A 4 stroke, medium speed,

eight cylinder, in-line diesel

engine has a firing order of 1-5-
2-6-8-4-7-3. When performing
y routine valve maintenance, #1
cylinder is set at TDC in firing
position. Which exhaust valves
can be checked for proper
valve lash?

A bright shiny appearance of

the sealing surfaces on diesel
y
engine compression rings
indicates ____________.

A diesel engine indicator

diagram has an area of 34 cm2
and a length of 17.5 cm. If the
y scale of the indicator spring is
1 mm=1.2 kg/cm2, what is the
cylinder mean effective
pressure?
 A diesel engine should not be
operated at low loads for long
y
period of time because a
_________.

A disadvantage of a two-
y stroke/cycle diesel engine is
____________.

A four-cycle, medium speed,

eight cylinder, in-line diesel
engine has a firing order of 1-5-
2-6-8-4-7-3. When checking
exhaust valve lash with the
y
crankshaft set with #8 piston
at TDC in the firing position,
which cylinder exhaust valves
can be checked for proper
valve lash?

A fuel injection valve opening

y at a pressure lower than
normal will result in_______.
 A machine capable of
producing 228 kg-m of work per
y second is considered to
produce how many
horsepower?

A pilot valve and servomotor

are utilized in mechanical
y hydraulic governing systems
on a turbo-generator unit in
order to _____.

A piston in a four-stroke/cycle
diesel engine makes four
y
strokes during each
______________.

A piston is said to be at top

y dead center when it is
_____________.

A turbocharger is an air
y
compressor driven by__________.
 A two-element feedwater
y regulator responds directly to
changes in ________.

A visual inspection of the

chrome plated piston
compression rings at the liner
y ports reveals vertical brown
streaks on the face of the
rings. This condition
indicates_____.

An important design
characteristic of an explosion
y
relief valve for a diesel engine
is the ability to ________.
 An indicator diagram from an
engine shows that the
compression, combustion and
the expansion lines are all too
y low, the exhaust temperature
is too high and engine output is
too low.What could be the
probable cause of this
condition?

An intermediate chamber is
used in conjunction with
y labyrinth packing on main
turbine shaft glands to provide
a ______ .

As compared to a typical front

fired boiler, which of the listed
y
conditions represents an
advantage of a top fired boiler?
 As engine RPM is increased
from idle speed to full load
y
speed, which of the conditions
listed will decrease?

Aside from the sprayer plate

size, what kind of pressure
does the amount of oil
y
atomized by a straight
mechanical fuel oil burner
depends on?

Before shutting off the fuel

supply to stop a medium or
high-speed diesel engine, why
y
is it necessary to allow the
engine to idle for a few
minutes?

Before starting a diesel engine,

y
you should always _____________.
 Blowoff piping external to a
boiler with a maximum
allowable working pressure of
y
600 psig must be capable of
withstanding a minimum
pressure of _____.

Burned gas from each cylinder

is directed to the exhaust
y
manifold which is part
of___________.

Calcium minerals in boiler

water are precipitated out of
y
solution by the use of which of
the listed chemicals?

Compared to the return flow oil

burner system, an internally
y
mixed steam atomizer
requires_________.

Detected small refrigerant leak

in the system with the use of
ry
halide torch, what is the color
of the torch flame.
 Diesel engine cylinder head
y test cocks are used to
_____________.

Diesel engine injection lag is

y
caused by ____________.

Downcomers are installed

between the inner and outer
boiler casings for what
y purpose? I.  Increase the end
point of combustion II.  
Increase the end point of
circulation

During adjustment of a
by thermostatic expansion valve
r always remember that
__________.
 During injection, the cam nose
of the camshaft will push up
y
the plunger of the pump,
forcing the fuel to the _________.

During which of the listed

piston strokes of a four-
y
stroke/cycle diesel engine, is
the piston moving downward?

Engine clutches are used with

y
which type of main engine ?

Exhaust valve openings in a

two-cycle diesel engine
y
cylinder head are made as
large as practical to __________.

Explosion relief valves on

diesel engine crankcases
y
should relieve the pressure at
not more than _____________.
 Fine adjustment to a boiler
combustion control system, to
bring about near perfect
y
combustion should be made by
manually adjusting the
__________.

For a continuous operation of

diesel engine, why is it that the
y
use of a duplex filter unit would
be the best arrangement?

For a given size engine, the

two-stroke/cycle diesel engine
y will deliver more power than a
four-stroke/cycle diesel engine
because ___________.

Fuel combustion in a diesel

engine cylinder should begin
y just before the piston reaches
top dead center and should
___________.
 Fuel injection nozzles are
usually of the multi-orifice type
with the number and
y
placement of the holes
arranged according to the
_____________.

Fuel injectors used in heavy

fuel oil systems are usually
y
provided with cooling to reduce
_________.

Fuel is admitted to a diesel

y engine cylinder through the
_______________.

Fuel is ignited in a diesel

y
engine cylinder by __________.

Fuel oil atomizers are used in

y
boilers to ____________.
 How can the dissolved and
y suspended solids in boiler be
kept at minimum level?

How could lubricating oil and

y grease get into the boiler water
system?

How do you determine the

y engine displacementof the
cylinder?

How is engine displacement

y
calculated ?

How is the amount of valve

opening and closing being
y
controlled in a single element
feedwater regulator?
 How is the firing range of a
steam assisted fuel atomizer
y
regulated, to cope with change
in the steam demand?

How many power strokes per

crankshaft revolution are there
y
in an eight cylinder, two-
stroke/cycle diesel engine?

How many separate camshaft

timing events must be
controlled for the components
y
of an air start cylinder head for
a direct reversible, four stroke
diesel engine?

How much work would be

accomplished if a 15 kilogram
y
box were raised to the top of a
25 meter platform?

If a boiler is panting, which of

y the following actions should be
taken?
 If a diesel engine operating at
a light load when compared to
y
operating at heavy load, What
is its air/fuel ratio?

If a fire occurs in the boiler

room as a result of a leaking
y
fuel line, what should you do
first?

If a single cylinder relief valve

on a main propulsion diesel
engine begins to lift, but it is
y
not possible to secure the
engine, which of the following
actions should be taken?

If all other conditions such as

bore, stroke, speed, and mean
effective pressures are equal, a
y
two-stroke/cycle diesel engine
will develop approximately
___________.

If clearance between a piston

and the cylinder wall is
y excessive, piston slap will
occur. The slap itself is caused
by_____.
 If the engine jacket water
y temperature rises rapidly, what
should be the cause?

If the speed of the propeller is

135 RPM, the speed of the
y
engine crankshaft will be
________.

If there is a change in the

degree of fuel atomization in a
y diesel engine, what could be
greatly affected in the
combustion process?

If water is found in the

crankcase of a diesel engine,
what may be the cause? I-
y
Cracked cylinder head, II-Worn,
broken or struck compression
rings, III-Cracked cylinder liner

In a boiler equipped with an

automatic feedwater regulator,
y
what could cause erratic
variations in the water level?
 In a boiler water gage
y glass,where is a ball check
valve installed?

In a diesel engine cooling

y water system, what does pH of
6.0 indicate?

In a diesel engine, internal

y combustion causes the piston
to be moved by ____________.

In a four-stroke/cycle diesel
engine, after the completion of
y
the power stroke, the piston
will move __________.

In a jerk pump, the amount of

fuel that will be forced through
y the spray nozzle on each
upward stroke of the plunger
depends on ____________.
 In a low speed diesel engines,
y what is the main function of tie
rods?

In a marine diesel engine, what

y parameter is being controlled
by the governor?

In a modern internal
combustion diesel engine, the
y
load carrying part of the engine
is the _________.

In a properly designed boiler,

y which of the end points should
be reached first?

In a single acting, two-

stroke/cycle, diesel generator
y engine, the power impulse in
an individual cylinder occurs
_____________.
 In a single furnace boiler,
where is the steam typically
y
cooled for use as auxiliary
steam?

In a steam assist fuel oil

atomizer, the steam pressure is
y
higher than the oil pressure at
what condition?

In a steam propulsion plant,

where is the primary source of
y
auxiliary exhaust steam
coming from?

In addition to a nozzle,which of
y the choices is part of fuel oil
atomizer?

In checking the oil in an R-12

ry compressor, the most accurate
reading is obtained when ?
 In comparing engines of equal
y horsepower, where is higher
exhaust gas temperatures?

In comparison to straight flow

mechanical atomizers, return
flow atomizers provide
y
relatively uniform atomization
over a wide firing range due to
the ________.

In describing basic diesel

engine operation, what is the
term event? I. the production of
y high pressure gases II. the
removal of expended
combustion gases III. the
admission of air to the cylinder

In diesel engines, the four

basic events (intake,
y compression, power and
exhaust) are performed once in
__________.
 In general, where should you
expect to find the greatest
y
amount of wear on a cylinder
liner?

In large, slow-speed, main

propulsion diesel engine, which
y parts listed below is under
tension when the engine is
running?

In some smaller vessels and

auxiliary engines of some large
y
vessels use which of the
following as fuel oil?

In terms of linear
measurement, approximately
y
how many “inches” equals one
“meter”?

In terms of liquid volume, how

y many liters are there in 1
gallon?
 In terms of metric pressure
y conversion, what is the value
of 1 bar in psi?

In the arrangement, the thrust

pads extend three quarters of
y the distance around the collar
and transmit all thrust to the
lower half of the_____.

In the cylinder head of a two-

y stoke/cycle diesel engine,
valves are used for ______.

In the event of a failure of the

pneumatic control system, a
y multi-element feedwater
regulator is designed to
operate in what manner?
 In the operating cycle of a four-
stroke/cycle diesel engine,
blowdown to exhaust manifold
y
pressure must occur before the
piston begins the exhaust
stroke to minimize __________.

In the water tube boiler, the

y fire in the furnace is located at
the ______.

In transferring fuel oil from one

double bottom tank to another,
ry
precautions to be observed and
should include.

In which part of the liner do

y abrasive particles cause the
most damage?
 Increasing the load on an
engine using a double-helix
y type injection pump varies the
effective stroke of the pump to
start __________.

Injection lag in a diesel engine

y
may be caused by __________.

Low pressure steam is used to

keep air from leaking into
turbine casing along the
y
turbine shaft. For this purpose,
which of the following steam
systems is used?

Lubricating oil is supplied to

y the journal bearing of engine by
means of__________.

Main air compressor is use for

y starting of main engine at what
pressure?
 Maintaining the lowest
possible scavenging air
temperatureat all times in a
y
marine diesel engine is not
recommended due to the
possibility of the __________.

Most fuel injection nozzles are

y
opened by_____.

Most large main propulsion

by
diesel engines use a duplex
r
lube oil strainer to:

Movement of the control rack

y of the fuel injector change the
___________.
 Oil mist detector takes a
succession of air samples from
y all the compartments within
the crankcase. When is the oil
mist detector alarm activates?

On a four-cycle diesel engine,

the valve subjected to the most
ry
severe conditions during
normal service is the.

One advantage of dry cylinder

y liners used in a diesel engine is
the _____________.

ry One boiler hp is equivalent to:

One function of burner

y atomizing steam is to
________________.
 One method of constructing
large marine diesel engines
y and reducing the total engine
frame weight is through
____________.

One of the main differences

ry between the various types of
screw pumps is in the:

One power stroke produces

ry one revolution of crankshaft is
what kind of engine?

Operating a propulsion diesel

engine at less than 30% of
y designed normal load for
prolonged periods will result in
_____________.

Overheating of the generating

ry tubes will occur when a boiler
reaches its end point of:
 Performance of a turbocharged
ry
engine can be improved by.

Phenolphthalein indicator is
ry used in the boiler water test
for:

ry Piston cooling fins are located:

Piston ring located at the

y
lowest groove is called _______.

Piston ring located at the top

y
groove is called _________.

ry Rate of doing work:

 Reduction gears for main
y propulsion turbines are
lubricated by __________.

Small cracks in the crankshaft

ry bearing surface of a diesel
engine are an indication of:

ry Spark ignition engine is:

by
Specific heat of water:
r

Spring surge in diesel engine

ry
valve springs can result in:

Steam baffles are installed in

y the steam drum of a water tube
boiler to ____.
 Steam drains from the potable
ry water system hot water heater
would be collected in the:

Temperature measurement is
ry
an indication of the:

The ability of a fuel particle to

ry travel into the combustion
chamber before burning.

The amount of chloride content

ry in the water of an auxiliary
boiler can be reduced by:

The amount of fuel delivered by

a helical plunger fuel injection
y
pump is controlled by
___________.
 The amount of fuel injected
into a cylinder by a unit
y
injector is controlled by
__________.

The amount of oil atomized by

a straight mechanical fuel oil
y
burner depends on the sprayer
plate size and the ________.

The amount of oil atomized by

the return flow variable
capacity atomizer, used with
y
some automatically fired
boilers, is controlled by the
________.

The atomization of oil using

straight mechanical fuel oil
y burners depends on the size of
the sprayer plate and the
__________________.
 The boiler feedwater control
valve varies the unity
y relationship between steam
and water flow in what
condition?

The bottom blow valve should

be used to remove sludge and
y solids which have settled out
of circulation after the boiler
__________.

The Brayton Cycle is one

ry where the combustion event
occurs at:

The camshaft on a four-

y stroke/cycle engine is used to
operate the __________.

The complete unit Rousing the

by burner, air scoop, air door and
r bladed cone is correctly called
the:
 The component of engine used
y to provide pressurized fuel oil
is called__________.

The control rack to a unit

y injector regulates fuel delivery
by ____________.

The data of a 4 stroke diesel

engine are as follows : 2900
by kPa mean effective pressure,
r 1.4 m length of stroke, 650 m
bore, 120 rpm and 8 cylinder.
Compute for the power in KW:

The duration of fuel injection

developed by an individual
y port-and-helix fuel injection
pump, is determined by the
_____________.

The effect of a partially

y obstructed exhaust ports on a
diesel engine is _______.
 The effective pump stroke of
an individual port-and-helix fuel
y
injection pump is determined
by the ____________.

The efficient burning of fuel in

a diesel engine is dependent
upon what factors? I.
y
temperature of compression II.
atomization of the fuel III.
penetration of the fuel

The exhaust gas of a two-

stroke/cycle diesel engine is
by insufficient to drive an
r exhaust gas turbocharger,
resulting in the incorrect
amount of air for combustion?

The expansion tank for the

jacket cooling water which is a
y
closed cooling type is used to
___________.
 The formula PLAN n/33,000 is
ry
equal to?

The greatest resistance to

heat transfer from the fireside
y to the waterside of a water-
tube boiler generating tube
takes place in the ________.

The interval between injector

y opening and the start of
ignition is called ________.

The labyrinth packing ring in an

inter-stage diaphragm of an
y
impulse turbine is prevented
from rotating by _____.

The last two digits stamped on

a fuel oil atomizer sprayer
plate represents the cross-
y sectional area ratios of the
tangential slots and orifice.
What does this ratio
determine?
 The latent heat of fusion of
ry
water is:

The light and medium fuels

ry utilized in diesel engines also
provide a source of:

The longer the ignition delay

y period occurs in a diesel
engine, the __________.

The lowest temperature

required to cause self-
sustained combustion of a
ry
substance independent of any
outside source of ignition is
called:

The main source of fuel

ry injection system malfunctions
is:
 The MAWP of a boiler is 900 psi
and the normal drop across the
superheater is 20 psi. If the
superheater safety valve is set
ry
to lift at 825 psi, the minimum
settings of the drum safety
valves allowed by Coast Guard
Regulations would be:

The means of circulation

ry commonly found in water table
boilers is:

The measured gap between the

face of the atomizer tip nut and
ry the diffuser plate, is
determined by the setting of
the:

The minimum fuel oil delivery

pressure required for efficient
y
injection depends primarily on
the __________.
 The most common
ry contaminant of governor
hydraulic fluid is.

The most important factor in

engine performance is the
ry actual power output at the end
of the crankshaft available for
doing work. This is known as:

The movement of steam piping,

as a result of changes in
ry
temperature, is best
compensated for by the use of:

The nuts of main bearings,

connecting rod bolts and all
y
other moving parts are to be
secured by _____.

The percentage by weight of

ry steam in a mixture of steam
and water is called the:
 The port-and-helix metering
pumps used in diesel fuel
injection systems, are usually
designed to produce a
y
constant beginning and a
variable ending of fuel
injection. These pumps are
usually ____________.

The power of a 4 stroke cycle

ry
diesel engine is:

The process of boiling

seawater in order to separate
ry
it into freshwater vapor and
brine is usually defined as:

The process of grinding or

ry shredding sewage into smaller
particles is known as:

The process of scavenging a

ry two- stroke/cycle diesel engine
serves to:
 The purpose of an oil mist
detector in a main propulsion
y
diesel engine is to warn
operator of __________.

The ratio of the brake

horsepower to the indicated
ry
horsepower of a diesel engine
is its:

The side pressure per unit of

area, resulting from the
ry angularity of the motion of the
connecting rod, depends
primarily on the:

The speed of the crankshaft in

a two-stroke/cycle diesel
y
engine, running at 950 RPM,
is_____.

The spray holes in diesel

engine fuel valves should be
ry
cleaned using carbon solvent
and:
 The standard unit of liquid
volume used in the petroleum
ry
industry, as well as the tanker
industry, is a:

The temperature at which a

vapor mixture, at a given
ry
pressure, begins to condense
is the:

The thermal energy produced

by an internal combustion
y
engine is transformed into
____________.

The time between injection and

y ignition of the fuel is known as
___________.

The transfer of heat within a

solid, caused by the
ry
application of thermal energy,
is called:
 The type of bearing used to
y support the crankshaft is
called____ .

The type of fuel injection

where the pressure builds-up
y independently and provides
high pressure even at low load
is called_______.

The unit of power in English

ry
system is:

The unit of pressure in English

ry
system.

Theoretically, what are by

y products of perfect combustion
in a diesel engine?
 To effectively limit the load of
diesel engines, which of the
y following components below
must governors be equipped
with?

To prevent vibration damage to

y the fuel supply line of a diesel
engine, you may use __________.

Turbine lube oil suction

ry
strainer baskets have:

Turbo-generator governing
system maintains constant
turbine speed by using a
y flyweight-actuated pilot valve
to control hydraulic oil flow to
a throttle valve operating
cylinder which _____.

Turbulence of the compressed

y air charge in a diesel engine
cylinder will increase ________.
 Using a fuel oil with an above
by normal sulfur content in a main
r propulsion diesel engine, you
should __________.

Valve rotators are commonly

used on which of the listed
ry
diesel engine cylinder head
valves?

Water regulating valves are

installed to vary the water flow
through the water cooled
ry
refrigeration condensers in
response to changes in what
parameter?

Water-tube boiler screen tubes

protect which of the listed
y
components from high furnace
temperatures?

What are he pinion gears used

in main propulsion reduction
y
gear mechanisms generally
constructed of?
 What are the purposes of
y expansion tank for a diesel
engine closed cooling system?

What can cause poor

y
combustion in a diesel engine?

What cause carbon deposits on

y
the boiler burner throat ring?

What causes diesel fuel to be

y ignited in the cylinder of an
operating diesel engine?

What component is used to

maintain the level in the
y
atmospheric drain tank when
underway at sea?

What component nirmally stops

y an auxiliary turbine boiler feed
pump?
 What condition would cause
y panting in steaming auxililiary
boiler?

What could be the cause of a

y low compression in diesel
engine?

What could be the possible

y cause why a piston crown may
crack?

What describes the bore of a

y
diesel engine?

What determines the number of

events occurring in a cycle of
y
operation in an internal
combustion engine?
 What do most of the fuel
y injection pumps have which
will then close after injection?

What do you call a stress that

ry
tender to electro?

What do you call the process of

supplying a diesel engine
y
cylinder with air at a pressure
greater than atmospheric?

What function is provided by

the crankcase ventilation
y
system on some diesel
engines?

What harmful condition can

result if a diesel engine is
y
operated at very light loads for
long period of time?
 What is a practical way of
checking for excessive fuel
y
injection in one cylinder of an
operating diesel engine?

What is a single element boiler

feedwater regulating system
y
used aboard ship being
utilized?

What is an advantage of
y installing water wall tubes in a
boiler furnace?

What is an indication that there

y is a cracked cylinder head on a
diesel engine?

What is cause by steam boiler

y
tube failures?
 What is indicated by the code
y number 32Y20 stamped on a
burner sprayer plate?

What is mainly the reason why

fuel injectors used in heavy
y
fuel oil systems are provided
with cooling?

What is one of the operating

y conditions sensed by a two-
element feedwater regulator?

What is swept volume per

cylinder per revolution of a 6
cylinder, 2 stroke diesel engine
r
with a 580 m bone and a 1700
mm stroke operating at 100
rpm?

What is termed as the average

y pressure exerted on a piston
during each power stroke?
 What is termed as the ratio of
the brake horsepower to the
y
indicated horsepower of a
diesel engine?

What is the average piston

speed of a 7- cylinder 2 stroke
ry engine with a 580 m bone and
a 1700 mm stroke operating at
100rpm?

What is the cause if there is a

y charge air pressure drop in a
generator engine?

What is the caused of heat

y blisters forming on the first row
of the generating tubes?

What is the characteristic of a

crankcase safety cover that
y
differs from the other access
doors?
 What is the crank angle
between cylinder firing of a
y
four-stroke/cycle, in line, eight
cylinder diesel engine?

What is the diameter of a

ry cylinder whose cross-sectional
area is 706.86 square inches?

What is the gain in potential

energy of an object weighing
y
10 kilograms when it is raised
to a height of 10 meters?

What is the indication of an

y overloaded main propulsion
diesel engine?

What is the main advantage of

y unit injectors over other fuel
injection system?
 What is the main operating
characteristic of diesel engines
y that distinguishes them from
other internal combustion
engines?

What is the most common

ry
liquefied gas cargo?

What is the other use of the

y
boiler surface blow?

What is the possible cause of

an individual piston to knock
when at TDC on a slow-speed,
two-stroke/cycle main
y propulsion diesel engine? I.
early fuel injection II.
excessive bearing play within
the running gear III.
overloading of the cylinder
 What is the proper sequence
y for washing an economizer
generating tubes and sections.

What is the proper way to

y quickly reduce high water level
in a steaming boiler?

What is the purpose of gland

y sealing steam used during
steam turbine operation?

What is the purpose of the

y relief valve in a fuel oil service
system?

What is the purpose of variable

y capacity pressure atomizing
fuel oil burner?
 What is the reason why a
corrosion by electrolytic action
y
is uncommon in modern water-
tube boilers?

What is the reason why helical

gears are preferred over spur
y
gears for readuction gear
units ?

What is the reason why when

turbine rotor shafts extend
through the casing, an external
g
source of sealing steam is used
in conjunction with labyrinth
packing?

What is the sign of a diesel

g
engine blow by?

What is the unit of Brake

g
specific fuel consumption?
 What is the unit of power in
rg
metric system?

rg What is the unit of power in SI?

What is the unit of pressure in

rg
SI unit?

What is the use of Phosphate in

g the chemical treatment of
boiler ?

What is/are the purpose/s of the

g
boiler drum air cock?
 What might be the cause of
g improper fuel oil burner
atomization?

What might be the possible

cause why a marine diesel
g
engine will have poor
combustion?

What might cause a broken

g nozzle pintle in a fuel injection
valve?

What must be the appearance

of a piston compression rings
g during inspection for an
efficiently operating diesel
engine?
 What part of diesel generator
engine that must be checked
g first if heavy smoke is emitting
from the funnel during it's
operation.

What pressure does a naturally

aspirated diesel engine at full
g
throttle have in an intake
manifold?

What rows of tubes installed

g along the walls, floor, and roof
of the furnace ?

What should be multiplied to

the area of the piston in order
g
to get the volume displacement
of a cylinder?
 What should you do to properly
g
blowdown a boiler gage glass?

What type of energy is

rg associated with the water of
an operating boiler?

What type of valve is

appropriate to use as
g
crankcase explosion relief
valve?

What will be the result if

pg restricted air intake to a diesel
engine?

What will cause valve stem

g
blow-by to the valve section?
 What will happen if the
g compression ratio is increased
on any diesel engine?

What will happen if there is an

Increased of the compression
g ratio of a diesel engine while
maintaining the designed rate
of fuel flow?

What will happen if you fail to

remove the carbon ridge from
g
the top of the cylinder when
replacing the piston rings?

What will happen to the steam

turbine propulsion unit at
medium speed operating in an
area with extremely cold
g
seawater and the main
circulating pump providing full
cooling water flow to the
condenser?
 What would be probably result
g if an auxiliary diesel engine
turbocharger failure?

When a diesel engine

compression pressure is
g
checked, the indicator is
connected to the _______.

When a diesel engine is

attached to a reduction gear,
rg diesel engine speed is reduced
and the torque available for
work:

When a waste heat boiler is

installed in the exhaust of a
rg main propulsion diesel engine,
the exhaust gas bypass would
be used:
 When an air started, four-
stroke/cycle diesel engine is
being cranked over, the
g
starting air is admitted to each
cylinder during the beginning of
its:

When applying weight

conversion factors,
g
approximately how many US “
pounds” equal one “kilogram”?

When calculating the indicated

power developed in a diesel
engine cylinder, 1 horsepower
is equivalent to “33,000 foot-
g pounds per minute”. What
conversion factor would be
used if the values are based on
metric ‘kilogram-meters per
minute”?
 When converting metric
pressure values, an absolute
g pressure of 7 “bars” would
approximately equal to what
value of “psi”?

When is the highest pressure in

g a diesel engine cylinder
normally occurred?

When securing a main

propulsion turbine equipped
with carbon packing glands,
g
the vacuum should always be
broken before securing the
gland seal steam because_____.

When starting a turbine driven

boiler feed pump, care should
be taken to ensure that the re-
g
circulating valve is open, which
of the following valves should
be closed when starting?
 When there is enough supply of
fuel oil and engine failed to
g turn over after air staring valve
has opened, what would be the
cause?

When using the universal color

contrast-type dye penetrant to
bg
examine a boiler weldment,
r
any surface defect will appear
__________.

When vapor is in contact with

and remains at the same
bg temperature as the boiling
r liquid from which it was
generated, the vapor and liquid
are said to be in a/an __________.
 When water washing the
bg firesides of a boiler, which of
r the listed procedures should
be followed?

When would the available

energy of the exhaust gases of
a two-stroke/cycle diesel
bg
engine be insufficient to drive
r
an exhaust gas turbocharger,
resulting in the incorrect
amount of air for combustion?

When you are installing a new

furnace floor in an oil fired
bg
boiler, enough clearance
r
should be left between
firebrick to allow for __________.
 When you are transferring fuel
oil to the storage tanks, what
g
is the precaution to be
observed?

When you use the compressed

air reservoir connected to an
bg
air compressor as an
r
aftercooler, the reservoir must
be__________________.

Whenever abnormality is
encountered in air compressor,
rg
which of the following
measures should be done?

Whenever operating a boiler,

bg whose economizer is
r bypassed, always keep in mind
that __________.
 Where a two-stage air ejector
set is used in a two-stage flash
evaporator, the first-stage air
bg
ejector takes suction from the
r
second stage of the
evaporator, and the second
stage air ejector __________.

Where are moisture shields

rg located in a main propulsion
steam turbine?

Where auxiliary steam supply

is not used in the process of
bg
maintaining vacuum in a
r
distilling unit, the vacuum is
usually attained by __________.

Where can a heat exchanger

g commonly found in small
auxiliary diesel engine?
 Where can the ship speed be
controlled without the
rg
increasing or decreasing the
main engine revolution?

Where could be the source of

contamination if during your
routine inspection in the
g
engine room you noticed that
the Generator Engine
expansion tank has fuel oil?

Where diesel engine speed and

clutch controls are combined
into one operation by a single
bg
control lever, movement of the
r
lever from the 'stop' position to
the 'ahead' position will FIRST
__________.

Where engine bores exceed

bg 230 mm, a bursting disc or
r flame arrester is to be fitted
__________.
 Where is chloride collected in a
g
steaming boiler?

Where is the major heat loss in

g
a marine boiler coming from?

Where reaction turbine blading

is fitted with shrouding of "end
bg tightened" design, which of the
r following conditions will be the
most critical to efficient
turbine operation?

Where three gear trains, i.e.

high pressure first reduction,
low pressure first reduction,
bg and second reduction are each
r contained in a separate and
sequential portion of the gear
housing, the reduction gear
unit is known as __________.
 Which can be considered as a
rg drop-in replacement
refrigerant?

Which can be derived by

measuring the area of an
g
indicator diagram and dividing
by its length?

Which can of lubricant is used

rg
reciprocating pump rods?

Which characteristic of fuel oil

is the most significant when
rg determining the temperature to
which the fuel oil must be
heated for proper atomization?

Which characteristic of the

theoretical Otto cycle does not
rg
occur in the theoretical Diesel
cycle.
 Which component of a
Kingsbury thrust bearing
g assembly transmits the thrust
from the line shaft to the oil
film and shoes?

Which cylinder liner surface

rg condition indicates proper
lubrication?

Which device will normally shut

down a diesel engine after it
rg
exceeds its maximum speed
setting?

Which diesel engine

rg
component has oil grooves?

Which diesel engine cylinder

rg has internal cooling water
passages?
 Which features of a centrifugal
pump reduce the need for
rg
renewing worn impellers and
pump casings?

Which following condition

could occur if the distilled
bg
water tank level indicator has
r
been giving an erroneously
high reading?

Which group of numbers would

indicate the largest fuel
rg
capacity for a sprayer plate in
a mechanical fuel oil atomizer?

Which heavy rotating object

that serves as reservoir for
g absorbing and re-distributing
kinetic energy in a diesel
engine?
 Which instrument is used to
rg take crankshaft deflection
readings?

Which internal combustion

bg
engine starting system uses a
r
vane type fluid motor?

bg Which is a true statement

r concerning scotch type boiler

Which is an example of a
rg
secondary refrigerant?

Which is the first bearing

designed to absorb the load
rg created on the piston by
combustion in the engine
cylinder.
 Which kind of pump converts
energy (external driving
source) into kinetic energy in
rg
the fluid by giving impulses to
the fluid by giving impulses to
the fluid by impellers?

Which lubricating oil additive is

used in diesel engines to
rg reduce the tendency for sludge
and varnish to form on the
engine parts?

Which materials should be

used for ammonia refrigeration
rg
system evaporator cooling coil
construction?

Which of the actions listed

should be carried out
rg immediately after securing the
fires in one boiler of a two
boiler ship?
 Which of the additives listed is
bg
used to lower the pour point of
r
a lubricating oil?

Which of the additives listed

will maintain the suspension of
rg
fine residue particles in lube
oil?

Which of the air intake systems

listed will require the least
rg
amount of brake horsepower to
operate?

Which of the air intake systems

rg listed will result in the lowest
specific fuel consumption?

Which of the events listed does

NOT occur during the instance
g
the piston just reaches top
dead center?
 Which of the factors listed has
the greatest effect on the
g
mechanical efficiency of a
diesel engine?

Which of the following causes

g
a cylinder liner to crack?

Which of the following

conditions is indicated by the
g
presence of water in the
scavenging air receiver?

Which of the following fuel oil

characteristics establishes the
rg danger point when transferring,
pumping, and firing procedures
are concerned?
 Which of the following is
necessary for all waste heat
rg
boiler installations, regardless
of design or manufacturer?

Which of the following is only

rg found in an opposed piston
engine?

Which of the following is the

most common cause of
g
machinery vibrations when the
vessel is maneuvering?

Which of the following

operating conditions will occur
when shims are removed from
rg the joint between the foot of a
marine type diesel engine
connecting rod and the bearing
box?
 Which of the following
operations listed below will
g
have a direct impact on the
rate of wear in a cylinder liner?

Which of the following

problems could develop due to
g the accumulation of oil vapors
in the crankcase of a diesel
engine?

Which of the following

procedures will tell you that
g the lube oil being used by the
engine is still in good
condition?

Which of the following reasons

represents why the designed
g compression ratio of a gasoline
engine is lower than that of a
diesel engine?
 Which of the following
relationships exist between the
temperature developed in a
g
combustion space, and the
compression ratio of the
engine?

Which of the following

represents the proper color of
g the flame end farthest from the
boiler burner during normal
operations?

Which of the following

statements concerning boiler
g
steam drum surface blow
piping is correct?
 Which of the following
g statements is NOT one of
Newton’s laws?

Which of the following

statements represents the
g advantage of using a small
diameter boiler tube over a
larger diameter tube?

Which of the following

statements represents the
g
primary function of hand holes
used on a boiler?
 Which of the items listed below
represents the function of the
g diffuser used with a
mechanical atomizing oil
burner?

Which of the items listed

causes a direct acting
rg mechanical governor to
operate the engine fuel control
linkage?

Which of the listed boiler

components is used to equalize
the distribution of water to the
generating tubes and provide
g
an area for the accumulation of
loose scale and other solid
matter present in the boiler
water?
 Which of the listed boiler
components is used to provide
space for the accumulation of
g
loose scale and other solid
particles present in the boiler
water?

Which of the listed devices is

often used in combination with
rg the flywheel of small and
medium size diesel engines for
the purpose of starting?

Which of the listed problems

would be indicated by an
accumulation of water in one
rg
cylinder, in addition to the
crankcase of an idle diesel
engine?

Which of the terms listed

represents the ratio between
g the highest and lowest fuel oil
pressure at which the burners
will remain ignited?
 Which of the two events listed
g occur simultaneously in a two-
stroke/cycle diesel engine?

Which one of the engine firing

g orders listed would be suitable
for the diesel engine cam?

Which type of feedwater

regulator listed provides the
g MOST effective regulation of
boiler water level under all
operating conditions?

While you are on duty and the

M/E suddenly stopped by the oil
g mist detection system, which
of the following procedures
should be carried out?
 Why do most large main
g propulsion diesel engines use a
duplex lube oil strainer?

Why is a diesel engine not to

be operated at low loads for
long periods of time? I. heavy
carbon deposits will buildup on
g
the valves and in the exhaust
II. fuel dilution is increased at
low load III. exhaust valves
may be damaged

Why is diesel engines

g classified as reciprocating
internal combustion engines?
 Why is the average exhaust
temperature of a two-
stroke/cycle diesel engine with
g a turbine-driven supercharger
is lower than a similar four-
stroke/cycle diesel engine at
equal loads ?

Why is the ring belt narrower in

diameter than the skirt of a
g
piston designed for a diesel
engine?

With an increase in
temperature the volume of
rg
flammable and combustible
liquids:

With an increase in
rg temperature, the volume of
hydraulic fluid:

You have completed bunkering

bg
operations, the hoses should
r
be ________________
 Your ship has steamed 1651
miles at 20 knots using 580
tons of fuel oil. The distance
remaining to your next port is
rg
1790 miles. If you increase
speed to 25 knots, how much
fuel will be used to reach that
port?

Zinc anodes are installed in a

rg marine sea water heat
exchanger cooling system to:

385
   *1, 5, 2, and 6s    1, 5, 2, and 4

*properly functioning combustion gas blow-

rings by

*19.43 kg/cm2 1.94 kg/cm2

*heavy carbon deposits
will build-up in the fuel oil consumption is
exhaust system such as higher
valves.

*higher working
more power strokes
temperatures of the
per revolution
piston and cylinder

*8, 4, 7, and 3    8, 4, 7, and 1

*early fuel injection late fuel injection

*3 hp    1 hp

*Provide sufficient force

Provide a means of
to operate large steam
maintaining constant
lifting beam control
output voltage
valves

*mechanical cycle of
crankshaft revolution
operation

placed on top of the

*nearest to the cylinder
engine along its
head
centerline

*engine exhaust gases gear or engine chain

*steam flow from the feedwater flow to the
boiler boiler

 *ring blow-by    a broken ring

open slowly to permit

*close quickly in order to
a gradual reduction of
prevent an inflow of air
crankcase pressure
*Blockages in the Fuel pump plunger
exhaust system has been set too high

*sealing steam supply pressure relief during

during period of low periods of low internal
internal pressure vacuum

No division tube wall

*More uniform heat separating the
distribution and gas convection and
dwell is obtained within radiant sections of the
the furnace furnace is ever
required
*Fuel/air ratio Compression ratio

*Fuel oil presssure Oil return pressure

*To prevent internal To let the waste heat

damage from local boiler reduce its rate
overheating of steam generation

*check the crankcase oil check the pyrometer

level readings
*750 psig    600 psig

both 4-stroke engine

*2-stroke engine
and 2 stroke engine

*Sodium phosphate Sodium hydroxide

higher fuel oil

*less excess air
viscocity

*green orange
*remove moisture check cylinder
accumulations from lubrication prior to
cylinders prior to starting starting engine

*compressibility of the high fuel oil supply

fuel flow

*II only I only

*time must be allowed

refrigerant must be
for conditions to stabilize
bled off the sensing
in the evaporator before
line before
further adjustments are
adjustments are made
made
*fuel injector fuel filter

*Intake stroke Compression stroke

*Medium speed engines. Slow speed engines.

*reduce the pumping loss increase back

associated with pressure during the
scavenging exhaust process

*0.2 bar    0.1 bar

*fuel / air ratio knob fuel oil back pressure

*Changing filter elements Filtering occurs twice

would not interrupt in each pass of oil
engine operation through the system

*it develops twice as

it has a longer power
many power strokes at
stroke
the same speed

end when fuel

*continue through the
injection has been
after-burning period
completed
*design of the pressure of the fuel
combustion chamber system

*carbon accumulation on fuel viscosity for

the nozzles better atomization

*injector nozzles carburetor

*the heat of compression a spark plug

control the amount of

*break fuel oil into a fine
air entering the
spray
furnace
*By frequently blowing Treat with volatile
down the boiler chemicals

*Through the feed water

Through the heaters
circuit

*Area times the stroke,

times the number of Area times the stroke
cylinders

*Cylinder bore area

Cylinder bore area
multiplied by the piston
times the piston
stroke multiplied by the
stroke
number of cylinders

By the steam pressure

*By the level of water in
in the drum steam
the drum
flow from the boiler
*By varying the fuel oil By varying the fuel oil
supply pressure return pressure

*Eight One

*8    4

*375 kg-m    15 kg-m

*Increase the air Increase the fuel oil

pressure ot the burners pressure
*Higher Directly proportional

*Isolate and secure the

Throw sand on the fire
fuel system

Increase the cooling

*Secure or reduce fuel to
water flow to the
that cylinder
engine

*twice the indicated the same indicated

horsepower as a four- horsepower as a four-
stroke/cycle engine stroke/cycle engine

   a breakdown of the
*alternation of side
lube oil film on the
thrust
cylinder wall
*Clogged sea strainer in Overflowing expansion
the raw water system tank

   *135 RPM    270 RPM

*Fuel penetration Fuel injection rate

*I, II, III II and III only

Ruptured feedwater
*High solids content and
control valve
foaming in the drum
diaphragm
*Bottom connection only Top connection only

Neutral condition of
*Slightly acidic condition
water

the simple admission

*the pressure of gases of fuel and air into the
developed combustion space
only

*up and force out the up and draw in a fresh

exhaust gases air charge

*the position of the helix

the pump supply
groove relative to the
pressure
spill port
*To accept most of the To stiffen the bedplate
tensile loading that in way of the main
resulted to the firing bearings to increase
forces developed during the engine’s
operation longitudinal strength.

*Load fluctuations Mean speed variation

*bedplate or base sump or oil pan

*Combustion Carryover

*once every crankshaft once every two

revolution crankshaft revolution
*Desuperheater Superheater

*Minimum boiler load Design boiler load

*Main condenser Main feed pumps

*Sprayer plate Ignition electrode

*immediately after
shutdown after a immediately after
prolonged period of purging
operation
*Four-stroke/cycle engine Opposed-piston engine

*oil supply pressure not back pressure

having to be reduced at regulation resulting in
low loads to the point more complete
where poor atomization combustion at high
occurs firing rates

*I, II and III… I only

two crankshaft
*two piston strokes in a
revolutions in a two-
two-stroke/cycle engine
stroke/cycle engine
*Opposite the top ring
Adjacent to the piston
shortly after piston travel
skirt when the crank
has ended the
is on TDC
compression stroke

*Tie rod Column

*Gas Oil Kerosene

*39.4    29.4

*3.785   3.857
*14.5    10.7

*casing bearing

*exhausting combustion
air intake
gas

*Manually controlled Constant-pressure

feedwater regulator regulator
*pumping losses pressure losses

*outside the tubes inside the tubes

*sounding the tanks

plugging gooseneck
frequently and reducing
tank vents to prevent
the transfer rate while
accidental overflow
topping off

*Upper Part Middle Part

*earlier and end later later and end earlier

a change in the
*the flexibility of high
cetane number of the
pressure fuel lines
fuel

Direct admission of
*Gland sealing steam
241.3 kPa auxiliary
system
steam

*pressure spray

*25-30 bar 35-40 bar

*formation of excessive compression pressure
quantities of condensate being greatly reduced

a cam operated
*fuel oil pressure
follower

*ensure a positive flow of remove all large and

oil at all times small foreign objects

*quantity of fuel injected fuel injection rate

 When the
*When the concentration
concentration of mist
of mist is of the least
is of the least amount
amount needed for
needed for ignition
ignition which is 2-5%
which is 1%

*cylinder exhaust valve air starting valve

*procedure to replace
greater heat transfer
dry liners is simpler than
rate than wet liners
for wet liners

*33,475 BTU per hour 34,475 BTU per hour

*impart swirling motion prevent

of the oil for efficient overheating of the
combustion atomizer
*welding plates to form casting interlocking
sections for assembly components

direction of the
*pitch of the screw
rotation of the screw

*2 stroke cycle 4 stroke

*carbon formation on decreased fuel

combustion chamber consumption per
surfaces brake horsepower

*circulation evaporation
*after cooling the intake preheating the air
air intake

*alkalinity dissolved oxygen

*beneath the piston

atop the piston crown
crown

*oil ring compression ring

*compression ring wiper ring

*power force
*spray nozzles at the grease cups and
gear meshing points gravity feed lines

*fatigue failure insufficient lubrication

*Otto engine turbine

*1 BTU/lb-f 970 BTU/lb

*bouncing of the valve increasing effective

gear spring force

direct the flow of

*reduce the possibilities
steam to the
of carryover
desuperheater inlet
*contaminated drain deaerating feed water
inspection tank heater

total heat of a
*level of heat intensity
substance

*penetration Turbulence

*blowing down the boiler adding hydrazine

*rotation of the pump varying the pump

plunger discharge pressure
 the firing pressure in
*a metering helix
the cylinder

*fuel oil pressure oil return pressure

*oil pressure in the oil amount of air admitted

return line to the atomizer

*fuel oil pressure oil return pressure

 At minimum boiler
*At load change
load

*is secured is at full load

*constant pressure increasing pressure

*fuel injectors, exhaust

fuel injectors only
valves and intake valves

*Register assembly Burner assembly

*fuel injection pump fuel rack

*rotating the plunger and altering spring tension

position of the helix on the plunger

*10777 20,554

*effective pump stroke total pump stoke

*a sluggish engine a low exhaust

operation temperature
*plunger control rack
fuel delivery pressure
position

*I, II and III I only

During operation at
*All of the above
low load and speed

*maintain constant head

prevent water leakage
in a system
*IHP BMEP

*Stagnant gas film layer

surrounding the tube Steel tube wall itself
exterior

*Ignition delay period Injection period

*A horizontal key joint Spring tension exerted

extending into a slot on retaining rings

Density of the oil

*Angle of the cone
spray
*144 BTU/lb 970 BTU/lb

*cooling of the cylinder lubrication for the fuel

liner injection pump

*faster will be the rise in less fuel will enter the

combustion pressure cylinder

*ignition temperature flash point

*contaminated fuel improper adjustments

*850 psi 825 psi

*Acceleration Compound

*Distance piece Atomizer tipnut

*maximum pressure in
degree of cylinder air
the engine cylinders
turbulence
during injection
*dirt moisture

*brake horsepower indicated horsepower

*expansion joints union joints

*split pins or other hardened steel nut

effective means locks

*quality of steam moisture quality

*timed for port closing timed for port opening

Double that of 2
*Half that of 2 stroke
stroke

*evaporation condensation

*communition detention

improve fuel flow

*cool the exhaust valves
volume
*an excessive mist excessively high
density in the crankcase crankcase vacuum

*mechanical efficiency thermal efficiency

*length of the piston weight of the piston

 *950 RPM    475 RPM

*a special cleaning wire diesel fuel

*barrel drum

*dew point bubble point

*Mechanical energy Combustion energy

*ignition delay turbulence lag

*conduction radiation
*main bearing thrust bearing

*common rail system jerk pump injection

*Hp metric HP

*psi kg/sq cm

*Water vapor and carbon Aldehydes and carbon

dioxide dioxide
*A variable maximum A fixed maximum fuel
fuel stop stop

welded flange
*a length of approved
connections for all
flexible nonmetallic hose
joints

*coarse perforations fine perforations

*Controls the opening or Changes the position

closing of turbine nozzle of the turbine throttle
valves valve

*the efficiency of
ignition lag
combustion
 maintain a higher
*change the lube oil
jacket water
more frequently
temperature

*Exhaust Cylinder relief

*compressor discharge compressor discharge

pressure temperature

Saturated steam tube

*Superheater tube bank
bank

*Forged steel Aluminum

*To maintain constant
To reduce water
head and to allow
temperature and to
increase in water volume
provide air cushion
during engine warm-up

*Low compression High compression

temperature pressure

*A dirty atomizer sprayer A faulty ignition

plate electrode

*Heat of compression Spark plug

*Float-type regulator
Overflow to the bilge
draining to the main
drain tank
condenser

*Actuating the throttle Closing the exhaust

hand tripping device valve slightly
*Insufficient combustion
Low water level
air

Worn or broken
*Worn or broken piston
cylinder liner sealing
rings
rings

*Underside of piston
Poor cooling of
crown dirty thus lowering
cylinder walls
the heat transfer

*The diameter of the The length of the

cylinder piston rod

*Method of air charging a

cylinder and expelling Crankshaft revolution
exhaust gases
*Spring loaded discharge
Fuel regulating valve
check valve

*tensile shear

*Supercharging Engine displacement

*Prevents the
Improves lube oil
accumulation of
cooling
combustible gases

*Increased carbon build Burning of intake

up valves
*Check the cylinder Check the cylinder
exhaust temperature exhaust for white
frequently smoke

Two position
*Proportional action
differential gap action

*Decrease refractory
Increase furnace size
maintenance

*There are combustion

There is an excessive
gases venting at the
lube oil consumption
expansion tank

*Corrosion Water high level

*Sprayer plate orifice Sprayer plate orifice
was made with a size 32 area is 0.32 square
drill inch

*To reduce carbon To reduce cold

accumulation on the corrosion of the
nozzles nozzles

*Steam flow Feedwater flow

*900 L 450 L

*Mean effective pressure Indicated horsepower

*Mechanical efficiency Thermal efficiency

*5.7 m/sec 4.5 m/sec

*Turbocharger air filter Turbocharger

fouled tachometer damaged

*Waterside deposits Fireside deposits

*Spring-loaded pressure
Copper plate.
plate.
*90 deg    45 deg

*30 inches 36 inches

 *100 kg-m    10 kg-m

*High exhaust gas

Sparks in the exhaust
pyrometer readings

*The lack of high Their relatively low

pressure fuel lines injection pressures
 Method of supplying
*Method of igniting fuel
air

*ammonia chemical gases

*Remove floating
Remove most
impurities from boiler
precipitated solids
water

*I, II and III.. I & II only

*economizer, generating tubes,
superheater, generating, superheater, and then
and then screen tubes economizer

*By surface blow valve By bottom blow valve

To prevent
*Prevent loss of vacuum
contamination of oil

Supply constant
*Protect the service
pressure to the burner
pump from high
combustion control
discharge pressure
valves

*Provide a wide range of Maintain a constant

combustion fuel temperature
*Boiler components are
Boiler water is a
generally constructed of
strong electrolytic
similar metals

*Produce less noise and Prevent torsional

vibration stress

*Seal the casing during

Maintain the rotor
periods of low casing
journal temperature
pressure

*Excessive crankcase Increased exhaust

pressure back pressure

*grams/bhp-hr DEMA
*Ps or mHp Horsepower

*Joule per second Horsepower

*pounds density

*To convert scale

control alkalinity and
forming salts to relatively
neutralize vanadium
harmless sludges

*To admit air when the

boiler is being emptied,
To admit air when
permit escaping of air
boiler is emptied
when filled and steam is
forming.
*High fuel oil viscosity Low draft air pressure

*Low intake air

Low exhaust pressure
temperature

*Distortion of the spray

Erosion of the valves
pattern

*shiny face and bottom, shiny face, black top,

black back and top back and bottom
*Fuel oil valve Starting valve

Approximately equal
*Slightly less than
to exhaust manifold
atmospheric pressure
pressure at all times

*water walls water headers

Length of the
*Length of the stroke
crankshaft
*Blow through the Blow through the top
bottom (water) (steam) connection
connection first first

*Thermal Chemical

*Return seating type Spring centered type

*Failing to reach rated Overspeeding and

speed running away

*Defective rubber seal A cracked lower

rings in the valve guides spring plate
*Thermal efficiency will The expansion ratio
increase will decrease

*Increased horsepower Reduced efficiency

*It can result to damaged

It can cause deformed
upper piston rings and/or
piston skirts
ring lands

*It will result to an It will result to an

increased condensate increased plant
due excessive air efficiency due to
accumulation from the increased
condenser condensatedepression
 Lower speed but
*The exhaust gases
higher exhaust gas
contain black smoke
temperature

*cylinder indicator cock injection line

*is increased is reduced

*at low loads to prevent at high loads to

corrosion in the boiler prevent overheating
*power stroke compression stroke

  *2.2    3.2

  *4500 kg-meters per    5500 kg-meters per

minute = 1HP minute = 1HP
  *101    21

*After TDC at TDC

*cold air rapidly entering

the gland may result in gland seal leak off
damage to the carbon lines will flood with
segments and sealing water
surfaces

*Pump discharge valve Pump suction valve

*Insufficient air pressure Sticking of fuel pump
in the tank plunger

*bright red against a black against a white

white background background

*saturated condition latent contact

*Begin the washing Begin water washing
above the economizer while the brickwork is
and work down. still warm.

During operation at
*All of the above
low load and speed

*expansion when the ramming with plastic

boiler is fired chrome ore
 Maintaining a supply
*Sounding tanks
of chemical dispersant
frequently and reducing
to clean up minor oil
transfer rate while
spills adjacent to the
topping off
ship

*frequently drained of
fitted with a manhole
condensed water

Refer to fault finding

*Stopped immediately chart to ascertain in
and check the faults the cause of
abnormality

*it is necessary to fire

more fuel to maintain the
all of the above
required evaporative
rating
*takes suction from the takes suction from the
first stage ejector first stage of the
discharge evaporator

*After the last stage of Around throttle valve

the ahead rotor blading stems

air operated air

*eductor pumps
ejectors

*Lube oil system Fuel oil system

*propeller pitch bow truster

*Fuel valve cooling Piston cooling

*engage the ahead decrease the engine

clutch speed

*in way of the starting

at the supply inlet to
valve of each cylinder for
the control air
direct reversing engines
manifold for non-
having a main starting
reversing engines
manifold
*Surface of water Mud drum

Heat used in the

*Heat of combustion
economizer and air
gases leaving the stack
heater

Rotor casing sliding

*Rotor axial position
foot position

*articulated nested
*none of the above since
all require a lube oil
change out and R-500
replacement with a
different type of lube oil

*Mean Effective Pressure Brace Power

*Graphite and oil engine oil

*Viscosity Specific gravity

*The entire fuel charge is No pressure increase

present for ignition. during combustion.
*Collar Lower leveling plate

A dull black
*A bright appearance
appearance

Speed limiting
*Over speed trip
governor

*Bearings Pistons

*Wet liner Internally linned liner

 Close radial clearance
*Replaceable impeller
between impeller hub
and casing wearing rings
and casing

*It is possible to lose

vacuum if the level drops All of the above are
below the make-up feed correct.
piping connection.

*2909 3 PCRS 4309

Intermediate shaft
*Flywheel
coupling
*Dial type inside
Trammel gage
micrometer

*Compressed air Jet flow

*combustion occurs in
water flows
the tubes

*brine methyl alcohol

Crankshaft journal
*Wrist pin bearing
bearing
*centrifugal pumps reciprocating pumps

*Inhibitors Flash point improvers

*Aluminum tubing with Copper tubing with

copper fins copper fins

*Relieve all fuel oil

Secure the main feed
service pressure to that
pump.
boiler.
*Depressants Suppressants

*Dispersant Suppressant

*Turbocharged Natural aspiration

*Turbocharged Natural aspiration

*Intake Ignition
*Friction within the Temperature of the
engine intake air

*Restricted cooling Operating the engine

water passage at low loads

Excessively high
*Leaking cooler tubes scavenge air
temperature

*Flash point Fire point

 An independent means
*A means to control of
to prevent feed water
evaporation
contamination

*Double crankshaft Scavenging port

Loose foundation
*Critical speed
bolts

*Decreased compression Increased connecting

ratio rod bearing clearance
 Amount of scavenge
*Quality of fuel injected
air to the cylinder

*crankcase explosion reduced lubrication

By continuous
*By lube oil analysis
purification

*The heat of
Compression must be
compression is not used
low for effective spark
as an ignition source of
ignition
the fuel
*Higher compression Higher temperatures
ratio create higher create higher
temperature compression ratio

*Bright yellow or orange Dark brown

*The surface blow pipe is The centerline of the

usually perforated with pipe is normally
holes along its top situated at a distance
surface; however, when a from the bottom of the
scum pan is also steam drum equal to
employed, the holes are approximately one
located along the bottom fourth the diameter of
of the pipe surface the drum
*If the pressure is
   A body at rest tends
constant, the volume of
to remain and rest and
an enclosed dry gas
a body in motion tends
varies directly with the
to remain in motion
absolute temperature.

*Small diameter tubes

have a greater ratio of Small diameter tubes
generating surface area reduce the heating
to the volume of surface area
contained water

To allow access into

*To allow access into the
the steam and water
headers
drum
 Control the amount of
*Provide flame stability
secondary combustion
at the atomizer tip
air

*Flyweight centrifugal
Servomotor action
force

*Water drum and headers Down comer

*Water drum Steam drum

*Bendix drive air motor Electric generator

Water in the fuel

*Cracked cylinder liner.
system.

*Turndown ratio Air/fuel ratio

 scavenging and
*exhaust and scavenging
compression

*1 5 3 6 2 4    1 3 5 2 6 4

*Triple-element Single-element

*Wait for at least 15 Open crankcase door

minutes before opening and go inside
crankcase door immediately
 Decrease the time
*Ensure a positive flow of
required between
oil at all times
cleanings

*I, II and III. I only

*It burns fuel in a closed Use energy from fuel

chamber which gives burned outside their
linear motion to pistons cylinders
 Two-stroke/cycle
*The two-stroke/cycle
diesel engines have a
diesel engine exhaust is
higher M.E.P. than
cooled by the scavenging
four-stroke/cycle
air charge
diesel engines

*To allow for greater To seal the cylinder

expansion due to higher against leakage of
operating temperature combustion gases

*expands contracts

*increases remains the same

*drained into drip pans or

blow down inert gases
tanks
*983 tons 722 tons

*control electrolysis inhibit oxidation

   1, 3, 2, and 7    1, 3, 2, and 8

insufficient cylinder
excessive lubrication
cooling

194.3 kg/cm2 5.95 kg/cm2

lube oil consumption jacket cooling water
is higher temperature is unstable

the use of scavenge more complicated valve

air gear

   8, 6, 7, and 5    8, 6, 7, and 2

high exhaust
decreased effective
temperature from that
stroke from that injector
cylinder
   2 hp    4 hp

Allow parallel
Constant load on the
operation with zero
turbine unit
speed droop

period of two combustion

cycle of two events
cycles

farthest from the

opening the exhaust ports
cylinder head

air delivery compressed air

feedwater pump
DC heater water level
discharge pressure

   normal conditions    a leaky fuel injector

open quickly against A. close slowly to permit

crankcase pressure proper seating of the valve
to prevent a possible disc and neoprene sealing
implosion surface
 The fuel pump has
Leaking fuel pump
sunk due to wear

sealing steam flow to suction path to the air

the throttle ejectors

Superheating A lower fuel flow rate can

diaphragms may be be allowed, thus
omitted increasing economy.
Compression
Lube oil pressure
pressure

Forced draft pressure Furnace air pressure

To ensure the fuel

nozzles are flushed To clear the smoke stack
clean

change the fuel oil

clean the air filter
strainers
   825 psig    900 psig

internal combustion
4-stroke engine
engine

Phenolphthalein Caustic soda

greater turbulence in
higher air velocity
the air/oil steam

blue white
connect exhaust gas
analyzers to pressure test cylinder
determine engine heads to check for leaks
efficiency

low cetane value of

excessive air turbulence
the fuel

Neither I or II Both I and II

all refrigerant must

all refrigerant must be
be pumped into the
routed through the
receiver before
dehydrator while changing
adjustments are
the superheat setting
made
fuel viscorator fuel heater

Exhaust stroke Pumping stroke

High pressure steam Low pressure steam

turbines. turbines.

facilitate periodic
reduce tension on valve
replacement of the
springs
valves

   1.0 bar    2.0 bar

air volume regulator forced draft fan damper

Dropping pressure is half

Clogging will not
of that through a single
occur
filter unit

more air gets into the higher combustion

cylinder each stroke pressure is developed

end at bottom dead be completed exactly at

center top dead center
size of the pump
type of piston rings
plunger spring

cold corrosion of the fuel detonation in the

nozzles cylinders

exhaust ports intake valves

increasing jacket water

injectors
temperatures

mix air and fuel control the temperature of

together fuel entering the furnace
Treat the boiler water Induce with oxygen
with phosphates scavenging chemicals

Through the distilling Through chemical

plant treatment

Volume times the

stroke, times the Volume times the stroke
number of cylinders

Volume of cylinder Volume of cylinder times

times the piston the piston stroke times
stroke the number of cylinders

By the steam flow

By feedwater pressure
from the boiler
By changing the
By changing the atomizer
atomizing steam
fuel cone
temperature

Two Four

   6    7

   25 kg-m    40 kg-m

Increase the fuel oil Decrease the air pressure

temperature to the burners
Lower Equal

Extinguish the fire using a

Notify the engineer on
combination nozzle with
watch
applicator

Screw down on the

pressure adjusting Re-adjust the injection
spring to decrease timing
popping pressure

one power stroke for one half the indicated

every two crankshaft horsepower as a four-
revolutions stroke/cycle engine

   worn piston boss    fluctuating gas pressure

piston pin bearings in the combustion space
Excessively high sea
Cooler clogged with
water velocity in the
marine growth
cooler

   Variable depending on
   Variable depending
the ratio between engine
on the camshaft gear
rpm and propeller shaft
train gear ratios
rpm

Air turbulence Fuel spray angle

I and III only II and III only

Low feedwater High feedwater

temperature temperature
 Top and bottom
Drain valve
connection

Over treatment of
Slightly alkaline condition
water

the concept of specially designed parts

reciprocity connected to a shaft

down to compress the fuel

down to burn off fuel
air charge

the number of sleeve

the slope of the fuel
segments engaged with
cam
the rack
To mount the engine
frame securely to the
To connect the crosshead
hull to prevent shaft
solidly to the piston rod
coupling
misalignment

Cyclic speed
Exhaust gas temperature
variations

cylinder block frame

Circulation Evaporation

once every piston

twice every piston stroke
stroke
Air ejector Condenser

Low fuel viscosity High fuel viscosity

Distilling plant Air heaters

Burner one Air cone

after being secured for 3

immediately after
hours with the sump
charging
heater secured
Double-acting engine Two-stroke/cycle engine

rotational motion
return flow atomizer being
imparted by the
designed for best
tangential slots being
combustion at low firing
greater in the return
rates.
flow atomizer

II only I and II

two power strokes in

one power stroke in a two-
a two-stroke/cycle
stroke/cycle engine
engine
Along the lower part
Opposite the oil control
of the liner wall
ring when the crank is on
opposite the oil
bottom dead center
control ring

Entablature Bed plate

Gasoline Bunker Oil

   49.4    59.4

2.875 2.785
  14.7    10.5

bedplate gearbox

a fuel outlet cooling water inlets

Constant volume Thermo-hydraulic

feedwater regulator feedwater regulator
exhaust pulsations excessive scavenging

inside and outside the

none of these choices
tubes

maintaining a high
maintaining a supply of
transfer rate until a
chemical dispersant to
slight trickle of oil is
cleanup minor oil spills
observed flowing from
adjacent to the ship
the overflow line

Both middle and lower

Lower Part
part
and end later and end earlier

a decrease in the air a decrease in compression

temperature pressure

Superheated steam Gland leak off steam

system system

splash immersion

50-60 bar 36-68 bar

air charge density piston crown surfaces
becoming too high becoming too cold

a spring-loaded timing gears keyed to the

pressure plate crankshaft

decrease the time

ensure that all lube oil has
required between
been treated twice
cleanings

fuel pump delivery

fuel injection cycle
pressure
 When the
When the concentration
concentration of mist
of mist is of the least
is of the least amount
amount needed for ignition
needed for ignition
which is 15%
which is 6-10%

air inlet valve cyl. relief valve

greater wear
lower thermal expansion
resistance than wet
rate over wet liners
liners

550 ft.lb per second 33,000 ft-lb per minute

maintain constant maintain a constantly

high fuel temperature high fuel pressure
forging integral case hardening integral
components components

stuffing box diameter type of driving gears

one stroke 3 stroke

more complete
extended valve life
cylinder scavenging

combustion moisture carryover

decreasing the
amount of valve preheating light fuels
overlaps

chloride content hardness

at the base of the inside the cylinder liner

piston skirt cooling water jacket

wiper ring distance ring

oil ring distance ring

pressure energy
oil flinger rings leak off lines from the lube
mounted on the shaft oil cooler

misalignment corrosion fretting

diesel engine steam engine

144 BTU/lb 4.168 BTU/lb

splitting of the valve

failure of the valve to open
keeper collars

increase the velocity of

prevent water return
steam and water mixture
gland exhaust
first stage heater
condenser

rate of heat transfer

total heat contained in any
from one substance
closed energy system
to another

Atomization permanenu

adding adding a sulfite chloride

phenolphthalein scavenger

varying the pump

rotation of the pump barrel
return pressure
varying the clearance
between the injector varying the length of the
cam and the injector plunger stroke
rocker arm

furnace air pressure forced draft pressure

proportioning device
quantity of oil delivered by
in the atomizer fuel
the service pump
valve

force draft pressure furnace air pressure

During steady boiler When in overload
load operation

is being brought up to
is at low load
steaming pressure

constant temperature All of the above

exhaust valves and intake valves and fuel

intake valves injectors

Atomizer assembly Air duct assembly

fuel injector fuel oil high pressure pipe

altering the actual

regulating the lift of the
length of the plunger
check valve
stroke

21,554 11,777

pump plunger
plunger helix angle
diameter

an overspeeding of
shut down of engine
the engine
pump plunger
total pump stroke
diameter

II only I and II

During operation at
rated speed, but low During acceleration
power output

reduce air
allow easy release of air
contamination
BHP SHP

Steam contact with the

Soot layer directly on
moving water inside the
the tube exterior
tube

Compression period Combustion period

Steam pressure The weight of the

exerted on the diaphragm acting on the
packing segments packing ring

Degree of atomization Capacity of the atomizer

1 BTU/1b-f 4.168 BTU/lb

oxygen for
all of the above
combustion

lower will be cylinder

more complete will be fuel
compression
combustion
temperatures

explosive range combustion temperature

coated fuel lines excessive vibration

875 psi 900 psi

Integral Fixed

sprayer plate diffuser plate

duration of the quantity of the fuel to be

injection delay period injected
acid air

net horsepower friction horsepower

union joints rigid brackets

hydraulic nuts as
cotter pins made of
commonly found on large
spring steel
low speed engines

moisture percentage heat effectiveness

controlled by plunger
controlled by cam stroke
stroke

same that of 2 stroke depends that of rpm

dehydration dissolution

bulking skimming

reduce the intake air increase the temperature

charge density of exhaust gases
excessively high excessive carbon buildup
bearing temperatures in the lube oil

brake thermal
volumetric efficiency
efficiency

length of the cylinder

speed of the engine
liner

   1900 RPM    2400 RPM

a copper wire brush a shaved wooden

gallon liter

boiling point critical point

Internal energy External energy

after burning ratio injection lag

convection condo-radiation
steady bearing big end bearing

direct system throttle body injection

Joule per sec Kg.m.

kPa bar

Water vapor and Nitrogen and carbon

carbon monoxide monoxide
 Pivotless centrifugal A proportional action
flyballs compensation mechanism

a short length of
aluminum piping with
heavy duty clear
expansion loops
plastic tubing

frame lined with wire

self-cleaning design
cloth

   Varies the steam

pressure in the steam Regulates back pressure
chest

piston side thrust compression pressure

maintain a higher air- maintain a higher air-box
box pressure temperature

Air starting Blow down

condenser discharge
compressor speed
temperature

Refractory Water drum

Bronze Cast steel

To reduce water To provide air cushion and
turbulence and to reduce water
temperature turbulence

High scavenge air

Low exhaust pressure
pressure

Too much excess The burner cycling on and

combustion air off

Glow plug Carburetor

Overflow to a Vacuum drag to the air

distillate tank ejector condenser

Increasing the load Rotating the hand lube oil

on the driven unit pump backwards
Faulty flame scanner Flame failure

High cooling water

Low fuel oil pressure
temperature

Insufficient groove High lubricating oil

tolerance temperature

The height of the

The volume of the cylinder
piston

Distance a piston travels

Number of pistons
during a stroke
Safety valve Spill valve

bonding Compressive

Super aspirating Air injection

Increases the sludge

Improves cold
forming tendency of lube
weather starting
oil

Excessive firing Increased fuel

pressures consumption
Feel the high Isolate each cylinder and
pressure fuel line inspect the injector

Proportional plus Proportional plus reset

reset plus rate action action

reduce furnace
Reduce combustion rates
temperature

There is water
There is an excessive fuel
draining from the fuel
oil consumption
leak off valves

High pressure Low pressure

 Sprayer plate requires a
Sprayer plate requires
minimum of 20 psi fuel
a size 20 tip
pressure

To reduce fuel
To reduce fuel detonation
viscosity for better
in the cylinders
atomization

Steam pressure Fuel pressure

2700 L 5400 L

Compression
Exhaust back pressure
pressure
Volumetric efficiency Brake thermal efficiency

2.8 m/sec 9.0 m/sec

Fouled nozzle ring of

Turbocharger lack of oil
the turbocharger

Low water level Flame impingement

Equipped with a non-

Self locking door.
return valve.
   60 deg    120 deg

24 inches 15 inches

   20 kg-m    1000kg-m

White smoke in the

Blue smoke in the exhaust
exhaust

The lessened chance of

Reduced wear of
fuel leaks into the engine
spray orifices
sump
 Valve operating
Cooling system
mechanism

butane hydrocarbons

Maintiain boiler Disrupt circulation in a

alkalinity steaming boiler

II only I and II
superheater, screen tubes, generating
economizer, and then tubes, and then
generating tubes superheater

By safety valve By water column valve

Air Temperature

Control the oil Regulate the atomizer oil

pressure regulators pressure

Maintain smokeless Provide a constant fuel

fuel oil atomization return pressure
Alkalinity control
Electrolytic action cannot
treatment prevents
occur at high pressure
electrolytic action

Eliminate pinion Be easier to lubricate at

deflection high speeds

Provide a constant Seal the casing during

flow to the gland leak periods of high casing
off condenser pressure

Increased Decreased fuel

compression pressure consumption

PLAN BTU/lb
Joule per second Watt

Ps or mHp Watt

kg specific weight

neutralize the harmful

decrease dissolved
effects of hydrogen
oxygen content
embrittlement

To check for the To remain in open position

quality of steam during boiler operation to
produced back-up the steam
Using the same size
burners tips in all High fuel oil temperature
burners

High scavenge air High compression

pressure pressure

Clogging of the Corrosion of the spray

orifices nozzle

shiny face, bottom, black face, bottom, back

back and top and top
exhaust valve intake valve

Constantly decreasing as
Widely fluctuating
engine load increases

screen tubes downcomers

Volume of the
Weight of the piston
clearance space
Take up snugly on Never disconnect the
upper and lower gage chains that connect the
glass packing nuts upper and lower cut out
prior to blowing down valves

Mechanical Specific

Spring opened type Duplex double acting type

Knocking under Hunting or surging under

maximum load light load

Worn, broken or stuck  Damaged rubber rings on

compression rings the valve seat insert
Combustion will be Thermal efficiency will
slowed down decrease

Increased heat loss Lower cylinder pressures

It can cause scored

damaged cylinder liners
piston walls

It will result to an It will result to an

excellent plant increased effectiveness of
efficiency due to the air ejectors due to the
higher attainable increased main condenser
vacuum vacuum
Decrease of kilowatt Lower exhaust gas
load temperature

cylinder exhaust
banjo oiler line
ports

remains the same is eliminated

during periods of high when the turbocharger is

steam demand in operation
intake stroke exhaust stroke

   4.2    5.2

   1100 kg-meters per    16500 kg-meters per

minute = 1HP minute = 1HP
   41    61

before TDC during air starting

the turbine rotor expands

loop seal will flood
faster than the gland
the after condenser
casing

Turbine steam supply

Turbine exhaust valve
valve
 Exhaust or intake valve
Master starting valve
maybe stuck in close
is closed
position

white against a black white against a dull red

background background

critical state sensible contact

Dry the boiler by firing Assure that the water
all burners at high stream impinges directly
rates to evaporate on the refractory to avoid
moisture rapidly. tube damage.

During operation at
rated speed, but low During acceleration
power output

flame penetration of proper filling of the joint

the joint with slag
 Maintaining a high transfer
Plugging gooseneck
rate until a slight trickle of
tank vents to prevent
oil is observed flowing
accidental overflow
from the overflow line

fitted with a sight fitted with a moisture trap

glass at the inlet

Unload compressor to Observe compressor

minimum load before stopping

less heat is actually being

there is always the
transferred to the steam
danger of metal
because of the decrease
oxidation in the
in the ratio of gas to
economizer
steam weight
takes suction from
the second stage of is normally idle and used
the evaporator as mainly as a standby unit
well

At the steam strainer At the inner stage

inlet diaphragms

a separate suction increasing the rate of

connection to the condensation in the
brine overboard pump distiller condensers

Governing system Air starting system

reduction gear ship rudder

Lube oil cooling jacket cooling

increase the engine disengage the astern

speed clutch

on the exhaust on all devices subject to

manifold prior to the the by-products of
inlet of the combustion or lubrication
turbochargers system vapors
Downcomers Floor tubes

Heat passing through Heat required to change

the boiler casing water into steam

Diaphragm clearance
Rotor radial position
position

locked train none of the above

R-123 R-134a

Torque Indicated Horse Power

Oil mixed with

Vegetable oil
kerosene

Flash point Pour point

Rapid pressure
Rapid volume increase
decrease during
during combustion.
compression.
Upper leveling plate Base ring

A thick oily film A thin layer of lacquer

Over speed governor Speed droop relay

Bearing journals Cylinder walls

Externally linned liner Integral liner

Low rotational speed
Removable end plate
of impeller

Past logbook entries The tank may overflow in

must all be changed the engine space causing
to indicate actual unnecessary damage to
amounts. electrical equipment.

3509 43709

Governor Shaft
Dial type outside
Gage block
micrometer

Electric Centrifugal

combustion gasses flames impinge on the

flows on the tubes tube

carbon dioxide cuprous chloride

Crankpin bearing Thrust bearing

rotary gear pumps axial flow pumps

Pour point improvers Foam suppressors

Copper tubing with All of the above may be

aluminum fins used.

Open the air registers

Drain and refill the boiler
wide to cool the
with cold water.
furnace.
Emulsifiers Extreme pressure

Viscosity All of the above.

Underside piston
Roots blower
compression

Piston blower Roots blower

Power Combustion
Mechanical condition Mechanical condition of
of the supercharger the turbocharger

Worn piston rings Insufficient lubrication

Leaking cylinder head

Outside E.R. raining
gaskets

Specific gravity Viscosity

Installation of a
Installation of a
powered circulating
superheater
booster pump

Combustion chamber Exhaust values

Checked M/E
Wrong timing
deflections

Decreased Increased compression

connecting ratio
Viscosity of the lube Compression ratio of the
oil piston

poor fuel economy combustion knock

By chemical
By visual inspection
treatment

Compression must be Compression must be low

low for smooth to have effective
operation preignition
Lower temperature
Higher compression ratio
create higher
create lower temperatures
compression ratio

Light brown haze Dazzling white

To ensure adequate
blowdown, the
aggregate cross
sectional area of Surface blow piping is
these perforated located in between the
holes must be equal steam drum and water
to approximately drum
twice the cross
sectional area of the
pipe
    An imbalance of force on
a body tends to produce
an acceleration in the
   For every action direction of that force
there is an equal and which is directly
opposite reaction proportional to the applied
force and inversely
proportional to the mass
of the body.

Small diameter tubes

Small diameter tubes
are less affected by
provide for greater heat
the insulating
transfer rates
properties of soot

To allow access for To provide access for

cleaning in the stack cleaning out the firebox.
 Complete the Finely divide the fuel
vaporization of the particles into a cone-
fuel for combustion shaped spray

Hydraulic oil pressure Relay motion

Steam drum Water drum only

Downcomer Riser

Electronic SCR Magneto

Excessive
condensation in that Leaking lube oil cooler.
cylinder.

Modulating band ratio Firing range ratio

ignition and
exhaust and compression
expansion

   1 4 2 3 6 5    1 3 5 2 4 6

Double-element Monothermonic

Wait for at least 30

Cool down the M/E
minutes before opening
before going inside
crankcase.
Remove all large and Ensure that all lube oil has
small foreign objects been treated twice

II and III I and II

Burn fuel in a Uses a continuous

combustion chamber combustion process to
that moves back and impart rotary motion to
forth of main bearing the pistons
 The opening of the two-
Four-stoke/cycle
stroke/cycle diesel
diesel engine have a
exhaust ports or valves
higher RPM than two-
occurs much later than in
stroke/cycle diesel
four-stroke/cycle diesel
engines
engines

To provide an To provide additional

additional surface for strength for the crown and
oil cooling lower structure

remains constant if
remains constant
pressure remains constant

remains constant if
contracts
pressure decreases

steamed cleaned and

slowed with their ends
flushed with hot
open for venting
water
640 tons 1060 tons

prevent scaling eliminate corrosion