Measuring Globalization:

Indices of globalization:
Kearney Index: (the worse one)
● 4 indices:
○ Political engagement
○ Technological connectivity
○ Personal contact
○ Economic integration
KOF index: (the better one)
● 3 indices: (flaws are underlined)
○ Economic globalization
■ Long distance flows of goods, capital and services, restrictions on
trade/capital
○ Political globalization
■ Embassies, international organizations where a country is a member
○ Social globalization
■ Personal contacts, information flows, cultural proximity
■ Flaws: use of old statistics like mail sent and phone traffic, newspapers
traded, social globalization refers mostly to US culture.
Global Core and Periphery:
3 main characteristics:
● A global market
● Many countries which allow political and economic competition
● Three tiers of countries:
○ Core, Tokyo
○ Periphery, anywhere else
○ Semi-periphery, Rio de Janeiro, Berlin
Changing space, the shrinking world:
Time-space convergence:
Reduction in time to travel between two places because of improvements in transport or
communication.
Transport types:
● Operating costs
○ Fuel and wages (pilot, captain, crew etc.)
○ Capital (airport)
○ Indirect costs (insurance)
● Air vs Sea
○ Sea:
■ Cheaper long distance, no building routes, bulky/low-cost goods
■ Slow, limited to harbours, expensive ships
○ Air:
■ Fast, no traffic, good for high-value goods
■ Airports, expensive, no flexible routes, small loads ;)
Factors affecting the diffusion of technology (ICT, mobile)
 ● Population size
● Density
● Wealth
● Infrastructure
● Trading partners
● TNCs
● Migration
● Colonial history
● Language
Digital divide:
● Caused by:
○ Education
○ Income
● Measured by DAI, digital access index (aka. Retard fuckboi index)
○ Infrastructure
○ Affordability
○ Knowledge
○ Quality
○ Usage

Economic Interaction:
Case Studies:
Labour Flow: Mexico to USA
● 1/5th of Mexicanoes live in USA illegally
● 1960s: youthful population in Mexico, high fertility
● 1970s: declining birth rate in the USA
● Now: still happening now
● Bracero:
○ Located along the border in Mexico
○ Shanty town
○ Men looking for opportunity
● Maquiladoras:
○ Factories located in Mexico
○ Import intermediate goods from the USA, and send the final good back to over
the border
● Reasons:
○ Better conditions, all aspects of life
○ Futurity
○ Remittances
○ Proximity
○ Pull - culture and community
● Problems:
○ Low income americans
■ Jobs being taken
 ○ High unemployment for marginalized Americans
○ Misconceptions about the informal economies they work
○ Cultural homogenization, glocalization
○ Social services - illegal migrants, cost money
Info flow: India to HIC:
Outsourcing: contract jobs out of your company
Offshoring: Takes aspects of the company you move them out
Why do companies outsource:
● Cheap
● Relaxed labour laws
○ Longer hours
● Better technology and communication
● Higher production
● Infrastructure is cheaper
● NIC - IT/engineering
Why is it not so good:
● Cultural differences
● Government instability
Examine how different global flows are affected by the availability of ICT and transport (15
marks):
Global flow: ● Labour
○ Availability and affordability
● Financial
○ ICT, intergovernmental
organizations: WTO
● Goods/capital
○ Countries near the ocean
● Information
○ ICT

ICT: ● Internet
● Mobile/phone

Transport: ● Sea/air
● Internet

Affecting: ● Infrastructure
○ Sub-saharan Africa
○ China
● Physical space
● Landlocked countries
● Social conflicts
Using examples analyse how economic and political factors affect global migration flows (10
marks):
Economic Factors: ● Remittances
○ Higher income in another area
○ Unemployment in home
country
● Debt of the home country
● Economic downturn
● Lack/removal of FDI

Political Factors: ● War

● Tensions between countries
● Stability
● Visas, border restrictions
● Refugees, asylum
● Conflict
● Trading blocs

Agro-industrial damage:
● Mechanization: higher soil degradation (drying from tilling), compaction
○ Less labor, higher unemployment, less people benefit
● Land reclamation: people reclaiming land from large farms, don’t know proper
techniques
Globalization and agro-industrialization
● Consequence of globalization (more hungry people)
● Drive for cheaper food production and greater profits
● People's expectation of quality and variety of food are higher
○ Fresh fruits in winter
● The industry is dominated by a few
○ 10 seed firms control 30% of global market
○ 10 agro chemical corporations control 84% of global market
● Issues:
○ An increasing amount of agricultural land in the developing world has come
under control of outside of influence
● TNC’s own land which means that they cultivate for profit. Often this means that they
export food at the expense of the domestic population
● IMF and World Bank promote specialization of the economy, monoculture
○ Example: Ground nut agriculture heavily dominated in Senegal, Africa
● Capital intensive farming, impacts:
○ Degradation of soil
○ Reduction of biodiversity
○ Land subsidence
○ Desertification
○ Reduction of water quality and quantity
 ○ Reduction of biodiversity
○ Carbon emissions - burning trees releases huge carbon cause of carbon sink
Consequences:
○ ⅔ of agricultural land is already affected by salinisation, erosion, and land
degradation
○ Methane, from meat production, traps heat 21 times more effective than CO2
○ Nitrous oxide, fertilisers and pesticides, 296 times more effective than CO2

Vertical integration: the combination in one company of two or more stages of production
normally operated by separate companies.
Environmental Change:
Transboundary pollution:
any type of pollution that spreads across more than one country. Originates in one place but
causes damage in another
Incidental pollution: human or technological error
Sustained: ozone depleting
Methods of exposure: inhalation, ingestion, absorption

More significant pollution events:

● Chernobyl 1986 Nuclear reactor meltdown

● Alumina 2010
○ Hungary, mineral plant (bauxite to alumina), sludge flowed into large river
○ hurt farmlands and aquatic life
● Fukushima

Unequal Environment Protection:

Issue of wealth and development, race, class, political
Example: USA, Detroit and Flint
Detroit: Garbage patches and abandoned factories in the poorest areas
Flint: Lead in the water, water is unsafe, tests were not done properly
Great Pacific Garbage Patch

Chernobyl
Chernobyl

April 26 1986 - Nuclear even #7

- Meltdown in the reactor core during
the testing of reactor #4
- Graphite fire burned for 10 days

The radioactive plume from the accident

drifted to Belarus, Poland and Russia
 Immediate consequences: Secondary consequences:
- deaths of workers on the day 10-50 - cancer
- Evacuation 336,000 people - radiation sickness
- Rainfall problematic + distribution and - birth defects
consumption on food - infertility

Today:
- 19 mile exclusion zone around the
reactor (people still live there)
- health care cost
- future of nuclear energy?

Alumina

- 4th October 2010 - bauxite extraction to yield aluminium,

- Hungary leaves waste material
- Ajka - Waste in reservoir mostly lye
- Human error (corrosive)
- Reservoir wall broke and sludge
- contamination of water and the great
Danube river

Issues: Caustic effects:

- freshwater contamination
- soil degradation
- depletion in ecosystems
- farmland and livestock
- drinking water
- Air pollution through chemical
reactions
- lye causes 3rd degree burns
- deaths
- 300 homes uninhabitable
- 129,000€ to clean up
- clean up effort successful over as year

Greenpeace International

● Civil society ● Scale Scope:

● Founded in 1971 ○ 40 countries
● Vancouver Canada ○ no governmental support
 ● First campaign - Nuclear testing financially
● Protect, conserve, environment,
promote peace
● “Bearing witness”

Criticism:
● Reports of threats of violence/illegal
activity
● Mismanagement of funds
● Some political agenda
● Destructive, crimes and destruction
○ Against their own agenda
● Too broad, and overreaching
Objectives:
● Defending oceans
● Protecting ancient rainforests
● Disarmament and peace
● Creating toxic free future
● Sustainable agriculture
● Energy revolution

The Growth of Environmental Awareness

● Margin of politics 30-40 years ago is now mainstream
● When is the environment considered important
● UK DEFRA, almost everyone knows that environmental change is happening
● Internet
● People-Government-Policy
● Scandinavian countries are the best in terms of environmental awareness

Type Explanation process Minerals mined Env. issues

Open cast/open pit excavation pit made uranium, coal, salt erosion, soil
on the surface of the degradation,
ground. Big hole. contamination of
groundwater,

Underground underground Precious metals exposes harmful

hardrock extraction of hard (gold, silver), nickel, substances to the air.
minerals mainly those zinc, soil and water are
containing metals. contamin
ated.

mountaintop removal surface mining at the explosive usages- human health impact
summit of mountain coal physical
where layers of rock dust contamination
are removed together can’t ski anymore
with coal excavation

hydraulic high pressure water Gold and tin sediment brought to

dislocates rock, and rivers caused
the loose material is deposition, causing
 moved through floods. (Sacramento
sluices to extract the Valley)
metals

dredging helene please

in situ leaching Drilling a hole into an Uranium and Copper Acid has to be used.
ore deposit and filling Increases soil
it with a chemical that degradation and
dissolves the ore. acidity of the soil.
Then pumping out Can seep into the
the liquid ore. ground water.

Socio-cultural Diffusion:
● Music
● Television
● Sport
● tourism
Consumerism:
● McDonalds: present in almost every country, glocalization and globalization
● Coca-cola: present in almost every country, glocalization and globalization,
cheaper than water in some places
Diaspora: The dispersal of people from their origin or homeland.
African (Slaves)
Jewish (WW2)
Irish (Potato famine)
TURKS IN GERMANY CASE STUDY:
Voluntary or forced
Large- over time
● Cultural mosaic: different cultures living in one place (Tiles next to each other)
● Cultural melting pot: integrated culture, can't see the difference (Turks getting German
passport)
● Ethnicity: race, inherit, physical (fixed)
● Culture: Language, belief, practises, traditions (changeable)
● Racial village/neighborhood:
● Cultural diffusion: Culture spreads
● Assimilation: Practising the nature of the host country.
Factors affecting concentration:
● recent immigrants live within close proximity of ethnic minority concentration
● fluency amongst fluency
● The higher social class leaves social minority group
● Increase in paid members of a household the less likely you are to live near a
concentration of ethnic minorities.
Direct contact: face to face, telephone, letters

Preserving culture: community centres, foodscapes, place of worship, cultural dress, language
schools, festivals, media-packages

Benefits Negatives

● economic links ● brain drain

● political influence ● claim citizenship and move back
● culture spread ● exploitation of home culture
● increase tourism ● political/economic interference
● remittances ● dependency on outside help
● increase in revenue

Cultural imperialism: the practise of promoting the culture/language of one nation in another. It
is usually the case that the former is large, economically or militarily powerful nation and the
latter is a smaller, less affluent one.

Major players that influence us:

- TNCs
- The Media

Is it beneficial or a threat?

● increase development ● spread hate, persecution

● create peace of ● harmful

Cultural Homogenization:

Language:
½ of the world's 6000 languages will be extinct by 2100

Tourism:
Can claim to be the world's largest industry. The landscapes of mass tourism dominate most
destinations western influence

Democracy:
Liberal democracy of the west has spread rapidly @ the expense of non-democratic rule. High
reduction in the diversity of cultural methods.
Universal hybrid culture which is not entirely of western character
- Pyjamas
 - Shampoo

Integrationist communities: Communities where a variety of ethnic groups intermix spatially

and socially
Homogeneity: a situation where there is a lack of variation
Urban mosaic: complex pattern of different residential areas within a city reflecting variations in
socio-economic status & ethnicity
Auktarkism: when a culture reasserts its traits in the face of perceived or actual threat from
another culture.
Sovereignty: Basically being independent as a country, not relying on globalisation.
Protectionism: Protecting your own economy against foreign trade.
A sovereign state is a political association with effective sovereignty over a population for whom
it makes decisions in the national interest.
Bolivia: Held in Cochabamba July 31-August 2, the
summit was attended by some 1,200
persons representing 90 organizations in
Latin America and Europe.

- Movement against capitalism Food Sovereignty:

- DECOLONIZATION AND ANTI- - Keeping culture
IMPERIALISM

Amish:
● There are always some that resist globalization (auktarkism)
● Closed community, sustainable
● 300k-500k rural lifestyle
● Subgroup of christianity, fled to the USA in the 17th Century, during the 30 year war
● Most live in the USA, Utah, Pennsylvania etc.
● 300-500k worldwide
● Rural lifestyle, self sustained
● They live for God and community
● Only use machinery which does not take away from their work
● Recognize the benefits of modern life, but do not overly indulge in it
Political Outcomes:
Globalization: the growing interdependence of countries through increased trade and capital
flows.
Glocalization: when a product or service is adapted to each locality or culture it is sold in.

Globalization is uneven:
● Creates disparities
○ Some are left out because of telecommunications and ICT
○ Poor people do not have access to these, miss out on globalization
○ The poorest countries are becoming poorer
● Leads to glocalization
 ○ Takes away local cultures
■ McDonalds...
Advantages and disadvantages of fast food restaurants:
Advantages:
● Cheaper foods
● Standardized foods
Disadvantages:
● Environmental pollution (transport)
● Glocalization, loss of culture
● Repatriation of profits
Global Interactions:
Globalization: when business gain international influence or operate on international scale
Trading bloc: a group of countries forming a trade agreement.
● Free-trade agreement (NAFTA)
● Customs union (MERCOSUR)
● Common market (EEC)
● Monetary union (EU)
TNCs:
Advantages:
● Investment and aid
● Possible managerial positions
● Educational and employment skills
Disadvantages:
● Exploitation of resources and workers
● Repatriation of profits
● Manufactured goods don’t stay in the economy
● Increased imports depreciates currency
● Oftentimes not many workers employed
● Little re-investment
Nationalism: the political belief and movement to keep a nation independent
Attempts to control migration: visas, fraudulent marriage, borders
Globalization versus nationalism in the EU:
● Giving up sovereignty for economic, political, social and cultural integration