Contents

Abstract................................................................... 5
Acknowledgements................................................. 6
List of Figures......................................................... 7
Introduction............................................................ 8
Block Diagram........................................................ 10
PIR Sensor............................................................... 11
 Abstract

The development of an inexpensive and effective electronic security system

employing PIR sensor is detailed in this report. This sensor based security system
can be used in household as well as domestic applications & even in other high
security areas.

A normal electronic security system which is commonly used consists of a

transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter section sends out an IR beam which is
being continuously received by the receiver section. When an intruder walks past
the device, the IR beam gets disrupted and thus the alarm is activated. Major
disadvantages of the system include limited range and poor line of sight.

This PIR Sensor based Security System can switch on a lamp or alarm when it
detects the heat from an object like a moving person. The name Passive Infrared
Sensor is called so because it receives the infrared rays passively and do not emit
any infrared ray. The alarm that goes off can be manually reset.
 Acknowledgements

We extend our sincere gratitude towards Professor KI Geetha, Head of Department for
providing the required facilities for the successful completion of the work.

We would like to thank Asst Prof. Saju N, from the depth of our hearts, for his cooperation
and resourceful guidance without which this work would have been impossible.

Finally, yet importantly, we would like to express my heartfelt thanks to all faculty members
of the department and our friends/classmates for their help, inputs and wishes for the
successful completion of this project.
List of Figures….
Sl.No. Name of figure Page No.
1. Block Diagram of Security System 10

2. PIR Sensor 11

3. IC NE555 15

4. Power Supply 19

5. Relay 21

6. LED 22

7. 7805 Regulator 23

8. Circuit Diagram 26

9. Apparatus 27
 Introduction
 A PIR Sensor is a pyroelectricity device that can sense infrared (IR)
radiation changes within its viewing range. These sensors are sensitive to
moving objects radiating IR. A PIR sensor creates temporary electric
potential whenever a change of IR radiation occurs on the viewing range of
the sensor, but the electric potential generated is very small in amplitude
and must be amplified significantly. That is because PIR sensors cannot be
used alone, instead they become one of the key components of a passive
infrared device (PID) with some other circuitry. The basic structure of a
PID consists of a Fresnel lens, a PIR sensor, an amplifier circuitry and a
comparator plus time delayer circuitry.
 Fresnel lens focuses IR radiation on PIR sensor and PIR sensor measures
the change in the IR rate and creates an electric potential difference
corresponding to the variation in the IR radiation. However, this potential
difference is very small and must be amplified without introducing noise.
The amplifier circuitry aims to have a large gain for the sensor signal and
suppress the ambient noise at the same time. So, generally a two stage
bandpass amplifier is used. The amplified sensor signal is then compared
with a threshold. If the signal stays in the range determined by the threshold
then it is assumed that no motion is observed, otherwise it is assumed that
there is a moving target. Therefore ordinary PIR sensors are simple and
give an output of logical one when they detect a motion and a logical zero
when there is no moving object within their viewing ranges.
 The PIDs are low-cost, easy to use and widely available commercially.
These practical features made them used in many indoor and outdoor
applications including the security systems.
IR Radiation

Infrared (IR) radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation. Infrared light has a

longer wavelength than visible light. The infrared has a wavelength of 750 nm to
100 µm. The infrared radiation is invisible to humans but we can feel it as heat.
Infrared region can further be divided into sub-regions as follows:

 Near Infrared (NIR): 750 nm to 1:5 µm.

 Short Wavelength Infrared (SWIR): 1.5 µm to 3 µm.
 Mid Wavelength Infrared (MWIR): 3 µm to 8 µm.
 Long Wavelength Infrared (LWIR): 8 µm to 15 µm.
 Far Infrared (FIR): Longer than 15 µm.

The MWIR and LWIR is known as the thermal infrared. All objects emit what µis
known as black body radiation (thermal radiation). This is emitted from the surface
of an object which is due to the temperature. Human body at normal body
temperature radiates IR approximately at wavelengths around 9.4 µm.

Pyroelectricity (from the Greek pyro, fire, and electricity) is the ability of certain
materials to generate a temporary electrical potential when they are heated or
cooled. It is a migration of positive and negative charge to opposite ends of a
crystal's polar axis as a result of a change in temperature, and this causes an
electrical polarization. This polarization change gives rise to a temporary electric
potential, although this disappears after the dielectric relaxation time
Block Diagram

LIST OF COMPONENT:

1. Arduino UNO
2. PIR sensor
3. 16*2LCD display
4. Resistor
5. LED
6. Breadboard
7. Jumper wire

ARDUINO UNO:
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board developed by Arduino.cc which is an open-source electronics
platform mainly based on AVR microcontroller Atmega328.First Arduino project was started in
Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in 2003 by David Cuartielles and Massimo Banzi with the intention of
providing a cheap and flexible way to students and professional for controlling a number of devices in
the real world.The current version of Arduino Uno comes with USB interface, 6 analog input pins, 14 I/O
digital ports that are used to connect with external electronic circuits. Out of 14 I/O ports, 6 pins can be
used for PWM output.It allows the designers to control and sense the external electronic devices in the
real world. It is an open source platform where anyone can modify and optimize the board based on the
number of instructions and task they want to achieve.This board comes with a built-in regulation feature
which keeps the voltage under control when the device is connected to the external device.Reset pin is
added in the board that reset the whole board and takes the running program in the initial stage. This
pin is useful when board hangs up in the middle of the running program; pushing this pin will clear
everything up in the program and starts the program right from the beginning.There are 14 I/O digital
and 6 analog pins incorporated in the board that allows the external connection with any circuit with the
board. These pins provide the flexibility and ease of use to the external devices that can be connected
through these pins.

There is no hard and fast interface required to connect the devices to the board. Simply plug the
external device into the pins of the board that are laid out on the board in the form of the header.The 6
analog pins are marked as A0 to A5 and come with a resolution of 10bits. These pins measure from 0 to
5V, however, they can be configured to the high range using analogReference() function and AREF
pin.13KB of flash memory is used to store the number of instructions in the form of code.Only 5 V is
required to turn the board on, which can be achieved directly using USB port or external adopter,
however, it can support external power source up to 12 V which can be regulated and limit to 5 V or 3.3
V based on the requirement of the project.
Arduino Uno Pinout
Arduino Uno is based on AVR microcontroller called Atmega328. This controller comes with 2KB SRAM,
32KB of flash memory, 1KB of EEPROM. Arduino Board comes with 14 digital pins and 6 analog pins. ON-
chip ADC is used to sample these pins. A 16 MHz frequency crystal oscillator is equipped on the board.
Following figure shows the pinout of the Arduino Uno Board.

ARDUINO UNO pin out

Pin Description

There are several I/O digital and analog pins placed on the board which operates at 5V. These pins come
with standard operating ratings ranging between 20mA to 40mA. Internal pull-up resistors are used in
the board that limits the current exceeding from the given operating conditions. However, too much
increase in current makes these resisters useless and damages the device.

LED. Arduino Uno comes with built-in LED which is connected through pin 13. Providing HIGH value to
the pin will turn it ON and LOW will turn it OFF.
  Vin. It is the input voltage provided to the Arduino Board. It is different than 5 V supplied
through a USB port. This pin is used to supply voltage. If a voltage is provided through power
jack, it can be accessed through this pin.
 5V. This board comes with the ability to provide voltage regulation. 5V pin is used to provide
output regulated voltage. The board is powered up using three ways i.e. USB, Vin pin of the
board or DC power jack.
 USB supports voltage around 5V while Vin and Power Jack support a voltage ranges between 7V
to 20V. It is recommended to operate the board on 5V. It is important to note that, if a voltage is
supplied through 5V or 3.3V pins, they result in bypassing the voltage regulation that can
damage the board if voltage surpasses from its limit.
 GND. These are ground pins. More than one ground pins are provided on the board which can
be used as per requirement.
 Reset. This pin is incorporated on the board which resets the program running on the board.
Instead of physical reset on the board, IDE comes with a feature of resetting the board through
programming.
 IOREF. This pin is very useful for providing voltage reference to the board. A shield is used to
read the voltage across this pin which then select the proper power source.
 PWM. PWM is provided by 3,5,6,9,10, 11pins. These pins are configured to provided 8-bit
output PWM.
 SPI. It is known as Serial Peripheral Interface. Four pins 10(SS), 11(MOSI), 12(MISO), 13(SCK)
provide SPI communication with the help of SPI library.
 AREF. It is called Analog Reference. This pin is used for providing a reference voltage to the
analog inputs.
 TWI. It is called Two-wire Interface. TWI communication is accessed through Wire Library. A4
and A5 pins are used for this purpose.
 Serial Communication. Serial communication is carried out through two pins called Pin 0 (Rx)
and Pin 1 (Tx).
 Rx pin is used to receive data while Tx pin is used to transmit data.
 External Interrupts. Pin 2 and 3 are used for providing external interrupts. An interrupt is called
by providing LOW or changing value.

Communication and Programming

Arduino Uno comes with an ability of interfacing with other other Arduino boards, microcontrollers and
computer. The Atmega328 placed on the board provides serial communication using pins like Rx and Tx.

The Atmega16U2 incorporated on the board provides a pathway for serial communication using USB
com drivers. Serial monitor is provided on the IDE software which is used to send or receive text data
from the board. If LEDs placed on the Rx and Tx pins will flash, they indicate the transmission of data.

Arduino Uno is programmed using Arduino Software which is a cross-platform application called IDE
written in Java. The AVR microcontroller Atmega328 laid out on the base comes with builtin bootloader
that sets you free from using a separate burner to upload the program on the board.

Applications

Arduino Uno comes with a wide range of applications. A larger number of people are using Arduino
boards for developing sensors and instruments that are used in scientific research. Following are some
main applications of the board.

 Embedded System
 Security and Defense System
 Digital Electronics and Robotics
 Parking Lot Counter
 Weighing Machines
 Traffic Light Count Down Timer
 Medical Instrument
 Emergency Light for Railways
 Home Automation
 Industrial Automation

Liquid Crystal Display

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. ... A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and
there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix.
This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data
 16X2 LCD DISPLAY

16X2 LCD pinout diagram

 PIN DISCRIPTION

Pin
Function Name
No.

1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc

Contrast adjustment; the best way is to use a variable resistor such as a

potentiometer. The output of the potentiometer is connected to this pin.
3 Vo / VEE
Rotate the potentiometer knob forward and backwards to adjust the LCD
contrast.

RS (Register
4 Selects command register when low, and data register when high
Select )
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given; Extra voltage
push is required to execute the instruction and EN(enable) signal is used for
6 this purpose. Usually, we make it en=0 and when we want to execute the Enable
instruction we make it high en=1 for some milliseconds. After this we again
make it ground that is, en=0.
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-
RS (Register select)

A 16X2 LCD has two registers, namely, command and data. The register select is used to
switch from one register to other. RS=0 for command register, whereas RS=1 for data
register.

Command Register: The command register stores the command instructions given to
the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like
initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc.
Processing for commands happens in the command register.

Data Register: The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is
the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. When we send data to LCD
it goes to the data register and is processed there. When RS=1, data register is selected.

Important command codes for LCD

Sr.No. Hex Code Command to LCD instruction Register

1 01 Clear display screen

2 02 Return home

3 04 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)

4 06 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)

5 05 Shift display right

6 07 Shift display left

7 08 Display off, cursor off

8 0A Display off, cursor on

9 0C Display on, cursor off

10 0E Display on, cursor blinking

11 0F Display on, cursor blinking

12 10 Shift cursor position to left

13 14 Shift cursor position to right

14 18 Shift the entire display to the left

15 1C Shift the entire display to the right

16 80 Force cursor to beginning ( 1st line)

17 C0 Force cursor to beginning ( 2nd line)

18 38 2 lines and 5×7 matrix

Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR)

The term PIR is the short form ofthe PassiveInfra Red. The term “passive”indicates that
the sensor does not actively take part in the process, whichmeans, it does not emit the
referred IR signals itself, rather passively detects the infrared radiations coming from the
human body in the surrounding area.
 PIR Sensor

The detected radiations are converted into an electrical charge, which is proportional to the
detected level of the radiation. Then this charge is further improved by a built in FET and fed to
the output pin of the device which becomes applicable to an external circuit for further triggering
and amplification of the alarm stages.The PIR sensor range is up to 10 meters at an angle of
+15 or -15 degrees

Pin Configuration of PIR

The Passive infrared sensors consist of three pins as indicated in the diagram shown
above.

 Pin1 corresponds to the drain terminal of the device, which should be connected to the positive supply
5V DC.
 Pin2 corresponds to the source terminal of the device, which should be connected to the ground
terminal via a 100K or 47K resistor. The Pin2 is the output pin of the sensor, and the detected IR
signal is carried forward to an amplifier from the pin 2 of the sensor.
 Pin3 of the sensor is connected to the ground.
PIR Sensor’s Working Principle
The PIR sensors are more complicated than the other sensors as they consists of two
slots. These slots are made of a special material which is sensitive to IR. The Fresnel
lens is used to see that the two slots of the PIR can see out past some distance. When
the sensor is inactive, then the two slots sense the same amount of IR. The ambient
amount radiates from the outdoors, walls or room, etc.

When a human body or any animal passes by, then it intercepts the first slot of the PIR
sensor. This causes a positive differential change between the two bisects. When a
human body leaves the sensing area, the sensor generates a negative differential
change between the two bisects. The infrared sensor itself is housed in a hermetically
sealed metal to improve humidity/temperature/noise/immunity. There is a window which
is made of typically coated silicon material to protect the sensing element.

PIR Sensor Working

LED:
light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an
electric current is passed through it. Light is produced when the particles that
carry the current (known as electrons and holes) combine together within the
semiconductor material.

Buzzer or Beeper:
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical,
or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses ofbuzzers and beepers include alarm devices,
timers, and confirmation of user input.
Resistors
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as
a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal
levels, to divide voltages,

Symbol
Potentiometer
Potentiometers also known as POT, are nothing but variable resistors. They can provide a variable resistance
by simply varying the knob on top of its head. It can be classified based on two main parameters. One is
their Resistance (R-ohms) itself and the other is its Power (P-Watts) rating.
The value or resistance decides how much opposition it provides to the flow of current. The greater the resistor
value the smaller the current will flow. Some standard values for a potentiometer are 500Ω, 1K, 2K, 5K, 10K,
22K, 47K, 50K, 100K, 220K, 470K, 500K, 1 M.
Resistors are also classified based on how much current it can allow; this is called Power (wattage) rating. The
higher the power rating the bigger the resistor gets and it can also more current. For potentiometers the power
rating is 0.3W and hence can be used only for low current circuits.

How to Use a Potentiometer

As far as we know resistors should always have two terminals but, why a potentiometer has three terminals
and how to we use these terminals. It is very easy to understand the purpose of these terminals by looking at
the diagram below.

The diagram shows the parts present inside a potentiometer. We have a resistive track whose complete
resistance will be equal to the rated resistance value of the POT.
As the symbol suggests a potentiometer is nothing but a resistor with one variable end. Let us assume a 10k
potentiometer, here if we measure the resistance between terminal 1 and terminal 3 we will get a value of 10k
because both the terminals are fixed ends of the potentiometer. Now, let us place the wiper exactly at 25%
from terminal 1 as shown above and if we measure the resistance between 1 and 2 we will get 25% of 10k
which is 2.5K and measuring across terminal 2 and 3 will give a resistance of 7.5K.
So the terminals 1 and 2 or terminals 2 and 3 can be used to obtain the variable resistance and the knob can be
used to vary the resistance and set the required value.
Circuit Diagram:

Programming
 Applications:

The PIR Sensor based Security System provides application of

unauthorised intruder detection in household, commercial &
industrial premises......promising relatively lower cost of
installation and maintenance compared to other existing safety
systems.

The same system can act as an Automatic Energy Saving System

by switching on the lights along with the buzzer when human
presence is detected.....

The applications of the systems include

 Public doorways in grocery stores
  Hospitals
 Libraries
 Hotels
 Staircases
Military application

Conclusions:
The primary objective of this project was the development of
an effective & inexpensive security system that could have
applications in households as well as commercial premises,
workable in both day and night conditions. Wireless sensor
networks for surveillance systems in home, office, or factory
environment require correct tracking of intruders. For such
systems, passive infrared motion sensors (PIR sensors) are
ideal because they do not require any signal or devices on the
object to be tracked and they can work in dark environment
also.
Through well directed efforts a PIR Sensor based Security
System has been developed, which is capable of detecting
motion of humans or live beings in the range of the sensor
used & to trigger a buzzer circuit thus acting as an effective
burglar alarm. In the model developed as part of the project
provisions are also provided to act as an automatic lighting
circuit that switches on a bulb when intruder is detected. In
the event of risk of theft or vandalism from domestic
property, such effective PIR sensor security systems can be
implemented.
Further study in the direction could help develop more
sophisticated security solutions as 24-hr monitoring system
that would alert a few phone nos or a call centre if the alarm
is triggered. Overall the developed system provides a basic
solution for the primary one among growing security
concerns.

Bibliography
1) www.google.com