A PROJECT REPORT ON

ELECTRIC BICYCLE

Submitted
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award
Of
DIPLOMA
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

By
SHUBHAM SINGH SIDDHI VINAYAK YADAV
TARUN SHUBHENDU MISHRA

Under the Supervision of

(Er. DANISH)

PLOT NO. 2, SECTOR-17A YAMUNA EXPRESSWAY, GREATER NOIDA

GAUTAM BUDDH NAGAR UTTAR PRADESH INDIA
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(2015-2018)
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of our
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for
the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of
higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Name Roll No.

1-CHANDRASHEKHAR 1519340012
2-ABHISHEK THAKUR 1519340002
3-ARYAN BABU 1519340007
4-SHIVAM SINGH 1519340033
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “ELECTRIC BICYCLE” which is submitted
by SHIVAM SINGH, CHANDRASHEKHAR, ARYAN BABU AND ABHISHEK
THAKUR in partial fulfilment for the award of bachelor of technology in Department of
Mechanical from United College Engineering and Research, affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul
Kalam Technical University, Lucknow is a record of candidates own work carried out by them
under my supervision. The matter embodied in this project is original and has not been
submitted for the award any other degree.

[mohd.Shabahat Fateh] [mr. Rajiv Saini]

Project (Supervision & co-ordinator) (prof. & HOD ME Dept.)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly grateful to PROF. RAJEEV SAINI (HOD OF MECHANICAL

ENGININEERING DEPARTMENT) for giving me proper guidance and advice and facilty for
the successful completion of my project.

It gives me a great pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude and indebtiness to my

guide Mohd Shabahat Fateh, Assistant Professor,Department of Mechanical Engineering,
United College of Engineering and Research, for his valuable support and encouraging
mentality throughout the project. I am highly obliged to him for providing me period and
helping me to gain the successful completion of my project.

My Special thanks are going to all of the faculties for encouraging me constantly to work
hard on this project. I pay my respect and love to my parents and all the family members and friend
for their help and encouragement throughout this course of project work.
 ABSTRACT

An electric bicycle uses an electric motor for the purpose of moving. On this
bicycle, people do not have to use their muscular force to move. It uses electrical
energy for motion. They are also known as e-Bikes. There are many varieties of
electric bicycle. Some of these bikes have a rechargeable battery. This makes it
easy to power the bike whenever you want. They make use of stored electrical
energy in some or the other form. Due to this form of energy, the bikes have
more power and speed. These bikes are more convenient than regular ones.

TECHNOLOGY BEHIND ELECTRICAL BICYCLE

Brushed and brushless are the two important types of motors used in these bikes.
An electric pier assist system is also added to these bikes to make them more
functional. E-bikes use rechargeable batteries and the lighter varieties can travel
up to 25 to 32km/h (16 to 20 mph), depending on the laws of country in which
they are sold, while the more high powered varieties can often do in excess of
45km/h (28mph). Batteries used in this vehicle are lithium-ion batteries, nickel-
cadmium batteries or any other. The parameters of the battery vary according to
the voltage and capacity required for the vehicle. There are two types of
controllers used in the vehicle. The type of controllers depends upon the motors
used in the vehicle.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.
DECLARATION............................................................................. (i)
CERTIFICATE............................................................................... (ii)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................ (iii)
ABSTRACT................................................................................... (iv)

1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………. (v-vii)

2. TECHNICAL ……………………………………………………. (viii – xii)
3. WORKING PROCESS OF ELECTRICAL BICYCLE …………. (xiii)
4. E-BIKE KIT ……………………………………………………… (xiv)
5. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ………………………………… (xv-xvi)
6. ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC BICYCLE …………………….. (xvii-xviii)
7. CONCLUSION …………………………………………………… (xviiii)
8. REFERENCES ……………………………………………………. (xx)
 INTRODUCTION

E-bikes are classified according to the power that their electric motor can deliver
and the control system, i.e., when and how the power from the motor is applied.
Also the classification of e-bikes is complicated as much of the definition is due to
legal reasons of what constitutes a bicycle and what constitutes a bicycle and what
constitutes a moped or motorcycle. As such, the classification of these e-bikes
varies greatly across countries and local jurisdiction.

 With power on demand the motor is activated by a throttle, usually

handlebar – mounted just like on most motorcycles or scooters. In this case,
the electric motor is engaged and operated manually using a throttle, which
is usually on the handgrip.

 Evaluation of the State of the Art Basic Configuration of an Electric Bicycle

System With pedal assist the electric motor is regulated by pedaling. The
pedal assist augments the efforts of the rider when they are pedaling. These
e-bikes are called Pedelecs – have a sensor to detect the pedaling speed.

The basic configuration of an electric bicycle drive consists of a controller that

controls the power flow from the battery to the electric motor. This power flow acts
in parallel with the power delivered by the rider via the pedal of the bike. The rider
of an E-bike can choose to rely on the motor completely pedal and use the motor
at the same time pedal only (use as a conventional bicycle). Overview of Electric
Bicycles Worldwide Electric bicycles have been gaining increasing attention
worldwide, especially in China, Europe, Japan, Taiwan, and the United States. In
the following, the most distinguishing aspects of electric bicycles in these countries
are summarized, based on the authors’ own studies and Frank Jamerson’s Electric
Bikes Worldwide. Today, China is the largest manufacturer of electric bicycles,
exporting the majority of the electric bicycles while also meeting a strong local
demand. According to China’s Electric Bike General Technical Qualification,
Chinese electric bicycles may not exceed 20 km/h and may not be heavier than 40
kg. In Europe, most electric bicycles are manufactured in Germany and the
Netherlands, and pedelec-type electric bicycles are more common. In Japan, most
electric bicycles are produced by the automotive industry, and electric bicycles are
required by law to be pedelec-type bicycles. Electric bicycles produced in Taiwan
are mostly exported to Europe. In regard to the United States, electric bicycles are
not as popular as in the other countries mentioned and most electric bicycles are
imported. In some states, the federal law and the state law for electric bicycles
differ. Aspects Favoring the Use of Electric Bicycles A number of aspects favor the
use of electric bicycles in different situations. These include lower energy cost per
distance traveled (1–2% of going by car when going by electric bicycle) for a
single rider; savings in other costs such as insurance, licenses, registration, parking,
improvement of the traffic flow; environmental friendliness; and the health benefit
for the rider. Performance Range of Commercially Available Electric Bicycles.
Drawbacks of these criteria are shown for each subcategory in (bicycle kit, motor,
motor assembly, assist, throttle, motor placement, and battery types). In these
tables, several aspects should be pointed out: In general, both brushed and
brushless dc motors are used by manufacturers of electric bicycles, but, as far at
the authors know, synchronous motors and induction motors are not being used.
Even though technical aspects do exist, both the assist and the throttle types
depend largely on the rider’s personal preference. The design of the assist type can
be significantly influenced by the country’s regulation. Unless close attention is
paid, both full- and half-assist types can look the same at first glance.

PEDAL ASSIST

SPEEDY PEDLECS
 TECHNICAL

 MOTORS AND DRIVETRAINS

The two most common types of hub motors used in electric bicycle are
brushed and brushless. There are many possible types of electric motorized
bicycles with several technologies available, varying in cost and complexity,
direct drive and geared motor units are both used.An electric power assist
system may be added to almost any pedal cycle using chain drive , belt drive
, hub motors or friction drive. BLDC hub motors are a common modern
design with the motor built into the wheel hub itself and the stator fixed
solidly to the axle and the magnets attached to and rotating with the wheel.
The bicycle wheel hub is the motor. The power levels of motors used are
influenced by available legal categories and are often, but not always limited
to under 750 watts.
Another type of electric assist motor, often referred to as the mid-
drive system, is increasing in popularity. With this system, the electric motor
is not built into the wheel but is usually mounted near (often under)
the bottom bracket shell. In more typical configurations, a cog or wheel on
the motor drives a belt or chain that engages with a pulley or sprocket fixed
to one of the arms of the bicycle's crankset. Thus the propulsion is provided
at the pedals rather than at the wheel, being eventually applied to the wheel
via the bicycle's standard drive train. Because the power is being applied
through the chain and sprocket, the amount of power is typically limited to
around 250 - 500 watts. Anymore power output would cause fast wear on the
 bike's drivetrain. An electric mid-drive combined with an internal gear hub
at the back hub may require care due to the lack of a clutch mechanism to
soften the shock to the gears at the moment of re-engagement. A stepless /
continuous ratio internal gear hub or a fully automatic internal gear hub may
reduce the shocks due to the viscosity of oils used for liquid coupling instead
of the mechanical couplings of the conventional internal gear hubs.

 BATTERIES
E-bikes use rechargeable batteries, electric motors and some form of control.
Battery systems in use include sealed lead-acid (SLA), nickel-
cadmium (NiCad), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) or lithium-ion polymer (Li-ion).
Batteries vary according to the voltage, total charge capacity (amp hours), weight,
the number of charging cycles before performance degrades, and ability to handle
over-voltage charging conditions. The energy costs of operating e-bikes are small,
but there can be considerable battery replacement costs. The lifespan of a battery
pack varies depending on the type of usage. Shallow discharge/recharge cycles will
help extend the overall battery life. We have used a high voltage battery of (24
watt).

 CONTROLLERS

There are two distinct types of controllers designed to match either a brushed
motor or brushless motor. Brushless motors are becoming more common as the
cost of controllers continues to decrease. (See the page on DC motors which covers
the differences between these two types.)
Controllers for brushless motors: E-bikes require high initial torque and therefore
models that use brushless motors typically have Hall sensor commutation for speed
and angle measurement. An electronic controller provides assistance as a function
of the sensor inputs, the vehicle speed and the required force. The controllers
generally allow input by means of potentiometer or Hall Effect twist grip (or
thumb-operated lever throttle), closed-loop speed control for precise speed
regulation, protection logic for over-voltage, over-current and thermal protection.
Bikes with a pedal assist function typically have a disc on the crank shaft featuring
a ring of magnets coupled with a Hall sensor giving rise to a series of pulses, the
frequency of which is proportional to pedaling speed. The controller uses pulse
width modulation to regulate the power to the motor. Sometimes support is
provided for regenerative braking but infrequent braking and the low mass of
bicycles limits recovered energy. An implementation is described in an application
note for a 200 W, 24 V Brushless DC (BLDC) motor.

Controllers for brushed motors: Brushed motors are also used in e-bikes but are
becoming less common due to their intrinsic lower efficiency. Controllers for
brushed motors however are much simpler and cheaper due to the fact they don't
require hall sensor feedback and are typically designed to be open-loop controllers.
Some controllers can handle multiple voltages.

Performance Evaluation of Electric Bicycles Criteria have been defined to evaluate

the performance of electric bicycles. These are technical performance,
practicability, design, environmental friendliness, and cost and economics. The
subcategories of all criteria, with the exception of the technical performance and
cost and economics, are commented upon individually (practicability, design, and
environmental criteria). The technical performance characteristics such as power,
torque, and speed have been investigated both theoretically and experimentally and
are discussed in the “Investigation of Technical Performance Requirements”
section. Cost and economics are discussed in. Even though the technical maturity
of electric bicycles has been, and is still, improving, still more work needs to be
done to make electric bicycles competitive with other vehicles. This includes more
research on the durability and lifetime of such bicycles, the long charging time of
batteries, and the sparse availability of charging stations.

 FREEWHEEL
In mechanical or automotive engineering, a freewheel or overrunning clutch is a
device in a transmission that disengages the driveshaft from the driven shaft when
the driven shaft rotates faster than the driveshaft. An overdrive is sometimes
mistakenly called a freewheel, but is otherwise unrelated.
The condition of a driven shaft spinning faster than its driveshaft exists in
most bicycles when the rider holds his or her feet still, no longer pushing
the pedals. In a fixed-gear bicycle, without a freewheel, the rear wheel would drive
the pedals around.

An analogous condition exists in an automobile with a manual transmission going

downhill, or any situation where the driver takes his or her foot off the gas pedal,
closing the throttle; the wheels want to drive the engine, possibly at a higher RPM.
In a two-stroke engine this can be a catastrophic situation: as many two stroke
engines depend on a fuel/oil mixture for lubrication, a shortage of fuel to the
engine would result in a shortage of oil in the cylinders, and the pistons would
seize after a very short time causing extensive engine damage. Saab used a
freewheel system in their two-stroke models for this reason and maintained it in
the Saab 96 V4 and early Saab 99 for better fuel efficiency.

 SWITCH

In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can "make" or

"break" an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one
conductor to another. The mechanism of a switch removes or restores the
conducting path in a circuit when it is operated. It may be operated manually, for
example, a light switch or a keyboard button, may be operated by a moving object
such as a door, or may be operated by some sensing element for pressure,
temperature or flow. A switch will have one or more sets of contacts, which may
operate simultaneously, sequentially, or alternately. Switches in high-powered
circuits must operate rapidly to prevent destructive arcing, and may include special
features to assist in rapidly interrupting a heavy current. Multiple forms of
actuators are used for operation by hand or to sense position, level, temperature or
flow. Special types are used, for example, for control of machinery, to reverse
electric motors, or to sense liquid level. Many specialized forms exist. A common
use is control of lighting, where multiple switches may be wired into one circuit to
allow convenient control of light fixtures. We have used the switch to connect the
motor and battery with it.
 WORKING PROCESS OF ELECTRIC BICYCLE

E-bikes are classed according to the power that their electric motor can deliver and the control
system, i.e., when and how the power from the motor is applied.
Brushed and brushless are the two important types of motors used in these bikes. An electric
power assist system is also added to these bikes to make them more functional. E-bikes use
rechargeable batteries and the lighter varieties can travel up to 25 to 32 km/h (16 to 20 mph),
while the more high-powered varieties can often do in excess of 45 km/h (28 mph). Batteries
used in this vehicle are lithium-ion batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries or any other. The
parameters of the battery vary according to the voltage and capacity required for the vehicle.
There are two types of controllers used in this vehicle. The type of controllers depends upon the
motors used in the vehicle.
 E-BIKE KIT

 FREEWHEEL
 MOTOR
 SWITCH (PUSH BUTTON)
 WIRE
 BATTERY (24V)

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
E-bikes are zero-emissions vehicles, as they emit no combustion by-products.
However, the environmental effects of electricity generation and power
distribution and of manufacturing and disposing of (limited life) high storage
density batteries must be taken into account. Even with these issues considered, e-
bikes are claimed to have a significantly lower environmental impact than
conventional automobiles, and are generally seen as environmentally desirable in
an urban environment.
The environmental effects involved in recharging the batteries can of course be
reduced. The small size of the battery pack on an e-bike, relative to the larger pack
used in an electric car, makes them very good candidates for charging via solar
power or other renewable energy resources. Sanyo capitalized on this benefit when
it set up "solar parking lots", in which e-bike riders can charge their vehicles while
parked under photovoltaic panels.
The environmental credentials of e-bikes, and electric / human powered hybrids
generally, have led some municipal authorities to use them, such as Little Rock,
Arkansaswith their Wavecrest electric power-assisted bicycles or Cloverdale,
California police with Zap e-bikes. China’s e-bike manufacturers, such as Xinri,
are now partnering with universities in a bid to improve their technology in line
with international environmental standards, backed by the Chinese government
who is keen to improve the export potential of the Chinese manufactured e-bikes.
Both land management regulators and mountain bike trail access advocates have
argued for bans of electric bicycles on outdoor trails that are accessible to
mountain bikes, citing potential safety hazards as well as the potential for electric
bikes to damage trails. A study conducted by the International Mountain Bicycling
Association, however, found that the physical impacts of low-powered pedal-assist
electric mountain bikes may be similar to traditional mountain bikes.
A recent study on the environment impact of e-bikes vs other forms of
transportation found that e-bikes are:

 18 times more energy efficient than an SUV

 13 times more energy efficient than a sedan
 6 times more energy efficient than rail transit
 and, of about equal impact to the environment as a conventional bicycle.

One major concern is disposal of used lead batteries, which can cause
environmental contamination if not recycled.
There are strict shipping regulations for lithium-ion batteries, due to safety
concerns. In this regard, lithium iron phosphate batteries are safer than lithium
cobalt oxide batteries.

ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC BICYCLE

A main advantage of electric bicycle over motorcycles or mopeds, including
electric motorcycles.
In electric bike can use the bicycle infrastructure, park in bicycle areas, ride on
sidewalks and bike paths.
This allows for much faster movement in congested downtown areas.
Electric bicycles also allow the rider to pedal and get exercise in time they
normally spend commuting.
More economical than fuel-powered cars and motorcycles, and cheaper than
buying an electrical vehicle for the city.

You can adapt your traditional bike using a kit, and you can do it yourself in a
few minutes, so you don't need to buy a new one.

No contamination, forget about CO2 emissions!

Depending on the person's physical condition, the type of terrain or the

distance, the electrical bike can be more comfortable since it allows the rider to
cover more distance or climb hills when more moderate physical exercise is
required. The bicycle does not do the riding for you, it provides a slight impulse
when you start off or ride uphill with a smooth, fluid movement.

Summary of Performance Requirements Drawing from the previous

discussions, the electric bicycle performance evaluation is summarized in terms
of different key parameters. These include market trends and regulations,
opportunities for improvement by special-purpose-design to attract customers,
identification of possibly oversized components and reduction of oversizing,
and identification of areas where further research is needed (Table 5). In a
similar way as before, the subcategories of the different areas (market trends,
regulations, special-purpose design, comments on oversized components and on
research and development) are compared and commented upon individually in.
Summarizing, more publicity is still needed to introduce the public to electric
bicycles. Also, more attention needs to be paid to releasing electric bicycles
from licensing. A uniform standard/guideline for designers/manufacturers of
electric bicycles would favor an increase in popularity and avoid the quality of
electric bicycles being compromised. Custom-designed bicycles that are most
efficient over a given operating cycle, such as city, hill, and distance, and
“speedy bicycles” would help to re-duce the additional cost and weight of
oversized components. In this context, the electric bicycle market would benefit
from further research both on the battery and on the drive technology and their
use with electric bicycles.

CONCLUSION

The issues associated with electric bicycles may be addressed by custom-

designed drives that are most efficient over a given operating cycle.
 These include city bicycles, hill bicycles, distance bicycles, and speedy
bicycles.
The results of the studies listed here can serve as a platform to improve electric
bicycle performance if new drive systems are designed around key parameters
that will result in improvement of the system performance.
Furthermore, they can be used for comparison of existing drives in a
systematical, comprehensive, and technical way.

REFERENCES

[1] F.E. Jamerson, “Electric bikes worldwide 2002: With electric scooters &
neighborhood EVs,” Electric Battery Bicycle Co, Naples, FL, 2002.
 [2] B. Kumar and H. Oman, “Power control for battery-electric bicycles,” in Proc.
NAECON ’93—National Aerospace and Electronics Conf., vol. 1, May 24–28,
1993, pp. 428–434.
[3] E.A. Lomonova, A.J.A. Vandenput, J. Rubacek, B. d’Herripon, and G.
Roovers, “Development of an improved electrically assisted bicycle,” in Proc.
2002 IEEE Industry Applications Soc. Ann. Meeting, October 13–18, 2002, pp.
384–389.
[4] A. Muetze, A.G. Jack, and B.C. Mecrow, “Brushless-dc motor using soft
magnetic composites as a direct drive in an electric bicycle,” in Proc. 9th European
Conf. Power Electronics and Applications (EPE), Graz, 2001, Paper 350.
[5] A. Muetze, A.G. Jack, and B.C. Mecrow, “Alternate designs of brushless-dc
motors using soft magnetic composites,” in Proc. 15th Int. Conf. Electrical
Machines (ICEM), Bruges, Paper 237, 2002.
[6] W.C. Morchin, “Battery-powered electric bicycles,” in Proc. Northcon’94 ,
Oct. 11–13, 1994, pp. 269–274.
[7] H. Oman, W.C. Morchin, and F.E. Jamerson, “Electric-bicycle propulsion
power,” in Proc. WESCON’95, Nov. 7–9, 1995, pp. 555–560.
[8] D.G. Wilson, J. Papadopoulos, and F.R. Whitt, Bicycling Science .
Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2004.
[9] NASA, Baseline Testing of the EV Global E-Bike SX [Online]. Available:
http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/2001/TM-2001-210972.pdf
[10] United States Code [Online]. Available: http://www4.law.cornell.edu.