Banana VCA (Full Blown) PDF

VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS ON BANANA INDUSTRY
(Saba, Latundan, Lakatan, and Señorita):

CALABARZON/REGION IV-A
19-Sep-16
DA – Regional Field Office IV-A &
PRDP – Program Support Office, Luzon B Cluster
ALMEYDA, SARAH MAE C.

OBLIGADO, MARIA ELLA CECILIA B.
i
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AEW Agricultural Extension Workers

ACEF Agricultural Competitiveness Enhancement Fund
ACPC Agricultural Credit Policy Council
APCP Agricultural Production Credit Program
AMP Agro-Microfinance Program
BAS Bureau of Agricultural Statistics
(renamed as Philippine Statistics Authority)
BAFPS Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Production Standards
BFAD Bureau of Food and Drugs
BPI Bureau of Plant Industry
CALABARZON Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon
CavSU Cavite State University
DA Department of Agriculture
DA-AFIS DA Agriculture and Fisheries Information Service
DA-BAR DA Bureau of Agricultural Research
DA-HVCDP DA High Value Crops Development Program
DA-RFO IV-A DA Regional Field Office IV-A
DAR Department of Agrarian Reform
DOLE Department of Labor and Employment
DTI Department of Trade and Industry
DTI - EMB DTI- Export Marketing Bureau
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FGD Focused Group Discussion
FMR Farm-to-Market Roads
GAP Good Agricultural Practices
GMP Good Manufacturing Practices
GVA Gross Value Added
HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
IBRD-WB International Bank Reconstruction and Development – World Bank
IPB Institute of Plant Breeding
MFI Micro-Finance Institutions
MLGU Municipal Local Government Unit
MT Metric Ton
LBP Land Bank of the Philippines
LGU Local Government Unit
MAO Municipal Agriculture Office/er
MCS Monitoring, Control, and Surveillance
NPGRL National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory
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OPA Office of the Provincial Agriculturist
PDDCP Product Development and Design Center of the Philippines
PhilMech Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization
PLGU Provincial Local Government Unit
PNS Philippine National Standards
PRDP Philippine Rural Development Project
QAES Quezon Agricultural Experiment Station
R&D Research and Development
STIARC Southern Tagalog Integrated Agricultural Research Laboratory
SUA Supply and Utilization Accounts
UPLB University of the Philippines Los Baños
VCA Value Chain Analysis
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Philippine banana industry has an existing production area of 450,125 hectares that
produced a volume of 9,165,046 MT of bananas in 2011. (PSA-BAS) In CALABARZON,
banana cultivation is in form of diversified farming. It is usually intercropped between
plantation crops like coffee in Cavite, lanzones and rambutan in Laguna, and coconut in
Quezon. Some farmers also use it as temporary crop that is grown between newly-planted
coconut trees and later be removed when coconut trees are matured enough to bear fruits.
Due to such practice, banana production in the region is treated only as an alternative
source of livelihood. Trees can only be harvested only once in a week or monthly, thus,
viewed merely as extra means for the family.
The study focuses on four (4) selected cultivars namely: Saba, Lakatan, Latundan, and
Señorita. It underscores issues faced by industry players in the chain and the income
generated for each household.
The following are strategic interventions identified as a result of a series of focus group
discussion (FGD), key informant interview (KII), stakeholders’ consultation, and secondary
data analysis:
a. Intercropping of Banana to other agronomic crops in CALABARZON (coconut, coffee,

lanzones, rambutan, and others) for Improved Input Utilization Efficiency, Increase
in Net Income and Support against Strong Winds Destruction.
b. Benchmarking Study on other leading banana-producing countries (Ecuador and
China) Research for Sustainable Development.
c. Organizing Farmers Association and/or Cooperatives for Banana for: a) Access to
price information, b) Dictate/negotiate on prices, c) Easier access to government
interventions like loan program and farm implements, and d) Sell their produce to
institutional buyers, i.e. big companies that have access to the international market.
d. Promotion/Provision of high yielding, disease-tolerant Planting Materials.
e. Support to Labor through intensified through farm equipment.
f. Expanded microfinancing programs with relatively lower interest rate or expanded
payment duration.
g. Upgrade on marketing strategies esp. Banana Chips through capacity building on
small to medium scale enterprises (i.e. conduct of related trainings and seminars
and knowledge on competitive packaging and marketing)
h. Crop Insurance to mitigate their losses during naturally occurring calamities.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS Page
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ii
Executive Summary iv
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
List of Appendices vii
Section 1: Introduction 1
A. Background and Information 1
B. Objectives of the VCA 3
C. Methodology and Approach 4
Section 2: Overview of the Industry 6
A. Product Description, Forms and Its Major Uses 6
B. Production Trends 14
Section 3: Nature and Structure of the Industry 20
A. Value Chain Mapping 20
B. Value Chain Players and their Functions 20
C. Nature of Interfirm Relationships 34
D. Price and Cost Structures 36
Section 4: MARKET AND MARKET OPPORTUNITIES 53
A. Markets and Market Trends 53
B. Price Trends 58
Section 5: SUPPORT SERVICES 60
A. Financial Services 60
B. Non-Financial Services 64
Section 6: ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 65
Section 7: CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES 69
Section 8: COMPETITIVENESS STRATEGY 73
A. Competitiveness Vision 73
B. Priority Constraints and Intervention 76
Section 9: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 82
Appendix 1: Popular Local Banana Cultivars
Appendix 2: Comparison of Banana Production Practices In Other Countries
Appendix 2: PNS – Fresh Banana
Appendix 3: PNS – Banana Chips
Appendix 4: Common Banana Diseases and Insect Pest
Appendix 5: Coconut-Banana Intercropping by PCA
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LIST OF TABLES
No. Title Page
1 Volume of Production(MT) of Top 10 World Banana Procedures, 2009- 2012 2
2 Average Value of Production at Constant Prices (Php’000’000) of Top 10 3
Commodities, 2010-2015
3 Raw Banana Nutritive Value per 100g (Energy 90 kcal 370 kJ) 6
4 Top 10 Banana-producing Municipalities in Cavite, 2015 18
5 Top 10 Banana-producing Municipalities in Laguna, 2015 18
6 Top 10 Banana-producing Municipalities in Batangas, 2015 19
7 Top 10 Banana-producing Municipalities in Rizal, 2015 19
8 Top 10 Banana-producing Municipalities in Quezon, 2015 19
9 All List of Banana-producing Municipalities in Cavite, 2015 22
10 All List of Banana-producing Municipalities in Laguna, 2015 23
11 All List of Banana-producing Municipalities in Batangas, 2015 23
12 All List of Banana-producing Municipalities in Rizal, 2015 23
13 All List of Banana-producing Municipalities in Quezon, 2015 24
14 List of Major Public Markets in CALABARZON 26
15 Sample Grade of Banana Used in the Market regardless of Variety 26
16 Range of Buying & Selling Price by Retailer per Variety 26
17 List of Banana Chips Processors in CALABARZON 29
18 Cost and Returns of Saba Farmers up to 4th Harvestable Sucker 38
19 Costs and Returns of Saba Trader 38
20 Costs and Returns of Saba Retailer 40
21 Costs and Returns of Latundan Farmer 4th Harvestable Sucker 41
22 Costs and Returns of Latundan Trader 41
23 Costs and Returns of Latundan Retailer 43
24 Costs and Returns of Lakatan Farmer 4th Harvestable Sucker 44
25 Costs and Returns of Lakatan Trader 44
26 Costs and Returns of Lakatan Retailer 45
27 Costs and Returns of Senorita Farmer 4th Harvestable Sucker 46
28 Costs and Returns of Senorita Trader 47
29 Costs and Returns of Senorita Retailer 47
30 Banana Chips Processor Income and Profits (Local Market) 49
31 Banana Chips Processor Income and Profits (Export Market) 51
32 Philippine Merchandise Exports of Fresh Banana (FOB Value in US$) 55
33 Philippine Merchandise Exports of Processed Banana* (FOB Value in US$) 55
34 Banana Supply and Utilization Accounts (SUA), Philippines, 2005-2014 58
35 Classification of Banana in Domestic Market 59
36 Farmgate Prices (PhP/piece) of Banana per Variety in CALABARZON, 2010-2014 60
37 Wholesale Prices (PhP/piece) of Banana per Variety in CALABARZON, 2010-2014 60
38 Retail Prices (PhP/piece) of Banana per Variety in CALABARZON, 2010-2014 60
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39 Brief of the “Agricultural Production Credit Program”, APCP 61
40 Brief of the “Agro-Microfinance Program,” (AMP) Program 63
41 Summary of Key Institutions and Programs and Services 65
42 Summary of Relevant Laws/ Ordinances and the Mandates/Objectives 68
43 Priority Constraints and Interventions 70
44 Summary of Constraints/Opportunities and Interventions 72
LIST OF FIGURES
No. Title Page
1 Average Production (MT) of Most Produced Commodities in the Philippines, 2009- 2
2014
2 Average Production (MT) of Top 5 World Banana Producers, 2005-2013 14
3 Average Yield (Hg/Ha) of Top 5 + Philippines World Banana, 2005-2013 14
4 Production (MT) of Banana per Cultivar, Philippines, 2005-2014 15
5 Area Harvested (Ha) of Banana per Cultivar, Philippines, 2005-2014 16
6 Annual Growth Rate in Area Harvested, Production, and Yield of Banana, 16
Philippines, 2005-2013
7 Production Share of Banana per Cultivar, Philippines, 2013 17
8 Value Chain Map of Banana in CALABARZON, 2015 21
9 Relative Financial Position of Saba Key Players 39
10 Relative Financial Position of Latundan Key Players 42
11 Relative Financial Position of Lakatan Banana 45
12 Relative Financial Position of Senorita Banana 48
13 Relative Financial Position of Banana Chips (Local Market) Key Players 50
14 Relative Financial Position of Banana Chips (Export Market) Key Players 52
15 Average Export (MT) Performance of Top 5 Banana Exporter, 2005-2013 54
16 Philippine Banana Export (MT), 2005-2013 54
17 Philippine Banana Import (MT), 2005-2013 57
18 Trend of Producer Prices (USD/ton) of Top 5 Banana Producers, 2005-2014 59
19 Project Scheme of Agro-Microfinance Program 62
LIST OF APPENDICES
No. Title Page
1 Popular Local Banana Cultivars
2 Comparison of Banana Production Practices In Other Countries
3 PNS – Fresh Banana
4 PNS – Banana Chips
5 Common Banana Diseases and Insect Pest
6 Coconut-Banana Intercropping by PCA
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
A. Background Information
The Department of Agriculture (DA) is mandated to promote agricultural development

through policy framework, public investments, and support services intended for
domestic and export-oriented business enterprises in all sectors of the Philippine
agriculture both in forms of government-funded and foreign-assisted projects. Without
discounting the current initiatives of its Agri-Pinoy Program, the Philippine Rural
Development Project (PRDP) was aligned to supplement existing strategies but will
cater commodity-focused innovations. This six-year project (2014-2019) was designed
to develop specific economies with great potential like banana industry.
The PRDP, a product of a loan agreement between the Philippine government and the
International Bank Reconstruction and Development – World Bank (IBRD-WB),
essentially aims to support initiatives to reduce poverty among the rural communities
of eighty-one (81) provinces in the country. It is implemented by the DA with the thrust
of increasing agricultural productivity and improving living standard of Filipinos
through building capacity of Local Government Units (LGUs). The project is designed to
uphold these undertakings through support on construction of basic infrastructure, e.g.
farm-to-market roads, communal irrigation, potable water supply, single- and double-
lane bridges and other rural infrastructures, and by providing employment and income
earning opportunities within the Philippines.
The Philippine banana industry is highly regarded due to its significant contribution in
the economy in terms of employment, volume and expanse of production, and foreign
exchange. FAOSTAT shows its importance as one of the most produced commodities in
the country (Figure 1). According to PSA-BAS, the Philippines has an existing banana
production area of 450,125 hectares producing a volume of 9,165,046 MT of bananas in
2011. This is utilized through export volume of 2,046,373.58 MT for fresh bananas
worth $470,957.85 million; for chips and crackers 30,141.62 MT valued at $50,575.27
million; for dried 369.10 MT, valued at $193.87 thousand; and residual stocks for net
food disposable. While fresh banana exports mostly includes Cavendish cultivated by
corporate growers, the demand for other varieties like Lakatan and Señorita began to
increase overseas. Their top major export destinations include Japan, China and Korea.
For Saba and Cardaba varieties, on the other hand, its popularity emanated from chip-
making and as staple food wherein top export markets include Vietnam, China and USA.
The industry is greatly important for a developing country like the Philippines. In a
largely agricultural economy, strengthening a currently export-oriented economic
system of high-value commercial crops can contribute to a robust growth of the
country. Thus, the need to address prevailing issues surrounding the industry like
sustainable development, environmental degradation, and food security needs to be
underscored.
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Figure 1. Average Production (MT) of Most Produced
Commodities in the Philippines, 2003-2014
31,578,800
Average Prduction (MT)
16,714,791
15,228,921
8,268,423
6,793,699
SUGAR CANE RICE, PADDY COCONUTS BANANAS MAIZE
Commodity
Source: FAOSTAT
Banana Industry in CALABARZON
CALABARZON is a region of farming lands in a very strategic location. Industrial parks,

beach resorts, and subdivisions are profuse but it is capable of significant agricultural
productivity due to a number of existing rural municipalities. Sugarcane is prominent in
Batangas while Quezon is known for coconut production. These two are the leading
commodities in volume of production in the region but bananas are widely cultivated in
all provinces in CALABARZON (Table 1 and 2).
Table 1. Average Volume of Production (MT) of Top 10 Commodities, 2010-2015

Average Volume of Production
Commodity
(MT)
1. Sugarcane 1,811,815
2. Coconut (with husk) 1,408,059
3. Palay 396,509
4. Hog 296,563
5. Chicken 288,603
6. Chicken Egg 110,728
7. Banana 119,208
8. Pineapple 87,032
9. Corn 62,978
10. Mango 52,484
Source: DA-RFO IV-A Hand-Over Report dated December 2015
(Basic data: PSA-BAS)
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Table 2. Average Value of Production at Constant Prices (Php’000’000) of Top 10
Commodities, 2010-2015
Average Value of Production (PhP
Commodity
‘000,000)
1. Hog 29,498
2. Chicken 22,825
3. Chicken Eggs 9,914
4. Coconut 8,373
5. Palay 6,005
6. Sugarcane 3,108
7. Cattle 2,311
8. Pineapple 1,374
9. Banana 1,116
10. Mango 1,042
Source: DA-RFO IV-A Hand-Over Report dated December 2015
(Basic data: PSA-BAS)
Banana remarkably ranked 7th in volume of production and 9th value of production in
the whole region. But taking in consideration the huge population of CALABARZON, not
to mention its proximity to Metro Manila, it is highly possible that the demand for
banana overpowers the supply produced by farmers. The supply of banana allocated for
direct consumption should be sufficient so as the allotment for productive consumption,
i.e. industrial purposes. The Value Chain Analysis (VCA) is vital to accentuate these
kinds of gaps faced by the industry. The study will serve as an empirical basis in
formulating strategies and identifying necessary interventions to maximize opportunity
offered in the market. The activities of every actor in the chain will further be examined
for sufficient and efficient use of resources. And each chain levels will be analyzed to
make recommendations for banana cultivation and business enterprise.
B. Objectives of the Value Chain Analysis
The major objective of the VCA is to create informed decisions on leverage points for
project/program interventions in support of the small-scale banana farmers in
particular and the banana industry as a whole. The specific objectives of the study are:
1. Assess the value added to the product at all levels of the chain;
2. Identify priority interventions needed to strengthen links in the value chain and
attain the Philippine Rural Development Project goals;
3. Identify possible areas for investment and/or enterprise development; and
4. Serve as empirical basis to facilitate the translation of interventions into priority

programs and projects that will enhance productivity of the banana industry.
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Scope and Limitation
The primary scope of this study is banana value chain in Region IV-A. The analysis
looked into the production of Saba, Lakatan, Latundan, and Señorita varieties, the
processing of Saba into banana chips (mostly home-made), and market segments of the
value chain in CALABARZON.
Due to absence of exclusive associations and cooperatives intended solely for banana
farmers, the data used in the study is limited to sampling of accessible banana farmers
(also cultivates other cash crops like coconut, coffee, rambutan, and lanzones) from the
official list of the Office of Provincial Agriculturist (OPA).
C. Methodology and Approach
The study team gathered relevant information essential for the creation of the VCA as
directed by the concluded Terms of Reference. They were as follows:
1. Focused Group Discussions (FGDs)
The participants of focus group discussions (FGDs) include banana farmers, local
traders, and small hold banana chips processors in CALABARZON. The areas of inquiries
involve farmers’ production practices including level and cost of production, trader
activities and marketing strategies, and product transformation, grading and product
development.
2. Key Informant Interviews (KIIs)
Key informant interviews (KIIs) are also conducted for stakeholders from various
sectors namely: government agencies at the national level (Department of Agriculture
especially High Value Crops Development Program, Philippine Statistics Authority-
Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, and Department of Trade and Industry), regional level
(DA-CALABARZON and Fertilizers and Pesticides Authority - Region IV), provincial level
(Office of the Provincial Agriculturist), and municipal level (Municipal Agriculture
Office). Some key banana farmers, traders, and processors were also interviewed for
consultation purposes.
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3. Area Visits/ Fieldwork
To further assess and get an appreciation of the actual situation on the ground, area visits
were done in CALABARZON during the months of October to December 2015.
4. Review of Secondary Data and Relevant Documents
Provincial/municipal profiles, and previous studies conducted concerning the banana

industry were solicited from relevant agencies such as the Provincial and Municipal Local
Government Units (PLGUs and MLGUs), and the PSA-BAS. Internet researches for current
studies, articles, and other updates were also conducted to provide additional relevant
information and validate the data collected from the field.
5. Analytical Approach
The technical approach to analysis provides the empirical basis for identifying specific
policy and program interventions that will increase productivity in the local banana
industry. This approaches comprised of the following:
a. Conceptual description of the banana value chain;

b. Discussion of global and domestic production trends;
c. Value chain mapping;
d. Analysis of production and cost structures;
e. Description of markets, trends, enabling environment and support services;
f. Identification of opportunities and proposed interventions in the local banana
industry; and
g. Benchmarking Analysis in reference to Mindanao banana performance.
6. Presentation of VCA Report to the stakeholders
The preliminary draft report was presented to the DA representatives from the
CALABARZON and later to the multi-sectoral stakeholders to validate the findings and
further enhance the study. Significant insights and views of the implementing agencies and
stakeholders were collected and harmonized. As direct implementers, their suggestions
served as valuable inputs for the development of a more comprehensive industry analysis.
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SECTION 2: OVERVIEW OF THE INDUSTRY
A. Product Description, Forms, And Other Uses
1. Product Description and Forms
Banana (Musa sp.) is one of the most widely known

high-value commercial fruit crop in the country. It is
an herbaceous plant popularly grown for its clustered
sweet fruits with major dietary sources in forms of
carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins A, B6, and C, potassium,
phosphorous, and calcium (refer on Table 3). Though
popularly regarded as a dessert food in most
developed countries, it is an alternative staple food in
lieu of rice, next to corn and other root crops like
sweet potato (kamote), cassava (kamoteng-kahoy),
and taro (gabi), in most parts of the Philippines.
Taxonomist Carl Linnaeus classified cultivated

bananas into two (2) main categories based on their
uses: a) dessert banana and b) plantains or cooking
banana. Dessert bananas are in species under Musa
sapientum. These are soft sweet bananas consumed as
fresh and ripe particularly Cavendish group that are
grown in large plantations by banana-exporting countries.
Cooking bananas, on the other hand, are included in Musa paradisiaca species. The fruit
pulp is white and starchy making it very suitable for cooking and processing, hence,
typically eaten cooked. These species can be cooked into a variety of products such as
snack food, dishes, catsup, preserves, and chips, among others.
Table 3. Raw Banana Nutritive Value per 100g (Energy 90 kcal 370 kJ)
Carbohydrates 22.84 g
Sugars 12.33 g Dietary Fiber 2.6 g
Fat 0.33 g
Protein 1.09 g
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) 0.031mg 2% Calcium 5mg 1%
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 0.073mg 5% Iron 0.26mg 2%
Niacin (Vitamin B3) 0.665 mg 4% Magnesium 27mg 7%
Pantothenic Acid (B5) 0.334mg 7% Phosphorus 22mg 3%
Vitamin B6 0.367mg 28% Potassium 358mg 8%
Foliate (Vitamin B9) 20ug 5% Zinc 0.15mg 1%
Vitamin C 8.7mg 15%
Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient database
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General Cropping Procedure and Production Practices
Banana propagation may vary depending on farm location to suit climatic condition,
soil-type, and local superstitions. But according to a “Banana Production Guide”
prepared by the Department of Agriculture – Agriculture and Fisheries Information
Service (DA-AFIS), banana can be cultivated in the poorest to the richest type of soil but
is well adapted to well drained sandy or clay soil that is rich in organic matter. Soil pH
preferred is 4.5 to 7.5. Appendix 4 can also be referred to on different pests and diseases
infecting banana in the Philippines so as its respective management.
Allowing a comparison between recommended cultural management practices and the

actual farmers’ practice employed in the field, the sequence of banana planting and
cultivation will be:
a. Land Preparation
Regardless of variety, plowing and harrowing of the field to remove stumps and bushes
and to allow proper aeration do land preparation. It is only with the size and shape of
digging hole that certain variety will differ. These holes will be basally fertilized with
organic matters (described as “paupo”) or complete fertilizer (14-14-14) before placing
the sucker.
b. Planting
Distance of Planting:
Saba 5x5 meters apart
Lakatan 3x3 meters apart
Latundan 3x3 meters apart
Señorita 3x3 meters apart
c. Cultivation and Maintenance
Distance of planting allows the plant to grow and control the growth of weeds. Regular
weeding is done during this stage with the used of grass cutter, bolo, or spraying of
weedicide that can be bought in commercial stores. Once the plant is tall enough and
onset of inflorescence is present, propping of bamboo poles is done especially on
Lakatan wherein fruits are usually way too long and big for the plant to prevent from
falling.
d. Desuckering and Pruning
Desuckering is done to ensure sufficient soil nutrients are supplied to the plant by
preventing competition. Two to three suckers are left with the mother plant while
others are replanted. Early (largest) suckers will produce the next crop sooner (about 8-10
7
months) and usually produce larger bunches so that yield in cartons/hectare/year is
greater. However, later suckers, which will produce a lower overall yield, can be kept more
closely to a 12-month cycle. The selection of late suckers may require the removal of all
suckers at various intervals prior to bunching. Suckers that emerge later usually arise from
buds higher on the parent corm and being shallower in the soil are liable to be less stable.
Number of emerging suckers depends on variety but the range evolves with 5 up to 8. As
only 2 up to 3 suckers should ideally stay with the mother plant, others will be replanted
and will start new cycle of a cropping period.
Pruning, however, is done to maintain distance between rows thus facilitating

continuous growth and vegetation. In the case of Saba, pruned leaves are sold and used
as packaging especially on rice cakes.
e. Fertilizer Application
Fertilizers are typically applied from the base of the plant in a ring or band method
during early stages of growth. But in varieties like Lakatan, fertilizer application is
continuously done every 3-4 months to aid growth of the plant and the fruit. Farmers
explained that varieties like Saba and Latundan, are not fertilizer intensive-types and
fertilizer application can be skipped during times of limited resources.
f. Bagging
Bagging is done in selected crops like banana using paper or plastic. This protects the
fruits from insects and wind damage during development. Although labor intensive, it is
cheaper, safer, and gives more reliable estimate on potential harvest.
g. Harvesting
Maturity of banana can be easily determined when the last leaf turns to yellow. It is,
however, important to note that duration of planting up to harvest varies depending on
every variety of bananas.
Harvest Period:
Saba 15-18 months after planting
Lakatan 14-15 months after planting
Latundan 12 months after planting
Señorita 6 months after planting
Maturity Index:
Saba 20-24 weeks after shoot appearance
Lakatan 12-14 weeks after shoot appearance
Latundan 9-10 weeks after shoot appearance
Señorita 6-8 weeks after shoot appearance
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Harvesting is one of the most rigorous stage, thus, requires a lot of labor. Cutting of the
fruit from the mother plant needs to be done in pairs – the cutter and the backer. The
harvested fruits will then be gathered together before transport. For hilly tops and
remote farms inaccessible to rural roads, draft animals like horses and carabao are
being rented. Fruits are wrapped in used papers or loaded in crates during transport to
avoid damages in the peel or the fruit itself.
Banana Varieties in the Philippines
A number of banana cultivars, local and hybrid, is present in the Philippines. An attempt
to reflect a sheer list of these was made in a handbook published by Biodiversity
International in 2008 entitled “Farmer’s Handbook on Introduced and Local Banana
Cultivars in the Philippines”. FS dela Cruz Jr., etal (2008), reported twenty-one (21)
cultivars composed of hybrids and landraces and eight (8) popular local cultivars. As
explained in the paper, improved hybrids were products of a network of breeding
programs while introduced landraces are important cultivars used in the breeding
programs and are already being used as commercial cultivars in banana-growing
countries. A detailed description can be referred to Appendix 1 but are simply
enumerated as:
a. Buñgulan - a popular dessert banana cultivar best for banana cakes and is
produced mainly in small backyards. It is sweet and aromatic, and is of
excellent eating quality
b. Cardaba - most popular saba sub-group for banana chips in both domestic
and export markets. It is commonly used in preparation of snack foods like
banana cue, turon, and maruya.
c. Saba - most popular cooking and processing cultivar in Luzon and is called
Dippig in Ilocos region. This cultivar very similar to Cardaba. This cultivar
very similar to Cardaba (which is widely known in Visayas and Mindanao
regions) and is commonly used to prepare popular snack foods and Filipino
traditional dishes while male bud is used as vegetable.
d. Grand Naine (Cavendish) - Cavendish-type cultivar grown for the export

market and for processing into other products such as ketchup and flour.
e. Lagkitan - a dual-purpose local cultivar popular in the Southern Tagalog

Region (CALABARZON). It is consumed either fresh or cooked.
f. Cuarenta Dias or Señorita - a local cultivar that is popular as a table-type

banana in Laguna and Cavite (particularly in Tagaytay). It is popularly sweet
and illustrious as aromatic fruit but pulp are small and weakly attached to the
pedicel.
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g. Latundan - a popular table banana. The fruit is small to medium in size and
has white pulp and yellow peel. Consumers prefer Latundan bananas with
freckles1 because it is believed to be associated with sweetness.
h. Lakatan - accession originally came from a commercial tissue-culture

laboratory in Davao, Philippines and then later distributed by commercial
tissue culture laboratories based in the said place. The plant bears large fruit
and the pulp is pale orange-yellow when ripe, which is associated with high
Vitamin A content. For fruit quality, it is sweet and aromatic, and is of
excellent eating quality.
2. Commodity Uses (Photos from Google.com)
a. Banana fruit
Dessert bananas like Lakatan, Latundan, and Señorita are often seen in local public
markets and sometimes in supermarkets while varieties like Cavendish are sold, in
bunch or pieces, in supermarkets alike and in convenience stores.
Lakatan Cavendish Latundan Señorita
b. Cooking-type Banana
Saba banana is a familiar ingredient in abundance of Filipino recipes and delicacies.

These traditional dishes include adobo, pochero and nilaga apart from sweet
preparations like bilo-bilo for dessert.
Adobo Nilaga Pochero
1
small brown to black spots
10
Similarly, it is popularly sold by sidewalk and strolling vendors as healthy yet affordable
Filipino snack food like turon (deep-fried banana rolls), banana cue (deep-fried bananas
coated with caramelized brown sugar), and maruya (banana fritter coated with light
batter).
Turon Banana Cue Maruya
c. Banana Chips
Saba and Cavendish bananas can be processed into chips, a deep-fried thinly-sliced
banana that is usually covered with caramelized brown sugar or honey, as a healthy
snack or breakfast.
d. Banana Inflorescence
Other parts of banana are likewise useful in a lot of means. The inflorescence, for
instance, is widely used as vegetable and sometimes added to meat recipes and
vegetarian burger patties.
Ginataang Puso ng Saging Banana Vegetarian Burger Patty
11
e. Banana Preserves and Food Flavoring
Banana Flavoring Banana Ice Cream Banana Chutney Banana Jam
f. Banana Animal Feed Meal
In the website of Food and Agriculture Organization,

it has been stated that “surplus and discarded
bananas [from export-quality standards] are a
potential feed resource of great quantitative and
qualitative interest in both pig and cattle
production. In practice, they can be substitute to
entire cereal component of pig and dairy cattle feeds
and probably almost all of the cereals in cattle
finishing feeds”.
g. Banana as Fiber
Banana fiber cloths are eco-friendly products that can be made into “jusi” banana fabric.
According to Eco Fashion World, “tree stalks and leaves are removed and processed into a
pliable fibre. Different layers of the stem yield fibers for specific uses: the outer layer’s
fibers are generally used for tablecloths while the third layer makes the finest, silkiest
fabric, suitable for kimonos and saris”. Thin hand-twisted banana fiber ropes from
banana stalk can be combined into mats after washing and drying.
Banana Fiber Cloth Banana Fiber Ropes
12
h. Banana as Medicine
Possible health benefits associated with

banana consumption are reflected in
several high quality studies showing
reduced risk in obtaining the following: 1)
blood pressure, 2) asthma, 3) cancer, 4)
heart health, 5) diabetes, 6) diarrhea, and
7) preserving memory and boosting mood.
It can also be used as traditional medicine

wherein leaves can be pounded to suppress
bleeding of injuries.
Banana Industry in CALABARZON
Banana cultivation in CALABARZON is not in form of mono cropping or plantation-type

compared to Visayas and Mindanao. It is usually intercropped between fruit crops
grown in the region like coffee in Cavite, lanzones and rambutan in Laguna, and coconut
in Quezon. Some farmers, however, use it as temporary crop grown between newly-
planted coconut trees and later removed when coconut trees are matured enough to
bear fruits. Trees can only be harvested once a week or monthly, thus, viewed merely as
extra means for the family or alternative source of livelihood.
The study focuses on four (4) selected cultivars namely: Saba, Lakatan, Latundan, and
Señorita. CALABARZON bananas come in a wide range of variety but those selected are
the most popular.
The high regional population density of CALABARZON and its proximity to Metro Manila
entails high demand of fresh bananas. Majority of production is consumed directly as
food while processing is limited to simple preparations like homemade sweetened
chips. There are several banana-processing plants situated in the region. Most of them
manufacture preserves and ketchup in San Pablo City, Laguna and industrial parks in
Canlubang but their bananas were sourced out from Oriental and Occidental Mindoro
and Mindanao.
13
B. Production Trends
Global Production
Figure 2. Average Production (MT) of Top 5 World

Banana Producers, 2005-2013
25,412,688.89
Average Production (MT)
9,053,177.56 8,268,422.56
6,959,239.11 6,772,540.44
INDIA CHINA, PHILIPPINES BRAZIL ECUADOR

MAINLAND
Country
Source: FAOSTAT
In 2005 to 2013, top five banana-producing countries based on FAOSTAT data (2014)
are India, China, Philippines, Brazil, and Ecuador. These countries account for more than
60% of total world banana production. India leads with an enormous production of
25,412,688.89 MT, a volume that almost tripled the production level of the far second
which is Mainland China with 9,053,177.56 MT. The Philippines remains competitive
with a total of 8,268,422.56 MT making it 1,309,183.45 MT ahead from Brazil. In a
comparison of production against land area and population, the Philippines performed
significantly by garnering 3rd after two huge countries. South American countries like
Brazil and Ecuador ranked fourth and fifth with 6,959,239.11 MT and 6,772,540.44 MT
of average production, respectively.
Figure 3. Average Yield (Hg/Ha) of Top 5 + Philippines

World Banana, 2005-2013
557,201.33
533,812.11 506,260.44
491,338.89 481,271.89
Average Yield (Hg*/Ha)
168,370.10
INDONESIA NICARAGUA SOUTH COSTA RICA ISRAEL PHILIPPINES

AFRICA
Country
Source: FAOSTAT
*Hg: Hectogram: metric unit of mass equal to one hundred grams. Thus, 1MT = 10,000 hg 14
Taking about efficiency in production, the records on yield reflect a lot on how Filipino
farmers efficiently translates a given hectare of land into a marketable volume of
banana produce. The Philippines, though enlisted as one of top 5 major banana-
producing countries in the world, does not perform efficiently in production (Figure 3).
This phenomenon may be explained by difference in cultural management practice and
input utilization per country. In view of this, efficient production and more equitable
ways of marketing and distributing the product can be explored to find best practices to
suffice the growing interest from consumers.
As an example for detailed comparison of cultural management and production

practices in the Philippines and other countries, Appendix 2 can be used as reference.
Domestic Production
Figure 4. Production (MT) of Banana per Cultivar, Philippines,

2005-2014
10,000,000.00
9,000,000.00
8,000,000.00
Production (MT)
7,000,000.00
6,000,000.00
5,000,000.00
4,000,000.00
3,000,000.00
2,000,000.00
1,000,000.00
-
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Year
ALL LAKATAN SABA CAVENDISH Other Varieties
Source: PSA-BAS
Figures 4 and 5 show the Philippine banana performance with disaggregation per
cultivar. Domestic banana production relatively increases from 2005 up to 2014. It was
only during 2013 that production slightly decreased, mostly Cavendish-type, due to
typhoons that attacked plantations mainly in Mindanao. It was also reported that
CALABARZON bananas were greatly affected during strong winds brought about by
typhoon Glenda in 2014 leaving some trees completely washed out in places like
Bondoc Peninsula in Quezon Province and DOLE banana plantation in Magdalena,
Laguna.
15
Figure 5. Area Harvested (ha) of Banana per Cultivar,
Philippines, 2005-2014
500,000.00
400,000.00
Area Harvested (Ha)
300,000.00
200,000.00
100,000.00
-
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Year
ALL Lakatan Saba Cavendish Other Varieties
Source: PSA-BAS
Figure 6. Annual Growth Rate in Area Harvested, Production,

and Yield of Banana, Philippines, 2005-2013
4.49
Annual Growth Rate (%)
3.59
0.87
AREA HARVESTED PRODUCTION YIELD

Item
Source: FAOSTAT
Annual growth rate (%) of area harvested and production may reflect expansion in
productive capacities of the industry but increase in potential output in yield over a
given period of time are viewed as good indicators of efficiency, and consequently,
economic growth. Considering the archipelagic nature of our country and relatively
smaller expanse of arable lands suitable for banana farming compared to other banana-
producing countries, competitive advantage in production can only be achieved by
increase efficiency in turning agricultural lands into a further improve productivity.
16
Figure 7. Production Share of Banana per Cultivar,
Philippines, 2013
Other Varieties Cavendish
914,046.23 MT 4,448,459.98 MT
(10%) (5%)
Saba
2,567,494.95 MT Lakatan
(29%) 954,856.23 MT
(11%)
Source: PSA-BAS
Half of total banana production in the Philippines was classified as Cavendish-type, which
is very popular in the export market. Huge local and international corporations in the
country plant it commercially. The said banana variety is known to be commercially
cultivated by large food production and distribution companies in the country like
Lapanday Foods, TADECO – Del Monte Fresh Produce, Dole-Stanfilco, Marsman – Drysdale
and other exporters. Remaining portions were still mostly found in other places in
Mindanao. Good topographic location and climatic condition make the place very it very
suitable to cultivate banana which is an herbaceous plant. With one of the Cavendish Dole
Plantation situated in Magdalena, Laguna, the production of such variety in the region is
attributed in the said cultivated area.
Saba, on the other hand, placed 2nd in production due to widespread of its cultivation in
backyards and vacant lands even with minimal management from growers.
Lakatan originated from Davao and is now gaining popularity in many places in the
country.
Latundan and Señorita are included in the share of “Other Varieties”. The productions of
varieties like these are usually concentrated in specified municipalities like Latundan in
Laguna and Quezon, and Señorita in Tagaytay City and Tayabas City.
17
Banana Production in CALABARZON
Top Banana-producing Municipalities in CALABARZON
The list of top banana-producing municipalities in the region was obtained from the final
record of the Provincial High-Value Coordinators. Complete list of municipalities per
province are discussed in Tables 4,5,6, 7, and 8. It is, however, should not be discounted
that some municipalities, especially in Bondoc Peninsula, that are engaged in banana
production were greatly affected by banana bunchy top disease and tropical storm leaving
them the reason to temporarily stop production in 2014. Moreover, the data reflect the
total production of all banana varieties.
Table 4. Top 10 Banana-producing Municipalities in Cavite, 2014

Municipality Area Planted Average Yield Estimated
Rank
(Ha) 2010-2014 Production (kg)
Amadeo 455 2,907.45 1
Gen. Aguinaldo 433.7 2,771.34 2
Indang 402 2,568.78 3
Silang 376.42 2,405.32 4
Maragondon 365.5 2,335.55 5
6.39
Alfonso 269.51 1,722.17 6
Mendez 92.3 589.80 7
Trece Martires City 78.2 499.70 8
Magallanes 64.5 412.16 9
Dasmarinas 48.9 312.47 10
Source: Office of the Provincial Agriculturist – Cavite
Table 5. Top 10 Banana-producing Municipalities in Laguna, 2014

Rank
Nagcarlan 600 1,554 1
Calauan 451.51 1,169.41 2
Alaminos 193.1 500.13 3
San Pablo 140.1 362.86 4
Mabitac 120 310.8 5
2.59
Calamba 110.88 287.18 6
Sta.Maria 108 279.72 7
Pangil 73.8 191.14 8
Pakil 70 181.3 9
Siniloan 51 132.09 10
Source: Office of the Provincial Agriculturist - Laguna
18
Table 6. Top 10 Banana-producing Municipalities in Batangas, 2014
Rank
Lipa City 219.73 1,081.07 1
Tanauan City 218.65 1,075.76 2
Mataas na Kahoy 177.34 872.51 3
San Juan 123 605.16 4
Nasugbu 104.5 514.14 5
4.92
Balite 94 462.48 6
Batangas City 70 344.4 7
Cuenca 66.1 325.21 8
Mabini 51.3 252.40 9
Sta.Teresita 40 196.80 10
Source: Office of the Provincial Agriculturist - Batangas
Table 7. Top 10 Banana-producing Municipalities in Rizal, 2014

Rank
San Mateo 212.02 341.35 1
Jalajala 32.95 53.05 2
Rodriguez 23 37.03 3
Antipolo City 20.72 1.61 33.36 4
Cardona 6 9.66 5
Baras 4.69 7.55 6
Binangonan 4.65 7.49 7
Source: Office of the Provincial Agriculturist – Rizal
Table 8. Top 10 Banana-producing Municipalities in Quezon, 2014

Rank
San Francisco 432.035 1,408.43 1
Dolores 355.15 1,157.79 2
Infanta 310 1,01.60 3
Buenavista 261 850.86 4
Mauban 223.25 727.80 5
3.26
Lucena 149.35 486.88 6
Unisan 114.7 373.92 7
Lopez 109 355.34 8
Sampaloc 107 348.82 9
Tagkawayan 100 326 10
Source: Office of the Provincial Agriculturist - Quezon
19
SECTION 3: NATURE AND STRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY
A. Value Chain Mapping
The value chain map of banana industry in CALABARZON as presented in Figure 9, is

composed of the following core segments with their corresponding actors: input
suppliers, farm production (banana farmers), trading (traders or
“byahero”/wholesalers/retailers), processing (banana chips processor), and final sale
for consumption (consumers or end users). It also presents the relevant actors of the
industry including their functions and current number as of year 2015. The government
institutions largely involved in the development of the chain as well as enabling laws
and policies that promotes the competitiveness, productivity and sustainability of the
banana industry in CALABARZON.
B. Key Players and Functions
1. Input Suppliers
Input suppliers play an essential role in providing necessary materials needed by other
players in the industry. They function as starters of the chain prior to production and
our bananas require the following resources before being served: sucker or planting
materials (“suwi”), fertilizer, herbicide, poles, straw ropes, and crates or sack.
There are several tissue-cultured laboratories in CALABARZON that provide good

quality suckers of all varieties like: a) SUCs-operated laboratories in Cavite State
University (CavSU) and National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory (NPGRL) of the
Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB) in the University of the Philippines Los Baños, and b)
government-owned laboratories in Southern Tagalog Integrated Agricultural Research
Laboratory (STIARC) – Lipa City, Batangas, and the Quezon Agricultural Experiment
Station (QAES) – Tiaong, Quezon.
The Department of Agriculture Regional Field Office IV-A High Value Crop Development
Division through the Provincial and Municipal Government Units (P/MLGUs) provides
support to farmers by distribution of suckers. This is done using master lists of farmers
prepared by PLGUs and MLGUs. Apart from this regular production support, additional
distribution of suckers is done during storm surge aftermaths in affected municipalities
in the region.
20
Figure 9. Value Chain Map of Banana in CALABARZON, 2015
21
Chemical inputs like fertilizers and herbicides, on the other hand, can be procured in agro-
chemical stores. For poles in support to banana trunk, most of the farmers rely heavily to
available/astray bamboos and stems in their farm. Some of them buy the poles to other
farmers. Lastly, for the straw ropes and the sack/crates for harvest, farmers resort to local
stores in their community.
2. Farmers
Small to medium scale growers cultivate their own banana farms but sell their produce to
buyers. Banana growers are landowners (though also producing other cash crops) can own
as small as 0.2 ha of land or as big as 100 ha of land. The size of land area being cultivated
by growers also determines the number of workers they employ to do the processes
involved in banana cultivation. Some small growers do all those activities on their own to
cut on labor expenses.
There are approximately 47 major producing municipalities in CALABARZON composed of

small hold major producing farmers planting banana by intercropping with other
commodities like coconut in Quezon, coffee in Cavite, rambutan and lanzones in Laguna,
and other crops in Batangas and Rizal. Based on the DA-AFIS production guide as validated
in the FGD conducted in different provinces below are their production practices.
Table 9. List of All Banana-producing Municipalities in Cavite, 2015

Municipality Area Planted (Ha)
Bacoor 9.5
Dasmarinas 48.9
Carmona 22.5
G.M.A. 15
Silang 376.42
Amadeo 455
General Trias 31.2
Trece Martires City 78.2
Alfonso 269.51
Gen. Aguinaldo 433.7
Indang 402
Magallanes 64.5
Maragondon 365.5
Mendez 92.3
Tagaytay City 33.5
Ternate 35.65
Source: Provincial High Value Crops Coordinator Report
22
Table 10. List of All Banana-producing Municipalities in Laguna, 2015
Municipality Area Planted (Ha) Municipality Area Planted (Ha)
Binan 15 Kalayaan 9.5
Bay 50 Famy 27.5
Cabuyao 5.4 Luisiana 10
Calamba 110.88 Lumban 14.5
Los Banos 8.75 Mabitac 120
Alaminos 193.1 Magdalena 40
Calauan 451.51 Pagsanjan 20.9
Liliw 14.5 Pakil 70
Nagcarlan 600 Pangil 73.8
Rizal 10.6 Pila 21
San Pablo 140.1 Sta.Maria 108
Cavinti 20.07 Siniloan 51
Table 11. List of All Banana-producing Municipalities in Batangas, 2015

Balayan 1.7 Balite 94
Nasugbu 104.5 Cuenca 66.1
Taal 30.12 Malvar 25.5
Tuy 5.5 Mataas na Kahoy 177.34
Batangas City 70 San Nicolas 17.61
Lobo 23 Sta.Teresita 40
Mabini 51.3 Tanauan City 218.65
San Luis 5 Lipa City 219.73
San Pascual 13.75 San Jose 22.25
Agoncillo 8 San Juan 123
Alitagtag 1.33
Table 12. List of All Banana-producing Municipalities in Rizal, 2015

Municipality Area Planted (Ha)
Antipolo City 20.72
Binangonan 4.65
Cardona 6
Baras 4.69
Jalajala 32.95
Rodriguez 23
San Mateo 212.02
23
Table 13. All List of Banana-producing Municipalities in Quezon, 2015
Burdeos 77 Agdangan 10.5
Infanta 310 Buenavista 261
Mauban 223.25 Mulanay 60
General Nakar 35.5 Padre Burgos 55
Pagbilao 27.6 San Francisco 432.035
Real 46.9 Unisan 114.7
Sampaloc 107 Alabat 6.68
Tayabas 40 Atimonan 24.15
Candelaria 67.75 Guinayangan 59
Dolores 355.15 Gumaca 28.859
Lucena 149.35 Lopez 109
San Antonio 14.5 Plaridel 17.25
Tiaong 9 Tagkawayan 100
Based on the reports submitted by the Municipal Agricultural Offices (MAOs), the
Provincial Agricultural Offices (PAOs) was able to consolidate and list down the extent area
harvested with bananas. The municipality of Gen. Aguinaldo, Silang, Maragondon, and
Alfonso in Cavite; Calauan and Alaminos in Laguna; Lipa City, Tanauan City, Mataas na
Kahoy in Batangas; San Mateo in Rizal; San Francisco, Dolores and Mauban in Quezon are
the top municipalities with numerous farms planted with banana. Table 9,10, 11, 12, and
13 shows the area planted with banana per municipality.
3. Traders
In CALABARZON, traders of banana or “byahero” are frequently seen with freight jeepneys
carrying properly stacked bananas in bunch ready for transport. Similar to other regions,
traders operates direct buying of goods from farmers then sold to retailers with an added
margin for profit. The traders contact the farmers in person or through short message
service (SMS). There is no specific grading use in this stage. The farmer and trader usually
comes with an average farmgate price to charge per piece for ease in transaction. These
bananas are transported to public and private markets and bagsakan within the region.
Some of it goes to huge markets in Metro Manila like Balintawak and Divisoria. The terms of
payment and nature of agreement includes but not limited to the following:
24
a. “Kumpare/kakilala system” - farmers who declare loyalty to trader/buyer whom
they transacts regularly;
b. Contract agreement - usually happen in farmers with huge harvestable lands and
supplies produce to corporations. Most agreements entail certain volume to be
delivered in a specific period of time.
c. Verbal agreement - when farmers are financially short to put up with all necessary
inputs in production. The farmers receive money from traders/financers to buy
inputs or sometimes inputs are given in-kind. Traders sometimes extend assistance
during harvest (“Tiba”, “Ipon”, and “Hakot”) as part of their bargain. The farmer will
then be compelled to deliver his harvest to the contractor who supplied their inputs.
d. “Pakyawan” – the trader visits the farm as early as the planting stage and under
thorough estimate of potential harvest, the trader offers a bulk/wholesale-buying
price for the whole plantation. The farmer usually get lower farmgate price but is
assured of sales taking in consideration of potential pest outbreak or storm surge
before harvest.
e. In most cases, farmers sell their harvest to traders offering the most competitive
buying price.
Traders’ expenses also include proper fruit care and post-harvest handling before
transferring the product to other market intermediaries like wholesalers and retailers.
Postharvest loss in this stage commonly reached up to 5%. To minimize the loss, the
following are examples of postharvest handling that traders’ perform to ensure fruit care:
a. Bagging - Bananas are bagged in bunch to protect from pests and to hasten ripening
for consumption. This process is frequently done in dessert bananas sold for export
like Cavendish and practiced as well in Lakatan even for local consumption to
preserve quality and good physical appearance for higher marketability.
b. Packaging - Use of wooden crates lined with banana bracts are used to prevent
abrasions, which result in unsightly bruises.
c. Storage - The green and damage-free fruits are stored on 0.05mm polyethylene
bags with ethylene absorbent. The temperature is maintained not lower than 12˚C.
4. Wholesalers/Retailers
Traders deliver/sold their transported bananas to wholesalers/retailers waiting in the

bagsakan centers. However, in some instances, the wholesalers/retailers can directly
source out their goods from the farmers themselves and skip the traders in the chain.
25
Table 14. List of Major Public Markets in CALABARZON
Province Public Market Location
Cavite Mahogany Public Market Tagaytay City, Silang, Cavite
Laguna Biñan Public Market Biñan, Laguna
Nagcarlan Agri-Tiangge Nagcarlan, Laguna
Batangas Lipa City Public Market Lipa City, Batangas
Sto. Tomas Public Market Sto. Tomas, Batangas
Tanauan Public Market Tanauan City, Batangas
Rizal Antipolo Cogeo Public Market Antipolo City, Rizal
Quezon Lucena City Public Market Lucena City, Quezon
Sariaya Bagsakan Center Sariaya, Quezon
Table 15. Sample Grades of Banana used in the Market regardless of Variety
Grade Qualities
Extra Class Superior Quality, Mature, Clean, Well-formed, Well-trimmed,
Free from Decay, Split Fingers, Loose Fingers, Bruises, Blemishes,
and Discoloration caused by Insets, Disease, or Latex Burn
Class I Good Quality, Mature, Clean, Well-formed, Well-trimmed, Free
from Decay, Split Fingers, Loose Fingers, Bruises, Blemishes, and
Discoloration caused by Insets, Disease, or Latex Burn
Class II Do not qualify for inclusion in the higher classes but Free from
Decay, Split Fingers, Loose Fingers, Bruises, Blemishes, and
Discoloration caused by Insets, Disease, or Latex Burn
Table 16. Range of Buying and Selling Price by Retailer per Variety
Variety Buying Price (PhP/pc) Selling Price (PhP/pc)
Saba 2.50-5.00 5.00-6.00
Lakatan 4.00-5.50 5.50-7.00
Latundan 2.00-3.00 3.00-5.00
Señorita 1.50-2.00 2.00-3.00
The postharvest losses in this stage can reached up to 5%. To minimize this, handling can
be done in multiple ways including: a) induced ripening of fruits using ethylene gas,
ethephon, or calcium carbide (kalburo) for unripe bananas, b) ventilating fruits adequately
after exposure to carbide, and c) keeping ripe banana in a cool dry place but no
refrigeration.
26
5. Banana Chips Processors
A lot of banana varieties are suitable for chips production like Saba or Cavendish. Matured,
unripe banana is preferred because of its natural crisp. Sweetened or salted banana chips
can be easily prepared. Brix syrup or “arnibal” is mixed in thinly chopped (0.05 to 1.0 mm)
bananas in a ratio of three parts sugar to every one part water. The chips are fried first then
soaked in “arnibal” for 2-3 minutes. The syrup will then left to drip and chips will be fried
again until shiny golden brown. This process can be done using simple kitchen utensils but
machineries like slicer and packaging facility is very helpful in bulk production.
Banana chips processing can be a homemade small-scale business up to medium enterprise

that can reach even the international market. There are 3 major producers of banana chips
in are situated in the region namely: Tita’s Banana Chips in Quezon, Sabanana Chips in
Laguna, and Dolly’s Banana Chips in Cavite. Local distribution of products includes sari-sari
stores, canteens, offices, restaurants, airlines, and supermarkets. They are also able to
export their products to Dubai, Korea, Canada, Hawaii, Japan, Guam, USA, France, Spain,
Holland, Kuwait, and Singapore.
The contribution of women in this part of the chain is very important. It was noted on on-
site visits that most of manpower involved in banana chips making were female workers.
They are involved in activities such as peeling, cooking, and packaging.
Packaging
Packaging of banana chips intended to local market, especially small stores and bus
vendors, comes in small to large packets of plastic with store labels in papers.
Packaging for Local Stores
27
Meanwhile, for product intended to sell overseas, foil packs are used to meet quality
standards and promote a competitive branding. It is also sold in supermarkets,
convenience stores, airlines, and school/university cafeterias.
Packaging for Export Market
28
Table 17. List of Banana Chips Processors in CALABARZON
Owner/
Capacity
Business Location/ Number of Products’
Number of Costs Other Details
Name Contact Products Packaging
Bananas
Information
Tita’s Adams Three (3) They can produce Local Local Regularly delivers in
Banana Archimedes L. times a week 90 boxes of which Big Big - 150g @ Biñan, Manila, Sta.Rosa
Chips Flavier using 10,000 contains 60 packs Small 35PhP/pack
to 22,000 pcs @ 100g (for local Tiny Small - 100g @ Sources out banana
Barangay of banana per consumption or 24PhP/pack from neighboring
Panikihan, production export market) in Export Tiny – 50g @ municipalities in
Gumaca, (Monday- a day. Big 12PhP/pack Bondoc Peninsula and
Quezon Tuesday- Small sometimes in Occidental
Wednesday). Export Mindoro
Contact Class B Big – 100g @
Information: Durog 33PhP/pack Export their products
09984170494 Small – 50g @ to: Dubai, Korea,
09209469738 7.5PhP/pack Canada, Hawaii, Japan,
adamsflavier@ (usually goes in and Guam
yahoo.com 10s, 75PhP)
titasbananachip Expansion Capacity:
s@yahoo.com Class B 10,000-15,000pcs/day
50g @
10PhP/pack Permits:
Municipal Business
Permit
DTI Permit
Department of Customs
Food and Drug
Administration
29
Ailene’s Silvestre - No Available - No Available - No Available - No Available - No Available Data -
Banana Colombres/ Data - Data - Data - Data -
Chips Barangay Abo,
Nagcarlan,
Laguna
Sabanana Marcial Aaron Input: Output: Available - No Available Export Markets:
Chips by Bananas are Produces 8,000 Flavors: Data - USA, Canada, France,
Villa Pagsanjan, from the farm packs of banana Sweet Spain, Holland,
Socorro Laguna itself and chips a day Original Australia, Hawaii, Guam,
Farm some nearby Smoky BBQ Kuwait, Dubai,
Contact towns of Roasted Garlic Singapore
Information: Magdalena
(+632) 852 and Cavinti
6484
(+63922) 850
5101
villasocorrofar
m@yahoo.com
www.villasocor
ro.com.ph
Grace’s Mary Grace S. Three (3) They can produce Big Big - 120g @ Permits:
Home Made Tejada times a week either 1,000 Small 13PhP/pack Municipal Business
Chips & using 5,000 to packs of Big 120g Tiny Small - 60g @ Permit
Delicacies Barangay 6,000 pcs of or 2,000 packs of 6PhP/pack DTI Permit
Silangang Ilaya, banana per small 60g Tiny – 35g @
Nagcarlan, production (depending on 4PhP/pack Other information:
Laguna (Monday- the size ordered) Regularly delivers in
Tuesday- and 500 tiny Biñan, Manila, Sta.Rosa
Contact Wednesday) packs per With seasonal deliveries
Information: production day. in Lucban, Quezon and
(049) 573- Baguio City during their
30
2402 respective festivals
09472167799 Delivers to SM on per
09494316321 kilo basis without
tarheta
Yhe-yhe’s Poligena S. Input: Three They can produce 100g 100g @ Expansion Capacity:
Homemade Consebido (3) times a 2,500 to 3,000 40g 10PhP/pack Up to 30,000 pcs of
Special week using packs of 100g 30g 40g @ 4PhP/pack banana/ production day
Chips Barangay 13,000 to size per day with 30g (durog) @
Silangang Ilaya, 15,000 pcs of an estimated net 1PhP/pack Other Information:
Nagcarlan, banana per profit of 1,500 Don’t accept
Laguna production consignment
Contact Saba banana came from

Information: Batangas, Quezon,
09199940252 Laguna (Siniloan and
09085090270 Magdalena), and
Mindoro
Ildefonso Ildefonso J. - No Available - No Available - No Available - No Available - No Available Data -
Banana Condino/ Data - Data - Data - Data -
Chips Barangay
Talangan,
Nagcarlan,
Laguna
Cena’s Lucena C. - No Available - No Available - No Available - No Available - No Available Data -
Banana Gensaya/ Data - Data - Data - Data -
Chips Barangay
Silangang Ilaya,
Nagcarlan,
Laguna
Cris Banana Emelia S. - No Available - No Available - No Available - No Available - No Available Data -

Chips Orlina/ Data - Data - Data - Data -
31
Barangay
Alibungbungan,
Nagcarlan,
Laguna
RJ’s Janice L. - No Available - No Available - No Available - No Available - No Available Data -
Cassava/ Magsipoc/ Data - Data - Data - Data -
Banana Barangay
Chips Silangang
Napapatid,
Nagcarlan,
Laguna
Aloha’s Aloha Bueno/ Two (2) - They can produce 40g 40g @ 4PhP/pack
Banana Barangay three (3) 5,000 packs or 60g 60g @ 6PhP/pack
Chips Silangang Ilaya, times a week more of 40g size 80g 80g @ 8PhP/pack
Nagcarlan, using 30,000 per day with an 180g 180g @
Laguna Bananas per estimated net Ties (tingi) 20PhP/pack
production profit of Ties (tingi) 12
Contact day 5,000php using small packs @
Information: 30,000 bananas. 8PhP
09160663626 Or they can
produce 800-
1000 packs in
two (2) days of
80g packs.
Production of
180g pack is per
order basis only.
They can also
produce 3000
packs of 60g per
day
32
Empire’s Joey Magbatoc/ - No Available - No Available - No Available - No Available - No Available Data -
Banana Barangay Abo, Data - Data - Data - Data -
Chips Nagcarlan,
Laguna
Zenaida Zenaida - No Available - No Available - No Available - No Available
Corcuera Corcuera Data - Data - Data - Data -
Food Address: 12675
Products Barangay
Mayondon, Los
Baños, Laguna
Contact
Information:
(049) 536-
1368
Edna and Virginia - No Available - No Available - No Available - No Available
Rebecca’s Dimayuga Data - Data - Data - Data -
Banana Address: Tinga
Chips and Itaas, Batangas
Coated City, Batangas
Peanuts Contact
Information:
(043) 701-
1523
Dolly's Rogelio G. - No Available - No Available - No Available - No Available Contact Information:
Banana Cavas Data - Data - Data - Data - (046) 434-5316
Chips
#147 Santero
Subdivision
Habay I,
Bacoor, 4102
Cavite,
Philippines
33
C. Nature of Interfirm Relationships
1. Horizontal Relationships
Input suppliers are SUCs, national government thru the Bottoms-up-Budgeting project of
Department of Agriculture and other agro-chemical input suppliers. They are somehow
interrelated with each other in in such a way that they function as a government entity and
their objective to help farmers with input provision. Some of the inputs that are provided
include suckers, fertilizers, herbicides, sack/crates, straws, and poles.
Banana farmers in CALABARZON indirectly coexist with each other through the presence of
associations intended for other agricultural crops like rice, vegetable, coconut, etc. This is
due to nonexistence of exclusive banana growers’ association/cooperative in the region.
But as banana is produced as an intercrop, farmers participate in organized groups for
their main crops. Neighbouring farmers, however, help each other by supplying/sharing
their residual suckers to others. They sold it in a relatively lower price than laboratory-
induced planting materials. Moreover, they were closely interrelated through sharing of
knowledge in production practices. Farmers also share information like the prices from
different traders and who buys higher, quality requirement of the traders and other news,
which concerns the within the area.
Traders differ in buying price of bananas but they tend to keep it regulated to keep their
credibility and avoid the interference of the local government unit or the municipality
mayor. Traders also differ in levels depending on their capacity to buy bananas namely:
local trader and trading centers. In a local area, there are instances wherein local traders
are related to each other and members of one family but they differ in level and capacity.
In some areas like Nagcarlan, Laguna, banana chips processors are associated with each
other. This municipality houses a significant number of homemade banana chips
processors. Most of them are family-related and are actually neighbours in a barangay. The
success of the first home-made banana chips processors in the area inspire others to
venture into the business and their business strategies don’t actually deviate too much
from each other.
34
2. Vertical Relationship and Supply Chain Governance
The vertical relationship is strong in the structure of Philippine banana industry.

Continuous remarkable performance of the industry over the years is but a reflection of
successful transfer of goods from each player participating in the chain.
The Department of Agriculture, through their regional and provincial offices together with
their research laboratories – STIARC and QAES, act as input supplier through their banana
suckers disbursement program. This program is included in the regular initiatives of High
Value Crops Development Program and especially intensified during typhoon aftermath.
Some SUC-operated laboratories like UPLB-IPB and CavSU, on the other hand, offers high
quality suckers in warranted prices. As to their part, the farmers acquaint agricultural
technicians during field visits and notify their needs on input provision during seminars
and farmers’ forum. Local agro-chemical stores are likewise considered as input supplier.
Most of the farmers buy their fertilizers, herbicides, sack/crates, straw and poles using
personal capital allotment. Fluctuations in input prices in these stores are of course
dictated by its market supply and the demand of goods affected by number of farmers
using it.
Types of farmer-trader relationships are discussed in the earlier part of the paper. But in
most cases, traders possess stronger power over farmer in haggling the buying price.
Farmers are left with a lot of options to sell their harvest, however, due to immediate need
to sell their produce to maintain quality and abrupt need to earn money, the farmers
usually overpowered by traders in dictating final farmgate price.
Banana chips processors directly negotiate with banana growers to lessen capital
requirement. They save middlemen fees by going straight to farmers and can choose best
quality banana suited for chips making. To meet their input requirement in every
production day, processors transact business with several farmers and offers relatively
higher buying price compared to other traders. The farmers, in return, will have another
option on where to sell their produce.
Traders, as middlemen in the chain, transports fresh green banana and sold to wholesalers
located in local public markets. They add competitive price margin in the selling price and
like farmers, they sold it to their “suki”. In this relationship, the trader and wholesaler have
equal power in dictating the final price. Banana retailers, on the other hand, get their goods
from wholesalers wherein wholesaler dictates final buying price while retailers dictate the
final retail price against end-consumer whom shoulders all price margins added from
farmgate up to retail.
35
D. Price and Cost Structures
The computation of expenses versus revenues in banana is somewhat complicated. All

calculations in this analysis involves a cropping period of up to four (4) harvestable suckers
to show realization of breakeven from start-up expenses and earning of profit. But how did
we determine the number of suckers to account and other parameters? The following
notes, though some are cultivar-sensitive, are put in consideration:
i. Base area for computation will be one (1) hectare since planting distances of crops
to be intercropped with (coconut, lanzones, rambutan, coffee, etc.) varies making it
very difficult to estimate total number of trees on a given piece of land.
ii. One (1) planting material or “suwi” can produce as many as eight (8) suckers.
iii. Maximum of three (3) suckers can stay with the mother plant to avoid too much
competition of nutrients.
iv. Other remaining suckers should be replanted and will serve as new mother plants
for new cropping period. It can also be placed in a nursery and sold to other farmers.
v. First sucker to emerge from the mother plant produces the largest bunches and bear
fruit within 8-10 months from emergence.
vi. However, later suckers produce a lower overall yield and can be kept more closely
to a 12-month cycle. It is advisable to apply fertilizer to these suckers to sustain
level of harvest.
vii. Saba is the only variety with saleable leaves and flower.
viii. Mortality Rate of all Planting Materials = 90%.
Saba Income and Profits
Table 18. Cost and Returns of Saba Farmer up to 4th Harvestable Sucker
ITEMS 1st Sucker 2nd Sucker 3rd Sucker 4th Sucker
RETURNS
Cash Returns
Sales
Fresh Green Banana (Saba) PhP 44,560.00 57,360.00 38,160.00 31,760.00
Banana Leaves 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00 1,200.00
Banana Flower 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00
Planting Material (Suwi) - 18,000.00 - -
Total Cash Returns 47,760.00 78,560.00 41,360.00 34,960.00
Non-Cash Returns
Home Consumption 120.00 120.00 120.00 120.00
Given to Relatives/Friends 120.00 120.00 120.00 120.00
Total Non-Cash Returns 240.00 240.00 240.00 240.00
Total Returns 48,000.00 72,800.00 41,600.00 35,200.00
36
COSTS
Cash Costs
Planting Material (Suwi) 8,900.00 - - -
Hired Labor 17,500.00 7,100.00 6,000.00 5,500.00
Land Preparation 3,000.00
Weeding 3,000.00
Planting 6,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00
Tiba 3,000.00 3,200.00 2,800.00 2,500.00
Ipon 1,500.00 1,700.00 1,300.00 1,200.00
Hauling 1,000.00 1,200.00 900.00 800.00
Miscellaneous Expenses 525.00 630.00 480.00 445.00
Postharvest Losses (15%) 6,684.00 8,604.00 5,724.00 4,764.00
Total Cash Costs 33,609.00 16,334.00 12,204.00 10,709.00
Non-cash Costs
Depreciation 1,263.33 1,263.33 1,263.33 1,263.33
Family Labor 1,250.00 1,250.00 1,250.00 1,250.00
Total Non-Cash Costs 2,513.33 2,513.33 2,513.33 2,513.33
Total Costs 36,122.33 18,847.33 14,717.3 13,222.33
Profit from Banana Cultivation PhP 11,877.67 53,952.67 26,882.67 21,977.67
Assumptions:
Planting distance: 5X5m
10,000sqm/25 = 400 trees
Saba Planting Material used: PhP 20.00 each
Planting material survival rate = 90%, ∼445pcs of planting materials/ha bought
Farmers do not use fertilizer in Saba to sustain level of harvest in next suckers
Leaves: PhP 3.00 per tree; Flower: PhP 5.00 per tree
Home Consumption and Given to Relatives/Friends: conservatively 150pcs each
Saleable Planting Materials: PhP 15.00 each, conservatively 2 suckers/mother plant
Fruits per tree = 140 pieces; 1 kg = 9 pieces
Farm Gate Price = PhP 0.80/piece
Duration: 1 year and 6 months on mother plant, suckers are 8-12 months
Harvest is done every after 2 weeks since timing of maturity in all fruits slightly
varies
Miscellaneous Expenses: Sack/Basket = 25pcs @ Php15.00each
Rope = PhP150.00/roll
Hired Labor: Land Preparation = 400 trees @ PhP7.5each
Weeding = 400 trees @ PhP7.50each
Planting = 400 trees @ PhP15.00each
Harvesting = Tiba: PhP3, 000.00/day
Ipon: PhP1, 500.00/day
Hauling: Php1, 000.00/day
Straight-line method of depreciation is used for farm tools: Itak, Asarol, and Kawit
37
Table 19. Costs and Returns of Saba Trader
ITEMS AMOUNT
RETURNS
Cash Returns
Re-sale: Fresh Green Banana (Saba) PhP 119,000.00
Total Cash Returns 119,000.00
Total Returns 119,000.00
COSTS
Cash Costs
Fresh Green Banana 37,876.00
Hired Labor
Tracking 23,725.00
Hauling 11,900.00
Postharvest Losses (5%) 5,681.40
Total Cash Costs 79,257.40
Total Costs 79,257.40
Profit from Banana Trading PhP 39,742.60
Assumptions:
Trader Selling Price: PhP 2.50 each
Tracking Cost: PhP 0.50 each (Hired labor includes costs on fuel and driver fee)
Hauling Cost: PhP 0.25 each
Table 20. Costs and Returns of Saba Retailer

ITEMS AMOUNT
RETURNS
Cash Returns
Re-sale: Fresh Green Banana (Saba) PhP 180,800.00
COSTS
Cash Costs
Hired Labor
Hauling 11,300.00
Miscellaneous Expenses 3,000.00
Profit from Banana Retailing PhP 41,550.00
38
Assumptions:
Retailer Price: PhP 4.00each
Hauling Cost: PhP 0.25 each
Miscellaneous Expenses: Plastic Bag, Rent on Store
Saba Relative Financial Position of Industry Players
KEY PLAYERS FARMER TRADER RETAILER
COSTS and COSTS: PhP 6.02 COSTS: PhP 16.65 COSTS: PhP 30.45
RETURNS: PhP 8.00 RETURNS: PhP 25.00 RETURNS: PhP 39.54
RETURNS PROFIT: PhP 1.98 PROFIT: PhP 8.35 PROFIT: PhP 9.09
PROFIT SHARE 10.19% 43.01% 46.80%
DURATION to After 1 year After 3 days After 3 days

REALIZE PROFIT and 6 months up to 1 week up to 1 week
Base: A kilogram of Saba Banana (Average of 9 pcs per kilogram)
Figure 9. Relative Financial Position of Saba Key Players
39
Latundan Income and Profits
Table 21. Costs and Returns of Latundan Farmer

RETURNS
Cash Returns
Sales
Fresh Green Banana (Latundan) PhP 333,050.00 399,710.00 266,390.00 221,950.00
Non-Cash Returns
Total Returns 333,300.00 433,290.00 266,640.00 222,200.00
COSTS
Cash Costs
Hired Labor 35,497.00 17,800.00 12,800.00 11,200.00
Land Preparation 5,999.00
Weeding 11,998.80 5,000.00 3,000.00 2,000.00
Planting 11,998.80
Harvesting 5,500.00 6,400.00 4,900.00 4,600.00
Total Cash Costs 108,199.50 71,956.50 48,338.50 40,322.50
Non-cash Costs
Depreciation 1,263.33 1,263.33 1,263.33 1,263.33
Family Labor 1,250.00 1,250.00 1,250.00 1,250.00
Total Costs 110,712.83 74,469.83 50,851.83 42,835.83
Assumptions:
Computations based on a hectare of land
Plating distance: 3x3m
10,000sqm/9m = 1,111 trees
Fruits per tree = 15 kg
1 kg = 10 pieces
Farm gate price = PhP20.00/kg
Duration: 1 year
40
Table 22. Costs and Returns of Latundan Trader
ITEMS AMOUNT
RETURNS
Cash Returns
Re-sale: Fresh Green Banana (Latundan) PhP 382,461.75
COSTS
Cash Costs
Hired Labor
Tracking 7,082.63
Hauling 7,082.63
Postharvest Losses (5%) 14, 165.25
Assumptions:
Trader Selling Price = PhP27/kg
Tracking Cost = PhP0.50each
Hauling Cost = PhP0.50each
Table 23. Costs and Returns of Latundan Retailer

ITEMS AMOUNT
RETURNS
Cash Returns
Re-sale: Fresh Green Banana (Latundan) PhP 447,444.83
COSTS
Cash Costs
Hired Labor
Hauling 13,456.99
41
Assumptions:
Retail price = PhP35/kg
Miscellaneous Expenses: Paper or plastic bags, ropes, kalboro, etc
Latundan Relative Financial Position of Industry Players
COSTS: PhP 6.64 COSTS: PhP 25.51 COSTS: PhP 32.58

COSTS and RETURNS: PhP 20.00 RETURNS: PhP 27.00 RETURNS: PhP 34.96
PROFIT SHARE 77.58% 8.64% 13.78%
DURATION to After 1 year After 3 days After 3 days

REALIZE PROFIT and 6 months up to 1 week up to 1 week
Figure 10. Relative Financial Position of Latundan Key Players
42
Lakatan Income and Profits
Table 24. Costs and Returns of Lakatan Farmer

RETURNS
Cash Returns
Sales
Fresh Green Banana (Lakatan) PhP 777,300.00 971,725.00 699,530.00 582,875.00
Planting Material (Suwi) 99,990.00
Non-Cash Returns
Total Returns 777,700.00 1,072,115.00 699,93000 583,275.00
COSTS
Cash Costs
Fertilizer 57,772.00 14,443.00 8,665.80 5,777.20
Hired Labor 107,493.40 41,500.00 30,000.00 19,500.00
Total Cash Costs 360,135.40 250,868.00 179,041.80 142,282.20
Non-cash Costs
Depreciation 1,263.33 1,263.33 1,263.33 1,263.33
Family Labor 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00
Total Costs 363,898.73 254,631.33 182,805.13 146,045.53
Assumptions:
Planting Distance: 3x3m
10,000sqm/9m = 1,111 trees
Fruits per tree = 20kg
1 kg = 9pieces
Farm gate Price = PhP35/kg
Duration: 1 year and 4 months
Hired Labor
Land Preparation, Weeding (every 4 months), Planting, Fertilizer Application (every
4 months), and Harvesting
43
Table 25. Costs and Returns of Lakatan Trader
ITEMS AMOUNT
RETURNS
Cash Returns
Re-sale: Fresh Green Banana (Lakatan) PhP 799,920.00
COSTS
Cash Costs
Hired Labor
Tracking 44.440.00
Hauling 44.440.00
Postharvest (5%) 31,088.00
Assumptions:
Trader Selling Price = PhP45.00/kg
Table 26. Costs and Returns of Lakatan Retailer

ITEMS AMOUNT
RETURNS
Cash Returns
Re-sale: Fresh Green Banana (Lakatan) PhP 1,111,000.00
Total Cash Returns 1,111,000.00
Total Returns 1,111,000.00
COSTS
Cash Costs
Hired Labor
Hauling 38,885.00
Postharvest Losses (5%)
Total Cash Costs 1,077,670.00
Total Costs 1,077,670.00
44
Assumptions:
Retail Price = PhP55.00/kg
Lakatan Relative Financial Position of Industry Players

PROFIT SHARE 66.24% 17.24% 15.89%
DURATION to After 1 year and After 3 days After 3 days

6 months up to 1 week
REALIZE PROFIT up to 1 week
Figure 11. Relative Financial Position of Lakatan Bananas
45
Señorita Banana Income and Profits
Table 27. Costs and Returns of Señorita Farmer

RETURNS
Cash Returns
Sales
Fresh Green Banana (Señorita) PhP 129,800.00 155,800.00 103,800.00 77,800.00
Non-Cash Returns
Total Returns 130,000.00 182,000.00 104,000.00 78,000.00
COSTS
Cash Costs
Fertilizer 2,900.00
Hired Labor
Planting 7,250.00
Weeding 2,600.00
Harvesting 3,500.00 4,100.00 3,000.00 2,700.00
Total Cash Costs 57,235.00 28,100.00 19,050.00 14,815.00
Non-cash Costs
Depreciation 1,263.33 1,263.33 1,263.33 1,263.33
Family Labor 1,250.00 1,250.00 1,250.00 1,250.00
Total Costs 59,748.33 30,613.33 21,563.33 17,328.33
Assumptions:
1,300 trees
Fruits per tree = 10kg
1 kg = 10 pieces
Farm gate price = PhP10.00/kg
Duration: 6months
Miscellaneous Expense: Sack and rope
Depreciation: Straight line depreciation method for farm tools, i.e. itak, asarol, kawit
46
Table 28. Costs and Returns of Señorita Trader
ITEMS AMOUNT
RETURNS
Cash Returns
Re-sale: Fresh Green Banana (Señorita) PhP 156,000.00
COSTS
Cash Costs
Hired Labor
Tracking 11,900.00
Hauling 11,900.00
Assumptions:
Trader Selling Price = PhP1/kg
Table 29. Costs and Returns of Señorita Retailer

ITEMS AMOUNT
RETURNS
Cash Returns
Re-sale: Fresh Green Banana (Señorita) PhP 187,720.00
COSTS
Cash Costs
Hired Labor
Hauling 1,500.00
47
Assumptions:
Retail price = PhP20/kg
Miscellaneous Expenses: Paper or plastic bags, ropes, kalboro, etc
Señorita Relative Financial Position of Industry Players

PROFIT SHARE 53.11% 21.90% 24.99%
DURATION to After 6 months After 3 days After 3 days

REALIZE PROFIT up to 1 week up to 1 week
Figure 12. Relative Financial Position of Señorita Key Players
48
Banana Chips Processing
Table 30. Banana Chips Processor Income and Profits (Local Market)
ITEMS AMOUNT
RETURNS
Cash Returns
Sales
Banana Chips PhP 129,600.00
Banana Peels 25.00
COSTS
Cash Costs
Fresh Green Banana (Saba) 26,400.00
Cooking Oil 25,000.00
Brown Sugar 5,080.00
Iodized Salt 25.00
Rice Hull 1,000.00
Plastic Packaging (For Local Market) 3,024.00
Box 1,710.00
Gasoline 7,000.00
Hired Labor 37,080.00
Utilities 766.67
Maintenance 1,273.97
Non-cash Costs
Depreciation 1,207.29
Total Non-Cash Costs 1,207.29
Profit from Banana Chips Production (Local) PhP 20,058.07
Assumptions:
22,000 pieces of Saba banana per production day

Saba banana @ PhP1.20 each (wherein PhP0.40 each for tracking)
Banana Chips Produce: 90 boxes of 100g chips (60 pieces per box)
Selling Price: PhP 24.00 per 100g
25 containers of cooking oil @ PhP1,000.00 each
2 sacks of Brown Sugar @ PhP 2,540.00 each
Packaging: Plastic @ PhP5.00 each and boxes @ PhP90.00 each
49
Hired Labors: Peeler, Cook, Packager, Store Manager, Storage Man, Utility
Man, Driver, Pahinante
Depreciation: Factory building, truck, slicer, packaging machine,
computer + printer, electric fans, exhaust fans, CCTV camera, and cooking
set
Banana Chips Processor Relative Financial Position (Local Market)
KEY PLAYERS FARMER PROCESSOR RETAILER
COSTS: PhP 11,415.33 COSTS: PhP 109,199.39 COSTS: PhP 149,040.00

COSTS and RETURNS: PhP 28,256.00 RETURNS: PhP 129,625.00 RETURNS: PhP 162,000.00
RETURNS PROFIT: PhP 16,840.67 PROFIT: PhP 20,425.61 PROFIT: PhP 12,960.00
PROFIT SHARE 33.53% 40.67% 25.80%
After 3 days up
DURATION to After 1 year and After 3 days up
to 1 week
REALIZE PROFIT 6 months to 1 week
Basis: 22,000pcs per production day
Figure 13. Relative Financial Position of Banana Chips (Local Market) Key Players
50
Table 31. Banana Chips Processor Income and Profits (Export Market)
ITEMS AMOUNT
RETURNS
Cash Returns
Sales
Banana Chips PhP 178,200.00
Banana Peels (Fertilizer) 25.00
COSTS
Cash Costs
Fresh Green Banana (Saba) 26,400.00
Cooking Oil 25,000.00
Brown Sugar 5,080.00
Iodized Salt 25.00
Rice Hull 1,000.00
Plastic Packaging (For Export Market) 4,320.00
Box 1,710.00
Gasoline 7,000.00
Hired Labor 37,080.00
Utilities 766.67
Maintenance 1,273.97
Non-cash Costs
Depreciation 1,207.29
Total Non-Cash Costs 1,207.29
Profit from Banana Chips Production PhP 67,362.07
Assumptions:
22,000 pieces of Saba banana per production day

Saba banana @ PhP1.20 each (wherein PhP0.80 each for tracking)
Banana Chips Produce: 90 boxes of 100g chips (60 pieces per box)
Selling Price: PhP 33.00 per 100g
25 containers of cooking oil @ PhP1,000.00 each
2 sacks of Brown Sugar @ PhP 2,540.00 each
Packaging: Plastic @ PhP5.00 each and boxes @ PhP90.00 each
Hired Labors: Peeler, Cook, Packager, Store Manager, Storage Man, Utility
Man, Driver, Pahinante
Depreciation: Factory building, truck, slicer, packaging machine,
computer + printer, electric fans, exhaust fans, CCTV camera, and cooking
set
51
Banana Chips Processor Relative Financial Position (Export Market)
KEY PLAYERS FARMER PROCESSOR RETAILER
COSTS: PhP 11,415.33 COSTS: PhP 110,495.39 COSTS: PhP 222,750.00

COSTS and RETURNS: PhP 28,256.00 RETURNS: PhP 178,225.00 RETURNS: PhP 270,000.00
RETURNS PROFIT: PhP 16,840.67 PROFIT: PhP 67,729.61 PROFIT: PhP 47,250.00
PROFIT SHARE 12.78% 51.38% 35.84%
DURATION to After 1 year and After 3 days up After 3 days up

REALIZE PROFIT 6 months to 1 week to 1 week
Figure 14. Relative Financial Position of Banana Chips (Export Market) Key Players
52
SECTION 4: MARKET AND MARKET OPPORTUNITIES
A. Markets and Market Trends
1. International Market
Export
The Philippines is the second highest exporter of banana in the international market
from years 2005 to 2013. It contributes roughly 2.2 million metric tons of banana
though just less than half of the export of Ecuador which is 5.2 million metric tons. Costa
Rica, Colombia, and Guatemala, also from North America are the next highest exporters
consecutively. (Figure 15) Ad Wehlburg, Assistant General Manager of Exportaciones
Durexporta, S.A. as cited by Kelly den Herder in the website of freshplaza.com2, stated
the competitive advantage of Ecuadorian bananas saying those are healthy giving it a
significant edge in the market overseas. As Wehlburg explains, the benefits of
Ecuadorian bananas were: “Much less pesticides are used during the cultivation and
processing of our conventionally grown bananas than in China, the Philippines, Colombia
and the Central American countries. Our bananas are bigger, have better pulp firmness,
have an excellent taste, and last but not least, a longer shelf life (meaning less waste).
These benefits are unique to the Ecuadorian banana, because we are right on the equator,
which gives us the highest solar radiation having a positive effect on photosynthesis.
Besides, we are blessed with rich volcanic soils.”
2
The FreshPlaza team comprises of a growing team of writers, editors, and account managers for commercial
representation. Our editors source their news on a global basis and from many different languages, including Spanish,
Italian, German, French, Dutch and Portuguese. After significant success with this concept in the Dutch market through
the website www.agf.nl, it was decided to venture into the international market by the creation of FreshPlaza. Ever since
the start up in March 2005, the interest in the FreshPlaza website and news mail has grown steadily. In April 2007, the
Italian edition www.freshplaza.it followed. And five months later in September 2007, the Spanish edition
www.freshplaza.es was founded. In 2013 FreshPlaza reached 30,000 subscribers and as group we now send more
than 100,000 newsletters worldwide every day. FreshPlaza, by nature, is an interactive concept, which relies greatly on
the participation of its readers. This is expressed through many press releases, photo material, responsive messages,
and information requests our readers send to us. FreshPlaza has the attention of the global Fresh Produce industry. It's
up to our readers to use this fact to their advantage.
53
Figure 15. Average Export (MT) Performance of Top 5
Banana Exporters, 2005-2014
5,516,148.06
Export (MT)
2,136,318.84
1,936,110.56
1,756,615.94
1,441,635.34
ECUADOR PHILIPPINES COSTA RICA COLOMBIA GUATEMALA

Country
Source: FAOSTAT
Figure 16. Philippine Banana Export (MT), 2005-2013

2013 3,267,562
2012 2,646,380
2011 2,046,743
2010 1,590,066
Year
2009 1,743,891
2008 2,192,624
2007 2,218,051
2006 2,311,540
2005 2,024,322
Export (MT)
Source: FAOSTAT
Banana export trend is on an uphill trend from 2011 as reflected in the FAOSTAT data in
Figure 16 and the Export Marketing Bureau - Department of Trade and Industry (EMB-
DTI) data in Table 35.
From 2008 to 2010, volume of Philippine exports of all fruit products, including banana,
declined by 29%. After which, this had been increasing through 2011 till 2013 by
85.7%. This was brought about by the improvement of the economic status of the
importing countries.
54
Based on international trade data from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) as
processed by the Department of Trade and – Export Marketing Bureau (DTI-EMB) dated
January 7, 2016, Tables 35 and 36 shows the leading foreign countries that serves as
market overseas of Philippine banana (mostly Cavendish). Philippine merchandise
exports of fresh bananas incudes plantains, fresh or dried, but with no specific
disaggregation per variety as reported.
Table 32. Philippine Merchandise Exports of Fresh Banana (FOB Value in US$)
Rank Market 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
1 Japan 167,802,228 251,422,418 307,280,195 358,590,454 399,388,214
2 China, People's Rep. Of 35,580,265 85,283,479 91,880,345 147,998,562 264,120,177
3 Korea, Rep. Of (South) 24,751,533 47,702,294 58,881,735 112,489,788 117,842,024
4 Iran, Islamic Rep. Of 38,743,804 24,489,995 19,789,434 37,133,780 55,684,557
5 United Arab Emirates 11,493,649 14,689,400 42,247,215 88,657,543 52,980,620
6 Singapore 19,209,107 23,439,705 31,397,828 40,135,251 27,074,872
7 New Zealand 7,325,411 11,611,737 13,450,357 17,452,269 78,594,489
8 Saudi Arabia 2,299,659 1,685,181 28,490,043 31,988,956 30,978,938
9 Russian Federation 150,767 83,310 3,612,195 9,651,433 8,374,633
10 Hong Kong SAR 1,163,827 4,374,136 20,040,462 13,528,388 24,303,722
11 Kuwait 3,760,338 2,951,859 13,086,877 27,695,239 27,527,224
Total Philippine Fresh
Banana Exports 319,295,589 472,377,275 646,657,080 962,575,254 1,129,890,927
Source: DTI - Export Marketing Bureau
Fresh banana exports to Korea, Japan, and the Middle East are stable due long-term
agreements signed by importers of these countries with Filipino exporters.
Table 33. Philippine Merchandise Exports of Processed Banana* (FOB Value in US$)
Rank Market 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
1 United States Of America 7,216,613 7,467,040 5,873,884 2,959,243 10,639,081
2 China, People's Rep. Of 5,036,893 8,292,691 7,618,420 6,324,284 12,031,214
3 Germany 3,794,490 3,737,512 1,889,670 995,507 8,306,253
4 UK Great Britain And N. Ireland 2,392,724 2,324,996 2,473,962 768,387 3,930,722
5 Japan 1,485,577 1,380,150 2,174,172 1,223,193 4,907,078
6 Viet Nam 7,154,509 7,654,960 6,725,112 3,361,082 6,507,305
7 France 1,374,351 1,855,261 1,107,062 503,730 492,960
8 Singapore 1,703,622 4,769,925 8,901,615 10,567,148 6,146,450
9 Netherlands 2,008,465 2,363,992 1,236,642 318,897 1,738,525
10 Taiwan (Rep. Of China) 738,587 2,835,352 7,578 4,412 3,841,245
11 Russian Federation 1,013,512 723,060 1,188,311 191,746 1,971,590
Total Banana Chips & Crackers Exports 33,919,343 43,404,939 39,196,428 27,217,629 60,512,423
Percentage of Chips & Crackers in
Total Philippine Processed Banana
Exports 78% 79% 69% 41% 58%
Source: DTI - Export Marketing Bureau
55
Import
Figure 17. Philippine Banana Imports (MT), 2005-2013

2013 0
2012 0
2011 0
2010 0
Year
2009 0
2008 1
2007 34
2006 16
2005 36
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Import (MT)
Source: FAOSTAT
As reported by FAOSTAT, the country has made minimal volume of fresh banana
imports, with relatively downward trend, since 2005 up to 2013. The expanse of years
2009-2013, however, marked a significant performance of the industry upholding a
record of no banana-related imports at all.
56
2. Domestic Markets
Conferring to the table below from PSA-BAS, Philippine banana supply was utilized by: 1) international market through
exports and 2) domestic market divided into direct consumption and industrial usage.
Table 37. Banana Supply and Utilization Accounts (SUA), Philippines, 2005-2014
SU SU Gross UT UT UT Feeds UT UT Total UT Per UT Per
Year Production Supply Exports Seeds and Waste Processing Net Food Capita Capita
Disposable (kg/yr) (gm/day)
2005 6,298,225 6,298,225 2,024,321 - 256,434 1,068,476 2,948,994 35 95
2006 6,794,564 6,794,564 2,311,540 - 268,981 1,120,756 3,093,287 36 97
2007 7,484,073 7,484,073 2,217,741 - 315,980 1,316,583 3,633,769 41 112
2008 8,687,624 8,687,624 2,192,553 - 389,704 1,623,768 4,481,599 50 136
2009 9,013,186 9,013,186 1,664,055 - 440,948 1,837,283 5,070,900 56 153
2010 9,101,341 9,101,341 1,590,066 - 450,677 1,877,819 5,182,779 56 152
2011 9,165,046 9,165,046 2,055,510 - 426,572 1,777,384 4,905,580 52 142
2012 9,226,768 9,226,768 2,646,118 - 394,839 1,645,163 4,540,648 47 129
2013 8,646,417 8,646,417 3,266,548 - 322,792 1,344,967 3,712,110 38 104
2014 8,884,857 8,884,858 3,168,348 - 342,991 1,429,128 3,944,391 39 108
Source: PSA-BAS
Bulk of produce (approximately more than 50%) goes to Total Net Food Disposable (NFD) wherein the original (unprocessed)
form of banana is intended for human consumption. The quantity consumed per year is a residual after other uses were taken
into account. These uses were exports and industrial utilization (any processing from original form) accounted for roughly
30% and 20%, respectively.
Despite of total no imports performance of the country, self-sufficiency in banana industry cannot entirely be concluded since
supply for industry needs should also be considered. With abundant commercial uses of banana i.e. ketchup, food preserves,
vinegar, and wine, it is difficult to estimate the supply-demand imbalance left in the market.
57
Standard Classification of Saba Banana in Fruit Market
Table 35. Classification of Bananas in Domestic Market

Length (cm) Diameter (cm) Other Specification
Class A 12-14 4.5 Smooth Peel, Light Yellow
Class B 10-10 4.0 Slightly-bruised Peel, Light
Yellow with some brown spots
Class C Not <8 3.5 Bruised Peel, Yellow to Brown
color
B. Price Trends
1. Export Market
Figure 18. Trend of Producer Prices (USD/MT )of Top 5

Banana Producers, 2005-2014
Price (USD/MT)
645.66
349.07
270.38
118.99
226.43
116.00
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Year
China, Mainland Ecuador Philippines
Source: FAOSTAT
Mainland China’s producer price of banana is somewhat trivial especially when it

skyrocketed in 2012 leaving their locals to resort on much cheaper banana imports from
Ecuador and the Philippines. According to Zuxiang Xia, former deputy director of Chiquita's
Office in China who has had more than two decades of experience in the Chinese banana
market, upsurge of local banana prices is a result of adverse weather conditions and the
subsequent fall in the volume of production in Hainan and Yunnan, two major banana
producing regions in China. Furthermore, typhoons that have greatly affected several
regions of China, such as Guangdong and Hainan, where most of the Chinese local bananas
58
are produced, have led to a rapid increase in the price of the local fruit. This, in turn, has
made the imported bananas be more favorable for Chinese consumers; thus, leads to
Ecuadorian bananas have been gaining momentum in the Chinese market. Records, on the
other hand, showed decline in imports of Philippine banana because most of the Chinese
importers of this fruit were private.
Just recently, an article was published in freshplaza.com claiming a currently worldwide

oversupply of bananas. As a result, exporters are compelled to lower down their prices to
stay competitive in the market. Traders in Europe, Russia and the United States of America
further supported the phenomenon. In China, prices fell because of a large domestic crop
and increased imports. In Latin America, several countries started producing bananas,
creating new competitors for Ecuador. The Philippines faces increasing competition in the
banana market, as other countries in South East Asia are exporting to the archipelago's
traditional markets. Next year, the price of bananas may drop by 0.10 US$ in Ecuador
bananas. In 2015, the price stands at $ 6.55 per box and the country has likely exported
about 310 million boxes of bananas.
2. Domestic Markets
Table 35. Farmgate Prices (PhP/piece) of Banana per Variety in CALABARZON, 2010-2014
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Banana Lakatan, green 1.58 1.53 1.59 1.86 2.04
Banana Latundan, green 0.92 0.94 0.95 1.01 1.14
Banana Saba, green 0.76 0.72 0.78 0.93 0.93
Source: PSA-BAS
Table 36. Wholesale Prices (PhP/piece) of Banana per Variety in CALABARZON, 2010-2014
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Banana Lakatan, ripe* 2.7 2.87 2.86 3.12 38.44
Banana Latundan, ripe* 1.56 1.68 1.58 1.73 22.88
Banana Saba, ripe* 1.26 1.34 1.45 1.53 16.01
Source: PSA-BAS
Table 37. Retail Prices (PhP/piece) of Banana per Variety in CALABARZON, 2010-2014
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Banana Lakatan, ripe* 3.28 3.5 3.62 4.13 5.45
Banana Latundan, ripe* 2 2.12 2.16 2.35 3.30
Banana Saba, ripe* 1.78 1.79 1.86 1.96 2.69
Source: PSA-BAS
Where:
Banana Lakatan, ripe = 9 pieces per kilogram

Banana Latundan, ripe = 10 pieces per kilogram
Banana Saba, ripe = 9 pieces per kilogram
59
SECTION 5. SUPPORT SERVICES
A. FINANCIAL SERVICES
Though there is no prevailing credit program specifically caters services for banana
growers, some agricultural credit programs from local and/or commercial banks can
extend financial services, e.i. loan opportunities from Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP).
The “Agricultural Production Credit Program (APCP) Program,” is a Land Bank initiated
loan facility intended to finance the farm inputs in growing crops; to provide working
capital for agri-enterprise and livelihood projects; and to purchase tools, equipment and
machineries.
The table below shows the features of the loan program.
Table 39. Brief of the “Agricultural Production Credit Program”, APCP

Agricultural Production Credit Program (APCP)
Rationale The Agrarian Production Credit Program was developed
pursuant to the CARPER Law in partnership with the
Department of Agriculture (DA) and Department of
Agrarian Reform (DAR).
Coverage Nationwide
Eligible Borrowers Cooperatives
Farmers Organizations
Rural Banks
Basic Policies
Purpose To finance the farm inputs in growing crops.
Working capital for agri-enterprise and livelihood projects.
To purchase tools, equipment and machineries.
Available Credit Facility Short Term Loan Line
Term Loan
Availability Via 180-day Promissory Notes (PN) or depending on the
term of the loan.
Interest Rate Special Rate.
Repayment Term Based on crop cycle or cash flow.
Collateral Assignment of Promissory Notes plus underlying
collaterals.
Assignment of Crop Insurance.
Chattel Mortgage on Object of Financing.
Source: LBP
60
The “Agro-Microfinance Program (AMP) Program,” on the other hand, is a program under
Agricultural Credit Policy Council that is intended for agriculture and fisheries. It will help
the microfinance institutions such as cooperative/rural banks, cooperatives, non-
government organizations and other people’s organization that pass credit evaluation of
PCFC.
Figure 19. Project Scheme of Agro-Microfinance Program
Figure illustrates the project scheme of Agri-Microfinance Program. The project involves
provision of a credit facility by the People’s Credit Finance Corporation (PCFC) under a
credit fund and risk sharing arrangement. After the evaluation of PCFC, the qualified
borrower microfinance institutions (MFIs) will be responsible in lending loans to small
farmers including the banana farmers.
61
The table below shows the features of the loan program.
Table 40. Brief of the “Agro-Microfinance Program,” (AMP) Program

Agro-Microfinance Program (AMP)
Rationale The AMP is one of the programs under the Agro-
industry Modernization Credit and Financing
Program (AMCFP) – the government’s umbrella
credit program for agriculture and fisheries.
Eligible Organizations/Institutions Microfinance institutions (MFIs) such as
cooperative/rural banks, cooperatives, non-
government organizations (NGOs) and other
people’s organizations that pass credit evaluation
of PCFC.
Borrowing
Organizations/Institutions
Financing Facility Agri-Fishery Micro financing
Credit funds for re-lending to eligible sub-
borrowers to finance their income generating agri
and agri-related activities including acquisition of
farm machinery and equipment.
Financing Terms Depends on the MFI’s absorptive capacity, work
3.1 Credit Limits plan, and target areas to be covered, number of
outreach, estimated credit needs and target
portfolio.
Up to a maximum of P10 million per MFI.
3.2. Interest Rate 10% – 12% per annum for all types of
organizations/institutions.
3.3. Loan Maturity and Mode of Maximum of 4 years.

Payment Principal and interest: Quarterly
Assignment of sub-borrowers’ Promissory Notes

3.4. Security and other underlying collaterals/guarantee cover.
B. Sub-borrowers Household heads, spouses or adult working

1. Eligible Borrowers members of small farming/ fishing households in
El Nino and calamity stricken areas. Only one
member per household is qualified to borrow at a
single time under the project.
1.1 Small farming households Cultivating not more than seven hectares of land
are defined as those: and/or are engaged as small poultry/livestock
62
raisers defined as those raising not more than:
Agricultural workers in farms
1.2 Small fisherfolk refers to:
Those operating in fishing vessels of not more

than three tons capacity;
Those operating fishponds of less than five
hectares or fish cages of less than 400 sq m;
Fish workers in fishing boats, fishponds or fish
processing establishments; or
Any other individuals who are engaged in small-
scale fish production, processing and distribution.
2. LOAN FACILITY Loans to finance any or a combination of farm, off-
farm/non-farm income generating activities
and/or refinance the rehabilitation of existing
agri-fishery projects which have been affected by
recent calamities such as El Niño. In case of
financing a combination of existing and new
livelihood projects, the latter’s allocation is at
least 50% of the loan amount.
3. Financing Terms Up to a maximum of PhP 150,000 per sub-
3.1 Credit Limits borrower.
3.2 Interest Rate of the Conduit The applicable interest rate based on the
MFIs prevailing interest rates of the conduit
organizations/institutions.
Maximum of one (1) year. The amortization

3.3 Loan Maturity and Mode of schedule is based on the household’s cash flow. At
Payment least 20% of the loan should be amortized either
weekly or monthly and the remaining balance to
be paid upon loan maturity.
Any or a combination of the following:
Deed of assignment of acquired assets (i.e.
equipment, vehicles, etc.)
Joint and Several Signatures;
3.4 Security Issuance of post-dated checks;
Marketing Agreement (If applicable); and/or
Any other acceptable form of collateral/security.
Source: DA-ACPC
63
B. NON-FINANCIAL SERVICES
To further advance the competitiveness of the industry, there were key institutions both
public and private that help and promote the productivity enhancement of the industry
through research and development, policy formulation, marketing and other support
services as follows:
Table 41. Summary of Key Institutions and Programs and Services

Key Institutions Programs and Services
Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries The BAFP promotes the adoption of Good
Product Standards (BAFPS) Agricultural Practices among smallholders.
Local Government Units (LGUs) The LGUs are the main providers of extension
services to the banana farmers. It has the power
to formulate ordinances, resolution, policies and
programs consistent with the framework of
local autonomy. The LGU also help in organizing
banana farmers and in conduct banana training
among farmers.
Department of Trade and Industry 1. The DTI offers package and label design
(DTI) services through the Product Development
and Design Center of the Philippines
(PDDCP).
2. DTI has also been working with processors in
the development of new variants of banana
chips.
Department of Labor and The DOLE and LGU provide the street food
Employment (DOLE) vendors to receive enterprise development
training and assistance in upgrading their
facilities.
Department of Science and The DOST, with the help of DTI, provides
Technology (DOST) training on Good Manufacturing Practices
(GMP) and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control
Points (HACCP). These agencies would help
them improve their products and compliance to
food safety.
64
SECTION 6. ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
This section discusses the ordinances and governing laws, including its mandates and
objectives, that concerns the Philippine banana industry. It underscores the enabling
environment needed for the furtherance of the growing economy.
The global market has a more rigorous requirement in terms of quality as safeguard for
phytosanitary so as biosecurity and biosafety concerns. The fact that the Philippines can
reach global market such as Europe and other countries in Asia qualifies its capability to
meet requirements in quality standards. The Philippine National Standards (PNS) and
corresponding regulatory system for banana is recognition of the importance of quality
assurance.
Philippine National Standards (PNS)
In the PNS, the quality standards for different commodities, including fresh banana and
chips, are comprehensively explained. Copies of banana-related PNS can be located in
Appendices 3 and 4 but the summary of specifications are hereby listed below:
Fresh Fruit – Saba and Cardaba Bananas Specification

(PNS/BAFPS 08:2003)
Minimum Requirements:
The fruit must be reasonably clean, free from diseases, insects, molds and
other contaminants.
The use of chemical process for ripening is allowed provided it conforms to
PNS/SAO 74.
Pesticide residues shall meet the requirements of the Codex Alimentarius
Commission Vol 2.
Size classification (according to the diameter and length of the fruit):

Extra Large, Large, Medium, and Small
Overall classification (according to general appearance, quality and conditions):

Extra Class, Class I, and Class II
65
Tolerances classification:
Extra Class, Class I, and Class II
Packaging:
Should be packed in cartoons or similar protective container to ensure
protection from hazards of transportation and handling. It will then be
properly labeled with the following:
a. Name of the fruit and variety,

b. Grade and size,
c. Net weight in kilograms,
d. Name of exporter and/or packer,
e. The statement “Product of the Philippines”,
f. Region of production (optional),
g. Official inspection mark (optional), and
h. Handling and storage requirement (optional).
Sampling:
in accordance with PNS/ISO 874
Hygiene:
in accordance with appropriate sections of Recommended Code of Practice
– General Principles of Food Hygienic Practice and Codes of Practice
shall comply with microbial criteria established in accordance with the
Principles for the Establishment ad Application of Microbiological Criteria
for Foods (CAC/GL 21 – 1997)
Banana Chips Specifications

(PNS/BFAD 13:2007)
General Requirements:
Water Activity - 0.40 at 25˚C.
Moisture Content – not greater than 4.0%.
Fat Content – not greater than 35.0%.
Free Fatty Acid –not greater than 0.25% as oleic acid.
Peroxide Value – not greater than 5.0%
Sensory Properties
have the characteristic color, aroma, and flavor of banana
with crispy texture with uniform size and shape
66
be free from any objectionable sensory characteristics
Types of Defects:
Foreign Matter:
the presence in the sample unit of any matter, which has not been
derived from banana, does not pose a threat to human health and is
readily recognized without magnification or is present at a level
determined by magnification method or any equivalent methods that
indicates non-compliance with good manufacturing practices and
sanitation practices.
Odor/Flavor/Color:
sample unit affected by objectionable odors or flavors indicative of
decomposition or rancidity and unacceptable color.
Food Additives
when used shall be in accordance with the regulations established by
the Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD) (Bureau Circular No. 2006-016.
Updated List of Food Additives) and/or the Codex Alimentarius
Commission.
Hygiene:
Recommended International Code of Practice – General Principles of
Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1 – 1969, Rev. 4-2003) and/or the BFAD A.O.
No. 153 s. 2004 – Guidelines, Current Good Manufacturing Practices in
Manufacturing, Packing, Repacking or Holding Food
processed according to the Recommended Code of Practice for the
Processing and Handling of Banana Chips (PNS/BFAD 14:2007)
Table 42. Summary of Relevant Laws/ Ordinances and the Mandates/Objectives

Title Brief Description
Republic Act 6657 or “Comprehensive One of the major programs of CARP is Land
Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)” Tenure Improvement, which seeks to hasten
distribution of lands to landless farmers. The
CARP’s vision is to have an equitable land
ownership with empowered agrarian reform
beneficiaries who can effectively manage their
economic and social development to have a
better quality of life.
Republic Act 10000 or “Agri-Agra It was signed in February 10 and this act is
Reform Credit of 2009 responsible in facilitating smallholders’ access
to financial services. It promotes equal access
67
to opportunities under and environment of
sustained growth and expanding productivity
as the key to raising the quality of life of the
farmers. It also promotes modernization in the
rural agricultural sector to increase market
efficiency.
Agricultural Competitiveness This is a loan and grant program in the
Enhancement Fund (ACEF) Philippines for agriculture and fisheries. It can
help the banana farmers in expanding their
access to agricultural credits.
Propose House Bill 5161 or Rep. Teddy Brawner Baguilat introduced it. The
“Agribusiness Ventures agrarian reform program is founded on the
Arrangements in Agrarian Reform right of farmers and regular farmworkers, who
Lands Act are landless, to own directly or collectively the
lands they till. It will also provide support
services to the banana farmers.
Bureau of Plant Industry This is a proposed ordinance, which specifies
Memorandum 41 the banana products must only be sold to a
licensed consolidator. However, the association
noted that the proposal does not have any
provision on how the consolidator could be
licensed, suggesting that these consolidators
should also be required to accredit and obtain
license or permit to operate considering that
they are also engaged in business.
LGU extension offices It implements food safety policies alongside
policy harmonization and capability building.
68
SECTION 7: CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Table 43. Priority Constraints and Interventions
OPPORTUNITIES CONSTRAINTS PROVINCE
INPUT PROVISION/SUPPLY
Support to existing tissue-cultured Inadequate supply and problem on
laboratories affordability of high-yielding, disease-
tolerant planting materials
Establishment of municipal or cluster All banana producing municipalities
nurseries in CALABARZON
Availability of government programs that Limited knowledge on fertilizer and
distribute inputs such as fertilizers and herbicide management
herbicides for banana
BANANA CULTIVATION
Availability of new technologies and
farming systems:
a. Use of new technologies to a. Banana diseases and insect pests
prevent/manage banana diseases (Appendix 5)
and insect pests All banana producing municipalities
b. Information Dissemination and b. Changing agro-climatic conditions in CALABARZON
Training on pests and diseases and typhoon destructions
management c. Limited knowledge on Good
c. Training on GAP Adoption Agricultural Practices (GAP)
69
Provision of machineries and farm High labor requirement
implements to increase work
productivity
POST-HARVEST OPERATIONS
Access to banana post-harvest-related High incidence of post-harvest losses
infrastructures
Training on post-harvest management All banana producing municipalities

i.e. use of ethylene adsorbents, proper in CALABARZON
handling to prolong shelf-life for a longer
storability, and use of wooden crates
lined with banana bracts in transport
MARKETING SYSTEM
Establishment of bagsakan/ trading hub Limited of access to direct market Identified clustered locations per
per identified farmers’ clustered group province.
Laguna (4): Majayjay, Nagcarlan,
Cavinti, Luisiana; Cavite (4);
Batangas (4); Rizal (4); Quezon (4)
Organizing of activities like Industry Poor market linkage All banana producing municipalities
Stakeholders’ Convergence and in CALABARZON
Investment Fora
PRIMARY PROCESSING
Facilitate trainings/seminars on quality Limited technical know-how on agri-
standards quality standards in production and
processing
Assistance in securing of sanitary
permits and accreditation requirements All banana producing municipalities
e.i., PNS, FDA accreditation, HACCP in CALABARZON
certification, DOC permits, SEC
registration
70
Availability of technical assistance from Limited knowledge and capacity to
DTI to improve packaging and label and improve packaging for product
thereby helping in upgrading and development
penetrating new markets
Availability of financing institutions to Limited financial capability to finance
aide in financial constraints product development
ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
Promote continuous utilization of lands Massive land conversions of Urban/ Semi-urban municipalities in
for agricultural purposes and/or agricultural lands CALABARZON
encourage expansion of production
SUPPORT SERVICES
Retooling and/or Update Training on Limited knowledge of AEWs in up-to- All banana producing municipalities
cultural management for Agricultural date cultural practices in the field in CALABARZON
extension workers (AEWs)
Support to better transport of products

and services through construction/
improvement of public infrastructures
like:
a. Lack of passage over bodies of a. Municipalities of Amadeo and
a. Single-lane Bridge
water or problematic terrains Silang in the province of Cavite
b. Farm-to-market Roads
b. Poor road networks in production b. Identified municipalities through
areas Focus Group Discussions (FGDs):
1. Ilayang Baging Bungan,
Pagbilao, Quezon
2. Ibabang Binahaan,
Pagbilao, Quezon
3. Tubigan Ibaba, Macalelon,
Quezon
4. Kanlurang Malicboy,
Pagbilao, Quezon
71
5. Banay-banay, Amadeo,
Cavite
6. Magallanes, Cavite
7. Gen. Aguinaldo, Cavite
8. Tandang Kutyo, Tanay,
Rizal
9. Bakbak, Cuyambay, Tanay,
Rizal
10. Magsawa, Cuyambay,
Tanay, Rizal
11. Quiasao, Pililla, Rizal
12. Macabot, Rodriguez, Rizal
13. Pintong Bocaue, San Mateo,
Rizal
14. Malanday, San Mateo, Rizal
72
SECTION 8: COMPETITIVENESS DIRECTION
A. COMPETITIVENESS VISION
With a remarkable performance in the world market over the years, the Philippine banana
industry possesses a great deal of competitive advantage on emerging opportunities
offered by supply-demand imbalance internationally. The Department of Agriculture (DA)
caters a number of initiatives concerning this matter and this can also be made through
collaboration between government and private sector to meet a robust output trend. As a
result of a stakeholders’ consultation held for this paper, on the other hand, a group of
industry players attempted to capture the loopholes in the industry and suggested the
following measures:
a. Intercropping for Improved Input Utilization Efficiency, Increase in Net

Income and against Strong Winds Destruction
As an herbaceous crop, banana is very prone to destruction during strong winds and
intercropping minimizes risk through support from other surrounding crops (especially
when planted in relatively taller trees like coconut). It is vital, however, that a good
distance and cultural management be practiced to avoid competition from nutrients.
Intercropping, as practiced in CALABARZON, is also a great way of maximizing the utility of

land and other inputs. The Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) commissioned a study for
Coco-Banana Farming. (Appendix 5) This serves as a comprehensive reference for our
farmers to increase their potential income.
Simple Cost and Returns Analysis of Recommended intercropping (coconut-banana)

cultural practice by the Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA):
73
b. Research for Sustainable Development
For sustainable development, scientific researches proved to be one of the best

tools. Benchmarking other leading banana-producing countries like Ecuador and
China might induce new initiatives and technology innovation.
c. Organizing Farmers Association and/or Cooperatives for Banana
There is no existing association/cooperative exclusively for banana farmers

anywhere in CALABARZON. It is essential to combine these individuals to better
facilitate and/or manage economic or business activities. By creating an organized
group they will be able to maximize their economic resources and benefits.
Furthermore, they will have a) access to wealth of information like prices, b) an
dictate/negotiate on prices, c) easier access to government interventions like loan
program and farm implements, and d) sell their produce to institutional buyers, i.e.
big companies that have access to the international market.
d. Promotion/Provision of Disease-tolerant Planting Materials
The Department of Agriculture (DA) through its regional and provincial offices
provides farmers free planting materials especially after every calamity. Some SUCs
in the region like UPLB-IPB and CavSU are known in producing high-yielding,
disease-tolerant planting material. It is maybe it is a good step to make partnership
with them during procurement of suckers. DA owned laboratories, however, like
STIARC and QAES can also be capacitated extensively for more rigorous studies in
generating such suckers.
74
e. Support to Labor
Labor is a major expense-generating item in banana production. Support to labor

should be intensified through development of farm equipment and facilities that will
support all activity levels of the industry. This can be done in collaboration with
Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization (PHilMech).
f. Expanded micro financing
Expanded micro financing programs enable industry stakeholders not to resort to

informal lenders offering high interest rates. A good loan program, in collaboration
with the Land Bank of the Philippines, can cater promising options with relatively
lower interest rate or expanded payment duration.
g. Upgrade on Marketing esp. Banana Chips
Capacity building on small to medium scale enterprises will enable them to have
competitive advantage in markets overseas. Most of them afraid to risk of doing
business because they are not financial capable and lacks knowledge in the
business. Associations/cooperatives can be capacitated by trainings and seminars,
bulk orders can be met through collective production by members, and knowledge
on competitive packaging and marketing can be supplemented.
h. Crop Insurance
A good crop insurance system can help banana farmers to mitigate their losses
during naturally occurring calamities. With the help of the Philippine Crop
Insurance Corporation, farmers can capitalize insurance money for a new cropping
period.
75
B. PRIORITY CONSTRAINTS AND INTERVENTIONS
Table 44. Summary of Constraints/Opportunities and Interventions
Constraints/ Province Intervention Strategy Who can do it?

Opportunities and Approach Public Private
Input Provision/Supply
Inadequate supply and problem on All banana producing Support to existing tissue- LGUs, BPI, Farmers
affordability of high-yielding, municipalities in cultured laboratories DA-HVCDP, DA Association/
disease-tolerant planting materials CALABARZON RFO IV-A Cooperatives
Establishment of municipal STIARC
or cluster nurseries
Reluctance to invest more on All banana producing Organizing demonstration LGUs, BPI, Farmers
farming inputs and implements to municipalities in farms to showcase potential DA-HVCDP, Association/
increase productivity CALABARZON benefits of venturing into ACPC Cooperatives,
efficient fertilizer/herbicide LBP or other
application accredited
lending
Capacitate LGUs to establish agencies,
community-based fertilizer Microfinance
and herbicide plant Institutions
Cater loan programs offering

low interest rates so that
farmers can finance all
necessary farming inputs
Availability of government
programs that distribute
input such as fertilizers and
herbicides for banana
76
Limited knowledge on fertilizer and All banana producing Conduct of trainings on LGUs, BPI, Farmers
herbicide management municipalities in proper fertilizer and DA-HVCDP Association/
CALABARZON herbicide application Cooperatives
Capacitate farmers to
transform banana waste
products into organic
fertilizer
Banana Cultivation
Banana diseases and insect pests All banana producing Establishment of banana BPI, SUCs, DOST, Farmers
especially Banana Bunchy Top, municipalities in clinic/consultation center DA-BAR, DA, Association/
Bugtok, and Sigatoka CALABARZON especially per province DA-HVCDP Cooperatives
Bondoc Peninsula in
Quezon Province for Fund allotment for
Bunchy Top continuous research studies
to fight against banana insect
pests and diseases
Delegate cluster specialists

to oversee issues on insect
pests and diseases
Changing agro-climatic conditions All banana producing Formulation of good crop LGUs, BPI, Farmers
and typhoon destructions municipalities in insurance system for banana DA-HVCDP, Association/
CALABARZON growers ACPC Cooperatives,
High labor requirement All banana producing Provision of vehicles and LGUs, PLGUs, Farmers
municipalities in machineries to aid farmers BPI, PhilMech, Association/
CALABARZON i.e. assistance for hauling, DA-HVCDP Cooperatives
tramline for mountain top
banana farms
77
Limited knowledge on Good All banana producing Equip farmers with LGUs, BPI, ATI, Farmers
Agricultural Practices (GAP) municipalities in recommended farming DA-HVCDP Association/
CALABARZON practices through training on Cooperatives
GAP Certification
Post-harvest Operations
High incidence of post-harvest All banana producing Access to banana post- LGUs, BPI, ATI, Farmers
losses municipalities in harvest-related PhilMech, Association/
CALABARZON infrastructures DA-HVCDP Cooperatives
Training on post-harvest
management i.e. use of
ethylene adsorbents, proper
handling to prolong shelf-life
for a longer storability, and
use of wooden crates lined
with banana bracts in
transport
Distribution of print media

for information/awareness
Lack of post-harvest machineries/ All banana producing Provision of storage facilities LGUs, BPI, Farmers
facilities municipalities in to be situated in a PhilMech, Association/
CALABARZON community- or cluster-based DA-HVCDP Cooperatives
Structure
Marketing System
Poor Market Linkage All banana producing Organizing of activities like DA, DTI, DOST,
municipalities in Industry Stakeholders’ BPI, DA-AMAD
CALABARZON Convergence and Investment
For a
78
Limited of access to direct market Identified clustered Establishment of Trading LGUs, BPI, DTI, Farmers
locations per province. posts (barangay or market DA-HVCDP Association/
Cavite (4) center) per cluster for Cooperatives
Laguna (4): immediate sell of farmers’
Majayjay, Nagcarlan, fresh produce
Cavinti, Luisiana
Batangas (4) Continuous support on
Rizal (4) agricultural fair/expositions
Quezon (4) to showcase
Primary Processing
Abundant supply of Saba banana Cavite Support to value-adding LGUs, BPI, ATI, Farmers
resulting to low farm gate price activities like processing of DA-HVCDP, Association/
Saba banana into chips, DOST, DTI Cooperatives
ketchup, etc.
Limited technical know-how on All banana producing Facilitate trainings/seminars LGU, PLGU, DTI, Farmers
agri-quality standards in production municipalities in on quality standards BAFS, DA- Association/
and processing CALABARZON HVCDP Cooperatives
Assistance in securing of
sanitary permits and
accreditation requirements
e.i., PNS, FDA accreditation,
HACCP certification, DOC
permits, SEC registration
Limited knowledge and capacity to All banana producing Availability of technical DA, DTI, DOST Farmers
improve packaging for product municipalities in assistance from DTI to Association/
development CALABARZON improve packaging and label Cooperatives
and thereby helping in
upgrading and penetrating
new markets
79
Limited financial capability to All banana producing Availability of financing DA, ACPC Farmers
finance product development municipalities in institutions to aid in financial Association/
CALABARZON constraints Cooperatives,
LBP or other
Formulation of loan accredited
programs to help develop lending
product competitiveness in agencies,
the market Microfinance
Institutions
Enabling Environment
Massive Land Conversions of Urban and Semi-urban Encourage expansion of LGUs, PLGUs, Farmers
Agricultural Lands municipalities in agricultural production areas DA-HVCDP, DA Association/
CALABARZON Regulation Cooperatives
Intensive regulation in Division
agricultural land conversions
brought about by
urbanization
Promotion of continuous
utilization of lands for
agricultural purposes
through information
caravans
Support Services
Limited knowledge of AEWs in up- All banana producing Retooling and/or Update LGUs, PLGUs, Farmers
to-date cultural practices in the field municipalities in Training on Cultural BPI, ATI, Association/
CALABARZON Management DA-HVCDP Cooperatives
Lack of passage over bodies of Municipalities of Construction/Improvement LGUs, PLGUs, Farmers

water or problematic terrains Amadeo and Silang in the of single-lane bridge DA-HVCDP Association/
Cooperatives
80
province of Cavite
Poor road network in production All banana producing Construction/Improvement LGUs, PLGUs, Farmers
areas municipalities in of farm-to-market roads DA-HVCDP Association/
CALABARZON with Cooperatives
access on poor FMR or
no concrete FMR at all
81
SECTION 9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
In spite of consistent top performance and arising promising potentials, the Philippine
banana industry should grow even more competitively in view of sustainability and food
security. Development of the industry, regardless of variety, always stems out from
efficient management and counteracting weak points.
Considering that the industry is confronted by a number of problems and restrictions, the
following strategic interventions are formulated to guide farmers in a more profitable yet
sustainable banana production:
a. Intercropping of banana to other agronomic crops in CALABARZON (coconut, coffee,

lanzones, rambutan, and others) for Improved Input Utilization Efficiency, Increase
in Net Income and Support against Strong Winds Destruction.
b. Benchmarking Study on other leading banana-producing countries (Ecuador and

China) Research for Sustainable Development.
c. Organizing Farmers Association and/or Cooperatives for Banana for:
i. Access to price information,

ii. Dictate/negotiate on prices,
iii. Easier access to government interventions like loan program and farm
implements,
iv. Sell their produce to institutional buyers, i.e. big companies that have access
to the international market.
d. Promotion/Provision of high yielding, disease-tolerant planting materials to

distribute to farmers.
e. Support to labor through intensified collaboration with PhilMech.
f. Expanded microfinancing programs with relatively lower interest rate or expanded

payment duration.
g. Explore other value-adding activities.
h. Upgrade on marketing strategies esp. Banana Chips through capacity building on

small to medium scale enterprises.
82
i. Conduct of related trainings and seminars, and
ii. knowledge on competitive packaging and marketing
i. Crop Insurance to mitigate their losses during naturally occurring calamities.
j. Improvement in infrastructure facilities, i.e. farm-to-market roads, bridges,

nurseries and tissue-cultured laboratories, trading centers, and farm implements for
improved production and marketing so as minimizing post-harvest and
transportation losses.
83
REFERENCES
Dela Cruz, F.S., etal., 2008. Farmers’ Handbook on Introduced and Local Banana Cultivars in
the Philippines, Biodiversity International
Pabuayon, I. M., 2000. Fruits Program Area Research Planning and Prioritization:
Background Analysis, Philippine Institute for Development Studies
Bathan, B. M. and F. A. Lantican, 2010. Factors Affecting Yield Performance of Banana

Farms in Oriental Mindoro, Philippines, College of Economics and /management, UPLB
Concalvez, A. L. and J. R. Kernaghan. Banana Production Methods – A Comparative Study.

Contro Ecologico. July 2014
Value Chain Analysis and Competitiveness Strategy: Cardava Banana Mindanao
Value Chain Analysis and Competitiveness Strategy: Fresh Cavendish Banana in

Maguindanao
Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards (BAFS) – Philippine National Standards

(PNS)
Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics (FAO-STATS)
Philippine Statistics Office – Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (PSA-BAS)
Department of Agriculture – Agriculture and Fisheries Information Service (DA-AFIS)
Kelly den Herder. http://www.freshplaza.com/article/150045/Ecuadorian-bananas-

struggle-with-difficult-market. Accessed on 12/2/2015.
http://www.freshplaza.com/article/149543/Price-Ecuadorian-bananas-possibly-lower-
in-2016. Accessed on 11/23/2015
URL of Google Images Used in the Study:
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=banana&biw=708&bih=648&source=lnms&tbm=is
ch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCqu6_hP7LAhVLn4MKHXS-
ABkQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#imgrc=wTQwjWUDgsQXfM%3A
ABkQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#tbm=isch&q=maruya&imgrc=DLhxQzu1Go1dwM%3A
84
ABkQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#tbm=isch&q=turon&imgrc=ubAJTo1exnr62M%3A
ABkQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#tbm=isch&q=banana+cue&imgrc=KtPFoA1S3bg-mM%3A
ABkQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#tbm=isch&q=bana+morphology&imgrc=WiJNAQgU7sDw9M%3A
ABkQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#tbm=isch&q=banana+fiber&imgrc=MfDko9BLYQBlGM%3A
ABkQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#tbm=isch&q=banana+feed+meal&imgrc=o0X5TFPB5kbujM%3A
ABkQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#tbm=isch&q=banana+chutney&imgrc=9z8m0woApqx8QM%3A
ABkQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#tbm=isch&q=banana+ice+cream&imgrc=73OujE7hLYojlM%3A
ABkQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#tbm=isch&q=puso+ng+saging+recipe&imgrc=-
hz2i1AIyCeVuM%3A
ABkQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#tbm=isch&q=banana+jam&imgrc=4Yd5KrjXTvZvjM%3A
ABkQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#tbm=isch&q=sabanana+chips&imgrc=CVPjqnIjHNiFAM%3A
ABkQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#tbm=isch&q=tita%27s+banana+chips&imgrc=tLGjnaDPHfmrGM
%3A
85
ABkQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#tbm=isch&q=pochero&imgrc=RsA_SpORoKVLvM%3A
ABkQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#tbm=isch&q=nilaga&imgrc=Tbx2ATvna_tqoM%3A
ABkQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#tbm=isch&q=saging+sa+adobo&imgrc=ZAPewVVMTjaguM%3A
86
Appendix 1. Popular Local Banana Cultivars
As presented in the Farmer’s Handbook on Introduced and Local Banana Cultivars in the
Philippines by FS dela Cruz Jr., etal (2008) of Biodiversity International.
Popular local banana cultivars cited in the handbook (including images and their characteristics)
are said to be conserved as foundation stocks in green-houses, and in-vitro materials at the
National Repository, Multiplication, and Distribution Centre (NRMDC) – Crop Science Cluster at
the Institute of Plant Breeding – University of the Philippines Los Baños (CSC-IPB-UPLB). These
are the following:
Buñgulan is a popular dessert banana cultivar best for banana cakes and is produced mainly in
small backyards. This cultivar is known in the Philippines under an assortment of local
nomenclatures like Buñguran in Bicol, Buluñgan in Cebu, and Balañgon in Negros Occidental and
Iloilo. It exhibits moderate resistance to BBTB under experimental condition as shown by the late
onset of infection in mother plants, however, ratoons show characteristics symptoms of the
disease and is likewise susceptible to nematodes. On quality of fruits, on the other hand, pulp is
pale orange-yellow when ripe, which may be associated with a high Vitamin A content. It is sweet
and aromatic, and is of excellent eating quality. The peel color is yellow-green when ripe and pulp
is sweet, is very aromatic, and has a unique flavor.
Cardaba is the most popular saba sub-group for banana chips in both domestic and export
markets. It is commonly used in preparation of snack foods like banana cue, turon, and maruya.
The plant itself is sturdy to drought and other common biological stresses making it highly
resistant to BBTD and black sigatoka diseases, and is moderately resistant to nematodes. It is
susceptible to ‘bugtok’ disease, which cause hardening of the fruit pulp and renders the pulp
inedible. Mature pulp of fruit is sweet when fresh but better when cooked.
Saba is the most popular cooking and processing cultivar in Luzon and is called Dippig in Ilocos
region. This cultivar very similar to Cardaba (which is widely known in Visayas and Mindanao
regions) and is commonly used to prepare popular snack foods and Filipino traditional dishes
while male bud is used as vegetable. It is highly resistant to BBTD and black sigatoka disease,
and is moderately resistant to nematodes. However, it is susceptible to ‘ bugtok’. The leaves are
distinctly preferred for food wrapping because of its scent and aroma.
Grand Naine is a Cavendish-type cultivar grown for the export market and for processing into
other products such as ketchup and flour. The plant produces large bunches and fingers despite
its relatively small stature of less than 3m. It sensitive to drought and other adverse soil
conditions, and may be grown in high-altitude locations due to its tolerance to strong winds. In
addition to its characteristics, it is moderately susceptible to BBTD, highly susceptible to black
sigatoka disease, nematodes, and Tropical Race 4 of Foc. The fruit is a table-type banana with
yellow to bright green peel color at maturity. The fruit peels off easily from the pulp, which is
yellow when ripe. The fresh is soft and predominant taste is sweet.
Lagkitan is a dual purpose local cultivar popular in the Southern Tagalog Region (CALABARZON).
It is locally known as Katali and Botolan in Palawan and internationally known as Pisang Awak in
Malaysia and Indonesia, and as Kluai Namwa Luang in Thailand. It is consumed either fresh or
cooked. Fruit is sweet and has good flavor. It also recognized having excellent taste when
roasted. It is usually seedless but some forms occasionally produce few round black seeds.
Cuarenta Dias is a local cultivar that is popular as a table-type banana in Laguna and Cavite
(particularly in Tagaytay). It is also locally known as Arnibal (meaning syrup) in Negros Occidental,
Monkoy in Negros Oriental and Mansaka, Señorita in Laguna, Surat-sut in Bicol, Cariñosa in Abra,
and Lungsuranon in Surigao while it is called Pisang Empat Puluh Hari (Forty Days) in Malaysia
and Pisang Lampung in Indonesia. The flowering to harvest takes about 40 days. Cuarenta Dias
is a Spanish phrase that literally translates to “40 days” – the number of days from removal of
male bud to harvest. This cultivar is highly susceptible to BBTD and sigatoka disease, but
moderately resistant to nematodes. It is popularly sweet and illustrious as aromatic fruit but pulp
are small and weakly attached to the pedicel. It sells cheaper than the more common table-type
cultivars.
Latundan is a popular table banana. The fruit is small to medium in size and has white pulp and
yellow peel. Moreover, it is sweet with mild sub-acid taste, fine texture, and delicious flavor. This
cultivar is highly susceptible to Race 1 of Foc, and sigatoka. However, it is susceptible to
nematodes, R. similis and M. incognita. The fruit is commonly seen in local markets, and is
traditionally fed to infants due to its easy digestibility. Bananas with freckles (small brown to black
spots), like Latundan, are preferred by consumers because it is believed to be associated with
sweetness.
Lakatan accession originally came from a commercial tissue-culture laboratory in Davao,
Philippines and then later distributed by commercial tissue-culture laboratories based in the said
place. With regard to disease reaction, this cultivar is highly susceptible to BBTD, sigatoka
diseases, and nematodes. However, this can be controlled using several measures namely: (a)
using tissue-culture derived planting materials, (b) annual cropping, (c) eradication of diseased
plants, and (d) control of the aphid vector called Pentalonia nigronervosa. The plant bears large
fruit and the pulp is pale orange-yellow when ripe, which is associated with high Vitamin A
content. For fruit quality, it is sweet and aromatic, and is of excellent eating quality.
Appendix 2. Comparison of Banana Production Practices In Other Countries
Concalvez and Kernaghan (2014) attempted to make a comparison of banana

production practices used in Latin America and the Caribbean such as Colombia,
Costa Rica, Ecuador, Dominican Republic, and Guatemala. Two (2) systems – organic
and conventional – were compared. This activities were describe from their
simplest manner of cultivation in which farmers merely collect the fruit, to highly
sophisticated production systems designed to produce the banana for the external
market using intensive labor, advanced technology, and a wide number of chemical
inputs.
The following summary tables are taken out from Concalvez and Kernaghan (2014)
entitled “Banana Production Methods: A Comparative Study” for detailed illustration:
1. Establishing the Crop
Stages Torres Region (Brazil) Costa Rica

Soil Preparation Chop the bush Plowing and harrowing
Weed Control Herbicide Herbicide
Pest Control Insecticide (weevil borer) Nematicide (nematodes)
Plant material Buds Seedlings from laboratories
Varieties Silk Cavendish
Fertilization Only one Several until plant
establishment
Spacing 3.0m x 3.0m 2.0m x 2.0m
2. Fertilization
Nutrient Management in Conventional Farming of Bananas

Input Torres Region (Brazil) Limon Province (Costa Rica)
Lime Up to 3.0 t/ha Up to 3.0 t/ha
Chemical Up to 600 kg/ha distributed in Up to 3,000 kg/ha/yr,
Fertilizer (NPK) 3 applications (3x200kg) distributed in bi-weekly
application
Micronutrients No Application Undetermined
Organic Fertilizer Up to 10t/ha Up to 10 t/ha
Nutrient Management on Organic Farming of Bananas
Fertilizer Main Finality Torres Region Dominican
(Brazil) Republic
Organic
Cattle Manure Up to 10 tons ha/yr Not Available
Poultry Manure Up to 2 tons ha/yr Not Available
Keen Sugarcane Up to 10 tons ha/yr Not Available
Bagasse
Bokashi Organic Matter Up to 10 tons ha/yr Up to 12 tons/ha/yr
and Nutrients every 2 years
Green Manure Annually trimming the Not common to use
vegetation
Vermicompost Not available Up to 6 tons/ha/yr
Bio-fertilizer Nutrients Up to 100 liters ha/yr Up to 200
(5% solution) liters/ha/yr (5%
solution)
Minerals
Wood and Rice Potassium and Up to 2 tons ha/yr
Husk Ash Micronutrients
Rock Phosphate Phosphorous, Up to 300 kg ha/yr
Calcium and
Micronutrients
Rock Powder Calcium, Up to 2 tons ha/yr
Magnesium, Not Common to Use
Phosphorous &
micronutrients
Dolomitic and Calcium, Up to 2 tons ha/yr
Shell Lime Magnesium, and
Micronutrients
K-Mag Potassium, Up to 300 kg ha/yr
Magnesium and
Sulphur
Pest and Diseases Control in Central America in Conventional Farming
Technical and Recommended Frequency Purpose
Commercial Names Doses
Herbicides
Glyphosate (Roundup) 0.5-6.0 L/ha 4 to 6 applications Weed
per year Control
Paraquat (Gramoxone) 1.5 – 3.0 L/ha 4 to 6 applications
per year
Systemic Fungicides
Propicolazole (Tilt) 0.5 L/ha Up to 30
applications/year
Benomyl (Benlate) 150 ml/ha Up to 30 Black and
applications/year yellow
Thiabenzadole 400-600 ml/ha Up to 30 sigatoka
(Cercobin) applications/year control
Metiltiofanato (Cycosin) 125-150 ml/ha Up to 30
applications/year
Protective Fungicides
Mancozeb (Dithane) 2.2-4.5 kg/ha Up to 30 Black and
applications/year yellow
Tridemorp (Calixin) 0.6 L/ha Up to 30 sigatoka
applications/year control
Chlorothalonil (Bravo) 1.0-2.0 L/ha Up to 30
applications/year
Insecticides and Nematicides
Carbofuran (Furadan) 1.5 to 2.5 kg/ha Up to 3 Nematodes
applications/year control
Oxamyl (Vydate) 2-4 L/ha Up to 4
applications/year
Post-harvest Products
Imazalil 0,2% solution Spraying the Post-harvest
(20ml/10liters of bananas with a fungal
water) 0,2% solution disease
control
Principal Pest and Disease control for Organic Bananas
Pest or Disease Main Effect Control Method
Torres Region Dominican
(Brazil) Republic
Pest
Weevil Borer Most damage is Biological control Not harmful in the
(Comopolitus done by the with region
sordidus) extensive tunneling approximately 50
of the larvae in the pieces of bait
rhizome, thus spread in the
weakening the banana plantation
plant containing the
fungus Beauveria
bassiana
Nematodes Destroys the root Preventively Producers don ́t
(Radopholus system and makes controlled with control
similis) plants susceptible green manures
to toppling, cultivated on the
especially when banana plantation
fruiting or during
strong winds
Thrips May cause injury to Not harmful in the Control through
(Chaetanaphothrips the fruit that region spraying extract of
signipennis) thereby anamu (Petiveria
significantly alliaceae L.)
affecting
marketability
Diseases
Black Sigatoka Causes necrosis on Don ́t occur in the Palm oil
(Mycophaerella the leaves, affecting region associated with
fijensis) plant Timorex Gold. In
photosynthesis, general 200
which ultimately liters/ha
leads to reduced distributed in two
yields and applications
premature ripening during the year
of bunches
Yellow Sigatoka Causes necrosis on Mineral oil Same as above.
(Mycosphaerella the leaves, affecting associated with bio When controlling
musicola) plant fertilizers. In black sigatoka it is
photosynthesis, general 50 also controlling
which ultimately liters/ha the yellow
leads to reduced distributed in five sigatoka
yields applications
during the year
Cultural Practices – Conventional Banana Farming
There are a number of cultural practices believed necessary to ensure a good

crop. Among those recommended practices, thinning is used to keep each
production unit to three plants – the mother, daughter, and granddaughter.
The thinning is done periodically; by removing the excess sprouts using a
tool in the form of a pipe with a sharp edge.
Banana bunch covered with a polyethylene bag. Protecting the bunch with
plastic bag (bagging) is a technique often used to cover the bunches with a
covering of low-density polyethylene. The aim of bagging is to protect the
fruit from pests and diseases as well as from strong winds and any friction
with leaves. Simultaneously, the bunches are marked with a ribbon of a
certain color indicating the physiological age of the plant. After a period of
nine to twelve weeks, depending on the region, all bunches marked with a
specifically colored ribbon are ready to be harvested. However, to be certain,
there is still a check to be made with a calibrator to ensure that the fruit is at
least 40 mm in diameter.
The peeling of the banana plant, which consists of removing the old, dried,
and sick leaves, should also be a periodic practice. This routine is designed to
increase sunlight and aeration of the banana plant thereby reducing the
incidence of pest and disease.
In regions with more intensive production, as is the case of Costa Rica, there
is also a shoring up of banana trees protecting against their tipping over with
the weight of the bunches.
In shoring, the bananas are tied to each other using nylon cords.
It is also a common practice to use bamboo struts to support the plants in
production.
Cultural Practice Finality Frequency
Sucker Management Improves bunch Quality 3x a year
and productivity
Leaf Removal Increases sunlight and 3-4x a year
aeration of the banana
Bunch Management – Sustains the plants so they Permanent
propping do not tip over with the
weight of the bunch
Bunch management – Increases the quality of Permanent. When bunches
cover the bunch. Protects are with all hands
against pests and diseases
Bunch management – Registers the physiological Permanent. When bunches
marking with colored age of the plant are with all hands
ribbons
trimming the heart the bunch are with all hands
prune bunch hands the bunch are with all hands
Weeding Increases production 3-10 applications of
between 0.2 and 1.0
L/ha/yr
Cultural Management and Weed Control – Organic Banana Farming
Weed control can be achieved using organic methodologies that, unlike

conventional systems, do not to employ herbicides. The organic solution
involves periodic mowing at a frequency of up to three times per year.
This solution commonly uses costal trimmers because of their practicality
and efficiency.
For infested areas with grass, which is detrimental to the banana, it is
recommended that a green manure be used preferably in conjunction
with leguminous species – dwarf mucuna, perennial peanut, lablab, etc.
A practice of removing the suckers, so that the clump becomes only three
plants – mother, daughter, and granddaughter – also follows the same
custom as conventional cultivation.
Other practices common to both systems is covering the bunch with a
polyethylene bag, extracting the heart of the banana plant, and removing
the “last hand,” so that the fruit has a higher quality (bigger).
Many organic farmers in the Torres region manage their banana
plantations through the principles of agroforestry. For example, some
plant their bananas and combine them with other species of trees, both
native and exotic. This technique is reflective of the basic management
concept, that is, to mimic nature so that the whole system acts much like a
natural forest consisting of a wide variety of plants, insects, and animals.
Farmers do not use external inputs such as fertilizers or insect sprays; the
production of bananas is guaranteed by recycling nutrients derived from
the periodic pruning of trees.
Among farmers in the Dominican Republic, the management processes of
plantations is very similar to the region of Torres, also consisting of
defoliation, bagging the bunches, and removal of suckers so that the
clump is generated by three plants to ensure production of good fruit.
Some practices, however, carried out by Dominicans producers, are
different. In this country, the entire banana bunches of a similar age, as
was stated above, are marked with a ribbon of one color at the time of
bagging to indicate the physiological age of the plant. After nine weeks, all
that have been flagged with that particular color of tape are ready to be
harvested.
Another striking regional difference is in irrigation practices. While the

Torres region's farmers depend only on rain as a water source for the
banana, among farmers in COOPPROBATA gravity flood irrigation is
common. All parcels of land in this area are subdivided into areas
separated by small ridges. Through canals and pipelines subplots are
completely flooded every twenty days. As the soils are relatively sandy,
after some time the water is completely drained.
Harvesting, Transport, and Processing – Conventional Banana Farming
Stages of Bananas from the Field to Final Consumer

Step 1. Bunch harvested by a team of 3 people
Step 2. Bunch transportation on aerial cables
Step 3. Bunches washed with a soap solution to remove dirt and stains
Step 4. Removal of floral remnants
Step 5. Bunches are dehanded and placed in a tank with a solution of bacterial
product to sanitize the fruits and precipitate the sap
Step 6. Pack the fruit in a 18. 1 kg box
Step 7. Boxes go upon a conveyor belt in to the container
Step 8. Container goes to the port and is shipped to its destination countries
(Europe and USA)
Step 9. Upon arriving, banana boxes go to distributors (for fruit ripening)
Step 10. Distribution to supermarkets and final consumers
Harvesting, Transport, and Processing – Organic Banana Farming
Step 1. Farmer cutting the banana bunch

Step 2. Farmer Filling the cubatas (pail-like container)
Step 3. Employee transporting the fruit per cubata
Step 4. Employees filling the truck with bananas
Step 5. Arriving of bananas in the packing house
Step 6. Washing of bananas in the water tanks
Step 7. Cutting the hands into banana bouquets
Step 8. Spraying of natural fungicide
Step 9. Packing in plastic bags
Step 10. Filling the cardboard boxes
Step 11. Carrying the boxes to the patio to await the container
Appendix 3. PNS Fresh
Appendix 3. PNS Fresh Banana
Banana
PHILIPPINENATIONAL PNS/BAFPS 08:2004
STANDARD ICS 65.020.20
Fresh Fruit - ‘Saba’ and ‘Cardaba’ Bananas - Specification
BUREAU OF PRODUCT STANDARDS

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/BAFPS 08:2004
Foreword
This Philippine National Standard for Fresh Fruit ‘Saba’ and ‘Cardaba’ bananas,
PNS/BAFPS 08:2003 was formulated in view of the increasing importance of the
commodity in the local economy and potential in international trade. These type of
bananas are classified as cooking bananas and should have a separate and more
elaborate standard than that of PNS 81:1987, which are for table banana varieties. It is
imperative that further elaboration based on the physical characteristics, classification,
tolerances, sampling, marking or labeling, and safety requirements of ‘Sa ba’ and
‘Cardaba’ bananas be reflected in a separate standard.
The formulation of this standard was initially undertaken in June 2001 under the
Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Product Standards (BAFPS)’ Technical
Assistance on Safety and Quality Standards Covering Products of High Value
Commercial Crops. In 2003, BAFPS conducted series of technical reviews and public
consultations in the major ‘Saba’ and ‘Cardaba’ producing regions of the country to
generate inputs and comments on the texts of the standard prior to its approval.
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/BAFPS 08:2004
Fresh Fruit - ‘Saba’ and ‘Cardaba’ Bananas - Specification
1 Scope
This standard establishes a system of grading and classifying ‘Saba’ and ‘Cardaba’ type
bananas grown from Musa balbisiana of the Musaceae family produced in the
Philippines.
2 Reference
The titles of the standards publications and other references of this standard are listed on
the inside back cover.
3 Definitions
For the purpose of this standard the following definitions shall apply:
3.1 General de finitions
3.1.1
banana
edible fruit of tropical plant belonging to the genus Musa of the family Musaceae. ‘Saba’
and ‘Cardaba’ bananas are cooking type of banana widely grown in the Philippines
3.1.2
bunch
the group of hands arranged alternately around a common fruit stalk
3.1.3
clean
the fruit is generally free from dirt, latex stains and other foreign materials
3.1.4
clean, reasonably
fruit exhibits unavoidable dirt, latex stains and other foreign materials incidental to
proper harvesting
3.1.5
cluster
a separate section of a hand consisting of two or more fingers
3.1.6
crown
the crescentric cushion where several finger stalks meet to form a hand
PNS/BAFPS 08:2004
3.1.7
diameter
the dimension measured from side to side at the center of the middle finger of the second
basal hand of the stem or bunch
3.1.8
finger
the individual banana fruit
3.1.9
hand
a complete group of fingers attached to the crown
3.1.10
length
the dimension of the fruit measured at its dorsal side from the base of the fruit pulp to its
tip (middle finger in the hand)
3.1.11
mature
a stage of development that will ensure acceptance of the quality of the hand upon
ripening. Mature ‘Saba’ and ‘Cardaba’ exhibit slight yellowing on the middle portion of
the flesh
3.1.12
ripe
the stage of development when the banana fruit is in its most desirable condition for
eating
3.1.13
well-formed
regular, fairly compact and reasonably uniform size of the fingers of the hand of the
banana
3.1.14
well-formed, fairly
less regular, less compact and less reasonably uniform size of the fingers of the hand of
the banana
3.1.15
well-trimmed
enough amount of the crown with smooth cut surface is retained to keep fingers intact;
flower remnants are removed
2
PNS/BAFPS 08:2004
3.2 Defects
3.2.1 Pre -harvest
3.2.1.1
false finger
undeveloped fruit
3.2.1.2
premature ripening
fruits which have been harvested mature, ripen rapidly during transportation or
distribution
3.2.1.3
wind scar
abrasion on the peel caused by strong wind at any stage of development
3.2.2 pest and diseases
3.2.2.1
bird damage
injury on the peel caused by birds
3.2.2.2
corky peel
is caused by Thrips florum Sc hmutz, appear as black specks, the peel becomes rough and
which at times crack resulting into blemishes called corky scab
3.2.2.3
freckle
is a disease caused by a fungus, Phyllostictina musarum (Cooke) Petr. It is called black
spot because of the numerous black spots formed by the pycnidia of the fungus
3.2.2.4
mealy bugs
is caused by Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardleys, have soft body with white pow dery
wax and the young nymphs are pinkish in color
3.2.2.5
rust
is caused by an obligate fungus, Uromyces musae, which has reddish brown discoloration
and the severely damaged fruits split open
3.2.2.6
scab
materially detracts from the shape or texture, forming a circle more than 16 mm in
diameter
3
PNS/BAFPS 08:2004
3.2.2.7
scale insect
the injury is more than a few adjacent to the “button” at the stem end, or more than 6 mm
scattered on the other portions of the fruit. The damage is forming a circle more than
16 mm in diameter
3.2.2.8
sooty mold
that colonizes the honeydew secreted by the mealy bugs that cause damage to the fruit
3.2.2.8
“bugtok” or “tibagnol”
is caused by bacterium Pseudomonas solonacearum. The infected fruits are discolored
and hard even when ripe
3.2.3 Handling
3.2.3.1
transport damage (compression, impact, abrasion)
3.2.3.2
latex stain
3.2.3.3
cuts
3.2.3.4
punctures
3.2.4 General Defects
3.2.4.1
blemish
any defect on the peel other than mechanical injury
3.2.4.2
bruises
any mechanical injury on the peel of the fruit that makes it unsightly
3.2.4.3
decay
any disorder characterized by biological decomposition
3.2.4.4
latex burn
latex stains characterized by brownish black streaks on the peel which may be sunken
4
PNS/BAFPS 08:2004
3.2.4.5
broken neck
fingers not firmly attached to the crown
3.2.4.6
overripe
the stage when the fruit is excessively soft, discolored and has passed its maximum eating
desirability
4 Types
4.1 ‘Saba’/Dippig (Ilocano) – It is a cooking banana with medium to large fruits. The
fingers are short, stout and angular in cross section with thick skin that turns yellow when
ripe. The pulp is creamy white, fine textured with a well-developed core. Although the
flesh becomes sweet upon ripening, the fruits are always cooked before consumption. The
fingers are about 12-13.5 cm long but the large bunch weighs 26-28 kg with 10-12 hands.
4.2 ‘Cardaba’/Cadisnon – More popular than ‘Saba’ in the Visayas and Mindanao
region. It is very similar to ’Saba’ but more vigorous and with larger fruits. Generally,
the fingers are longer than the ‘Saba’. The bunch weighs 30-40 kg with 15-18 hands.
5 Minimum requirements
In all classes subject to the special provisions for each class and the tolerances allowed,
the fruits must meet the following requirements:
5.1 The fruit must be reasonably clean, free from diseases, insects, molds and other
contaminants.
5.2 The use of chemical process for ripening is allowed provided it conforms with
PNS/SAO 74.
5.3 Pesticide residues shall meet the requirements of the Codex Alimentarius
Commission Vol. 2.
6 Size classification
Size is determined according to the diameter and length of the fruit. ‘Saba’ banana is
classified according to the following size groups as shown in Table 1.
5
PNS/BAFPS 08:2004
Table 1 - Size of bananas
Size Length (cm) Diameter (cm)
Extra Large >14 > 4.5
Large 12 -14 4.5
Medium 10 - 12 4.0
Small Not < 8 3.5
7 Classification
Each size shall be classified according to its general appearance, quality and conditions as
follows:
7.1 Extra class – Bananas in this class must be of superior quality. Hands of one
variety are mature , clean, well formed, well-trimmed and free from decay, split fingers,
loose fingers, bruises, blemishes and discoloration caused by diseases, insects, latex burn,
mechanical or other means.
7.2 Class I – Bananas in this class must be of good quality. Hands of one variety are
mature, clean, well formed, well trimmed and free from decay, split fingers, bruises,
blemishes and discoloration caused by diseases, insects, latex burn, mechanical or other
means.
7.3 Class II – Bananas in this class which do not qualify for inclusion in the higher
classes but satisfy the minimum requirements specified in Section 5. Hands of one
variety are mature, reasonably clean, fairly well formed, well-trimmed and relatively free
from decay, split fingers, loose fingers, bruises, blemishes and discoloration caused by
scars, diseases, insects and mechanical or other means.
8 Tolerances
8.1 Extra class – Not more than 5% by number or weight for off-size and no more
than 5% by number or weight for other defects are allowed in any lot, including not more
than 1% by number or weight for hands affected by decay, provided they conform with
the requirements of the next lower class.
8.2 Class I – Not more than 10% by number or weight for off-size and not more than
10% by number or weight for other defects are allowed in any lot, including not more
than 1% by number or weight for hands affected by decay, provided they conform with
the requirements of the next lower grade.
6
PNS/BAFPS 08:2004
8.3 Class II – Not more than 20% by number or weight for off -size not more than
15% by number or weight for other defects are allowed in any lot, including not more
than 2% by number or weight for hands affected by decay.
9 Packaging
Bananas shall be packed in cartoons or similar protective container to ensure protection

from hazards of transportation and handling.
10 Marking or Labeling
Each container shall be properly labeled in big letters with the following:
10.1 Name of the fruit and variety

10.2 Grade and size
10.3 Net weight in kilograms
10.4 Name of exporter and/or packer
10.5 The statement “Product of the Philippines”
10.6 Region of production (optional)
10.7 Official inspection mark (optional)
10.8 Handling and storage requirement (optional)
11 Sampling
Bananas shall be sampled in accordance with PNS/ISO 874.
12 Contaminants
12.1 Heavy metals
Bananas shall comply with those maximum residue levels for heavy metals established by
the Codex Alimentarius Commission for this commodity.
12.2 Pesticide residues
Bananas shall comply with those maximum residue levels established by the Codex
Alimentarius Commission for this commodity.
13 Hygiene
13.1 It is recommended that the produce covered by the provisions of this standard be
prepared and handled in accordance with appropriate sections of the Recommended
International Code of Practice – General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969,
Rev. 2 –1985), and other relevant Codex texts such as Codes of Hygienic Practice and
Codes of Practice.
13.2 The produce shall comply with microbial criteria established in accordance with
the Principles for the Establishment and Application of Microbiological Criteria for
Foods (CAC/GL 21 – 1997).
7
PNS/BAFPS 08:2004
14 Compliance with specification
When found to comply with the requirements specified in this Philippine Standard
Specification, the lot, the batch, or the consignment from which the samples have been
drawn, shall be deemed to comply with this Philippine Standard Specification.
8
PNS/BAFPS 08:2004
9
PNS/BAFPS 08:2004
10
PNS/BAFPS 08:2004
11
PNS/BAFPS 08:2004
12
PNS/BAFPS 08:2004
13
Re ferences PNS/BAFPS 08:2004
Espino, R. R, et. al. Banana: Training Manual. Department of Agriculture - Bureau of

Agricultural Research and UPLB. 2001. 103 pp.
PNS /ISO 874:2001 (E) – Fresh fruits and vegetables- Sampling contains provisions
which through reference in the text form part of this national standard.
Valmayor, R.V. B. Salajoi, S. H. Jamaluddin, S. Kusumo, R.R.C. Espino and Q. C.

Pascua. Banana classification and commercial cultivars in Southeast Asia. Los Baños,
Laguna. PCARRD, 1991. 20 pp. (Info Bulletin No.241/1991)
Valmayor, R.V., F. N. Rivera and R.M. Lomuljo. Philippine banana cultivar names and
synonyms. College, Laguna. NPGRI. IPB, UPLB. 1981.16 pp. (IPB Bulletin No 3/1981)
BPS
your partner in quality
The use of the PS Certification Mark is governed by the provisions of Department Administrative Order
No. 01 series of 1997 – Revised Rules and Regulations Concerning the Philippine Standard (PS) Quality
and / or Safety Certification Mark Scheme by the Bureau of Product Standards. This mark on a
product/container is an assurance by the manufacturer/producer that the product conforms with the
requirements of a Philippine standard. Details of conditions under which a license to use the PS
CERTIFIED Certification Mark may be granted can be obtained from the Bureau of Product Standards, Department CERTIFIED
Product Quality Product Safety
of Trade and Industry, 361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City.
Department of Agriculture
Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Product Standards
Technical Sub-Committee on Crops
Chair Co-Chair
1 Dr. Elda B. Esguerra 2 Mr. Tommy Romualdo

Postharvest Horticulture Training and INFOMAPP
Research Center, UPLB
Members
3 Dr. Leonila M. Varca 6 Dr. Dario S. Sabularse

NCPC, UPLB Fertilizers and Pesticides Authority
4 Mrs. Paz B. Austria Experts Involved:

Bureau of Plant Industry, DA
7 Dr. Edralina P. Serrano
5 Dr. Leoncio Raymundo Postharvest Horticulture Training
FST, UPLB and Research Center, UPLB
8 Dr. Pablito Pamplona

Mindanao State University
Cotabato City
Secretariat on Crops
Chairman
1 D irector Gilberto F. Layese

Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries
Product Standards
Members
2 Ms. Angelina A. Bondad 4 Ms. Mary Grace S. Rivere

Fiber Industry Development Authority Technical Assistance on Codex
Standards and Food Hygiene
3 Ms. Lara G. Vivas
Technical Assistance on Codex
Standards and Food Hygiene
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
EDICT OF GOVERNMENT
In order to promote public education and public safety, equal

justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law,
world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby
made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of
all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them.
PNS/BFAD 13 (2007) (English): Banana Chips

Specification
PHILIPPINE NATION L
STANDARD PNS/BF AD 13:2007
ICS 67.080
Banan a chips - Specif ication
cHI
DEPARHIIENT OF
TRADE &INDUSTRY
PHILIPP INES
.,' 25
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/BFAD 13 :2007
Foreword
The Philippine National Standard for Banana chips was the fourth product being
developed by the Technical Working Group still under the project entitled "Development
of Standards for Selected Ethnic Food Products",
Prior to the promUlgation of this Standard a public consultation was held in Davao City
wherein most of the big players such as producers, manufacturers, representatives from the
acadelne, government agencies, laboratory and testing agencies and private organizations
were present and actively participated in the discussion on the essential composition and
quality factors that provide us relevant inputs in banana chips specification.
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/BFAD 13:2007
Banana chips - Specification
1 Scope
This standard shall apply to banana chips made from sound and mature banana fruit (Mus a
varieties) preserved exclusively by frying.
2 Definition of terms
For the purpose of this standard, the following terms shall mean:
2.1
container
It is any form of packaging material, which completely or partially encloses the food
(including wrappers). A container may enclose the food as a single item or several units or
types of prepackaged food when such is presented for sale to the consumer
2.2
current good manufacturing practices (cGMP)
it is a quality assurance system aimed at ensuring that products are consistently
manufactured, packed or repacked or held to a quality appropriate for the intended use. It
is thus concerned with both Inanufacturing and quality control procedures
2.3
food
It IS any substance, whether processed, semi-processed or raw, which is intended for
human consunlption, and includes drink, chewing gum and any substance which has been
used in the manufacture, preparation or treatment of "food" but does not include cosmetics
or tobacco or substances used only as drugs
2.4
food additives
it is any substance the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to
result, directly or indirectly, in its becolning a component or otherwise affecting the
characteristics of any food (including any substance intended for use in producing,
manufacturing, packing, processing, preparing, treating, packaging, transporting, or
holding food; and including any source of radiation intended for any such use), if such
substance is not generally recognized, among expelis qualified by scientific training and
experience to evaluate its safety, as having been adequately shown through scientific
procedures to be safe under the conditions of the intended use
2.5
food standard
it is a regulatory guideline that defines the identity of a given food product (i.e. its name
and the ingredients used for its preparation) and specifies the minitnum quality factors
and, when necessary, the required fill of the container. It Inay also include specific
labeling requirements other than or in addition to the labeling requirelnents generally
applicable to all prepackaged foods
PNS/BF AD 13:2007
2.6
frying
it is cooking in hot fat or oil deep enough to immerse the food entirely
2.7
ingredient
it is any substance including food additive, used as a component in the manufacture or
preparation of a food and present in the final product in its original or modified form
2.8
label
it includes any tag, brand, mark, pictorial, or other descriptive script, written, printed,
Inarked, embossed or impressed on, or attached to the container
2.9
labelling
it is any written, printed or graphic Inatter (l) upon any article or any of its container or
wrappers and/or (2) accompanying the packaged food
2.10
lot
it is food produced during a period of tinle and under more or less the same manufacturing
condition indicated by a specific code
2.11
moisture content
it is the percentage weight of water in relation to the dry weight of the product
2.12
packaging
it is the process of packing that is part of the production cycle applied to a bulk product to
obtain the finished product. Any material, including painted material, employed in the
packaging of a product including any outer packaging used for transportation of shipment.
Packaging materials are referred to as primary or secondary according to whether or not
they are intended to be in direct contact with the product
2.13
sweetening agent
it includes one or more of the sugars, honey, high intensity sweeteners and atiificial
sweeteners
2.14
water activity
it is the ratio of vapor pressure of water in the product to the water vapor pressure of pure
water at the same temperature. It is also a measure of water available for the growth of
microorganisms
2
PNS/BFAD 13:2007
3 Description of products
3.1 Product definition
Banana chips are prepared by frying the peeled sound and mature banana fruit (Musa
varieties) sufficient to attain a crispy texture. It may be in the form of chips, slices, halves,
cubes or any other forms with or without the addition of sweetening agent/s, salt/s or other
food ingredients and additives packed in any suitable packaging materials.
3.2 Process definition
The products shall have undergone a frying process sufficient to ensure quality and shelf
life stability at atubient conditions and shall be packed in any suitable packaging materials.
4 Essential composition and quality factors
4.1 Raw materials
4.1.1 Basic ingredients
4.1.1.1 Banana
Banana fruit to be used shall be fresh, sound, clean and mature from any cultivated variety
confornling to the characteristics of the fruits of Musa spp. of the Musaceae fatuily.
4.1.1.2 Cooking oil
Must be of food-grade quality and shall be of vegetable origin or their combination

thereof. It IUUSt conform to RA 8976 of the Food Fortification Law.
4.1.1.3 Optional ingredients
(a) Sweetening agent
One or more of the sugars, honey, high intensity sweeteners or artificial sweeteners.
(b) Salt
Coarse or fine sodium chloride of food grade quality and meets the purity requirements as
specified in Section 4.1 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the ASIN Law,
Republic Act (RA) 8172, an Act Promoting Salt Iodization Nationwide.
(c) Flavoring agent/s
Must conform to the regulations of BF AD as defined in Bureau Circular 2006-016:2006.
(d) Other ingredients
All other ingredients to be used shall be of food grade quality and conform to all
applicable food standards.
3
PNS/BFAD 13:2007
4.2 Quality criteria
4.2.1 General requirements
Banana chips shall have the following characteristics:
4.2.1.1 Water activity
The product shall have a maximum water activity of 0.40 at 25 °e.

4.2.1.2 Moisture content
The product shall have a moisture content of not greater than 4.0 %.
4.2.1.3 Fat content
The product shall have a fat content of 1;1ot greater than 35.0 %.
4.2.1.4 Free fatty acid
The product shall have a free fatty acid content of not greater than 0.250/0 as oleic acid.
4.2.1.5 Peroxide value
The product shall have a peroxide value not greater than 5.0 %.
4.2.1.6 Sensory properties
The product shall have the characteristic color, aroma, and flavor of banana. It shall have a
crispy texture with uniform size and shape. It shall be free from any objectionable sensory
characteristic.
4.2.2 Types of defects
4.2.2.1 Foreign matter
The presence in the sample unit of any nlatter, which has not been derived from banana,
does not pose a threat to human health and is readily recognized without magnification or
is present at a level detennined by magnification method or any equivalent methods that
indicates non-compliance with good manufacturing practices and sanitation practices.
4.2.2.2 Odor/flavor/color
A sample unit affected by objectionable odors or flavors indicative of decomposition or

rancidity and unacceptable color.
4
PNS/BFAD 13:2007
4.2.3 Classification of "defec tives"

be considered as
A container that has any of the type of defects set in 4.2.2 shall
"defective".
4.2.4 Lot accep tance

s when the number
A lot shall be consid ered as meeting the applicable quality requirement
acceptance number of
of "defectives", as define d in sub-section 4.2.3, does not exceed the
the appropriate sampl ing plan.
5 Food additi ves

established by the
Food additives when used shall be in accordance with the regulations
16. Updat ed List of Food
Burea u of Food and Drugs (BFAD) (Bureau Circular No. 2006-0
Additives) and/or the Codex Alimentarius Commission.
1, may be used for the
The following food additives listed in" but not limited to, Table
manufacture of banan a chips.
Table 1 - Food additives for banan a chips*

(BFAD B.C. No.016 s. 2006. Updated List of Food Additives)
Max. Use Level Food Additv e Max. Use

Food Additve
Level
500 mg/kg Diacetyltartaric and fatty GMP
Acesulfame Potass ium
acid esters of glycerol
2000 mg/kg Sorbitol GMP
Aspartame
100mg/kg Sucralose 150 mg/kg
Butylated
Hydroxyanisole
100 mg/kg Sulphites (as residual GMP
Butylated
Hydroxytoluene S02)
GMP Tartrates (as tartaric acid) 1300 mg/kg
Citric acid
* Based on the Food Category System: 4.1.2.l 2 Cooked or fried fruit
6 Hygiene
standard be
6.1 It is recom mende d that the product covered by the provisions of this
of the Recom mended
prepared and handle d in accordance with the appropriate sections
(CAC/RCP 1 - 1969,
International Code of Practice - General Principles of Food Hygie ne
lines, Current Good
Rev. 4-2003) and/or the BFAD A.O. No. 153 s. 2004 - Guide
or Holding Food and
Manufacturing Practic es in Manufacturing, Packing, Repac king
the Processing and
processed according to the Recomlnended Code of Practice for
Handling of Banan a Chips (PNS/BF AD 14:2007).
the product:
6.2 When tested by appropriate methods of sampling and exmnination,
6.2.1 Shall be free from filth that tnay pose a hazard to health,
5
PNS/BFAD 13:2007
6.2.2 Shall be free from parasites which may represent a hazard to health;
6.2.3 Shall not contain any substance originating from microorganisms In amounts
which n1ay represent a hazard to health,
6.2.4 Shall be free froin microorganisms capable of development under normal

conditions of storage; and
6.2.5 Shall be free from container integrity defects which may comproinise the hermetic
seal.
7 Labeling
7.1 Each container shall be labeled and marked with the following information In
accordance with BF AD's Labeling Regulation:
7.1.1 The name of the product shall be "Banana Chips". It Inay have additional nan1e to
describe the product. Ex. Honey-dippeq Banana Chips, Vacuum-Fried Banana Chips
7.1.2 The cOlnplete list of ingredients and food additives used in the preparation of the
product in descending order of proportion.
7.1.3 The net quantity of content by weight in the Inetric system. Other systems of
measurement required by in1poI1ing countries shall appear in parenthesis after the metric
systeln unit.
7.1.4 The nalne and address of the manufacturer, packer and/or distributor of the food.
7.1.5 Open date marking
The words "Best/"Consume Before" indicating end of period at which the product shall
retain its optimum quality attributes at defined storage conditions.
7.1.6 Lot or code number identifying product lot.
7.1. 7 The words "Product of the Philippines", or the country of origin if impo11ed.
7.1.8 Additional requirements
A pictorial representation of fruit(s) on the label should not mislead the consumer with
respect to the fruit so illustrated.
7.2 Nutrition labeling
Nutrition labelling shall conform to the established regulations of BFAD and or authority
for this cOlnmodity.
6
PNS/BF AD 13:2007
8 Methods of analysis and sampling
8.1 Determination of water activity
According to the AOAC Official Methods of Analysis, 16 th ed., 1995. Method No. 978.18.
8.2 Determination of moisture content (vacuum oven method)
According to the AOAC Official Methods of Analysis, 16th ed., 1995. Method No. 934.06.
8.3 Determination of fat content
According to the AOAC Official Methods of Analysis, 16 th ed., 1995. Method No. 963.15.
8.4 Determination of free fatty acid content
According to the IUPAC, 1987. Method No. 2.201 as cited from the Codex Alimentarius
listing.
8.5 Determination of peroxide value
According to IUPAC, 1987. Method No. 2.501 and ISO 3960: 1977 as cited from the
Coqex listing.
8.6 Method of sampling
Sampling shall be in accordance with the F AO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Sampling Plans
for Prepackaged Foods - CAC/RM 42-1969, Codex Alimentarius Volume 13, 1994.
7
References PNS/BFAD 13:2007
The following doculnents contain provisions that, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this standard. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
dOCUlnent (including amendments) applies.
A.a. No. 153 s. 2004. Guidelines, Current Good Manufacturing Practice in

Manufacturing, Packing, Repacking or Holding Food. Bureau of Food and Drugs.
Department of Health. Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
Association of Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis Manual. 16 th ed.,

1995. AOAC International. 481 North Frederick Ave., Suite 500, Gaithersburg, MD
20877-2417. U.S.A.
B.C. No. 2006-016 . Updated List of Food Additives. Bureau of Food and Drugs.
Department of Health. Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
Enhancing the Productivity of Saba Industry. 2001. Subproject 3.

Development/Improvement of Technologies and Quality Assurance
Program for Saba. Industrial Technology Developnlent Institute. Department of Science
and Technology. Bicutan, Taguig City, Philippines.
FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission Manual. 1995. Codex Alimentarius

Commission. Food and Agriculture Organization. Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100
Rome, Italy.
Food, definition. ALINORM 04/27/41, para. 88 and Appendix VI. 2005. Codex
Alilnentarius Commission. Food and Agriculture Organization. Viale delle Terme di
Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
Philippine National Standards No. 991: 1993. Agricultural and Other Food Products -
Bottled Drinking Water Specifications. Bureau of Product Standards. Department of
Trade and Industry. Makati City, Philippines.
R.A. 3720. Food, Drugs and Cosmetic Act. Bureau of Food and Drugs. Department of
Health. Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
BUREAU OF PRODUa STANDARDS

your partner in quality
The use of the PS Certification Mark is governed by the provisions of Department Administrative Order
No. 01 series of 1997 - Revised Rules and Regulations Concerning the Philippine Standard (PS)
Quality and / or Safety Certification Mark Scheme by the Bureau of Product Standards. This mark on a
producUcontainer is an assurance by the manufacturer/producer that the product conforms with the
requirements of a Philippine standard. Details of conditions under which a license to use the PS
Certification Mark may be granted can be obtained from the Bureau of Product Standards, Department
CERTIFIED of Trade and Industry, 361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City. CERTIFIED
Product Quality Product Safety
FORMULATING BODY
Development of Standard for Selected Ethnic Food Products
Standard for Thermally Processed Fish Products
BFAD Philippine National Standards Committee
1. Ms. Ofelia M. Alba Chief, LSD/PNS Supervisor

2. Ms. Liberty V. Importa Nutritionist-Dietitian IV
3. Ms. Almueda C. David Food & Drug Regulation Officer IV
4. Ms. Charina May T. Tandas Food & Drug Regulation Officer III
5. Ms. Maria Theresa C. Cerbolles Food & Drug Regulation Officer II
6. Ms. Carmencita S. Masangkay Food & Drug Regulation Officer I
Funding Agency
Ms. Grace Estillore Philippine Council for Industrial and

Ms. Czarina C. Resurrection Energy Development
Department of Science and Technology
Working Group
Academe:
Prof. Teresita Acevedo Project Leader
University of the Philippines
College of Home Economics
Bernarda Garcia Research Assistant
Government Agencies:
Ms. Charina May Tandas Department of Health
Ms. Caroline Duller Bureau of Food & Drugs
Dr. Gilberto Layese Department of Agriculture

Ms. Mary Grace Mandigma Bureau of Agriculture Fisheries Product
Standards
Ms. Norma Hernandez Department of Trade & Industry

Ms. Myra Magabilin Bureau of Product Standards
Ms. Rose Marie Castillo Food Products
Ms. Myrna Almarines Bureau Export Trade & Promotions
Testing/Research
Ms. Teresita Palomares Department of Science and Technology
Ms. Ma. Dolor Villaseilor Industrial Technology Development Institute
Professional/Industry Association:
Dr. Elias Escueta Philippine Cham.ber of Food
Manufacturers Incorporated (PCFMI)
Philippine Association of Food
Technologists (PAFT)
Food Industry:
Ms. Marilou Florendo Integrated Food
Manufacturers Association of the
Philippines (INFOMAPP)
Ms. Clarissa Cavero Philippine Food Processors and
Exporters Organization Inc.
(PHILFOODEX)
Appendix 5. Common Banana Diseases and Insect Pests
Banana Bunchy Top
Banana bunchy top is the most important virus disease affecting

Musa family. It is caused by a virus with isometric particles
transmitted by a brown banana aphid comma, Pentalonia
nigronervosa Coq. that feeds and multiplies primarily on banana,
abaca, gabi-gabi, and camia. The disease is called bunchy top due
to rosette appearance with narrow, upright and progressively
shorter leaves. The symptoms includes: (a) leaf narrowing and
reduction in surface area, (b) marginal chlorosis, (c) dark green
streaks on minor veins, (d) vein clearing, (e) stunted and erect
growth, and (f) rosetting. For control measures, (a) use virus-free
suckers, (b) immediate removal of affected plant, and (c) regular
spray of insecticides.
Bugtok Disease
Bugtok or Tibagnol is observed to infect cultivars like Saba or Cardaba

and to some extent Latundan. The term is used to describe the infected
fruits which are discolored and hard even when ripe. It is caused by
bacterium Pseudomonas solonacearum, a strain which is less virulent to
that causing Bacterial Wilt disease. Symptoms include: (a) dry or
gelatinous greyish black or yellowish red tissues may be found and this
may extend to the entire pulp, and (b) reddish brown vascular
discoloration extends upwards from the male flower, but is rarely visible
beyond the peduncle. Recommended control measure are: (a) regular
stem sanitation and deleafing, (b) early debudding, and (c) bagging of
inflorescence.
Panama Disease (Fusarium Wilt)
A soil-borne fungus, Fusarium oxyporum f. sp. Cubense which

colonizes and occludes the xylem of susceptible cultivars to cause a
terminal wilt. It affects the vascular system of banana. The symptoms
include, (a) yellowing, collapse, and drying of older leaves, (b)
chlorosis, (c) dark brown discoloration on vascular tissues, and (d)
pseudostem splitting. Control measures are: (a) use tolerant banana
cultivars, (b) implement sanitation practices, (c) remove disease mat
including healthy plants, and (d) minimize cultivation to prevent
spread.
Black Sigatoka
Black sigatoka is caused by fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis. The

symptoms include: (a) tiny brown streaks on the underside of the 3 rd or
4th leaf, (b) spots develop in a similar way as in yellow sigatoka, (c)
specks elongate into reddish-brown streaks then later become dark
brown or black, (d) dense aggregation of the black streaks when water
soaked, (e) leaf turns black, and (f) dress up rapidly and become brown.
Control measures are: (a) space bananas according to recommended
population/area, (b) remove infected leaves, (c) provide drainage canals
to avoid water logging, (d) maintain proper plant nutrition, and (e)
institute a planned chemical control program.
Banana Mosaic
Also known as infectious chlorosis or heart rot. This banana disease is

caused by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). The symptoms include: (a)
small, white and yellow spots usually confined to one side of the leaf, (b)
spot coalesce o form linear streaks or bands on the lamina, (c) continuous
broken streaks that may form elongated, (d) irregular bands with ring-
spot type pattern, (e) browning and necrosis on portions of streaks and
bands, and (f) fruit may exhibit chlorotic streaking or may show necrosis.
Control measures are: (a) removal of infected plants, (b) control during
three growing period, (c) use of virus-free planting materials, and (d)
monitoring and inspections.
Banana Freckle
Banana Freckle is caused by Phyllostictina musarum (Cooked) Petr.

It is commonly found in leaves of susceptible cultivar. The symptoms
include: (a) numerous rough, (b) black spots about 1mm in diameter
formed in the midrib and lamina of the older leaves, (c) spots may
coalesce to form large blackened areas on upper leaves which can
result in serious defoliation, (d) freckles in the transition leaves and
bracts, and (e) infected fruits are full blemishes which lessens their
quality. Control measures are: (a) space bananas to recommended
population per unit area, (b) remove infected leaves, (c) provide
drainage canals to avoid water logging which triggers humidity, (d)
proper plant nutrition, and (e) institute a planned chemical control
program.
Other Banana Diseases
Common Banana Insect Pests
Brown Banana Aphid
They are piercing/ sucking insects. They can be found in all areas where bananas
are grown. They can multiply & reproduced in other host plants.
Mealybugs
High infestation is observed on the fruits, pseudostem, leaves, and roots

during summer months & when plants are grown under large fruit trees.
Mealybugs have always been associated with sooty mold since they
produce honey dew as substrate of fungus on leaves resulting to
unsightly appearance.
Thrips
Most destructive on leaves, flowers, and young fruits. Young thrips

has a whitish-yellow larva with no distinct body region at the early
stage. Adults are small and colored yellow
Corm Weevil
Larva has a reddish brown head

with soft, creamy white body.
Mostly found in soil. Adult is
reddish brown turning black with
dark brown snout, 15 cm long.
Corm Weevil Larva Corm Weevil Adult
Mites Leaf Roller
Mites
Most destructive on leaves, flowers and young fruits. Adults are small & colored yellow.
Leaf Roller
Larva tends to ripped off the foliage as it rolls in the lower leaf surface. More than one larvae can
infest one leaf.
p Appendix 6. Coconut-Banana Intercropping by
ro
rc
te
In
a
n
a
n
a
B
-
ut
n
o
c
o
PCA
• There is a high demand for dessert and MAINTENANCE

THE COCONUT
cooking banana locally and abroad. ! Fertilize banana with the following
BIO-PHYSICAL BASIS FOR fertilizers and rates under two options:
• Banana is a very profitable intercrop.
INTERCROPPING 100% inorganic fertilizer (IF) or 75%
• It has many uses.
In monocrop coconut, much area is inorganic + 25% organic fertilizer (OF)
left unproductive throughout its life span. • Banana is high in nutritive value (i.e.
Option 1. 100%IF
The effective root area per coconut palm is carbohydrates, potassium, calcium, Age/ Urea Solophos KCl 14-14-14
only 12.5 sq m and the functional roots are vitamin C and B6) Stage (g/plt) (g/plt) (g/plt) (g/plt)
a. Planting 70 50 80 -
concentrated between 30 and 130 cm depth, LAND PREPARATION b. 3 months 104 65 106 -
which give an ample space for intercrop. c. 6 months 114 79 129 -
After clearing the interspaces of d. 9 months 114 79 129 -
In intercropping with banana, coconut, mark the required distance: 3 x 3 m e. bearing (2x) - - - 500
fertilization of coconut should be separate for Lakatan and Latundan; 5 x 5 m for
from banana according to the following: Option 2. 75%IF + 25% OF
Cardaba/Saba. Age/ Urea Solophos KCl 14-14-14 chicken
Stage (g/plt) (g/plt) (g/plt) (g/plt) dung (g/plt)
a. planting 52 38 60 - 322
Field planting 150 g AS + 160 g NaCl or 200 g KCl PREPARATION OF PLANTING b. 3 months
c. 6 months
78
86
49
59
80
97
-
-
478
524
6 mos 200 g AS + 200 g NaCl or 250 g KCl MATARIALS d. 9 months 86 59 97 - 524
1 yr 500 g AS + 480 g NaCl or 600 g KCl e. bearing (2x) - - - 375 700
2 yrs 750 g AS + 720 g NaCl or 900 g KCl ! Bole out corms with 1-3 live buds/sword
! Ring-weed banana at one meter radius
3 yrs 1,000 g AS +1,250g NaCl or 1,500 g KCl suckers/maiden suckers and cut all roots
4 yrs 1,250 g AS +1,350g NaCl or 1,700 g KCl ! Remove dry leaves regularly
5 yrs - up 1,500 g AS +1,700g NaCl or 2,000 g KCl
leaving 1-2 cm long from the head
! Allow only one sucker per hill at a time
! For corms, treat with 50 gm Dithane
AS – ammonium sulfate M45 + 30 ml/Basudin 60 EC + 1.5 ml ! Do either bud injection or pre-
NaCl – sodium chloride (common table salt) sticker + 20 liters water or soak in 1300F emergence bud spray/ bunch spray.
KCl – muriate of potash, for areas deficient hot water for 10 minutes. ! Debud and wrap developed fruits of
in K Lakatan with plastic bag. Wrap fruit bud
! For suckers, retain 2 youngest leaves.
with sack and remove when bunch are
WHY BANANA? PLANTING fully developed and the bud to be cut
• Banana can be intercropped in 1 to 3 ! Dig hole depending on size of planting off.
years old coconut and/or 25 years and materials
above HARVESTING
! Plant corms in slanting position with
• Their basic climatic requirements are Harvest 10 to 15 months after
growing point on top.
almost the same. planting or when the following are
! For suckers, plant in upright position and
observed:
• Banana needs less water than coconut cover with soil up to the collar and press
! Fruits are full, plum, round and light
• Banana is fast-growing plant that bears gently.
green
fruit in less than one year.
! Angles of the fingers are rounded
! Leaves turn yellow

Techno Guide Sheet No. 12
Series of 2003
Table 1. Simple Cost and Returns Analysis of Lakatan Under Coconut Using Two
Fertilizer Options (PCA-DRC, Bago Oshiro, Davao City, 1995-1998).
Item Option 1 Option 2

100% inorganic 75% Inorganic +25% organic
Copra yield (t/ha) 9.71 11.94

Lacatan yield (t/ha)
Combined gross return(PhP)
17.39
218,830.00
15.08
224,960.00
CO CO NUT –
Combined total cost (PhP) 133,800.00 134,950.00 BANANA
INTERCROPPING
Combined net return (PhP) 85,030.00 90,010.00
BCR (for 3 years) 1.70 1.60
References:
Basic Assumptions
Maravilla, J.N. and G.D. Padrones. 2001.
- Labor cost = P90/md (man-day) Integrated Soil Fertility Management in
- Urea cost = P7.87/kg Coconut-based Farming Systems II.
- Solophos = P4/kg Perennial Crop-Banana. Annual Report
- KCl = P5.93/kg Agronomy and Soils Division
PCA-Davao Research Center, Bago Davao Research Center
- 14-14-14 =P8.47/kg Oshiro, Davao City Research Development and Extension Branch
- Chicken manure = P1.00/kg PHILIPPINE COCONUT AUTHORITY
- Farm gate price: Lakatan-Durian Intercropping Technoguide Tel No. 293-0161,293-0113
Copra = P10/kg Series 2003 (No. 02-03). Davao National Fax No. 293-0571
Lakatan = P7/kg Crop Research and Development Center, E-mail: pcaasd@pldtdsl.net or
- Density of planting Bago Oshiro, Davao City pcadrc@pldtdsl.net
Lakatan = 1,128 hill/ha The Coconut Committee. 1992. The
Philippine Recommends for Coconut.
PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna

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VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS ON BANANA INDUSTRY

(Saba, Latundan, Lakatan, and Señorita):

ALMEYDA, SARAH MAE C.

AEW Agricultural Extension Workers

a. Intercropping of Banana to other agronomic crops in CALABARZON (coconut, coffee,

The Department of Agriculture (DA) is mandated to promote agricultural development

SUGAR CANE RICE, PADDY COCONUTS BANANAS MAIZE

Banana Industry in CALABARZON

CALABARZON is a region of farming lands in a very strategic location. Industrial parks,

Table 1. Average Volume of Production (MT) of Top 10 Commodities, 2010-2015

B. Objectives of the Value Chain Analysis

3. Identify possible areas for investment and/or enterprise development; and

4. Serve as empirical basis to facilitate the translation of interventions into priority

C. Methodology and Approach

1. Focused Group Discussions (FGDs)

2. Key Informant Interviews (KIIs)

4. Review of Secondary Data and Relevant Documents

Provincial/municipal profiles, and previous studies conducted concerning the banana

a. Conceptual description of the banana value chain;

6. Presentation of VCA Report to the stakeholders

A. Product Description, Forms, And Other Uses

1. Product Description and Forms

Banana (Musa sp.) is one of the most widely known

Taxonomist Carl Linnaeus classified cultivated

Allowing a comparison between recommended cultural management practices and the

c. Cultivation and Maintenance

d. Desuckering and Pruning

Pruning, however, is done to maintain distance between rows thus facilitating

Banana Varieties in the Philippines

d. Grand Naine (Cavendish) - Cavendish-type cultivar grown for the export

e. Lagkitan - a dual-purpose local cultivar popular in the Southern Tagalog

f. Cuarenta Dias or Señorita - a local cultivar that is popular as a table-type

h. Lakatan - accession originally came from a commercial tissue-culture

2. Commodity Uses (Photos from Google.com)

Lakatan Cavendish Latundan Señorita

Saba banana is a familiar ingredient in abundance of Filipino recipes and delicacies.

Adobo Nilaga Pochero

Turon Banana Cue Maruya

Ginataang Puso ng Saging Banana Vegetarian Burger Patty

Banana Flavoring Banana Ice Cream Banana Chutney Banana Jam

f. Banana Animal Feed Meal

In the website of Food and Agriculture Organization,

Banana Fiber Cloth Banana Fiber Ropes

Possible health benefits associated with

It can also be used as traditional medicine

Banana Industry in CALABARZON

Banana cultivation in CALABARZON is not in form of mono cropping or plantation-type

Figure 2. Average Production (MT) of Top 5 World

INDIA CHINA, PHILIPPINES BRAZIL ECUADOR

Figure 3. Average Yield (Hg/Ha) of Top 5 + Philippines

INDONESIA NICARAGUA SOUTH COSTA RICA ISRAEL PHILIPPINES

As an example for detailed comparison of cultural management and production

Figure 4. Production (MT) of Banana per Cultivar, Philippines,

Figure 6. Annual Growth Rate in Area Harvested, Production,

AREA HARVESTED PRODUCTION YIELD

Top Banana-producing Municipalities in CALABARZON

Table 4. Top 10 Banana-producing Municipalities in Cavite, 2014

Table 5. Top 10 Banana-producing Municipalities in Laguna, 2014

Table 7. Top 10 Banana-producing Municipalities in Rizal, 2014

Table 8. Top 10 Banana-producing Municipalities in Quezon, 2014

A. Value Chain Mapping

The value chain map of banana industry in CALABARZON as presented in Figure 9, is

B. Key Players and Functions