BETEL NUT SORTER

The proposed method to sort the betel nuts is by making use of a colour sensor which is capable of
detecting the three primary colours namely red, blue and green in addition to clear or the colour of white
light. The betel nuts are placed under the colour sensor one by one and the readings for the values of the
three primary colours are obtained. The readings for the values of the three primary colours are different
for each grade of betel nut which makes this the principle for sorting them based on their commercially
crucial grades. The program written for this sorting mechanism is accomplished by making use of the
Arduino programming board. The code for sorting is loaded into the Arduino board and when the
program is executed, the colour sensor starts its task in sorting the betel nuts. The colour sensor used for
the sorting process is a TCS3200 RGBC colour sensor which is fully efficient in detecting red, blue, green
colours as well as clear white light. This colour sensor has been opted for because of its flawless accuracy
and effective precision. It enables high-resolution conversion of light intensity to frequency and also
enables output range to be optimized for a variety of low-cost measurement techniques. Furthermore, it
reduces board space requirements and helps in achieving simplified designs. Servomotor and DC motor
are used in the design for the convenient moving and rolling of the betel nuts while they make their way
to the colour sensor and to the outlets where the betel nuts can be successfully collected based on their
type. (Mr. TEJAS ACHARYA, et al “Betel Nut Sorter”)

Efficient Automated Fruit and Vegetable Sorter Based on Colour Detection (June 2016)
The system will identify the color of object and sends signal to the conveyer belt operated by stepper
motor and appropriate actuators push the object for sorting the color objects. The system uses Arduino
UNO board having Atmega328 microcontroller and programmed using Python IDE 2.7.Open CV library
has been used for image processing. Firmata protocol is made use for accessing arduino port. The
algorithm is been tested for Blue, White and red objects.
The object sorting system will be capable of sorting objects based on colour and shape. Proposed work
makes use of MATLAB software for image acquisition and Arduino microcontroller for the operation of
conveyer belt and actuators. Object sorting system based on the colour has been implemented in this
project work. The work uses Python IDE along with Open CV library for Image. Arduino Uno has been
used for controlling stepper motor & actuators. Algorithms have been tested and perform well for the 3
primary colours Red, Green and Blue. It has been decided to improve the system for shape detection
along with colour detection. (Ramaprasad Poojary, et al(2016), “Efficient Automated Fruit and Vegetable
Sorter Based on Colour Detection”)
Development Of Industrial Automatic Multi Colour Sorting and Counting Machine Using Arduino
Nano Microcontroller and TCS3200 Colour Sensor
Nowadays in highly competitive industrial manufacturing, the management of the integrity of supply of a
product from raw material to finished product through quality manufacturing is of very much importance.
For the product bearing high quality and dimensional accuracy is mandatory. So this project of automatic
color sorting is an excellent one because of its working principle and wide implementation. By applying
the idea of this project an industry can easily sort the required product according to its color. Though it
has some limitations, but by having done some modification this concept can be implemented in wide
range of application. The objects when placed on the conveyor belt are sorted based on colour sensing and
are relocated to specific location. When an object moves from one location to another on the conveyor
belt, the sensors give the input to the microcontroller which then give the command to the robotic arm to
do the task. TCS3200 colour sensor is used for detection of the colour of the object. DC motors are used
to move the conveyor belt, gripper and the lifter. Arduino Nano microcontroller is used to give the
commands. L293D motor driver is used to drive the motors and LCD display makes the system user
friendly. (Amitesha Sachdeva, et al (May 2017), Volume 6, “Development of Industrial Automatic Multi
Colour Sorting and Counting Machine Using Arduino Nano Microcontroller and TCS3200 Colour
Sensor”)

Automatic Color Sorting Machine Using TCS230 Color Sensor and PIC Microcontroller
Machines can perform highly repetitive tasks better than humans. Worker fatigue on assembly lines can
result in reduced performance, and cause challenges in maintaining product quality. An employee who
has been performing an inspection task over and over again may eventually fail to recognize the color of
product. Automating many of the tasks in the industries may help to improve the efficiency of
manufacturing system. The purpose of this model is to design and implement a system which
automatically separates products based on their color.
To reduce human efforts on mechanical manoeuvring different types of sorting machines are being
developed. These machines are too costly due to the complexity in the fabrication process. A common
requirement in the field of color sorting is that of color sensing and identification. TCS230 sensor was
used to detect the color of the product and the PIC16F628Amicrocontroller was used to control the
overall process. The identification of the color is based on the frequency analysis of the output of TCS230
sensor. Two conveyor belts were used, each controlled by separate DC motors. The first belt is for placing
the product to be analyzed by the color sensor, and the second belt is for moving the container, having
separated compartments, in order to separate the products. The experimental results promise that the
prototype will fulfil the needs for higher production and precise quality in the field of automation.
(Kunhimohammed C. K, et al (2015), Volume 2,”Automatic Color Sorting Machine Using TCS230 Color
Sensor and PIC Microcontroller”)

Object Sorting System based on Colour Sensing using MatLab

Sorting of products is a very difficult industrial process. Continuous manual sorting creates consistency
issues. This project describes a working prototype designed for automatic sorting of objects based on the
colour. Colour is the most common feature to distinguish between objects, sorting, recognizing and
tracking. Generally colour sensor is put in the workspace to detect the colour of the object. TCS230
sensor is used to detect the colour of the product and the Arduino Uno and MATLAB are used to control
the overall process. The identification of the colour is based on the frequency analysis of the output of
TCS230 sensor. Two conveyor belts are used, each controlled by separate DC motors. The first belt is for
placing the product to be analysed by the colour sensor, and the second belt is for moving the container,
having separated compartments, in order to separate the products. The experimental results promise that
the prototype will fulfil the needs for higher production and precise quality in the field of automation.
(Navid Khan, et al (2017), Volume 4,” Object Sorting System based on Colour Sensing using MatLab”)
Fabrication of Low Cost Automated Lime Colour Sorter
Among fruit crops lime has high demand in the world. There are varieties of products being made from
limes at various stage of maturity. Colour is the vital parameter of maturity indication of most agricultural
produces. Colour of lime produce varies from green to yellow. Although yellowish limes are preferred by
some category of people and processers, for exporting purposes greenish limes are being used because of
their longest shelf time. Thus, sorting based on its colour is crucial for consumer acceptability and also for
further processing. Both greenish and yellowish limes are harvested together and sorted through post-
harvest operation of colour sorting. This is often performed by manual labourers. The main limitation
associated with hand sorting is less accuracy, as human evaluation may vary person to person. Therefore,
automated grading system is becoming popular due to its superior speed, consistency, and accuracy. This
paper discusses about a new approach to develop a lime colour sorter at a minimum price using TCS230
colour sensor. The sensor TCS230 has ability to recognize and differentiate lime produces more
efficiently. Arduino Uno was used to control overall process. Stepper motor was used to sort limes into
two different classes. All the mechanical parts were designed through Auto CAD software. In case of
agricultural produces the colour distribution is not even all the time. Thus, use of more than one sensor to
sense several portion of these produces will increase the accuracy and reliability of this sorting process.
This system was developed for particular size group of limes, which size is commonly used for exporting
purpose. In future, it can be developed further as multi-diameter for sorting other size lime groups or in
other way this same system can be used for other size as well by using flap valve mechanism for single
feeding. To ensure the optimum feeding through the tunnel, vibrator can be attached at the hopper zone.
Many of available sorters are fixed and their cost is high. This sorter was developed at minimum cost and
it is a portable one. The real contribution of this system is that it is able to save time of sorting based on
colour. Thus, this system has a huge potential to go into the market with proper implementation. This
mechanism can be used for other agricultural products as well including grains. (Tharmatharsanan.R,
Alvappillai.P, (December 2016), Volume 2”Fabrication of Low Cost Automated Lime Colour Sorter”)

Development of an Automatic Sorting Machine based on product colour and weight characteristics
with Conveyor Belt and sensors
Sorting of the product on the basis of its colour and its weight is the major task that needs to be done in
the final packaging section. To remove drawbacks of ‘conventional packaging’ using barcode scanning
like fake product with original barcode applied on them or like failure of barcode to differentiate between
actual product and its fake prototype, our automatic sorting machine can be used instead. Sorting of
products in an industry is generally carried out manually. Continuous manual sorting creates quality
consistency issues. Therefore we have proposed an efficient method which uses load cell, inductive
sensor and TCS 230 colour sensor for identifying and separating products on the basis of their weight and
colour. Colour sensors are based on one of the colour models, most commonly the RGB model. A large
percentage of the visible spectrum can be created using these three primary colours. Many colour sensors
are able to detect more than one colour for multiple colour sorting applications. we use Colour Sensor to
identify different colour which has range near IR- 750 nm TO 2500 nm and far IR- 6.00 to 15.00 micron
wavelength ranges and UV colours in the 50to 350 and 400 nm wavelength range. Microcontroller to
control the overall process of sorting of objects is used. The system rejects and discards objects that are
not of required characteristics by pushing them out of conveyor line using a pneumatic cylinder. A
rectangular container, having three partitions is used to collect objects of three different colours. One
conveyor belt is used, which is controlled by DC motors. The belt is for placing the product to be
analysed by the load cell and inductive sensor, which also contains a colour sensor and weight sensor
panel at the starting of conveyor for of separating object. (Y.M.Anekar, et al(April 2018), Volume 7,”
Development of an Automatic Sorting Machine based on product colour and weight characteristics with
Conveyor Belt and sensors”)

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COLOUR SORTING ROBOT

This is a new approach for continuous recognition and sorting of objects into desired location. Image or
colours processing nowadays attract massive attention as it leads to possibility of widening scope of
application in different field with the help of modern technology. A colour sorting robot is researched,
designed and created with Arduino Uno microcontroller, TCS3200D Colour Sensor, SG90 Tower Pro
Servo Motor and other electronic components. The system has the ability to sort the object according to
their colours into respective colour station in minimum time. The colour sorting robot code is
programmed using Arduino software. Programming code is researched and written in order for the colour
sorting robot to carry out recognition and sorting mechanisms. The connection is done by connecting
wires to connect up Arduino Uno which act as microcontroller, servo as well as colour sensor. The servo
motor then slides the ball left and right at different angle to different location. The real contribution of this
system is that it is able to save time to sort the colour hence making this Arduino-powered colour
recognising and sorting robot more efficient than the existing sorting system. (LIM JIE SHEN*, IRDA
HASSAN, (2015) “DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COLOUR SORTING ROBOT”)

Orange Sorting by Applying Pattern Recognition on Colour Image

Color and size are the most important features for accurate classification and sorting of citrus2. The
maturity of the fruit can be predicted by its color; and based upon the maturity level / life span market for
the fruit can be decided9. This research is carried out with an aim to design a pattern recognition based
automated Orange sorting software. System designed can automatically classify an Orange fruit based on
its maturity, given its single color image of 640 × 480 pixel resolution taken inside a special box
designed. Only 4 features are used to classify oranges into four different classes according to maturity
level and it can also predict the size of the fruit. In this research two novel techniques based on Pattern
Recognition are proposed – Edited Multi Seed Nearest Neighbor Technique and Linear Regression based
technique; although Nearest Neighbor Prototype technique is also deployed. Linear Regression based
technique can explicitly predict the maturity of the unknown orange fruit, enabling classification into
multiple classes with desired lifespan. The software developed can further be embedded in an automated
machine, like the one designed for the grading of mangoes. (Jyoti Jhawar, (December 2015),” Orange
Sorting by Applying Pattern Recognition on Colour Image”)