Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
I. CLASSIFICATION
A. Phylum Arthropoda
B. General Characters:
1. Exoskeleton, Segmented Body Parts
2. Open Circulatory System, Open Respiratory System
3. Ventral Nerve Cord
C. Subphylum Chelicerata
1. Class Arachnida: Spiders, Mites
D. Subphylum Crustacea
E. Subphylum Atelocerata
1. Class Diplopoda: Millipedes
2. Class Chilopoda: Centipedes
3. Class Insecta: 3 body parts, 3 prs legs, 2 prs wings, 1 pr antennae
1,000,000 known species; 3 - 30 million estimated
C. Major Systems
1
1. Nervous
2. Circulatory
3. Respiratory
4. Digestive
5. Reproductive
A. Moulting
1. Hormonal regulation: Ecdysone
B. Development
1. Types
a. Hemimetabolous
b. Holometabolous
2. Hormonal Control: Juvenile Hormone
C. Parthenogenesis, Vivipary
D. Diapause (obligate, facultative), Estivation, Migration
C. Blattodea: Roaches
E. Mantodea: Mantids
F. Thysanoptera: Thrips
2
G. Hemiptera: Bugs, Aphids, Scales
1. Heteroptera: Bugs
2. Homoptera: Leaf hoppers, Plant hoppers Aphids, scale insects
H. Coleoptera: Beetles
J. Diptera: Flies
V. BEHAVIOR
B. Feeding
1. Host range: Monophagy, Oligophagy, Polyphagy
C. Reproduction
1. Mate Finding
2. Mating
D. Oviposition
3
VI. INSECT POPULATION DYNAMICS
B. Characteristics of Populations
1. General
2. Insects
a. High fecundity
b. Short generation times
c. Female - bias
d. High death rates
D. Population Models
1. Exponential growth
2. Sigmoid growth (carrying capacity)
3. Density independent and density dependent factors
a. Competition
b. Predation
4
1. Functional response: As prey population increases, number of
prey eaten per predator increases due to improved prey-finding
2. Numerical response: As prey population increases, number of
predators increases due to improved reproduction following time
lag
c. Disease
d. Non lethal effects: Development time, Fecundity
e. Allee effects: Inverse density-dependence at very low density
1. Due to difficulties in mate-finding, host utilization, escaping
predators
2. Important in species extinction and establishment of invasive
species
2. Genetic Variation
a. Different races may differentially utilize host plants
1. Protective coloration as an example
2. Larch budmoth
b. Implications to natural resource issues
1. Agriculture
2. Plant Resistance Breeding
5
G. Nonequilibrium Behavior: Theories
1. Dramatic changes in environment
2. Changes in intrinsic genetic properties
3. Altered availability, suitability, susceptibility of plants
4. Escape from natural enemies
5. Features of life history