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Abstract— This work presents a comparison of ripple system oscillation method and the ripple correlation control
correlation control maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method (RCC). Selection of a particular method depends on
technique and the modified version of the same MPPT applied to the tracking speed required, implementation complexity,
single-phase, single-stage, grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) accuracy and cost. The basic principle of the RCC MPPT
system, as the technique is fast and suitable for fast changing
algorithm is to exploit current and voltage oscillations caused
environmental conditions. Both the techniques are compared on
the basis of the time taken to reach (track) the MPP, operating by the sinusoidal power injection to the grid. Analysis of these
point oscillations about MPP and the dependence of the oscillations provides information about the power slope and
algorithms, if any, on array configuration and parameters. An one can evaluate if the PV system operates close to the
LCL-Filter based grid connected inverter with proportional- maximum power point. The RCC scheme proposed in [4] uses
resonant (PR) current controller is suggested to provide power to the first order high pass and low pass filters for extracting the
the line with unity power factor and the inverter offers much less information regarding the sign of ∂p/∂v which is used for
total harmonic distortion. The focus is on presenting a systematic changing the dc link voltage reference in order to approach the
design procedure for AC current, DC voltage controllers for the maximum power operating point. However selection of time
VSI and low complexity grid synchronization method. The
constant for the filters is not discussed and inappropriate
complete system is numerically simulated in MATLAB and the
results are presented for rapidly changing irradiation levels. selection would lead to slow response in case of rapidly
changing irradiation. In order to overcome this, a modified
Index Terms— LCL filter, photovoltaic system, power ripple correlation control (MRCC) is proposed in [5] that
conditioning, single-phase grid-connected inverter. produces a fast response and guarantees the maximum power
point operation of the single phase single stage grid connected
I. INTRODUCTION PV system.
The increase of energy demand yields in an increased
development of power distribution systems and interest in
clean technologies is boosting the market, research attention
toward renewable energy [1]. Photovoltaic (PV) energy is
presently considered to be one of the most useful natural
energy sources since it is free, abundant, and pollution-free and
distributed throughout the earth. A general grid-connected PV
system has more than one power-processing stage [2]. The first
stage is a dc-dc converter which draws maximum available
power from the solar array by incorporating maximum-power-
point tracking (MPPT) and also increases the dc-link voltage
level. The output of this stage is inverted using single or
multilevel dc-ac inverter before feeding into the grid. The
reliability, compactness and cost effectiveness of the PV
system can be improved by employing a single stage power
processing unit (dc-ac inverter). Inverter in a single-stage
system has to extract maximum available power from the solar
array by employing a proper MPPT algorithm and dumps the
power derived on the grid by maintaining power quality
discipline of the grid. Several MPPT algorithms have been
proposed from time-to-time [3]. Some of the popular
techniques are the hill climbing method, incremental
conductance method, constant voltage method, β method, Fig. 1. Single-phase single-stage grid-connected PV system.
Fig. 3. Block diagram of MRCC-MPPT and Vmpp,ref generator. Fig. 4. Block diagram of inner current loop.
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which is of the form: Where y1 , y2 are the normalized parallel component and
R dCf s + 1 orthogonal component of the grid voltage. A grid voltage
G f (s ) =
L i L g C f s 3 + (L i + L g )C f R d s 2 + (L i + L g )s (1) amplitude estimator is needed to determine the amplitude of
the grid voltage. The amplitude identifier has the form
The controller Gi (s) is responsible for reference signal
tracking. It consists of a damped generalized integrator tuned to Vˆg = y12 + y22 .
resonate at the grid frequency W 0 . The structure of PR
controller is as follows: C. Voltage Controller
In general using electrolytic capacitors are less desirable for
2K ir W 0 ξs
G i (s ) = K pr + (2) their short operational lifetime. Hence Long lifetime film
s 2 + 2W 0 ξs + W 02 capacitors serves as a substitute, however their high prices limit
the size that can be used in PV inverters. This causes a
Where the proportional gain is tuned in the same way as significant double line frequency ripple on the DC link voltage
that for a PI controller, and it basically determines the which may further couple through the control loop. Therefore a
dynamics of the system in terms of bandwidth, phase, and gain band stop filter is placed on the dc voltage feedback loop to
margin. According to the analysis proposed in [9] it seems attenuate the ripple. Fig. 6 shows the block diagram of the
reasonable to select a high value resonant gain Kir in order to outer voltage control loop. A simple PI controller is used as a
obtain a high attenuation of current harmonic, a low value of ξ voltage controller Gv (s) to regulate the dc link voltage.
in order to get a low bandwidth so that the selective harmonic
Grid synchronization
compensation is effective for PR structure shown in (2). Ginv ( s )
is the transfer function of the inverter bridge, which is modeled
Vmpp ,ref
as a first order lag system with time constant equal to 1.5 times I gref (s ) I g (s )
the switching period. Fig. 5 shows the Bode plot of the inner Vdc
current loop with and without Current controller.
Grid De-synchronization
B. Grid Synchronizer
The grid synchronizer consists of two parts: 1) a grid
voltage estimator, and 2) an amplitude identifier [11]. The grid
voltage estimator takes the grid voltage as the input and outputs
two signals. One is aligned with the grid voltage (parallel
component), and second signal that leads the grid voltage by
(orthogonal component). The state space form of the estimator
is expressed as:
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provided in Table I. The grid connected PV inverter system is operating point current and voltage corresponding to
subjected to a rapid irradiation level is changed from 1000 to 1000 W/m 2 . At t=2s the irradiation level is changed abruptly
600 W/m 2 at t=2s and reverted back to 1000 W/m 2 at 3s as from 1000 to 600 W/m 2 during which the operating point starts
shown in Fig. 8. The temperature is considered to be constant shifting from point B to point C which corresponds to the
( 25 0 C ) during the simulation. The parameters of the grid maximum power operating point for irradiation level of
connected PV inverter system and the values of the control 600 W/m 2 . The irradiation level is maintained constant at
parameters are as shown in Table II. 600 W/m 2 for duration of 1s and is reverted back to 1000 W/m 2 ,
which cause the drift of operating from point C towards point
TABLE I B again as shown in Fig .10. From Fig. 9(a), 9(b), 9(c) and Fig.
PV MODULE SPECIFICATIONS 11(a), 11(b), 11(c) the main points that emerge out for the
comparative study are the transient tracking speed, tracking
Parameter Symbol Values
accuracy, and ripple in the PV power at MPP. These
parameters are considered as the performance indices for the
Peak power Pp 60W 35W RCC-MPPT and MRCC-MPPT, which are shown in Table III.
Peak power voltage Vmp 17.1V 16.8V
It is observed from the simulated performance that changes in
PV current and dc-link voltage are smooth during the change in
Current at peak power I mp 3.5A 2.1A irradiation level which implies a satisfactory transient
Short circuit current I sc 3.8A 2.3A performance for the system. It is seen from Fig. 12(a) and Fig.
12(b) that the line current is sinusoidal and in phase with the
Open circuit voltage Voc 21.1V 20.4V
line voltage, which implies that the grid connected PV system
Solar irradiation S 1000 W/m 2 600 W/m 2 is feeding only active power to the line. The line current
produces an almost unity power factor. The grid synchronizer
is immune to the grid disturbances which make the
Simulation results of the RCC MPPT technique and MRCC performance of the grid synchronizer, current controller and
MPPT technique for step change in irradiation level are shown voltage controller with respect to the injected grid current
in Fig. 9 and Fig. 11 respectively. Fig. 10 shows the appreciable.
relationship curve between PV power Ppv versus PV voltage
Vpv. TABLE III
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF RCC-MPPT AND MRCC-MPPT FOR STEP
CHANGE IN IRRADIATION
TABLE II
PARAMETERS OF THE PV INVERTER SYSTEM
Power Transient
MPPT Tracking
ripple near tracking Accuracy
scheme time (sec)
Parameter Symbol Value MPP(watts) speed
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Irradiation (1KW/m2)
Irradiation (0.5KW/div) B
Irradiation (0.5KW/m2) C
A
0.5s/div
Fig.8. Step change in Irradiation level. Fig.10. PV Power Ppv versus Vpv for step change in Irradiation.
0.5s/div 0.5s/div
Fig.9.(a) Current (Ipv) Waveform of PV module with RCC-MPPT. Fig.11.(a) Current (Ipv) Waveform of PV module with MRCC-MPPT.
0.5s/div 0.5s/div
Fig.9.(b) Voltage (Vpv) Waveform of PV module with RCC-MPPT. Fig.11.(b) Voltage (Vpv) Waveform of PV module with MRCC-MPPT.
Ppv (10W/div)
Ppv (10W/div)
0.5s/div 0.5s/div
Fig.9.(c) PV Power (Ppv ) Waveform of PV module with RCC-MPPT. Fig.11.(c) PV Power(Ppv) Waveform of PV module with MRCC-MPPT.
0.05s/div 0.05s/div
Fig.12.(a) Transient response of grid current. Fig.12.(b) Transient response of grid current.
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TABLE IV Power Generation Systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.
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[2] S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedesen., and F. Blaabjerg, “A review of
Irradiation %THD of single-phase grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic
Grid Frequency %THD of
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( W/m 2 ) (Hz) Grid current
Voltage Oct. 2005.
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1000 50 8 3.54 maximum power point tracking schemes applied to single-stage
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49 5 4.32
600 50 8 4.40
[4] D. Casadei, G. Grandi, and C. Rossi, “Single-Phase Single-
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Correlation Control Maximum Power Point Tracking,” IEEE
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[5] C. Boonmee and Y. Kumsuwan, “Modified Maximum Power
V. CONCLUSION Point Tracking Based-on Ripple Correlation Control
In this paper, design of controllers, LCL filter for a single- Application for Single-Phase VSI Grid-Connected PV Systems,”
phase grid connected inverter system are presented. By in proc. IEEE ECTI-CON., pp. 1-6, 2013.
employing unipolar switching scheme for the inverter with [6] D. Marani, T. N. Sowmya, and B. C. Babu, “Comparative study
LCL filter, the current injected into grid is sinusoidal and between unipolar and bipolar switching scheme with LCL filter
ripple free. Further, LCL filter can provide good grid for single-phase grid connected inverter system,” in proc. IEEE
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synchronization without knowledge of grid impedance.
Performance comparison of MRCC-MPPT and RCC-MPPT [7] R. Teodorescu, F. Blaabjerg, M. Liserre, and P. C. Loh,
are done as applied to single-phase single-stage PV inverter. “Proportional-resonant controllers and filters for grid-connected
voltage-source converters,” IEE Proc., pp. 750-762, Mar. 2006.
From the results, it is guaranteed that MRCC algorithm results
in higher accuracy, faster response as compared to the RCC [8] G. Shen, X. Zhu, J. Zhang, and D. Xu, “A New Feedback
Method for PR Current Control of LCL-Filter-Based Grid-
algorithm for generating the MPP reference voltage. A low Connected Inverter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 6,
complexity grid synchronization method ensures that the VSI pp. 2033-2041, Jun. 2010.
is well synchronized and the grid current is in phase with the
[9] M. Castilla, J. Miret, J. Matas, L. García de Vicuna, and J. M.
grid voltage even under grid disturbances ensuring unity power Guerrero, “Control Design Guidelines for Single-Phase Grid-
factor operation of the inverter. Simulation results confirm the Connected Photovoltaic Inverters With Damped Resonant
effectiveness and feasibility of the developed control scheme Harmonic Compensators”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56,
and algorithm. no. 11, pp. 4492-4501, Nov. 2009.
[10] A. Dell’Aquila, M. Liserre, V. Monopoli, and P. Rotondo,
“Overview of PI-Based Solutions for the Control of DC Buses
ACKNOWLEDGMENT of a Single-Phase H-Bridge Multilevel Active Rectifier,” IEEE
The authors would like to thank the authorities of VNIT, Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 857-866, Jun. 2008.
Nagpur for providing facilities to carry out the research work. [11] X. Zong and P. W. Lehn, “Reactive Power Control of Single
Phase Grid Tied Voltage Sourced Inverters for Residential PV
Application”, in Proc. IEEE IECON., pp. 696-707, Oct. 2012.
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