ROAD & BRIDGE

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Satya Narayan Shah

B.Sc. In Mechanical Engineering (India)
MS in Manufacturing Engineering & Management (UK)
JANUARY ,2012 1
Generally, we use the Equipment
when a job requires -
1. SPEED

2. QUALITY

3. ECONOMY

4. EMERGENCY/DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
2
 Extent of Mechanization
• Manpower- Availability, Job requirement, Human factors
etc.
• Completion Period- less completion period more
mechanization.
• Nature of Work- beyond control of manpower, weather,
topography, work handling capacity etc.
• Availability of Money- needs high initial investment.
• Availability of Equipment- Import of equipment,
availability of spares, after sales service etc.
• Social Objects of the Project- employment opportunity,
labour intensive, state policy etc.
• Labour Relation- Labour unrest, strikes, demands,
absentees etc.
• Quality & performance- Quality requirement
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 MAJOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
USED IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES
 Pneumatic/Hydraulic Tools
 Air Compressor/ Hydraulic Pump
 Rock Drill/Jack Hammer/Other Drills
 Concrete Breaker
 Asphalt Cutter
 Impact Wrenches/Nail Driver
 Grinder
 Concrete Vibrator
 Circular saw/ Chain Saw
 Road Broom
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MAJOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
USED IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES
 Aggregate Producer
 Rock Crushers, Screen, and Conveyors
 Central Mix Plant (Asphalt), (Batch
Plant/Continuous Mix Plant)
 Bitumen Decanter, Bitumen Heater
 Bitumen Distributor
 Portable Mix Plant
 Pavers (Asphalt/Concrete)
 Aggregate Spreader
 Concrete Mixers/Concrete Batch Plant
 Concrete Vibrator 5
MAJOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
USED IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES

 Earth Moving Equipment

 Dozers (Track/Wheel)
 Loader (Track/Wheel)
 Excavators (Backhoe/Shovel ) (Track/Wheel)
 Dragline
 Bucket wheel excavator
 Scrapers
 Grader
 Milling Machine
 Hauler (Off highway haulers, Tipping 6
Trucks, Mini Dumpers)
MAJOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
USED IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES
 Compaction Equipment
 Sheep Foot Rollers/Tamping
Rollers
 Steel Wheel Static Roller
 Steel Wheel Vibrating Roller
 Pneumatic roller
 Plate Compactor/Rammer

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MAJOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
USED IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES
 Ancillary Equipment
 Water Distributor
 Rotary Tiller Mixer
 Portable Electric Generator
 Welding Generator
 Pile Driver
 Water Pump
 Boring Rig
 Crane/ Fork Lift
 Flat Bed Truck
 Low Bed Transporter 8

 Road Broom
Dozers
 DOZERS: Introduction
• Earlier, the Dozers were developed on farm tractors
by an American company (Holt Manufacturing
Company) around in 1904 which is later became
Caterpillar Inc.
• These days, Dozer has become one of the most
representative strong construction machinery.
• Also commonly known as Bulldozer/ Tractor.
• Dozer is a self-propelled unit that are designed to
provide high tractive power for drawbar work.
• High stability at work.

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Dozer: Component arrangement
Cabin
Engine
This consist
This is the primover operator’s seat and
that provide power to control panel and
run/ work the machine. joysticks from where
machine is operated. Ripper
This is an
Power Train attachment
This is transmit tools that use
Engine power to to dig hard
final drive of the surfaces
machine

Blade Undercarriage
This is working tools use to push This is the feet of the
earth cutting and leveling the machine that use to move
ground / turn machine 11
 Dozers: Main Parts / Systems
• Upper Parts (Track Dozer)
– Engine
– Transmission Power train
– Cabin / Control Panel
• Undercarriage
]
– Track Frame
– Sprocket/ Idler
– Track Chain
– Track Roller
– Carrier Roller
• Hull / Body Frame
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 Dozers: Main Parts / Systems
(Track Dozer)
• Attachments
– Front mounted (Blades, Shovels etc.)
– Rear mounted (Ripper, Winch etc.)
• Hydraulic System
– (Pump/Lift & Tilt Cylinder/Hose pipes
• Electrical System
– (Battery/ Starter/Dynamo/Lighting)
• Braking and Steering system
• Control System
– (Control valves, Control panel, Gauges/Sensors)

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 APPLICATIONS OF DOZER
Typical Applications are:
– Dozing / Pushing materials
– Sidehill Cut
– Backfilling
– Ripping
– Land clearing
– Ditching
– Towing/Pushing other piece of construction
equipment
– Assisting scraper in loading
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DOZING/
LEVELING

PUSHING
MATERIALS

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ASSITING SCAPERS

RIPPING ROCKS

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LAND CLEARING

REMOVING ROOTS 17
 TYPES OF DOZERS
1. Crawler / Track Type 2. Wheel Type

Track Dozer

Wheel Dozer
- Can work on variety of soil surface - Good on firm soil and concrete surface
- Can work over almost all terrain - Best for level and downhill work
- Can work on soft ground and mud-stick - Can not work on soft ground and mud-
surfaces. stick surfaces.
- Exert low ground pressure - Exert high ground pressure
- Good for short working distance - Good for long working distance
- Slow return speed - Fast return speed
- Can push large blade load - Can only push moderate blade load18
 Crawler or Track Dozer
• Have a continuous TRACK of linked
shoes that moves in the horizontal
plane across fixed rollers.
• Track passes over the vertically
mounted SPROKET at rear and IDLER
WHEEL at front.
• The SPROKET (mounted on final
drive), pass on the power to the track
chain that impart the forward or Breaking & Steering Actions
backward motion. are combined
Steering clutch used to turn
• ROLLERS (Track and Carrier) support
one track and stop other-side
the Track chain. track assisting machine to
• The IDLER WHEEL is mounted on a steer effectively.
recoil device (Mostly Recoil Spring) Applying equal pressure on
for adjusting track tension and both sides steering clutch
absorbing shock. moves machine straight
forward of reverse direction.

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 Wheel Dozers
• The front frame and rear frame is
connected by the vertical central
pivot.
• Wheels are mounted on front and
rear axles.
• Power from final drive exert rimpull
force that turns the wheels and
moves machine in forward or reverse Have all powered four
direction. Wheel Drive.
• Traction force can be improved by Breaking action on wheels
proper tyre selection. Wider tyres as in Vehicle.
provide greater contact area and Steering achieved by
increase flotation. Articulation between Front
• Larger sized tyre will reduce and Rear portion of the
developed rimpull. Equipment

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 Dozer’s BLADE
• BLADE is the main working tools
(Implements) mounted on “C” C-Frame
BLADE
frame in front of the machine
perpendicular to direction of
travel which PUSH (cut/ shear/
rolls) earth cutting in forward
direction.
• In the case of ANGLE DOZER
blade is mounted on “C” frame
at a set angle with direction of
travel and push materials
forward at one side.
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 BLADE Adjustments: Tilting
TILTING:
• Either end of the Blade is raised or lowered in
the Vertical Plane of the blade.
• Enables the concentration of dozer driving
power on the limited portion of the blade’s
length

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 BLADE Adjustments: Pitching
PITCHING:
• The movement of the top of the blade toward and
away from the Dozer.
• Allow operator to varies the angle of attack of the
cutting edge as per cutting materials requirement.

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 BLADE Adjustments: Angling
• Turning the blade so that it is not
perpendicular to the direction of the dozer’s
travel.
• Angling causes the pushed material to roll of
the TRAILING END of the blade called side
casting.

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 BLADE TYPES
• Straight blades “S”: The straight blade is designed for short-and medium-distance passes,
such as backfilling, grading, and spreading fill material. These blades have no curvature in
their length and are mounted in a fixed position, perpendicular to the dozer’s line of travel.
• Angle blades “A”: An angle blade is wider by 1-2ft than an S blade. It can be angled up to a
maximum of 250 left or right of perpendicular to the dozer, or used as a straight blade. An
angle blade can be tilted, but because it is attached to the dozer by a C- frame mount, it
cannot be pitched. The angel blade is very effective for side casting material particularly for
backfilling or making side hill cuts.
• Universal blades “U”: This blade is wider than a straight blade and the outside edges are
canted forward about 250. The canting of the edges reduces the spillage of loose material
making the U blade efficient for moving large loads over long distances. The hp/ft ratio is
lower for the U than the S blade mounted on a similar dozer.
• Semi –U blades “SU”: This blade combines the
characteristics of the S- and U- blade designs. It has
increased capacity by the addition of short wings.
• Cushion blades “C”: Cushion blades are mounted on
large dozers that are used primarily for push-loading
scrapers. The C blade is shorter than the S blade so as
to avoid pushing the blade into and cutting the rear
tires of the scraper while push-loading. 25
Hydraulic Excavators
 Hydraulic Excavator
Hydraulic Excavator is the most commonly
used construction machine. it has bucket
with specified volumetric capacity.
Hydraulic power is the key utility to operate
the hydraulic excavators.
It can work at very high gradient and
difficult terrain.
With various front attachments, it can be
used for diversified purposes.
Most excavators are mounted on track base,
but smaller model may be mounted on
wheels base.
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 Hydraulic Excavator: Main Parts
• A hydraulic Excavator consists THREE major parts
1. Work Equipment 2. Upper Structure
This part consist This part consist engine,
working tools for cabin and holds components
digging and loading such as operator’s seat
controlling joysticks and
monitoring gauges

3. Undercarriage
This part consist Crawler/
track chain or Wheel for
moving machine on the
ground.
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 Upper Structure: Cabin Interior
Arm/Swing Controls (Left Joystick) Boom/Bucket Controls (Right Joystick)
move forward and backward to move Arm out and in move forward and backward to lower and raise boom
move left and right to control direction of swing move left and right to control bucket curl and dump

Depending on moving direction of control Joystick Boom, Arm or Bucket can

be moved for doing work or machine can swing to require degree of rotation

Machine monitoring units

Travel Levers
(Temp., Press. Gauges)
Depending on
moving direction Work equipment
of control Lever/ Work equipment
Pedals Machine control Joystick control Joystick
can move
straight or turn Engine starting
left or right.
switch

Travel Fuel gauge

Pedals
Operator’s Lights / Other
seat n InteriorCabi switches
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 Excavators: Swing mechanism
The outer race fixed at upper structure
turns with the “Pinion” that spins along with
the inner race fixed at the lower structure.
SWING CIRCLE
The part between the outer race and the
inner race turns smoothly on the ball
bearings.

Pinion Outer race

Inner race
This part enables an Ball bearings
hydraulic excavator to
Stick/Swing Controls (Left Joystick)
turn around
move forward and backward to move stick out
and in
move left and right to control direction of swing

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 Lower Structure:
Undercarriage
Most are Crawler/ Track type.
Compared to the Wheel type, the
Crawler type has more part Can also be fitted
with dozing blade
touching the ground. Which . (Optional)
enables them to work on muddy
surface where Wheel type can not
be used. Wheel type excavator
make use of supports/
Stabilizers during work.
CRAWLER /
TRACK
Seen from
WHEEL the sides
(TYRE)

Seen from the

underneath

The part touching the

ground surface
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 Hydraulic Excavators: How it Works ?
Hydraulic Power is the key utility to operate all Hydraulic Excavators

Arm Cylinder Control Valves

Hydraulic
Pump

Boom
Cylinder Engine

Hydraulic Oil Tank

Bucket Swing Motor
Cylinder Travel Motors

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 Excavators : Types
• Based on mounting type; they are classified as:
1. Crawler or Track type
2. Wheel type

• Based on types of Bucket or digging motion of they

are classified as:
1. Shovel type
2. Hoe type

Both front SHOVEL type or HOE type Excavator can be

mounted on either on a Crawler or a Wheel tractor base.
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 Hydraulic Excavator: Front Shovel
Basic Features:
• An upward motion unit is know as
“front shovel”
• Hydraulic front Shovel excavators are
used mainly for hard digging above
track level and for loading to hauling
units.
• A shovel develops breakout force by
crowding material away from the
machine.
• The boom of a shovel swings upward
to load; so the machine requires a
material face above the ground level

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 Hydraulic Excavator: Hoe
Basic Features:
• A downward arc unit is classified as
Hoe
• Hydraulic Hoe excavators are used
primarily to excavate below the
ground level on which machine rest
• It develops excavation breakout force
by pulling the bucket towards the
machine and curling the bucket
inward.
• The downward swing of a hoe dictates
usage for excavating below the ground
level at which machine rest

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 Hydraulic Excavator
• The hydraulic excavators are fully hydraulically
control machine which provides:
– Faster cycle time
– Less noisy
– Smoothness and ease of operation
– High overall efficiency
– Greater accuracy and precision
• It is a versatile machine that can be used for
almost all kind of applications.
• A quick coupler enables to quick change with
different type attachments and perform a variety
of tasks in rapid succession
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 Hydraulic Excavator: Application
• Hydraulic hoe has evolved from a single purpose excavating
machine into a versatile multipurpose tool.
• It is a versatile machine that can be used for almost all kind of
applications.
• Typical general applications are:
– Digging below or above the ground level
– Canal/ Trench excavating and pipe laying
– Loading hauling units
– Lifting construction materials
• A quick coupler enables the hoe to change attachments and
perform a variety of tasks in rapid succession. Some common
attachments are:
– Hydraulic breaker - Crane
– Clamshell - Rock driller
– Impact hammer - Demolition jaw
– Cutters - Land clearing grapple
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Typical Applications
 Attachments

Various types of attachments

Building demolishing Handling Scrap materials

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 Factor affecting production
• Actual production of a shovel is affected by
the following factors:
– Class of material
– Height of cut
– Angle of swing
– Size of hauling units
– Operator skill
– Physical condition of the shovel

Production efficiency ranges from 30 to 45

min per hour
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LOADERS

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 LOADERS
• Also known as a front end loader, bucket
loader, scoop loader, or shovel, the front
loader is a type of tractor that is normally
wheeled or Tracked.
• Use a wide square tilting bucket on the end of
movable arms to lift and move material
around.
• The loader assembly may be a removable
attachment or permanently mounted.

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 LOADERS
• The deep bucket on the front loader can
normally store around 3 – 6 cubic meters, as the
bucket capacity.
• Loaders aren’t classified as excavating machinery,
as their primary purpose is to handle the loose
materials.
• Front loaders are used to transport building
materials such as pipe, bricks, metal bars, and
digging tools.

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 LOADERS
• Front loaders are also very useful for snow
removal as well.
• Unlike the bulldozer, most loaders are wheeled
and not tracked.
• The wheels will provide better mobility and
speed and won’t damage paved roads.
• Articulated steering allows the front axle to be
solid, therefore allowing it to carry a heavier
weight and gives a reduced turn in radius.
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LOADER BUCKETS

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46
BACKHOE LOADER MAJOR COMPONENTS

LOADER CONTROLS

BATTERY

DOOR

ENGINE OIL DIPSTICK

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48
DIPPER ARM

STABILISER LEG 49
 MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF BACK-HOE
LOADER
• Clam shovel allows you to load, dig, grab,
grade, doze and spread without changing
attachments.
• Truck loading
• Levelling and spreading large piles
• Stripping and levelling with the loader
• Capable of performing all most all the
activities like excavators

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 Dragline

Draglines are amongst the largest mobile

equipment ever built on land, and weigh in the
vicinity of 2000 metric tonnes, though specimens
weighing up to 13,000 metric tonnes have also
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been constructed.
A dragline excavator is a piece of heavy equipment used
in civil engineering and surface mining

• Civil engineering
– the smaller types are used for road, port
construction, and as pile driving rigs.
• Mining
– The larger types are used in strip-mining
operations to move overburden above coal,
and for tar-sand mining.

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Dragline excavator

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 Major Parts of Dragline
• Dragline bucket system consists
– a large bucket
– a boom (a large truss-like structure)
– Wire ropes
• hoist rope
• Dragrope
By skillful manoeuvre of the hoist and the
dragropes the bucket is controlled for
various operations.
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Dragline excavator with pile
driver attachment.

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Bucket wheel excavator

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 Bucket-wheel excavators
• Construction/mining equipment used in
surface mining and mechanical
engineering/civil engineering.
• To act as a continuous digging machine in
large-scale open pit mining operations.
• Use of a large wheel consisting of a
continuous pattern of buckets used to scoop
material as the wheel turns.

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Scrapers

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 Scrapers
• Single or tandem engine, tandem engine
push-pull.
• Preferred for:
– Completing large projects, including road
construction, airports, dams, and large-scale
residential and commercial development
– Moving high volumes of material under short time
constraints
– Executing short to long loaded hauls from load to
dump areas
– Traveling at high speed along well-developed
haul roads 59
GRADER STRUCTURES

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GRADER STRUCTURES

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Major Part of A Grader
Prime Mover (Engine) Transmission System

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Tandem Drive Hydraulic System

Operator’s Cabin Moldboard

Circle Assembly Draw Bar
Steering System Blade
Main Frame Attachments
ATTACHMENTS
 To add additional versatility to the motor

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grader with attachments designed just for
special application.
 Increases the scope of works.
 Best use of investment.
 Reduce Idle time of equipment
 Quality products
ATTACHMENTS

 Dozer blade

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 The front-mounted Dozer Blade is used for bulldozing jobs
such as displacing gravel piles, small stump removal, fallen
rock clearance from road shoulders and other blading
applications where access with the grader moldboard may be
difficult.
 Parallel linkage maintains blade angle at all depth. Boxed
beam blade support provides excellent blade rigidity. Offers
full hydraulic control using lever.
ATTACHMENTS

 Ripper/Scarifier
 The Ripper/Scarifier mounts to the rear frame and is

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designed for breaking up asphalt or other hard-pack
aggregates prior to blading.
 Effective for uniform mixing of coarse and fine material,
improving compaction of road surfaces.
 Parallel tooth ensures consistent ripping depth throughout
the working range and provides consistent material break
up/mixing of aggregates.
 Full hydraulic control.
ATTACHMENTS
 Front mounted Scarifier
 The Front Mounted Scarifier mounts to the nose plate and is

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designed to break up compacted material, asphalt and rocky
subgrade.
 Simplifies scarifying applications against curbs, walls or near
other obstacles.
 Parallel action ensures even penetration of all teeth at all
working depths.
 V-shaped design permits efficient material flow.
ATTACHMENTS

 Mid -mount Scarifier

 The Mid Mount Scarifier mounts behind the front axle

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and is designed to break up compacted material, asphalt
and rocky subgrade.
 Provides optimum cutting capability and excellent
visibility to the attachment.
 Tilt adjustment accommodates various working
applications.
 Hydraulic control using lever.
 V-shaped design permits efficient material flow.
ATTACHMENTS
 BLADE BOWL
 Consists of two sideboards, a spreader bar, cutting
edge and a bottomless blade bowl.

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 This attachment is used in rough earthen roads
where hole are to be filled.
 Cutting edge cuts the high spots at the same time
the material is stored in the bowl with the help of
moldboard and sideboards.
 The material is filled when the holes comes
through.
ATTACHMENTS
 Push block
 The Push Block is mounted to the grader nose plate

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and performs two basic functions: as a counterweight
to maintain grader balance when a rear Ripper/Scarifier
is installed, and as a push point in applications where a
grader is used as a push vehicle.
 Extends beyond the front tires to provide ample
clearance during pushing.
 Can be easily mounted and removed to facilitate the
use of other front mounted attachments.
ATTACHMENTS

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 BLADE STABILIZER
 Hydraulically operated skid plate
 Mounted behind the moldboard.
 Dampens the blade when rhythmic bounce is
created due to hard cut.
 Serves as a third point of suspension.
ATTACHMENTS
 SLOPER

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 Basically two kinds- for (a) shoulder works and
(b) ditch works.
 (a) Extension of the normal blade to reach over
a berm or embankment for cutting
 (b) Extension to reach the ditch to clean and
shape.
 Operator works from the road.
 ATTACHMENTS
 ELEVATING GRADER
 This attachment with a cutting disc, material
is fed into conveyor.

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 The material either loaded to a truck or
spread over the ground.
 Used to elevate the road bed, clean and
reestablish ditches, strip material from road
side berm, de-silting irrigation cannel etc.
 Highly productive.
 ATTACHMENTS

 GRADER SCRAPER
 Consists of bowl, apron, and ejector, all

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hydraulically operated.
 Cuts the material, store in the bowl and dump
it to required site.
 Can cut “V” and flat bottom ditches built farm
terraces, construct and maintain banks, dams,
rebuild roads, clean ditches, and culverts, cuts
slopes, remove snow.
ATTACHMENTS
 DISC HARROW

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 Rear mounted harrow
 Series of Circular blades are banked
together and mounted .
 Loosens, pulverizes and blends
material.
 Generally used in combination with
Scarifier.
GRADER APPLICATIONS
Graders may be used for:
a) Cutting drains
b) Bank battering
c) Forming roads

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d) Levelling
e) Mixing materials
f) Scarifying
g) Light ripping
h) Windrowing
i) Minor excavations
j) Snow Plow
k) Trench Cutter & Filler
Normal Blade Positions

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Covering Large Area

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Spreading Materials

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Blade Pitch

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Sloping High Bank

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Grading in Reverse

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Ditching or Ditch Cleaning

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Sloping During Ditch Cutting

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Backfill

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1800
PURPOSE OF COMPACTION
 To develop the potential strength of a
material as required by the intended use

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 To create state of volumetric stability for
the ultimate state to which the material
will be subjected.
 To produce a minimum permeability of
the material in its final in-place state.
The amount of compaction is
influenced by the following factors.
 The moisture content of the soil
 The nature of the soil (Grain size distribution and

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physical properties)
 Depth of lift
 Climatic conditions
 The type and amount of compacting effort
 Type of equipment
Among above factors, the last two factors are
related to the compacting equipment.
Compacting effort refers to the method employed
by equipment to impart energy into the soil to
achieve required compactions. The equipment are
designed to use one or a combination the following
types of compactive efforts to the soil to achieve

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ultimate result of compaction.
Actions required for compaction
 Static Weight (or Pressure)
 Crushing
 Kneading Action
 Impact (or Sharp Blow)
 Vibration (or Shaking)
Types of Compaction Equipment
Compactors can be grouped in the following types: -
 Smooth Steel Drum Rollers
 Sheep Foot Rollers

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 Grid or Mesh Rollers
 Tamping Rollers
 Towed tamping
 Vibratory tamping
 Vibrating Rollers
 Multi Tyred Pneumatic Rollers
 Plate Compactors
 Vibrating Compactors
SMOOTH STEEL DRUM

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Smooth Steel Drum
 Oldest form of mechanical compaction.
 Concrete Drums are also used for small works.

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 Single drum or multi drums.
 Available up to 14 to 20 ton
 Towed type to Self propelled.
 Generally used where crushing effect is
required.
 Good for surface finishing.
 Lift up to 12” can be compacted efficiently.
 Compacting Weight can be increased or
decreased by varying the ballast.
 Smooth Steel Drum
 Front wheel is on dead axle used for steering.
 Rear wheels are powered.
 Power is transferred from engine through
clutch/torque converter shaft and gears.

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 Most commonly used is 3-axle tandem roller with
weight transferring device.
 Differential locking arrangement.
 It is best used for base courses of crushed stone.
 Not suitable for surface dressing.
 Bridging characteristic.
 Not possible to prevent bow-waving. (tendency to
create wave of asphalt in the front roll)
 A steel roller is basically slow.
SHEEP FOOT ROLLERS

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 SHEEP FOOT ROLLERS
 40 to 72 inches dia drum ranging in weight 3 to 30 Tons.
 7 to 17 inches long cylindrical pads are welded over the
circumference of the drum.
 Generally they are towed type.

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 They are intended to shear and knead the soil.
 Suitable for compacting all fine-grain materials.
 Not suitable for use on non-cohesive granular materials.
 Low speed from 6.4 to 9.6 km/hr.
 Efficient for silt-to-clay soils
 Nos. of passes depend on the lift; usually 6 to 10 passes will be
needed to compact a 20 cm. clay lift.
 The roller becomes lighter as the density of the soil increases. .
TAMPING ROLLERS

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TAMPING ROLLERS
 Similar to Sheep foot rollers.
 Shape and size of the foot is different they
are tapered so that the entry and exit are
clean.
 Fluffing of soil is avoided.
 Working speed is higher than sheep foot
roller (8-12 mph) .
 Handle nearly all soils.
 Not suitable for clean sand.
 Suitable to compact 12” to 18” lift.
 There are towed and self propelled.
 Static and vibratory.

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GRID OR MESH ROLLERS

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GRID OR MESH ROLLERS
The roll surface is made of cast steel with grid or mesh.

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They are particularly effective on granular soils to
compact 6 to 8 inches to up to 18 inches on rock fills. It is
an excellent compaction machine for rock fills as it
crushes the rocks with the help of mesh and crushed
particles fill the voids as it moves forward.
Vibratory Rollers

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 Vibratory Rollers
 Eccentric Shaft creates Vibration due to centrifugal force.
 Vibration has two measurements– amplitude, which is the
measurement of the movement, or throw, and frequency, which
is the rate of movement, or number of Vibrations (oscillations).
 The amplitude controls the effective area, or depth to which the

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vibration is transmitted into the soil, while the frequency
determines the number of blows or oscillations that are
transmitted in a period of time.
 Vibration creates impact forces, and these forces result in
greater compacting power than an equivalent static load.
 Vibrating drum rollers are actuated by an eccentric shaft that
produces the vibratory action.
 The Vibrating mass (drum) is always isolated from the main
frame of the roller.
 Vibrations normally vary from 1,000 to 5,000 per min.
Vibratory Rollers
Dynamic force created by a vibrator’s mechanism can be calculated from the following
calculation;

F=0.00034WRN2
Where, F = Dynamic force in pounds

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W = Weight of eccentric mass in pounds
R = Radius from center of eccentric mass to center of rotation in feet
N = Rotation speed in revolutions per minute
From the above formula, it is seen that the dynamic force increases with the square
of the frequency. Dynamic force combining with the static force of the roller
provides the total striking force to the soil.
Benford Pedestrian Single drum vibratory roller owned by the DOR provides 920 Kg
of centrifugal force at 3900 rpm and 65 cycles per second. This centrifugal force
further provides 7,480 Kgs. of striking force at contact soil.
A vibratory compaction has the following advantages over the conventional
compaction.
 Light weight and smaller towing unit.
 Better mobility
 Less expensive
 Effective to greater depths.
 Vibratory Rollers (cont……)

 These rollers are gaining popularity due to versatile

usages.
 Very wide in type, size and compacting width, means

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of providing vibrations.
 Single drum or dual drum.
 Effective on
 Granular material (Rock to fine sand)
 Semi cohesive material
 High lift
 Smooth Drum / Padded Drum
Small Walk Behind Rollers
 Width in the range 24 to 38 inches.

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 Suitable for
 Trench work
 Building Foundation
 for working in confined area.
 Vibrating Rollers are also available /modified as per the
work site conditions. e.g. drum extend beyond the rollers
body , drums used as attachment to other equipment
 Remote control Rollers available to work in deep trench.
Multi tyred Pneumatic Rollers

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Multi tyred Pneumatic Rollers
 Available upto 200 ton gross weight.
 Surface rollers using Principle of kneading Action to effect
compaction below the surface.
 Front and Rear wheels are so placed to cover the complete
surface.

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 Weight of the roller can be varied with the help of using
ballast.
 Two tandem axles with 4-5 wheels.
 for uniform compaction, Wheels oscillate to follow
surface contour
 Wheels may be mounted slightly out of line with axle
weaving action - WOOBY WHEEL- more kneading action.
 Compactive effort is a product of wheel load, tyre size and tyre
inflation pressure.
 The contact area increases when the inflation pressure decreases.
 Tyre Pressure- must be varied as per the soil type; on clay 90 psi can
compact 14” where as 150 psi can compact 9” only.
 Larger Dia wheel is easier to move than small dia wheel.
 Self propelled or towed type
Plate Compactors/Rammers

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Plate Compactors/Rammers
 Lift thickness is small ( 3 to 4 Inches).
 Moisture content is carefully controlled.

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 Coverage is sufficient.
 Suitable for small works.
 For compaction of soils and asphalt
concrete.
 Where large units are not practical.
 Remote controlled compactors are
available.
Vibrating Compactors

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 SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT
• Suitability for job condition-climate, working condition
• Size of the equipment- matching with production target,
matching with other units
• Standardization- same type and size of the equipment in a
project, reduces spares reserve.
• Availability of equipment- easily available,
• Availability of spare parts- after sales service, spares inventory
in a project to be lowered
• Multipurpose equipment- attachments etc
• Technical know how- operation and maintenance
• Future use of equipment- equipment used in one project should
be used in another till its life
• Economical Aspects- cost effectiveness
• Reliability- Equipment must be reliable
• Operating Cost- fuel consumption and other running cost
• Past performance- historical data, reputation of manufacturer,
warranty etc
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 Finally
• Anyone can buy a machine. But not
everyone can turn a profit with it. The
reason? You need more than a machine
for a successful business. Get answers to
questions like these:
– What type of material are you moving?
– What are the underfoot conditions?
– How much material has to be moved?
– What is the total job cycle distance?
– What are the job site time/production
requirements? 110
Questions
?

? ?

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THANK YOU ALL

Satya Narayan Shah

B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering (India)
MS in Manufacturing Engineering & Management (UK)

Contact: er.snshah@gmail.com
snshah@wlink.com.np
Ph. No: 9851004366
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