra flavour soft drink herbal preparations scientific principles
heavy advertising sophisticated processing luxury clinic side effects
junk foods storage techniques nervous disorders strong criticism
plastic wrapping obscure remedies synthetic chemicals
news item 45: BULIMIA Inews item 49: TEST-TUBE BABIES 1

1. false. 2. false. 3. true. 4. false. 5. true. 6. false. 7. true. 8. false. 9. true. 10. false, 1. true, 2. false. 3. true. 4. false. 5. false. 6. true, 7. true, 8. false. 9. false, 10. true,
11. false 11. false
cardiac arrest heart abnormalities blood serum religious organizations
devastating effect hormonal imbalance caesarian section
strong criticism
eating disorder medical journals common cause success rate
embarrassing practice nutritious food fertilized egg successful conception

excessive constipation primary sign financial cost
untreated infections
extensive damage tragic results multiple births
gastric acid weight loss
I news item 50: WORKING WITH COMPUTERS'

[newSitem 46: SMOKING ul
1. false. 2. true, 3. true, 4. false. 5. true, 6. false, 7. false, 8. true, 9. false. 10. true,
1. false. 2. false, 3. false. 4. true. 5. false. 6. true. 7. true. 8. true, 9. false. 10. true,
11. false. 12. true
11. true. 12. false
antistatic carpeting prevailing rule
clean air preventable event severe headaches
breathing problems
confirmed smokers public places significant amount
character definition
discarded match self-destructive habit unnecessary risk
household appliance
health hazard stomach discomfort unpleasant effects
job dissatisfaction
heavy fines withdrawal symptoms useful tool
personal computers
parliamentary lobby working position
poor ventilation
I news item 47: PAIN 1 Inews item 51: ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION THREAT I
1. true. 2. false. 3. true, 4. false. 5. true. 6. false, 7. false. 8. true, 9. true. 10. true,
1. false, 2. true. 3. false. 4. false,S. true. 6. false. 7. true. 8. true. 9. false. 10. false.
11. false. 12. true
11. true, 12. true
aching sepsation excruciating pain
adverse effect harmful waves
adequate treatment fundamental argument healthy environment
.advanced stages nerve centres biological processes
brain disorders radiant energy
analgesic effect potential dependency residential districts
drug addiction upcoming death chemical balance
electromagnetic fields scientific discussion·
emotional factor
l 314
315
I
I news
__
item 52: EUTHANASIA Inews item 57: BROKEN MARRIAGES
1. true, 2. true, 3. true, 4. false, 5. true, 6. true, 7. true, 8. false, 9. true, 10. false 1. true. 2. true, 3. false, 4. true. S. false. 6. true, 7. false. 8. true, 9. false, 10. true,
1L false. 12. true
assisted death life-support machinery
comatose patients narcotic medications awarded alimony limited access
darkest hours religious beliefs divorced mothers marital breakdown
excruciating pain strenuous efforts financial responsibilities parental rights
life-prolonging treatment sufficient doses illegitimate offspring sexual permissiveness
legal obligations social dependency
! neWS itel'R53~ 'I'ES'I'=TUiE BAiiEs 2 m
I I news item 58: COSMETIC SURGERY

1. false, 2. true, 3. false, 4. true, 5. true, 6. false. 7. true
1. false, 2. false. 3. true, 4. true. 5. true, 6. false, 7. false, 8. true, 9. true, 10. false,
ethical deliberations life processes I L true, 12. true
fertilized-eggs moral implications
frozen embryos ominous manipulation advertising leaflets discomforting feature
aesthetic purposes painful technique
common procedures
physical perfection
psichiatric therapy
I neWS item 54:SURROGATEMOTHERHOOD! comprehensive range
corrective surgery weight reduction
L true, 2. true, 3. false, 4. false, 5. true, 6. true, 7. true
biological parent legal stir I news item 59: ANOREXIA

commissioning couple surrogate mother
L true, 2. false. 3. true, 4. true, 5. false. 6. true. 7. true, 8. false, 9. true, 10. false,
11. true, 12. false
! news item 55:PRO-ABORTION MOVEMEH'I'! compulsive diet
overwhelming belief
distorted image
reverse obsession
1. true, 2. false. 3. true, 4. true, 5. true, 6. false, 7. true, 8. true, 9. true, 10. false, eating disorder
skinny models
11. false. 12. true fashion magazines slim body
mental problem
voluntary starvation
absolute nonsense public opinion misleading term
final choice social pressure

heated debates unwanted baby
impassioned arguments
I news item 60: FAT RIGHTS
Inews: item 56: ANTI-ABORTION MOVEMENT I L true, 2. true, 3. true, 4. false, 5. false. 6. false. 7. true
key issue
size discrimination
1. false, 2. true, 3. true. 4. true, 5. false, 6. false. 7. true, 8. false, 9. true, 10. true, lingering stereotypes
verbal abuse
11. false, 12. false overweight people
anonymous callers hired assassins

emotional debate legal recognition
fake clinics rowdy demonstrations
firm support unfavourable publicity
foetal heartbeat
317
316
Inews item 61: GAY RIGHTS . I news item 66: SCHOOL VIOLENCE
I. true, 2. false, 3. true, 4. false, 5. true I. true, 2. true, 3. false, 4. false, 5. true, 6. false, 7. true, 8. true, 9. false, 10. true,
11. true. 12. false, 13. false
derogatory term national controversy
gay rights public exposure appalling manners horrifying degree
media personalities sexual orientation corporal punishment physical violence
militant activists discouraged teachers substantial evidence
drastic cases unruly students
I news item 62: VIDEO NASTIES foul language verbal abuse
1. true, 2. false, 3. true, 4. true, 5. false, 6. true, 7. false, 8. false, 9. true, 10. true,
1 L false. 12. true I news item 67: SOCCER HOOLIGANISM
artistic merit obscene films
1. true, 2. false. 3. true, 4. true, 5. true, 6. false, 7. false, 8. true. 9. false; 10. true,
awkward questions parental consent
enormous profits parliamentary campaign 11. false, 12. true, 13. true
lucrative trade repulsive acts
high tension
soccer hooliganism
offensive weapons unruly fans
I newSitem 63: PORNOGRAPHY J rival supporters
smashed windows
violent disorder
1. false, 2. true, 3. false, 4. false, 5. true, 6. true, 7. true, 8. false, 9. false, 10. true,
11. false, 12. true, 13. false
bizarre behaviour new evidence I news item 68: THE HOMELESS
explicit scenes offensive materials
feminist activists perverse fixations 1. true, 2. false, 3. true, 4. false, S..false, 6. true, 7. true, 8. true, 9. true, 10. false,
ludicrous myth primitive tastes 11. false, 12. true
male aggression sexual abuse
affordable place
housing list
appalling condition
meagre resources
rnews item 64: PROSTITUTION charity organization press interview
voluntary work
derelict building
L false, 2. true, 3. true,. 4. false, 5. true, 6. true, 7. false, 8. true, 9. false, 10. true, deserted property warm bed
11. true, 12. false hot meal
astonishing demand undisputed fact

broad spectrum
health checks
official recognition
unscrupulous pimps
urgent need
vigorous opponents
I news item 69: EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS 1\
sexual promiscuity 1. false, 2. false, 3. true, 4. true, S. false, 6. false, 7. true, 8. true, 9. false, 10. true,
11. false, 12. false
Inewsllem 65: TEENAGE GAMBLING \ common practice lethal injection
electric shocks research laboratory
1. true, 2. false, 3. true, 4. false, 5. true, 6. false, 7. false, 8. false, 9. false, 10. true, horrifying experiments safety levels
11. true, 12. true. 13. true humane treatment toxic chemicals
induced infections unbearable pain
behavioural problems slot machine
flashing lights justifiable action
unaware teenagers
mental scars underage gambling
real fixation withdrawal symptoms
319
318 . r 4
L...._~_...;......._
' ,."_ '".. ".,.. . .,.~_.,; __ -'-_~. ______ ~~_
news item 70: EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS 2 HEADLINES
key
1. false, 2. true, 3. true, 4. false, 5. true, 6. true, 7. false, 8. true, 9. false, 10. true,
11. true, 12. false news item 1 -- FOREST FIRES
More forests destroyed in uncontrollable blazes
caged animals lifesaving treatment
clinical trials massive campaign news item 2 -- DROUGHT
data banks moral costs Water reserves dramatically reduced by severe drought
devastating effect needless suffering
high quality practical benefits news item 3 -- FAMINE
infra-red sensors sophisticated devices International food relief for Agunda as millions face starvation
news item 4 -- HURRICANES
I news item 71: CURBS ON DOGS Deadly George strikes lahar killing over 100
news item 5 -- RAINSTORMS .

1. true, 2. false, 3. false, 4. true, 5. false, 6. true, 7. true, 8. false, 9. true, 10. false, Extensive damage reported following this century's worst rainstorms
11. true, 12. false
news item 6 -- FLOODS
Anturia paralysed by widespread flooding after monsoon hits
criminal offence pet shops
fighting dogs proper steps news item 7 -- EPIDEMICS
humane way responsible ownership 1. Flood victims plagued by diarrhoea in packed refugee camps
identity mark savage attacks 2. International vaccine appeal as meningitis takes its deadly toll
microchip implant
news item 8 -- EARTHQUAKE I
5,000 killed as high magnitude quake strikes Ishmad
I news Item 72: DOG ATTACKS news item 9 -- EARTHQUAKE 2
Rescue efforts continue to save quake victims
1. true. 2. false, 3. false, 4. false, 5. true, 6. true, 7. true, 8. false, 9. false, 10. true,
11. true, 12. true news item 10 - AVALANCHES
More avalanche deaths reported on the slopes
dog lovers responsible ownership

horrendous attack sham sentimentality news item 11 -- VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
hospital treatment snarling dogs Volcanic activity from Mt. Araramo to bring still more destruction
legal remedies tragic incident

news item 12 -- GAS POISONNING
Mystery fumes kill 1.200 people in deadly drama
news item 13 - ACCIDENTS AT AIR SHOWS
Jets collide in a horrifying accident, killing 60 at the air show
news item 14 -- AEROPLANE CRASHES

1. Pilot blamed for plane crash which killed 4
2. 123 dead as jet crashes after engine failure
news item 15 -- FIRES

1. Three die in tragic house fire
2. Man critical in hospital after mystery blaze
3. Shelter burns down, killing all occupants
news item 16 - MINES - FIRES, EXPLOSIONS

1. One hundred die in mine inferno
2. Pit to be sealed after all hope for rescue dies
320 21.
321
news item 17 OIL SPILLS news item 32 ALGAE BLOOMS
I. Tanker explosion creates oil slick in heavy seas Water pollution blamed for widespread outbreaks of toxic algae
2. Accidents force new proposals for safer oil transport
news item 33 - OIL SLICKS
news item 18 - SEA COLLISIONS Oil slick threatens marine life despite intensive rescue operation
1. 80 feared drowned as ferry sinks off Gueno
2. World stunned as ferry and tanker collide, killing 108 news item 34 - ENDANGERED SPECIES
3. 350 drowned as ferry capsizes in freezing sea Call for international campaign to save endangered species from extinction
news item 19 ROAD ACCIDENTS news item '35 - SAVING THE ELEPHANT
1. Driver causes 12 deaths in chain reaction crash Long-awaited ivory ban already facing strong criticism
2. Heart attack responsible for head-on collision
3. Speeding driver kills six avoiding open manhole news item 36 - SAVING THE PANDA
4. Unsuspecting camper crushed to death by car Attempts to restore panda population still unsuccessful
news item 20 - TRAIN CRASH
Two trains collide due to driver error•.killing 24

news item 37 - RABIES
Another rabies victim dies amid efforts to eradicate th", disease
news item 21 - NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS
I. Power plant breakdown leaks radioactive gas news item 38 - LEGIONNAIRE'S DISEASE
2. Terrified residents win battle against dangerous plant Deadly bug strikes again in hospital outbreak
3. Reactor explodes releasing radiation cloud
4. Power station shut down to prevent major disaster news item 39 - FLU
1. 25 people dead after new flu bug hits
news item 22 - NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL 2. Oldsters to be vaccinated against influenza virus
1. New nuclear repositories under criticism over safety precautions
2. Radioactive leakage from off-shore dump news item 40 - FOOD POISONING
1. New law makes consumer food safer
news item 23 - TOXIC WASTE - WASTE DISPOSAL 2. Contaminated pate withdrawn from sale amid listeria panic
1. Toxic cargo enters the country despite refusal
2. Rubbish disposal kills environment with toxic by-products news item 41 - CANCER
1. Mary Howard's emotional appeal following breast cancer operation
news item 24 - RECYCLING 2. Special diets recommended to reduce cancer risk
W ASTE WATCH promotes recycling schemes to save environment
news item 25 - AIR POLLUTION news item 42 - BREAST IMPLANTS

Breast cancer scare over coated implants
New car to cut noxious emissions by half
news item 26 - THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT news item 43 - SUNBATHING

Cutting emissions of greenhouse Excessive sunbathing harmful - health experts warn
news item 27 - HOLE IN THE OZONE LAYER news item 44 - FAST FOOD
Total phaseout of CFC's a must to save ozone layer Consumers warned to cut down on junk foods
news item 28 - ACID RAIN news item 45 - BULIMIA

Money raised to restore acid rain damage to architecture Parents alerted as more women succumb to bulimia
news item 29 - DISAPPEARING FORESTS news item 46 - SMOKING

Governments called on to put an end to forest-logging 1. FOREST to fight public smoking ban
2. New nicotine patch helps smokers give it up
news item 30 - SOIL EROSION
Devastating deforestation blamed for soil erosion news item 47 - PAIN
Hope for cancer victims to have their suffering eased
news item 31- WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution breaches all limits news item 48 - ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
New shop and clinic for followers of alternative treatment open today
322 323
news item 49 - TEST-TUBE BABIES 1
Test tube fertilization criticized over costs and ineffectiveness news item 67 - SOCCER HOOLIGANISM
Convicted soccer thugs to be barred by law from travelling abroad
news item 50 - WORKING WITH COMPUTERS
Making VDU's safer and more user-friendly recommended by doctors news item 68 - THE HOMELESS
Homeless squatters claim shelter scheduled for demolition
news item 51 - ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION THREAT
Residents press for electromagnetic field effects to be examined following news item 69 - EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS 1
allegation of harmful radiation Animal rights demo calls for an end to medical experiments
news item 52 - EUTHANASIA news item 70 - EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS 2
Euthanasia committee to seek legislation on dying with dignity Animal lovers strike again in defence of their four-legged friends
news item 53 - TEST-TUBE BABIES 2 news item 71 - CURBS ON DOGS
Test-tube technique provokes debate over ethics Violent attacks to be curbed by new law
news item 54 - SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD news item 72 - DOG ATTACKS
Surrogate motherhood creates legal questions Another irrespons'ible owner blamed for savage dog attack
news item 55 - PRO-ABORTION MOVEMENT
Proponents say laws won't stop abortions
news item 56 - ANTI-ABORTION MOVEMENT

All-out battle continues as anti-abortion activists defend their cause
news item 57 - BROKEN MARRIAGES

Couples should be given more time to reconcile before divorce
news item 58 - COSMETIC SURGERY

Increased popularity of cosmetic surgery reflects human vanity
news item 59 - ANOREXIA

Fashion magazines blamed for increasing number of anorexia sufferers
news item 60 - FAT RIGHTS

Fat rights sought to end weight discrimination
news item 61- GAY RIGHTS

Gays brought out of the closet in poster smear campaign
news item 62 - VIDEO NASTIES

Videonasties under fire OVer alleged corruption of children
news item 63 - PORNOGRAPHY

Link between sex-related crimes and pornography is disputed
news item 64 - PROSTITUTION

Despite overwhelming arguments, legalizing prostitution remains
controversial
news item 65 - TEENAGE GAMBLING

Parents fight growing wave of teenage gambling
news item 66 - SCHOOL VIOLENCE

More·teachers to resign over lack of classroom discipline
324
WORDIHDEX condemn 54, 69
condemnation 56
demolition 68
dense 18
drudgery 50
drums 22
abandon 6 attach 49 burst 6 confident 58 dependence 65 dump 22.31
abdomen 58 attenuate 37 bypass 49 confines 35 dependency 47 dung 30
abdominal 37 augmentation 42 confirm 6 depict 69 dwindling 35
ablaze 14 average 43 conflagration deplete 2 dyke 5, 61
abolish 66 avert 2 calamitous 8 congestion 25 depleted 29
abrupt 13 awareness 44 callous 70 consent 62 depletion 27
absorbent 29 awkward 62 calves 35 constipation 45 deploy 13 eco-activist 27
accelerate 34 capsize 6, 18 contagion 7 deposits 24 eerie 1
access 47,65 captivity 36 contain I depots 24 eject 13
accumulation 26 bacilli 39 carcasses 35 containment booms 33 deprave 62 emaciated 3
achievement 59 baffle 63 carcinogenic 23 contaminate 12 deprive of 8 embankment 6
acidify 28 ban 13. 27, 46 cardiac arrest 45 contaminated 7 derail 16, 20 embers 1
acidity 28 bar 55 carrier 37 contouring 58 derelict 68 emissions 25, 26
acne 48 barbed wire 70 carve 22 contraception 49 deserted 68 emphasis 49
activate 21 bare 2.30 casualties 9 contribute 43 desolate (the) 68 endanger 12
additives 44 barrage 22, 70 casual 51 convenience 44 detect 32 endure 1
adequate 43 barren 26 cause 55 converge 22 deteriorating 28 engulf 15
advocate 52 bathroom fittings 38 caverns 22 convert 2.41 deterioration 66 enlarge 36
affected 51 battering 4 cease 26.55 conviction 71 device 49 entity 56
affray 67 bear 55 celebrity 61 coolant 27 devoid 30, 31 entomb 8
agent 38 bedevil 6 cesspits 31 core 21 dignity 52 eradicate 38
aggravate 28 behead 14 chainsaw 29 corporal punishment 66 diluted 28 erratic 51
ailment 6, 49 belch 16 charming 36 correlation 63 disability 60 eruptions 11
air-pocket 16 benefits 24. 70 charred 15 counsel 55 discard 46 essential 48
airborne 28 benign 41 child-molestation 63 cramp 48 discharge 31 evaporate 17
alimony 57 bereaved 14 chills 39 craving 46 disgorge 45 eviction 68
allege 21 bind 30 choke 25 crucial 27 disintegrate 13 exaggeration 50
allegedly 42 binge 45 civilliberues 62 crude 33,61 disorder 51 exclusively 36
alleviate 47 biodegradable 23 cling 5 excruciating 47, 52
crush 19 dispersant 33
allocate 34 biopsy 41 cloudburst 5 crustaceans 32 disperse 12 exempt 71
alongside 45 bizarre 63 coach 20 exemption 70
culling 35 displace 6
altitude 13 blast 11 coastal 31 cultivation 30 disposal plant 23 exert 51
amend 64 blaze 15 coat 42 curb 25, 71 dispossessed (the) 68 exhaust 26, 30
analgesic 47 bleach 31 collide 13, 20
cured 41 disrepute 67 exhausted 33
'anxiety 50 blistered 12 colliery 16
current 17 disruption 51 explicit 63
anxiously 42 bloom 32 comatose 52
cutoffs 24 d~sruptive 66 exploit 62, 63
appalling 7,45 boom 58 combat 37
dissuade 56 exploitation 29, 34
apparent 16 booms 17 combine 2 distorted 59 extend 44
appliance 26 brake 20 . combustion 23
data 70 distraught 57 extinct 11
apprehension 47 brand 71 comestibles 41 debris 10 distressed 9 extinction 35
aquatic 31 breach 25 commandeer 68
decimate 3, 28 disturbance 8 extinguish 15. T7
articulated lorry 19 breakthrough 42 commission 54
decline 34 diuretics 45 extremely 51
artificial 36 breed 71 commonplace 66
decompose 12 diversity 34 eyestrain 50
ashes 1 breeding 34. 36 compel 65
decrease 25 dormant 11
asphyxiate 16 brothel 64 competitive 44
decriminalize 64 downgrade ·4
assassin 56 bruise 19 comply 50
default 57 downpour 5 facilitate 12. 36
assault 10, 66 bug 38,39 compounds 31 defegt 70 drag 14,26 facilities 7
assess 31 bulges 58 comprehensive 58
degrade 63 drain 31 factors 43
assessment 33 bullying 60 compulsive 59
dehydrate 3 drawback 22, 25, 50 fag 61
assist 47, 52 buoyant 5 conceal 61
deli 40 drift-netting 34 failure 20
astonishing 54 burden 57 conception 49
deliberations 53 drown 6 fake 56
3.26
fallopian tubes 49 halve 25 inoculation 7 magnitude 8 notorious 67 persist 10
fallout 21 hamper 9,18 insomnia 48 maintenance 38 noxious 25, 33. 39 phase out 27
falter 14 harassment 56 intake 41 malignancy 41 numb 18 picket 70
famished 3 hard-core 63 interrelation 30 malignant melanoma 43 nutrients 32 pie 40
fast food 44 hastily 39 interval 40 malnutrition 3 nutri tion 41 pigmentation 43
fatal 71 hazardous 23 intimidation 66 mammography 41 nutritionist 44 pile-up 19
fate 42 head off 12 intolerable 52 mangled 14 nutritious 45 pill 42
fee 56 head-on 19 inundate 4.26 manhole 19 pimp 64
feedstuffs 40 heal 48 invariably 47 manual 52 pin 20
fend 72 heap 10 irreversible 28 marital 57 obese 60 pinpoint 9, 36
ferry 5 heave 8 irrigation 2 marooned 6 obesity 44 piste 10
fertile 2, 54 highlight 13 irritability 46 mastectomy 41 obligatory 17 pit 16
fervent 5 hooked 44, 65 irritant 69 mating 36 obliterate 9 pitiful 3
fiercely 15. 64 horrendous 72 irritate 28 maul 72 oblivious 47 placard 69
filth 31 hostile 70 ivory 35 mayday call 14 obscene 63 plague 30
fine 46 household 24 meagre 68 obscure 48 plea 35
fission 21 hovel 68 meltdown 21 obsolete 57 pliable 42
junk foods 44 meningitis 31 oesophagus 45 plight 3
fissure 9 huddle 6
fixation 65 humane 69 mercilessly 34 offence 40.46 plough 14
flare 39 humidity 30 merit 62 offensive 67 plumes 11
keel over 18 mesmerize 65 offspring 53 plummet 13. 14
flatten 4 hur167 kennel 72
flaw 21 hipothermia 33 microchip 71 ominous 53 plunge 13, 18
flee 12.72 mild 39 ooze 11 pneumonia 38
flicker 50 militant 61 opt out 70 poaching 35
label 61 minors 62 ordeal 42 pooling 70
flourish 32, 64 ignite I laden 3
fodder 35 ill-equipped 12 miscarriage 50 osteopathy 48 pose 21
landfill 23 Imisguided 59 ostracism 55 potent 40
foliage 28 illegitimate 57 lash 5
forbid 65 immature 57 mock 56 otherwise 53 poultry 40
launch 36 moisture 2, 28 outbreak 32
fossil 26 immunity 43 poverty 26, 57
laxatives 45
full-blown 39 immunize 7 moisturise 43 outcome 51, 54 praise 20
leak 16 molten 11
fumes 12 impact 14 outlaw 34. 46 precaution 21
leakage 22 monitor 34.37
impair 7.39 outlets 44 precipitate S9
lease 54 mooring 4
impervious 39 outweigh 70 predict 59
leash 71
gale 4 implant 42. 49 morals 57 overflow 5 prediction 11
legislation 52
gambling 65 imposing 35 morsel 45 overhaul 14 preservation 44
lessen 27
gay 61 impregnation 36 mortalities 7 overweight 59 presume 4
lethal 12.38.69
gem 48 in-vitro feritilization 49 limbs 9 mounds of debris 8 overwhelming 59 prevailing 50
generate 24 incapable 52 lingering 60 mount 18 processing 23
glare 50 incest 55 list 18 mudflows 11 proliferate 32
glow 1 incidence 21.27,41. 51 listeria 40 multiply 23 pace 44 proliferation 41
gnawing 47 incinerate 23.24 litter 24,46 mutation 39 pack 72 promiscuity 64
gradual 65 lncite 63 live 37 mutilate 14, 69 pall 8. 14 promote 52
graffiti 66 indefinitely 32 livelihood 32 muzzle 71 panacea 48 proponent 62
grazing 3.29 indiscriminately 31 liver 51 pang 47,59 prosecute 52
grievously 9 induce 41. 44, 49.63 livestock 3. 26 parch 2 provider 64
grime 1 infant 3 lobby 46 nasty 46.62 patch 33.46 provisions 40
gruesome 62 inferno I nausea 50 pate 40 proximity 51
looting 6
gush 17 infestation 32 needless 70 path 18 pulp mills 29
lotion 43
gut IS inflammable 15.23 lucrative 62 negligence 19 pattern 51 pumice 11
inhale 48 ludicrous 63 neuter 71 penalty 65 punching 66
inhibit 41 lumber 29 nightmare 62 perilously 32 purge 45
habitable 68 inhibited 63 lump 41 nose-dive 14 perish II, 18 purification 7
habitat 34. 35 injurious 40 lure 48 notably 56 permissiveness 57 pursue 5~
put down n
resort 47, 59
sediment 12
spring up 8
putrid 32
resource 24
seek refuge 4
J squatter 68
sustain 19,29
sustaining 49
unanimously 53
unbearable 69
respond 68
serum 37
squirt 69
swarm 38
undernourished 3
restore 28, 42
severe 39
stable 44
swath (cut a) 4
undisputable 64
quadruplets 49
resultant 30
shaft 16
staggering 69
sweep 4,10
unique 29
queer 61
resuscitate 52
shallow 18
stagnant 38
swiftly 7
unprecedented 6
quest 58
retain 30
sham n
stall 13
swirl 5
unrestrained 43
quintuplets 49
retardant 1
shield 22, 50
stamp out 64, 67
switch 27
unruly 67
quit 46
retrieve 18
shift 26
stampede 13
unscathed 4
reusable 23
shortsighted 22
stand 56
unscrupulous 64
reveal 23
shun 63
starvation 36, 59
tailback 19
untreated 7
racket 64
reverse 58
silicone 42
starve 3
tap water 31
unwed 57
rage 1
revive 15.48
simulation 70
stationary 19, 20
tar 46
upheaval II
ram 18,19
ridicule 48
single out 71
steep 13
taxi 14
usurp 69
rampage 67
rigorous 29
site 50
steeply 55
temperate 29
uterus 54
range 58
rip 4,67
skid off 19
stench 12
tend 20
rash 69
roam 35,67
skim 17
sterility 34
terminally 52
ravaging 29
rod-shaped 38
skimpy 43
stir 54
terminate 52
vaccine 7
ravine 10
rods 21
skinny 59
stockpiles 2
termination 55
vanity 58
raze 8
rot 45
slash 5
storage 40
tertiary 32
vaporize I
recede 6
rotten 7
slash-and-burn 30
straight 61
thighs 58
vapours 28, 38
receptacle 24
roughly 64
slaughter 34. 69
straighten out 65
thinning 27
venture 10
recharge 25
rowdy 56,66
slick 17
strain 38, 39, 66
thrifty 23
venue 65
recklessness n
rubbish 24
slight 49
stranded 10
thrill 65
verbal abuse 66
reclamation 24
rubble 8
slot machine 65
strap 13
throw clear 19
vicious 43
slurry 22
stray 37,72
thugs 67
video nasty 62
reclusive 36
ruling 56
rumbling 16
smear 33
stray off 10
thunder 10
vigorous 64
reconcile 57
strenuous 16, 52
recover 9
run amok n smog 25
strew 9
timber 1
tiny 66
violate 62
recuperation 58
run low 9,20 smoke detector 15
virtually 2
strict 55
tip 23,24
virulence 37
reek 33
run over 19
smoke inhalation 15
strife 57
torment 69
virulent 7, 38
refuse 22, 26
runway 14
smother 15
strike down 38
torrential rain 4
voltage 51
regardless of 56
rupture 8, 17,21
smothered 33
stringent 22, 25
torrents 30
voluntary 59
rekindle 70
rush 16
smoulder L 15
strip 60
snap 11
tow 17
vulnerable 2, 27
relapse 46
stroke 44
track 20
release 12, 27
snarl 72
stumble down 9
tract 56
relentless 3
safeguard 7
sniffer dogs 10
stump 29
tranquillizer 47
wading birds 33
reliable 55
sGTfeguards 50
soak up 27
stunt 3
transuranic 22
wonder 37
relief 47
saliva 37
soar 4
submerge 6
trap 16,26
ward off 41
relieve 47.48
salvage 17
solicit 64
subside 5, II
treat 28
solution 49
water-borne 7
reluctant 68
sampling 38
substantial 66
tremendous 55
waterproofing 33
remedy 48
sanctuary 34
solvent 23
subversives 6
tremor 8
widespread 30
render 9,40
savage 71
somersault 19
succumb 37
trickle 5
wilderness 29
renewable 24
scar 65
sophisticated 9
suffocation 32
trigger 8, 10
winch 5, 17
replenish 27
scarcely 19
sore 69
suitable 62
tubby 60
wipe out 8
repository 22
scare 40
spare 2
sunburn 43
tug 17
withdraw 40. 42
reprimand 66
scoop up 33
spate of violence 67
sunken 18
tumour 47
wither 3
repulsive 62
scorch 2
spawn 32
suppress 48
turbulence 26
womb 49
reroute 20
scores 34, 59
spew 17.25,33
surge 10
tum on 66
wreckage 14
rerouting 51
scour 33
spillage 17
surrogate 54
tusk 35
wrench 35
reserve 34
screening 21
split 55
surveillance 70
wrinkle 58
residue 33
scuffle 67
spouse 57
survey 62,68
resilient 58
sear 1
spray 27,38
sUsceptible 39
unabated 30
resistant 39
sedation 72
spread 62
suspend 66
unaccounted for 16
yield 2
by the Saxon and Norse sagas; and fidelity but through amorous
curiously, since the war, three commitment. Moreover, he is a
60 de subiecte in 4 teme esen/iale pentru jurnali$ti,

prezentate de~a lungul a trei sec/iuni:
Listening Comprehension: identificarea $i Jo los irea
cuvintelor ilustrative,'
Reading Comprehension: texte jurnalistice in care
sunt Jolosite cuvintele specifice;
Translation Practice: exerci/ii de verificare.
Here Is the News
TEMELE VOLUMULUI 2
CRIMA
mafie, droguri, curse cu ma$ini furate, hackeri,
spargeri, incendieri, tiilharii, violuri, rapiri,
evadari, pedepse cap ita Ie, procese, procese civile,
delicte financiare
VIOLENTA
atacuri teroriste, rapiri de persoane, lovituri de
stat, deturnari de avioane, revolte, asasinate, ,
tulburari etnice, violen/a casnica, comportament
violent
PROBLEME SOCIOPOLITICE
razboiul bio-chimic, dezarmare nucleara,
probleme rasiale, reJugia/i $i emigran/i, $omaj,
greve, serviciu militar obligatoriu, demonstra/ii
SUBIECTE DIVERSE
dopaj, virus area computerelor, licita/ii, zboruri
in tiirziate, ambuteiaje, sarbatoriri

Engleza PT Jurnalisti Vol 1

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Engleza PT Jurnalisti Vol 1

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

ENGLEZA PEN'I'RU JURNAIJ~TI

Here Is the News

BARBARA & MARCIN OTTO VOLUMUL 1

version will r~_"""'l""'mroi'iS UIV ...."'. (brilliantly Shake-

even wheh ...leywore matching

offto join the state air­

Limba englezil pentru jurnali~ti, vol I

pot fi gasite in orice ziar.

sector 6, cod 76548 - Bucure~ti

Departamentul distributie Tel.: 402 26 20 - sa fixeze vocabularul din domeniul dat,

Autorii nutresc totodata speranja ea daea cititorul va dori sa se

.,•• > 1t"W'\ loy I)J; b·.IlI .,

:"" •..~... '-~r....IJ,I!U"'/~~'

~'$.~ pupIls kllJell F~.~~~,;

news item 56:ANTI-ABORTION MOVEMENT

news item 57:BROKEN MARRIAGES

news item 59:ANOREXIA

news item 60:FAT RIGHTS

..':'~~::':a toll of tens ... ... of'.' thousanl

. s('cond yr... .'f. .

news item 66:SCHOOL VIOLENCE 88 232 275

news item 70:EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS 2

C~ruS'lf' loS ~Ol \~1:

SIX d' . . . . ,.. .

illll~"4! un rllr1~r ··~

--. . k. a~e a1 ...

II ~lIl,...&' U I \ ............ _ • _::.._~

11 10' ...... • ~ \~"':"I' -01 I.). I IF-: ~.... "'"~

~~~ pupIls kIlled rk~f"'"

'• • -,"'" ' . .

\ '01\1>:1' '\'n( \,':111"'klf'i'"\.. ..... ""li,'

news item 2: DROUGHT ...... , .... , .... , . , , . , ..... 13

'~~'f~f:::'; toll 0 ten.s 0 . t ,~QllSa.

news item 6: FLOODS, ...... ,., ........... "., ... 17

~\~ O!.~ii~I~he~~D~o·bl\.tl:u~·dl~::\'r lh·~"h·~·~l~:~t~~ ~:lJi,~:;,~·'. I'~I~: .

news item S: EARTHQUAKE 1 ..............-.... , . , .19

news item 9: EARTHQUAKE 2 " .. ,., ........... , ...20

news item 11: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ...............22

news item 12: GAS POISONING .....................23

·······JJ·.. ··"SIX dIje

~od ~, -#I../..[S q ~IlIllY ~: sweep.. .

,d' d kliled OCt0 'rS b....... . elllkd~l/ood

t searck lng nCKUtUh"''' ...u _ ,

19h t h IIK"e ,vr

....,,;,.,.~.:._I!:l.~.la!. e "!:l~ "Mal~.:"n

of the scale of the disaster.

COLUMN A COLUMN A COLUMNB

dense eyes fertile

eerie fire foreseeable

fire glow rain

lightning reserves insufficient

2. Action by the world community is desperately needed.

5. Malnutrition can affect a child's mental development.

6. Lack of drinking water is another life-threatening

7. Cases of looting are sporadic.

8. People move to live in the country because it is easier to

7. The number of victims is as yet unclear.

9. Farm animals have died because they had nothing to

B. Flood waters have claimed no victims.

12. Civil war will prevent relief agencies from delivering

basic aid battering areas

grazing land damage gales

worst in Jahar's history.

offto join the state air