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ECE - II Semester
UNIT I
CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS : Introduction to Cellular Mobile System, Performance
criteria, uniqueness of mobile radio environment, operation of cellular systems, Hexagonal shaped cells,
Analog and Digital Cellular systems.
UNIT II
ELEMENTS OF CELLULAR RADIO SYSTEM DESIGN : General description of the problem, concept
of frequency channels, Co-channel Interference Reduction Factor, desired C/I from a normal case in a
omni directional Antenna system, Cell splitting, consideration of the components of Cellular system.
UNIT III
INTERFERENCE : Introduction to Co-Channel Interference, real time Co-Channel interference, Co-
Channel measurement, design of Antenna system, Antenna parameters and their effects, diversity
receiver, non-co-channel interference-different types.
UNIT IV
CELL COVERAGE FOR SIGNAL AND TRAFFIC : Signal reflections in flat and hilly terrain, effect of
human made structures, phase difference between direct and reflected paths, constant standard
deviation,
straight line path loss slope, general formula for mobile propagation over water and flat open area, near
and
long distance propagation antenna height gain, form of a point to point model.
UNIT V
CELL SITE AND MOBILE ANTENNAS : Sum and difference patterns and their synthesis, omni
directional antennas, directional antennas for interference reduction, space diversity antennas, umbrella
pattern antennas, minimum separation of cell site antennas, high gain antennas.
UNIT VI
FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT AND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT : Numbering and grouping, setup
access and paging channels channel assignments to cell sites and mobile units, channel sharing and
borrowing, sectorization, overlaid cells, non fixed channel assignment.
UNIT VII
Handoff, dropped calls and cell splitting, types of handoff, handoff invitation, delaying handoff, forced
handoff, mobile assigned handoff. Intersystem handoff, cell splitting, micro cells, vehicle locating
methods,
dropped call rates and their evaluation.
UNIT VIII
DIGITAL CELLULAR NETWORKS : GSM architecture, GSM channels, multiplex access scheme ,
TDMA, CDMA.
LESSON PLAN
CLASS:IV B.Tech,IISEM
No of classes:60
UNIT III:INTERFERENCE
Introduction to Co-Channel Interference, 2
real time Co-Channel interference,
Co-Channel measurement, design of Antenna system,
2
Antenna parameters and their effects, diversityreceiver, 2
non-co-channel interference-different types. 2
3.Explain the factors used to measure the service quality of a cellular system.
7.Briefly explain the evaluation of the analog and digital cellular mobile systems.
1. The maximum number of frequency channels per cell N is closely related to _________ in the
system.
2. The offered load can be derived as___________
3. Users in different geographic locations simultaneously using the same frequency channel is
called_____________.
4. Frequency reuse can drastically increase_________.
5. Frequency reuse in the _________ domain results in the occupation of the same frequency in
different timeslots.
6. The frequency reuse distance D can be determined from D=_______R
7. For k=7,D=__
8. If all the cell sites transmit the same power then k _______ and frequency reuse distance
D______.
9. When K is too large, the number of channels assigned to each of k cells become________.
10._________ is a function of q.
11.q in terms of D and R ____.
12. When the ratio q increases,cochannel interference___________.
13.The separate D is a function of________ and__.
14. In a fully equipped hexagonal shaped cellular systems, there are always _________ cochannel
interfering cells in the first tier.
15. Normal cellular practice is to specify C/I to be _________.
16. After cell splitting, new cell radius=_________.
17. The cell splitting for which the installation of every new split cell has to be planned ahead of time is
known to be_________.
18. The algorithm for ________splitting cell sites is a tedious job.
19. The antenna patterns seen in cellular systems are the patterns seen in free space.
20. If the front to back ratio of a directional antenna is front to be 20 db in freespace, it would be
_______db at cell site.
21._______________ can reduce the interference to the neighboring cells and enhance the weak spots in
the cell.
22.The capacity of the switching equipment in cellular systems is based on the capacity of _____.
23.During a busy hour, the number of calls per hour Q i for each of 10 cells is
2000,1500,3000,500,1000,1200,1800,2500,2800,900.Assuming 60% of car will be used during busy
hour, then no of customers in the system is____________.
24.The maximum calls per hour Qi in one cell be 3000 and an average calling time T be 1.76 min.
25.If there are 50 channels in a cell to handle all the calls and the average is 100s per cell, how many
calls can be handled in the cell with an average load of 40.3.
ANSWERS:
1) Average calling time 2)A=QiT/60 3)Frequency reuse 4)Spectrum efficiency
5)time 6)D=√(3k) 7)D=4.6R 8)Increases, increases 9)small 10)cochannel interference
11)q=D/R 12)Decreases 13)KI and C/I 14)six 15)18 db or higher
16.old cell radius/2 17. Permanent cell splitting 18.Dynamically 19)Different 20)10 db
21) Antenna tilting 22) Processor associated with switches 23) 28,667 24)88 25)1451 calls per hour
DESCRIPTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Derive the maximum number of calls per hour per cell and the maximum number of frequency
channels per cell. How are they related?
2. Present the concept of frequency reuse channels and frequency reuse distance.
3.With the help of neat diagram explain the N cell reuse pattern for four, seven cell reuse.
5. What do you mean by cell splitting? How area is divided and explain the different cell splitting
techniques.
7. Draw the general view of telecommunication and explain the function of each unit.
UNIT-3
COCHANNEL INTERFERENCE
ANSWERS:
2. Prove that for hexagonal geometry the cochannel reuse distance is given by Q=√(3N) for N=i 2+ij+j2.
3. Illustrate the Real Time Co-channel interference at the Mobile Radio Transceivers.
4. Explain the design of the Omni-directional antenna under the practical case condition for k=4,k=12 and
k=7 with all the suitable values and explaining each of them.
5. Explain the design of the directional antenna under the practical case condition for k=4,k=12 and k=7
with all the suitable values and explaining each of them.
6. What is tilting antenna? How can these antenna patterns reduce the co-channel interference?
7. Discuss the diversity schemes for interference reductions at both mobile units and cellsite.
ANSWERS:
1)ground incident angle 2) same 3)0.61 0 4)0.570 5)degree of terrain roughness
6)Human made structures 7)path loss slope 8)20 log he/h1 9) -1
10)8 dB 11)∆ø= β∆d 12)<Π/3 13) =Π 14)Foliage 15)foliage 16)60dB/dec
17)narrow 18)height 19)negligible 20)free space 21)mobile radio path loss 22)low-atmospheric
23)Troposheric 24) Troposheric refraction 25)Troposheric reflection 26)dielectric constant
27)Trapping, or duct propagation 28)surface ducts.
29)line of sight path 30)terrain contour 31)Diffraction 32)0 dB 33)6 dB 34)L 1+L2
35)time varying 36)rician 37)Rayleigh 38)3 dB 39)increases 40)decreases
DESCRIPTIVE QUESITIONS:
4. Explain the general formula of received power from real model based on shadow case,direct path and
over the water condition in detail.
6. Explain the factors considered for prediction of path loss for a particular mobile radio environment.
8. Derive the relation for the maximum coverage distance in mobile environment.
UNIT-5
CELL SITE ANTENNAS AND MOBILE ANTENNAS
1) Poynting vector 2). Omni directional 3). 120'directional 4)11 5) 16-channel combiner 6)six
7)hybrid ring combiner 8)flat 9)location 10) setup-channel11)space diversity . 12)Umbrella
13)discone 14)High gain 15)1.05 16)intermodulation17)ripples 18)fading 19)±2dB 20)Air-
pressurized 21)3dB 22)lower 23)Glass mounted24)vertically 25)Horizontally 26)fading 27)True
28)correlation 29)1 to 3 dB 30)parasitic
DESCRIPTIVE QUESITIONS:
1. Concern to the cell site antennas explain startup configuration and abnormal antenna configuration of
the startup system.
2. How interference can be reduced by using the directional antennas at the cell site?
3. Assume a receiver is located 10 km from 50w transmitter. The carrier frequency is 6 GHz and free
space propagation is assumed Gt=1 and Gr=1w.
a)Find the power of the receiver
b)The magnitude of the electric field at the receiving antenna
c)The rms voltage applied to the receiver input assuming that the receiving antenna has purely real
importance of 50 ohms and is matched to the receiver.
4. Derive the received power in dBm.How is the measure field strength converted into the received power.
6. What are the various cell site antennas that can be used in cellular mobile communications?
ANSWERS:
1. channel assignment 2) Forward 3) self-location scheme 4) 166.7 min/hr 5) sharing
6)control channels 7) FCC 8)MTSO 9)21 10)forward control channel 11) Reverse control
channel 12)greater 13)Digital color code 14)Control-filler message.
15) power 16) mobile unit,landline 17)True 18)channel borrowing 19)underlaid
20)overlaid.
2. Write the procedure to allot the channels for travelling mobile units.
3. Explain the channel assignment to the cell sites based on the adjacent channels.
4. Write the concept of self allocation scheme at the mobile unit and the autonomous
registration.
5. Present the reuse partition scheme in overlaid cell system, mention the advantages associated
with it.
1. Once a call is established, the _________ channel is not used again during the call period.
2. Hand offs is always implemented on_______ channel.
3. __________ is needed in two situations where the cell site receives weak signals from the mobile
unit.
4. The signal strength threshold level for hand off is ____ in noise limited system.
5. The value of C/I at the cell boundary for hand off should be ________ dB in order to have toll
Quality voice.
6. The smaller the cell size, the ______ the number and the value of implementing handoffs.
7. In setting the threshold,-100dBm+∆, if ∆ is too large it may lead to ______
8.Advantage of _________ algorithm is that it makes the handoff occur at the proper location and
eliminates possible interference in the system.
9._______ is defined as a handoff which would normally occur but is prevented from happening.
10The MTSO always handles the ________ call first and the originating calls second.
11.________ handoffs are more effective than two-threshold level handoffs.
12. A queuing scheme becomes effective only when the requests for handoffs arrive at the MTSO in
____________.
13. The _______ can control a hand off by making either a handoff earlier or later.
14. If the handoff request arrive at MTSO _______,then the queuing scheme is not needed.
15. In_______ system, one time slot is used for serving a call ,rest of the time slot used for monitoring the
signal strength.
16. When the mobile unit leaves its home cell and enters a new cell, its frequency does not
change. This handoff is called________
17. The soft hand off is applied to ________ systems
18. In__________ systems all cells can use the same radio carrier
19.In power difference hand off if ∆> 3dB, there is a ____________
20. In power difference hand off if ∆<-3dB, then there is______________
21.If there is a possibility that a call will drop due to the poor signal of the assigned voice channel,this
is considered a _______call .
22. Dropped call rate can be set very low if we do not need to maintain________
23. The dropped call rate and the specified voice quality level are___________ proportional
24. After cell splitting,new cell radius=_________.
25 The cell splitting for which the installation of every new split cell has to be planned ahead of
time is known to be_________.
26 .The algorithm for ________splitting cell sites is a tedious job.
27.The limitation of cell splitting size depends on___________ and _________.
28.__________ type of antennas can be attached to the outer walls of the buildings in different
Directions.
29.________ are used for determining the direction and the distance a vehicle has traveled from a
predetermined point at any given time.
30.For rapid addition of new cell sites to an existing system,___________ are used to serve the traffic
temporarily
ANSWERS:
1.set-up 2)voice 3)Handoff 4)-100dBm 5)18dB 6)greater 7)unnecessary hand offs
8)two-level hand off 9)Forced hand off 10)handoff 11)Queuing 12)Bundles or batches.
14)uniformly 15)TDMA 16)cell site handoff 17)CDMA 18)CDMA 19) request for hand off.
20)no handoff 21)dropped 22)voice quality 23)inversely 24) old cellradius/2 25)Permanent cell
splitting 26).Dynamically 27)radio aspect ,capacity of the switching processor .
28)panel type 29)gyroscope and a fifth wheel 30)portable cellsites
DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
1.Why handoff is necessary for cellular systems? Determine the two types of handoffs based on signal
strength and C/I ratio.
2.List and briefly define different performance metrics that may be used to make the handoff decision
3.Explain the difference between soft hand off and hard hand off.
4.Derive the blocking probability for handoff calls and the blocking probability of originating calls
DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS:
4.What is the difference between TDMA and GSM architectures.Expolain in detail TDMA.