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~ Diploma in English Language Skills~ COURSE WORK ~

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~ Diploma in English Language Skills~ COURSE WORK ~

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~ Diploma in English Language Skills~ COURSE WORK ~

Prof. Ghulam Hussain Mangnahar

THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE

1. English as International Language.

2. Countries in which English is spoken as a native language.

3. Countries in which English is spoken and written as a second Language.

4. Examples of Malaysia, Hong Kong and Singapore.

5. The American English and the British English.

6. Development of the English Language.

7. Inventions of the Printing Press in England and Printing Paper in China

8. Manuscripts were printed

9. Age of the English language and literature-Classical-Medieval-Shakespearean, Elizabethan age,

Post-Shakespearean, Victorian age-Romantic Age Modern Age

10. Kinds of English –Literary English

11. Functional English

12. Business English

13. Technical English

14. Speech Communication

15. Speaking English

16. Listening English

17. Written English

18. Reading English

19. Reading Comprehension

20. Essay -writing

21. Précis- writing

22. Vocabulary

23. Grammar

24. Structure

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25. Syntax

26. Style

27. Metaphors

28. Similes

29. Terminologies

30. Phrases and Idioms

31. Poetry

32. Prose

33. Creative writing

34. Story writing

35. Diary Writing

36. Extempore Speeches and impromptu speeches

37. Interviews

38. Scientific Terms

39. Poetic Diction

40. Writing Poetry

Difference between American English to British English

1. Difference between spelling


2. Difference between pronunciation
3. Difference between Grammar

English Language Skill

1. Listening Skill( Input Skill)


2. Speaking Skill ( Output Skill)
3. Reading Skill ( Input Skill)
4. Writing Skills (Output Skill)

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~ Diploma in English Language Skills~ COURSE WORK ~

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Error Detection

Correct the following Sentences.

S# Incorrect Sentence Correct Sentence

1. Two and two makes Four Two and two make four

2. Ten into Ten makes Twenty Ten into Ten make Twenty

3. Some birds sit on a tree Some birds sit in a tree

4. The sceneries of Kashmir are beautiful. The scenery of Kashmir is beautiful.

5. His hairs are grown thick and long His hair is grown thick and long

He prohibited his son to smoke.


6. He prohibited his son not to smoke.
OR He prohibited his son from smoking

7. No news are good news No news is good news

8. Does Sun rise from the east Does Sun rise in the east

9. Moon borrows light from sun The Moon borrows light from the sun.

10 What is the age of this House? How old is this House?

11 We enjoyed there. We enjoyed ourselves there.

Note: In the above sentence after verb Reflexive Pronoun or Object must be used otherwise the
sentence will become wrong
I availed myself of a long leave.
12 I availed a long leave
I availed of a long leave.

13 Despite of hard work he failed the test. Despite hard work he failed the test.

Note: Despite= In spite of, so word despite is used without of preposition in sentence.

I have to give a test tomorrow; therefore, I I have to take a test tomorrow; therefore, I am
14
am working hard. working hard.

Note: In above sentence always take verb is used for us / when student give examination and give verb is
used for teacher who conduct test.
15 She found the purse that she lost last week She found the purse that she had lost last week

16 They found the child that they lost last They found the child that they had lost last month
month.
Note: in above sentence the first part of sentence is simple past and second part of sentence must be in
past perfect tense.

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~ Diploma in English Language Skills~ COURSE WORK ~

MISTAKES IN NOUNS AND VERBS

S.No. Incorrect Sentence Correct Sentence

01 You have my words. You have my word./I promise you.

02 They exchanged hot wordings. They exchanged hot words.

It rains cats and dogs yesterday.


03 It rained cat and dog yesterday.
It rain heavily yesterday

04 Allah sent his words through Gabriel. Allah sent his word through Gabriel.

05 There are words for you. There is a word for you.

06 Words with you. Word with you.

Either parents of every student can attend Either parent of every student can attend the
07
the meeting. meeting.

08 Either partners can pay the rent. Either partner can pay the rent.

Christian believe that the books are their The Christian believe that the Books are their
09
only divine book only divine book

10 Her hairs have grown thick and long. Her hair has grown thick and long.

11 Measle is not a serious disease. Measles is not a serious disease.

12 No news aregood news. No news is good news.

13 All that glitter are not gold. All that glitters is not gold.

14 All that I have are yours. All that I have is yours.

All + Noun= Verb Plural, All + No Noun =Verb Singular, All +Singular Noun= Verb Singular
For example.
All the boys are well prepared.
All I have is before you.
All I know is known to you.
All food is not edible / eatable. Edible means (Adj.)fit or suitable to be eaten , not poisonous
All money is gone.
15 We have fishes and chickens for dinner. We have fish and chicken for dinner.

16 We had ducks for lunch today. We had duck for lunch today.

She is keen on writing poetry


17 She is keen on writing poetries.
Poetry is plural. A collection of poems

18 Ships sail in international water. Ships sail in international waters.

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19 A ship sank in deep water. A ship sank in deep waters.

Note : Regional waters, Territorial waters, Deep Waters, International waters “s” is used with water

20 Some thieves were caught unaware Some thieves were caught unawares

21 I have lost my valuable. I have lost my valuables.

22 He deals in old and new note. He deals in old and new notes.

23 We had intermittent heavy rain last year. We had intermittent heavy rains last year.

24 Masses made him a king. Masses made him king.

25 They elected him a captain They elected him captain

26 People made him a leader. People made him leader.

27 There is a teacup; you can have it. There is acup of tea; you can have it.

28 Some birds are sitting on a tree. Some birds are sitting in a tree.

You should work hard for you have to give a


29 You should work hard for you have to take a test
test

30 Why are you feeling sad? Why do you look sad?

These Mangoes are testing sour.


31 These Mangoes test sour.
Not used in Progressive tense. examples

32 I have told you it times and again. I have told you it time and again.

33 Many a man are dying every day. Many a man dies every day.

“Many A”

Many A= Noun Singular + Verb Singular= Many = Noun Plural + Verb Plural= Give
Syntax
Give Meaning of Plural Meaning of Plural

34 Many a girl has own option. Many girls have their options.

35 Many a man dies every day. Many men die every day.

36 Many a baby is born every day. Many babies are born every day.

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S.No. Incorrect Sentence Correct Sentence

1 The sun is rising for centuries. The sun has been rising for centuries

2 I know him for many years. I have known him for many years.

3 The sun has been risen. The sun has risen.

4 He has been worked for many days. He has worked for many days.

5 She has been watched a movie. She has watched a movie.

6 I have known him since 10 years I have known him for 10 years.

Farmers are working every day from dawn


7 Farmers work every day from dawn to dusk.
to dusk.

8 Cattles are liking fodder. Cattle like fodder.

9 I have hurted your feelings. I have hurt your feelings.

10 The Sun has shined all the days. The Sun has shone all the days.

11 Do not land from a running bus. Do not alight from a running bus.

The visitors have done a visit to the city of The visitors have made a visit to the city of
12
museum. museum.

13 He watched me sneaking up the stairs. He watched me sneak up the stairs.

14 He is good in secretary’s work. He is good at secretary’s work.

15 Being warm we stayed in. It being warm we stayed in.

A richer widow who has some priceless A richer widow has some priceless antiques on
16
antiques on sales. sales.

17 They enjoy there. They enjoy themselves there.

18 Go and enjoy there. Go and enjoy yourself/ yourselves there.

19 She is best in her description of characters. She is at best in her description of characters

20 Shakespeare was creating great characters. Shakespeare created great characters.

21 It is seeming good It seems good

22 My cat is always feeling well. My cat always feels well.

23 He has torn her letter to piece yesterday He tore her letter to pieces yesterday

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24 She was found dying She was on the verge of death

25 I want to know what is your name. I want to know your name.

26 We are living there for several years. We have been living there

27 I am missing you. I miss you.

28 Mothers are loving their children. Mothers Love their children.

29 Can you tell me what is the time? Can you tell me the time

30 Can you tell me how do you manage it. Can you tell me how you manage it?

31 There is hand reader there There is a palmist there

32 She has a cigarette in her mouth She has a cigarette between her lips.

33 He has a lighted cigarette in his hand He has a lighted cigarette between his fingers

34 Few wild animals are eating raw fruits Some wild animals eat unripe fruits.

35 Eighth chapter is longest. The eighth chapter is the longest.

36 We are knowing them since some time. We have known them for some time.

37 She always uses a nice perfume . She always wears a nice perfume.

38 Don’t affix your signature with pencil. Don’t affix your signature in pencil.

39 Write your name with ink Write your name in ink

40 The paper is to write Paper is to write on.

41 Who is he to you? What is he to you?

42 I have found that I lost. I found that I had lost.

43 She was covered in a big sheet of cloth. She wrapped herself in a big sheet of cloth.

This is the last news. This is the latest new.


44

She will be good wife. She makes a good wife.


45

He tore her letters into pieces. He tore her letters in pieces.


46

It is among you and me. It is between you and me.


47

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Barriers are available Barriers are in season


48

Our Cow gives milk Our cow yields milk


49
Our Cow gives milk these days. Our Cow is in milk these days
50
The door was opened. The door was open.
51
Some birds sit on a tree. Some birds sit in a tree.
52
We received the chief guest with open hands We received the chief guest with open arms.
53
The doorman opened the door. The Door stands open.
54

CORRECT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

Wrong: He was found died in bed.

Right: He was found dead in the bed.

Wrong: He went to jail up to life.

Right: He was sent to jail for life imprisonment.

Wrong: He came back from jail.

Right: He was released from jail.

Wrong: She was a shot dead.

Right: She was a dead shot.

Wrong: Pakistan progressed rapidly.

Right: Pakistan made a rapid progress.

Wrong: We were amazed by latest progresses in the City

Right: We were amazed at the latest developments in the City

Wrong: Works in the new offices are now on progress

Right: Work on the new offices is now in progress.

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Wrong: His statement is truth.

Right: His statement is true.

Wrong: She is enough shrewd to judge wrong from right

Right: She is shrewd enough to judge right from wrong.

Wrong: I came by a senior friend of mine today.

Right: I came across an old friend of mine today.

Wrong: She came across a rare book on English grammar.

Right: She came by a rare book on English grammar.

Wrong: I'll be back in an eye blink.

Right: I'll be back in the wink of an eye.

Wrong: I disposed off all the pending letters/ backlog.

Right: I disposed of all the pending letters/backlog.

Wrong: It was a deciding juncture.

Right: It was a decisive juncture.

Wrong: It is a decisive process.

Right: It is a decision-making process.

Wrong: My little baby is sick in fever

Right: My little baby is sick with fever.

Wrong: I love you more than he.

Right: I love you more than he does (loves).

Wrong: The wood is the bad conductor of heat.

Right: Wood is a bad conductor of heat.

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Wrong: She didn't marry until she was not forty.

Right: She didn't marry until she was forty.

Wrong: The Quaid-e-Azam would work until late in the night.

Right: The Qauid-e-Azam would work till late in the night.

Wrong: Wait for a minute.

Right: Wait a minute.

Wrong: My car stands there.

Right: My car sits there. OR My car is parked there.

Wrong: The man is mortal.

Right: Man is mortal.

Wrong: Pen is to write.

Right: The pen is to write with.

Wrong: May I ask a question from you.

Right: May I ask you a question.

Wrong: I am your'ssincerely.

Right: I am yours sincerely.

Wrong: The woman is frail.

Right: Woman is frail.

Wrong: Time and tide waits for none.

Right: Time and tide wait for none.

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Wrong: The early birds catch the worms.

Right: The early bird catches the worm (proverb).

Wrong: This is best English novel I have never read.

Right: This is the best English novel I have ever read.

Wrong: The sun is rising since centuries.

Right: The sun has been rising for centuries.

Wrong: Incidentally, nobody was hurted in an accident.

Right: Fortunately, nobody was hurt in the accident.

Wrong: Most flowers and leaves are sickening in the autumn.

Right: Most flowers and leaves sicken in autumn.

Wrong: The sick flowers look withered.

Right: The sickening flowers look withered.

Wrong: All pets are known as home animals.

Right: All pets are known as domestic animals.

Wrong: His personality begs no description.

Right: His personality beggars no description. (Proverb).

Wrong: The true believers are the choices of Allah.

Right: The believers are the chosen ones of Allah.

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USE OF ARTICLES

There are two kind of article

1. Indefinite Article = (a / an)


2. Definite Article = (The)

Indefinite Article (A & An)

The article a is used before a word beginning with a consonant, or a vowel with consonant sound:

a man a hat a university a European a one-way street

Article an is used before words beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u), or words beginning with a mute h.

anapple an island an uncle an egg an onion an hour an honest

Definite Article = (The)

“The” is called Definite Article because it is normally point out some particular person, things.

He is the most intelligent man among us.


The is used with common Noun such as The Sun, The Moon, The Earth, The Star
The is also not used in Dawn, Dusk, Sunset, Noon, Mid day
But The can be used as in the evening, in the morning, in the day time

Person usually usedwrong Use of Comma ( , ) and Use of Definite Article “The” in the sentence

When a man is used as universal sense no article is used.

1. Man is mortal.
2. Man is Pugnacious/ quarrelsome.
3. Man is born to die.

No article is used in the following sentences

1. They elected him captain of their team.


2. Masses made him King
3. We chose him leader

Father gives me a fifty rupees note

He was granted a two-week Leave

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USE OF ARTICLES

Insert Articles in the following blanks

1. A man stands under a tree.

2. A bird flew over a tree.

3. Man is known by the company he keeps.

4. She will make a good wife.

5. The lion is a most ferocious animal.

6. The world has shrunk in size.

7. A good teacher is a big asset for the society.

8. He is the most intelligent man among us.

9. An Apple a day keeps the doctor away.

10. Man is a mortal animal.

11. I have all the best wishes for you.

12. The UAE comprises seven Muslim states.

13. He listens to the news over the radio.

14. She is listening to the news over the television.

15. The news brought was reliable.

16. The man who stands by the post is a pop singer.

17. Nobody is above the law of the land.

18. The sooner the better.

19. The wealthier the happier.

20. The later the better.

21. The higher you go the colder you feel.

22. The more you work the more you earn.

23. I awaited you an hour there.

24. It was a critical hour for the nation.

25. We need an honest young man for a week to do certain things.

26. Father gave me a one- rupee note.

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27. She goes to a state university.

28. I came across a European in the market – place today.

29. I met an Englishman in the library.

30. The day the dam broke was a bad day for us.

31. The dog is a pet.

32. The horse is a faithful animal.

33. Many a man dies in the city every day.

34. Full many a flower is born to blush unseen.

35. Many a boy plays on the ground.

36. Honesty is the best policy.

37. Even the wisest of men made mistakes.

38. ‘The Pakistan Times’ has a big circulation.

39. ‘Dawn’ was founded by the Quaid-e-Azam.

40. Fetch me a piece of cloth.

41. Shut the door after you leave.

42. Shut the window facing the east.

43. Watch for the dog.

44. Beware of the dog.

45. Don’t walk on the grass.

46. Mow the grass.

47. There is a meadow covered with grass.

48. She undertakes a study of different grasses.

49. He is a snake in the grass.

50. That snake in the grass reported me to the boss.

51. She is a woman who can be relied upon.

52. The English Language is spoken, written and read all over the word.

53. The Christians follow the teachings given in the New Testament.

54. The European culture is spreading all over the world.

55. The Sikhs believe in and follow the teachings given in their religious book called the Grunth.

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56. The Bible is a religious book of the Christians.

57. The Atlantic Ocean is the world’s second largest ocean.

58. The Sun rises in the east

59. The West has made a royal progress in science & technology.

60. A word with you.

61. The Word is that he has left the country

62. Man has reached the moon

63. She is an M.Sc. in physics

64. The dust man comes once a week

65. The children found an egg in the nest

66. He is the man who met me in the train

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PREPOSITION

Preposition=Pre=Before, Position =Placement

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation with the rest of the sentence.

KINDS OF PREPOSITION

Three kinds of preposition

1. Simple Preposition

2. Compound Preposition

3. Phrasal Preposition

SIMPLE PREPOSITION

In, on, at, to, along, for, beside, by, with , of , from, over, against, off, since, through , till, up, out, etc

COMPOUND PREPOSITION

Along with, into, onto, upon, up to, towards, alongside, across, above, before, after, among, inside, within

etc

PHRASAL PREPOSITION

At night, At dawn, at dusk, at all , at ran down, at home, at rest, by way of , In front of, in spite of, on

behalf of, for the sake of, due to etc.

Example

A cricket team comprises eleven players. (Not usage of Preposition)

A cricket team is comprised of eleven Players. (Usage of Preposition “of”)

Listen to +Object

Over preposition is used in to listen the news over Radio , television.

Idioms= To carry coals to new castle.

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USE OF PREPOSTION
1. Kings in olden times ruled with authority.
2. Allah is with us.
3. She works with care
4. They hands are to work with
5. The eyes are to see with
6. With what do we hear?
7. With what did you write?
8. With whom did you go there?
9. He said all with confidence lies on your shoulder
10. You can only rely on me
11. Was anything found on him? Yes some dollars , a precious stone and rosary was found on him
12. I have known him for some years.
13. She is known to me
14. He died of malaria
15. He is known for his great scholarship
16. The dog fell from the roof
17. He broke the Jug into a hundred pieces
18. I Killed himself with a dagger

USE OF PREPOSITION “IN” & “AT”


1. Late Aziz Bhatti was born in Hong Kong.
2. They were born in USSR.
3. She was born at Bombay.
4. We were born at Kolkata in India.
5. He was born in his room.
6. I was born in at a small village.
7. She was born at charitable hospital.
8. I met him in the tuck shop at Sukkur IBA.
9. She was found in shopping centre at a mall.
10. Alexander the great died of high fever.
11. Our soldier died for their country.
12. They died in a road accident
13. He is dying for her company.
14. He is pinning in love for her.
15. I killed himself with a dagger

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USE OF PREPOSITION “AGAINST” means Verses “V/S”


1. There is nothing against you in our records.
2. The wind was against us.
3. All food was against my taste during illness.
4. The masses are against dictatorship.

USE OF PREPOSITION “OFF”


1. These items can be had 20 % off the market price.
2. A Baby fell off the cot.
3. He is off duty today.
4. Turn off the switch.
5. Turn the Switch off.

PHRASAL PREPOSITION
1. I cannot write an essay at random
2. I could not sleep at all.
3. The ball is at rest.
4. I will be at home in the evening.
5. My children are at home now.
6. I shall buy it at any cost.
7. She won’t forget it at all.
8. She laughed at a clown.
9. Some thieves broke into my shop at night
10. These items can be had at low price.
11. Your English composition is at low level.
12. Please awake me up at 5:00 am.
13. Both parties were at logger heads.
14. I am at loss
15. His things lay in his room at sixes and seven
16. She looked annoyed at what I said to her

USE OF BESIDE & BESIDES PREPOSITIONS

Beside = next to or at the side


1. He stands beside me.
2. He sat beside her all night.

Besides = in addition to
3. Besides playing cricket, he went shopping
4. Besides working as a doctor, he also writes novels in his spare time.

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1. He was suffering from malaria


2. I shall reach home within an hour
3. It was difficult for me to complete this task without your help
4. She is coming with her brother
5. Food was cooked by her
6. I go to school
7. Train was passing through hills
8. An aero plane was flying over our university
9. Our English teacher was going into the class
10. She depends upon her uncle
11. Along with her luggage she departed from the airport
12. I cannot write an essay at random
13. I could not sleep at all.
14. The ball is at rest.
15. I will be at home in the evening.
16. My children are at home now.
17. I shall buy it at any cost.
18. She won’t forget it at all.
19. She laughed at a clown.
20. Some thieves broke into my shop at night
21. These items can be had at low price.
22. Your English composition is at low level.
23. Please awake me up at 5:00 am.
24.Both parties were at logger heads.
25. I am at loss
26.His things lay in his room at sixes and seven
27. She looked annoyed at what I said to her

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USE OF PREPOSTION

SIMPLE PREPOSTION

S.NO. PREPOSTION EXAMPLE

1. In The sun rises in the east.

2. On Paper is to write On.

3. At She is good at mathematics.

4. To Allah is kind to us.

5. By The beggars live by charity.

6. With Allah is with us.

7. Of He died of malaria

8. For I have known him for some years.

9. From He is coming from school.

10. Against People are cautioned against the pickpockets.

11. Off The baby fell off the cot.

12. Over A Bird flew over the tree.

13. Since He has been teaching English since 1999.

14. Through Cars are going through tunnel.

15. Till I played till seven O’ Clock

16. Up She is going up the stairs.

17. Out She ran out the door.

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COMPOUND PREPOSTION

S.NO. PREPOSTION EXAMPLE

1. Into She is going into shop.

2. Onto
The cat is jumped onto the roof of the car.

3. Upon
A cat jumped upon a table.

4. Along with She went home along with brother.

5. Along They walked slowly along the road.

6. Towards He left towards the mosque.

7. Beside He stands beside me

8. Besides Besides playing cricket, he went

9. Across It is dangerous to run across the road.

10. Above The Sun is above the clouds.

11. Before He arrived before me.

12 After I feel tired after hard work.

13. Between Imran sat between Tahir and Zahid

14. Among The Prize was distributed among all the students.

15. Inside A parrot is inside the cage.

16. Outside The garden is outside the house.

17. Within She will come within an hour

18. Without We cannot live without water

19. Up to, The numbers add up to exactly 100.

20. Opposite The bank is opposite the supermarket

21. Behind The passengers sit behind the driver.

22. Around He walked around the table.

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23 Below Please do not write below this line.

24. Near The school is near the mosque.

25. Out of She was done out of her promotion

26. Round The earth moves round the sun.

27. Through out The museum is open daily throughout the year.

28. Under Water flows under the bridge.

29. Underneath There was dust underneath the rug.

30 Beneath The pen was beneath the books.

31 alongside A police car pulled up alongside us.

32 About This poem is about the patriotism

SELECTED PREPOSITION

1. People are cautioned against pickpockets.


2. All food was against my taste during illness.
3. The beggars live by charity.
4. She sat by her mother.
5. She is fond of tea.
6. He died of malaria.
7. Turn off your computer while you are not using it.
8. A Baby fell off the cot.
9. We take some sweets after meal
10. She went out, shutting the door after her
11. A cat jumped upon a table
12. A big responsibility lies upon your shoulder.
13. A bird flew over a tree.
14. A plane flew over a mountain.
15. May Allah bless with a son?
16. Allah is with us.
17. The plane is above the clouds.
18. The Sky is above us.
19. Saira is going up the stairs.

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20. He jumped up from his chair.


21. They walked slowly along the road.
22. They enjoy walking along the river.
23. Cars are going through the tunnel
24.The bullet went straight through him
25. Sonia is diving into water.
26.He threw the letter into the fire.
27. The book is on the table.
28.He had been hit on the head.
29.I go to home
30. Allah is always kind to us.

Use “by” As Preposition

1. A house by the river


2. The telephone is by the window
3. Come and sit by me
4. The beggars live by charity
5. She sat by her mother.
6. I travelled by myself
7. What is the time by your watch?
8. I am Bozdar by caste
9. He was knocked down by a bus.
10. He walked by me without speaking.
11. They met by chance.
12. I was frightened by the noise.
13. The house is heated by gas.
14. May I pay by credit card?
15. I swear by Almighty God…

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Use “To” As Preposition

1. Allah has always kind to us.


2. I have been to the USA thrice.
3. You have to be there.
4. It has never been to me before.
5. We have been obedient to our parents.
6. I am known to him.
7. We should attend to what our teacher says.
8. I agree to what you say.
9. This prize will go to the one who works hard.
10. She came to school.
11. I go to home
12. He went to his native place.
13. Allah is kind to us
14. It is up to you.
15. He turned to me and smile at me.
16. I am senior to you in service.
17. A cat walked to a rat quietly.
18. She rose to the occasion.
19. Attend to your teacher.
20. Invite him to tea.
21. He ran to the bus.
22. He gave the book to Fatima and Saira.
23. I walked to the office.
24. It fell to the ground.
25. It was on the way to the station.
26. He is going to Paris.
27. My first visit to Africa.
28. He pointed to something on the opposite bank.
29. Her childhood was spent travelling from place to place.
30. There are mountains to the north.
31. The meadows lead down to the river.
32. Her hair fell to her shoulder.
33. She is devoted to her family.
34. I am deeply grateful to my parents.
35. He tore the letter to pieces.
36. She sang the baby to sleep.

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37. What have you done to your hair?


38. She is married to Italian.
39. It was a threat to world peace.
40. She lives close to our house.
41. They tied him to a tree.
42. She has always been kind to us.
43. Put her face to the window.

Use of “Known” (Eleven usage of known with prepositions)

1. Known by some name or title


2. Known to somebody
3. Known at a small village
4. Known in a big city or country
5. Known for something
6. Known for some merit or quality
7. Known as a position
8. Know over a country or continent
9. Known across country/ Pakistan
10. Known through Publication, magazine
11. Known throughout the country ( from one corner to other)

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Preposition Meaning Examples


above higher than or over The sun is above the clouds.
across from one side to the other It's dangerous to run across the road.
after - following something - The boy ran after the ball.
- later than - I'll phone you after lunch.
against - in opposition to - Stealing is against the law.
- in contact with - The sofa is against the wall.
along from one end to the other They are walking along the street.
among surrounded by Peter was among the spectators.
around - in a circle - He walked around the table.
- near, approximately - It costs around 50 euros.
before - earlier than - The day before yesterday.
- in front of - He bowed before the king.
behind at the back of Passengers sit behind the driver.
below lower than His shorts are below his knees.
beneath under The pen was beneath the books.
beside next to The bank is beside the cinema.
between in the space separating two Mary sat between Tom and Jane.
things
by near, at the side of The restaurant is by the river.
close to near The school is near the church.
down from higher to lower She pulled down the blind.
from where something starts or The wind is blowing from the north.
originates
in at a point within an area The pen is in the drawer.
in front of directly before The child ran out in front of the bus.
inside on the inner part of The bird is inside the cage.
into enter a closed space He went into the shop.
near close to The school is near the church.
next to beside The bank is next to the cinema.
off down or away from He fell off the horse.
on in a position touching a The plate is on the table.
surface
onto move to a position on a The cat jumped onto the roof of the
surface car.
opposite facing, on the other side Eva sat opposite Tom at the table.
out of - move from a closed space - He got out of the taxi.
- without - She's out of work.
outside opposite of inside The garden is outside the house.
over - above/across - The plane flew over the Atlantic.
- on the surface of - She put a sheet over the furniture.
past beyond She drove past the supermarket.
round in a circular movement The earth moves round the sun.
through from one side to the other The Seine flows through Paris.
throughout in every part of The virus spread throughout the
country.
to in the direct of / towards On the way to the station.
towards in the direction of The child ran towards her father.
under beneath, below Water flows under the bridge.

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underneath beneath There was dust underneath the rug.


up towards or in a higher She walked up the stairs.
position

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VERB

Verb is an action word or doing word.

 To Be Verbs
 Modal Verbs
 Action Verbs
 Verbs of Perception
 Verbs of Have
 Verbs of State
Be (is, am, are, was, were, being, been)
Present Past Past Participle Present Participle

Be (Is, Am) Singular Was Been Being


Be( Are) Plural Were Been Being
Write Wrote Written Writing
Go Went Gone Going

Examples of To be verbs

1. You have to be there


2. You were there
3. You will be there
4. Students were prepared for exams.
5. Our soldier are fully armed
6. Today is a Holiday
7. I am with you
8. Your offer letter is being typed. (Passive Voice sentence) (Note :- Continuous are also called
Progressive)
9. Meal is being cooked (Note :- For Meal we use verb cooked)
10. Tea is being made (Note :- For Tea we use verb made)
11. Sandwiches are being prepared (Note: For sandwich we use verb Prepared)
12. Mother is making a plan for a trip
13. I am waiting for you
14. Crops are being harvested
15. Guests are being served
16. Letters are being sorted

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MODEL VERBS

May, Can, Will, Shall, Might, Could, Would, Should, Ought to, Must are modal verbs

Personal Pronoun Singular Pronoun Plural Pronoun


First Person I We
Second Person You, Thou You
Third Person He , She It, One They

BEEN

“Been” as past participle of “be” is used with perfect tenses such as Present Perfect Tense, Present
Perfect Continuous tense, Past Perfect Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense, Future Perfect
Tense, Future Perfect Continuous Tense.

“BEEN” gives Meaning of

Completion ( ), Remained ( ), Gone ( ),

Perfection ( ), Being ( ),

Existence ( ), Happened ( ).

USE OF BEEN

1. I have been to the USA thrice =======( example of Gone)


2. Weather has been fine since morning =======( Example of remained)
3. Your offer letter has been typed =======( Example of )
4. It has never been to me before ======= ( Example of happened)
5. The work has been fine / well ======= ( Example of completion)
6. Time has been pleasant ======= ( Example of Remained)
7. Our Workers has been patient and painstaking ======= ( Example of being)
8. There have been a murder and a dacoit
9. We have been obedient to our parents
10. I have been waiting since 9:oo a.m

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VERB

1. Strong Verb / Irregular Verb

Verbs that changed to 2nd form by changing their interval vowel are called strong verbs / Irregular verb

Example : Ring =Rang=Rung, Sing=Sang=Sung

2. Weak Verb / Regular Verb

Verbs that changed to 2nd form by changing in last “t”,’d’, “ed” are called Weak verbs / Regular verb

Example: Talk= talked=talked, Learn =Learned =Learnt

There are many irregular verbs that don’t follow the normal rules. Here are the forms of some of the most
common irregular verbs:
Strong Verb / Irregular Verb

3rdperson
singular Past Present
S.No. Verb Past Tense
Participle Participle
Present tense

1 Be Is Was Been Being

2 Begin Begins Began Begun Beginning

3 Bite Bites Bit Bitten Biting

4 Break Breaks Broke Broken Breaking

5 Buy Buys Bought Bought Buying

6 Choose Chooses Chose Chosen Choosing

7 Come Comes Came Come Coming

8 Dig Digs Dug Dug Digging

9 Do Does Did Done Doing

10 Drink Drinks Drank Drunk Drinking

11 Eat Eats Ate Eaten Eating

12 Fall Falls Fell Fallen Falling

13 Feel Feels Felt Felt Feeling

14 Find Finds Found Found Finding

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15 Get Gets Got Got Getting

16 Go Goes Went Gone Going

17 Grow Grows Grew Grown Growing

18 Have Has Had Had Having

19 Hide Hides Hid Hidden Hiding

20 Keep Keeps Kept Kept Keeping

21 Know Knows Knew Known Knowing

22 Lay Lays Laid Laid Laying

23 Lead Leads Led Led Leading

24 Leave Leaves Left Left Leaving

25 Lie Lies Lay Lain Lying

26 Lose Loses Lost Lost Losing

27 Make Makes Made Made Making

28 Meet Meets Met Met Meeting

29 Put Puts Put Put Putting

30 Read /ri:d/ Reads Read /red/ Read /red/ Reading

31 Ride Rides Rode Ridden Riding

32 Ring Rings Rang Rung Ringing

33 Rise Rises Rose Risen Rising

34 Run Runs Ran Run Running

35 Say Says Said Said Saying

36 See Sees Saw Seen Seeing

37 Sell Sells Sold Sold Selling

38 Set Sets Set Set Setting

39 Sing Sings Sang Sung Singing

40 Sit Sits Sat Sat Sitting

41 Stand Stands Stood Stood Standing

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42 Stick Sticks Stuck Stuck Sticking

43 Take Takes Took Taken Taking

44 Teach Teaches Taught Taught Teaching

45 Think Thinks Thought Thought Thinking

46 Write Writes Wrote Written Writing

The Present, Past, Past Participle of following verbs is same. As given bellow.

3rdperson
singular Past Present
S.No. Verb Past Tense
Participle Participle
Present tense

1 Bet Bets Bet Bet Betting

2 Bid Bids Bid Bid Bidding

3 Broadcast Broadcasts Broadcast Broadcast Broadcasting

4 Burst Bursts Burst Burst Bursting

5 Cast Casts Cast Cast Casting

6 Cost Costs Cost Cost Costing

7 Cut Cuts Cut Cut Cutting

8 Hit Hits Hit Hit Hitting

9 Hurt Hurt Hurt Hurt Hurting

10 Let Lets Let Let Letting

11 Offset Offsets Offset Offset Offset

12 Output Outputs Output Output Outputting

13 Put Puts Put Put Putting

14 Quit Quits Quit Quit Quitting

15 Rid Rids Rid Rid Ridding

16 Set Sets Set Set Setting

17 Shed Sheds Shed Shed Shedding

18 Shit Shits Shit Shit Shitting

19 Shut Shuts Shut Shut Shutting

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20 Slit Slits Slit Slit Slitting

21 Split Splits Split Split Splitting

22 Spread Spreads Spread Spread Spreading

23 Thrust Thrusts Thrust Thrust Thrusting


Upset
24 Upsets Upset Upset Upsetting

REGULAR VERB

S.NO BASE FORM SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

1 Accept Accepted Accepted

2 Achieve Achieved Achieved

3 Add Added Added

4 Admire Admired Admirer

5 Admit Admitted Admitted

6 Adopt Adopted Adopted

7 Advise Advised Advised

8 Agree Agreed Agreed

9 Allow Allowed Allowed

10 Announce Announced Announced

11 Appreciate Appreciated Appreciated

12 Approve Approved Approved

13 Argue Argued Argued

14 Arrive Arrived Arrived

15 Ask Asked Asked

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Writing Skills
Writing is the fourth and most important of all other skills. It is a science and an art. It is a

science in the sense that it involves much knowledge: it is an art in the sense that it is a skill,

and a knack that enables you to create something meaningful and productive. Writing is a

demanding job for it involves a lot of prewriting preparation, matter to treat in it,

brainstorming, vocabulary, grammar know-how and practice.

Writing skill is mainly based on extensive reading. The more one reads the more one comes to

know about writing styles, writing skills and matters treated by various authors. Knowledge

about sentence structure, considerable vocabulary, use of right word at the right place,

knowledge about grammar rules, use of punctuation marks and proper treatment of matter are

important requisites for meaningful composition. For creating a good paragraph, passage or a

long essay. One should be good at writing skill. In addition, the following important tips should

be borne in mind and applied while creating something informative, fruitful and worthy of

reading.

1. One should have a substantial vocabulary in one's word bank.

2. Composition should include reasonable ideas acceptable matter and logical expression.

3. Sentence structures should be simple but meaningful and proper.

4. Sentences should be coherent, clear, concise, consistent and self-explanatory. They should

be connected together and lead to development and completion of the subject treated in

composition.

5. Grammar rules should be observed meticulously and applied sharply.

6. Simplicity and precision should be observed throughout.

7. Brevity, where necessary should be maintained. However, brevity should not be sought at the

cost of most important and indispensable matter.

8. Only most important ideas should be explained in priority and proper order.

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9. Some ideas need analysis and some need critical explanation. Explanatory essays call for

detailed account encompassing comments for and against the subject under discussion.

10. When you are asked to write on a given topic, express as many ideas relevant to the subject

as possible.

11. Give priority to your ideas putting them an order of importance.

12. You may either begin your composition treating less serous ideas and developing them to

more serious ones. or you may start with more serious ideas and finish with moderate ideas.

In either case your vocabulary, sentence structures, logical treatment of ideas and style of

writing should properly reflect on the subject sharply and aptly.

13. Keep track of your ideas one by one and treat every idea bearing in mind its importance.

14. Don't exaggerate any idea nor underestimate any one because such approach shall

underrate quality of your composition.

15. Don't negate yourself nor criticize a thing beyond a suitable limit.

16. Don't mention the idea that you think is not relevant to your topic or subject.

17. Write about a point or idea only as much as it needs.

18. Make an outline of your essay or passage, and make a paragraph of every point of your

outline.

19. Write a topical sentence of each paragraph you write and write all other sentences

regarding the topical sentence. Every paragraph should add to relevant matter of your

composition.

20. Adhere to sequence of your thoughts and coherence of the composition up to the end

21. Write an effective introduction to your write-up and a complete, good conclusion in lucid

and interesting sentences.

22. Avoid writing high-flown language and using bombast.

23. Use most suitable phrases and idioms where necessary, but sparingly.

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24. Use one-word substitutions appropriately.

25. Revise your essay or composition for necessary corrections, minor additions and deletions,

Rectify spelling and grammar errors.

26. Don't plagiarize. If you borrow ideas of some writers, acknowledge them fully. In case you

quote exact words of someone, enclose them in double inverted commas and write full

reference of source. Avoid writing such phrases as according to me, in my opinion, I believe

that, I strongly condemn such and such ideas or opinions.

Supplementary tips

1. Writing is not an easy task, nor is it everybody's business. It needs a lot of practice. One has

to start from scratch and continue writing until one gets mastery in art of composition. It

cannot be done randomly or accidentally.

2. For meaningful and worthy-of-reading composition, one should develop proper bent of

mind, outline and rough draft, if time permits.

3. Don't entertain the notion that you know everything about the subject, nor ever claim that

yours have written the best of composition ever written. Bear in mind that you attempt is

merely one of the creations on a given subject. There may be certain better attempts than

yours and even best ones of all you can ever imagine or create.

4. With practice; patience and painstaking attention to standard writing skills, you can

improve quality of your composition to an acceptable and enviable level. You can come up

with pieces of composition far above your expectations in quality in a moderate span of

time. Your composition can improve to such a satisfactory and considerable level that you

would feel rewarded for and proud of the quality of your composition. Your initial

attempts at composition and creation would pale in comparison with the latest ones, and it is

what you ought to sustain and deserve to desire.

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Tips for Essay Writing

1. Selection of a good topic

2. Making an outline

3. Brainstorming for outline

4. Putting the outline in proper order

5. Writing a good introduction to your essay

6. Using a very good selection of words

7. Writing brief, simple, meaningful and crisp sentences

8. Writing exactly according to requirement of the selected topic

9. Write one paragraph on each point of outline.

10. Use easy, every-day use vocabulary.

11. See that your composition is developing as you go on writing.

12. Write a striking topical sentence in the beginning of each paragraph All the other sentences of

paragraph should relate to your topical sentence.

13. Maintain coherence, sequence and logical development of you essays.

14. Write about every point of outline only as much as is proper and required

15. Write a good conclusion of your essay.

16. Revise your essay and make necessary corrections and minor additions, alterations and

deletions.

17. Check that you have borne in mind the rules of use of the punctuation marks.

18. Don't leave any misspelled word uncorrected.

19. See that you have used modifiers correctly, and that your essay does not include any dangling

modifiers, run-on-sentences and irregularities of parallelism.

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20. Avoid the following irritants:

i. Exaggeration
ii. Bombast Language Redundancy
iii. Circumlocution
iv. Self-negation
v. Plagiarism
vi. Over-statement or high-flown ideas without explanation
vii.Unnecessary ideas, explanation or criticism
viii. Verbosity or overuse of words (verbose)
ix. Artificiality or irrelevant ideas

HOW TO WRITE A PARAGRAPH?

There are two steps to write a paragraph.

1. To advance a point

2. To support t he point with details , examples and evidence

TO ADVANCE A POINT

1. Topic
2. Writer’s opinion about the topic

For example
Topic + Writer’s opinion about the = Topics sentence
topic
Internet Solves communication problems Internet Solves communication problems

TO SUPPORT THE POINTS IN DETAILS, EXAMPLES AND EVIDENCE

1. Relevant
2. Adequate
3. Specific

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OFFICIAL LETTERS

Important Points for writing official letter.

Official letters are written to dispose of certain official matters. They carry certain official information,

news, data, and facts and figures. Some letters are written by higher authorities to their subordinates it is

called downward communication. Most letters are written by subordinate to their higher authorities

such letters are called upward communication. In official letters status of writers should be born in

mind also care should be taken about the language used by sub-ordinates. Official manners, official code

and official language should be applied throughout the letters. The contents of the letter should be

according to the subject placed at the top of letters.

Every sentences used in the letters should be direct and clear. The body of the letter should contain detail

which writes want to be done or fulfilled. Most letters from the subordinates carry some information or

some request or some complains however, the body of the letters carries important information for the

higher authorities for the employees of the same organization.

The ending paragraph contains some prayers, some latest information or some good well or acceptation

from the higher authorities all the employees working in the organization. Every letter has particular mood

and contents that go with the subject of the letter. Courtesy, Politeness an official decorum are important

things for letter writing of all kinds of official correspondence.

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BOOK READING

Book reading is a good habit. It consumes reader's time fruitfully and helps him/her gain knowledge.
Book reading doesn't cost much. You simply settle yourself down with a book and come to know new
things previously unknown to you. Reading opens ways of learning things in a modest span of time. The
more you read the more you come to know about the world, human beings and yourself. Reading helps you
discover new horizons and acquaint with new persons and things. Reading is a solitary activity in which
you learn silently and privately. It doesn't tax your mind nor does it ever bore you. It rather entertains
you, teaches you something in a sitting and moralizes you.

Books are our silent friends, true advisors, sincere companions and great entertainers. Some books are
highly sublime in their contents; some are light in contents and some are simple in contents. Object of
study of all books is to derive precious knowledge that awaits a thorough reader in his / her study hours.
Good books never betray you nor do they ever mislead you. They pave your way to treasures of
knowledge hitherto unknown to you. There are libraries where books are readily available. What we need
to read and how we can make best of our time depend on our tendency to reading and selection of books
of our taste and liking. Books are there and what we need to do is sit and study them body and soul in a
peaceful atmosphere.

Books are a store of knowledge that cannot be stolen, nor does it ever get tarnished or become old with the
passage of time. It increases and refreshes us as the days pass by. We meet great persons in books we read;
come to know about their achievements, character, wonderful deeds and trials, tribulations and
challenges they went through and faced bravely. To make best of our study hours, selection of good
books, place of study, aptitude and temper for reading and concentration are important pre-requisites.
Mere skipping, superficial, skimming and browsing won't bring any good to general serious reader.
He / She has to commit himself / herself devotedly to study in order to understand the very essence,
texture and message of the author's object of communication and way of its delivery.

Some books are so rare that they cannot be readily available; we have to hunt for them. They are replete
with precious knowledge and value far more than that of money. They need not be simply chewed or
tasted; they are worth-digesting, and their essence should be preserved. Such books are a fountainhead
of profound knowledge and mines of precious stones worth invaluable assets. Some books are well-
written in beautiful languages and found in attractive bindings, but they are not worthy of reading,
especially by youths who are tender-minds. Therefore, books containing unreadable matter, pictures
reflecting nudity and pornography ought not to be studied at all. Such books are a shabby blot on the
good name and world of books. They tell on their lives, character and persons.

Good books are evergreen. They never lose their serious pristine quality and superb, sincere teachings.
They always have the same positive effect. No matter what time you read them, how long you read them and
how often you read them, you always find them full of information, instructions and entertainment. Every

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time you find them refreshing, re-creative, and supplementing your extant knowledge. They would
never bore you, nor would they ever create any monotony in your mind. They would sharpen your
reading habit and add to your store of knowledge.

The Holy Quran, books on interpretation of its verses, books on Traditions and their explanations are
some of the best examples that never lose their charm, freshness, sublimity, grandeur and glory. So
great books are always instructive, informative and productive for a thoughtful and thorough reader.

Difficult Word of Paragraph

Horizons Solitary

Tax your mind. Bore

Moralize Sublime

derive Hitherto

tendency body and soul

Tarnished Deeds

Went through Pre-requisites

Skimming Superficial

Texture Profound

Devotedly Stones worth

Fountainhead Hunt for

Shabby Tell on

Superb, Pristine

Supplementing Extant

Monotony Sublimity

Grandeur Glory

Glory Traditions

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READING VOCABULARY

Habit= in this word only one “b” is used in word. Rabbit = In this word “b” letter used twice.

Help= Does not take “to”

Example:

1. He helped me complete my thesis.

2. Her daughter helped her cook many dishes.

Lonely = Adj. Sad because one Alone= Adj. & Adv. without any

has no friends or company other people or Having no one else

present, on one’s own.

Solitary =Adj. done alone; without other people

Await =Wait for Sublimity =Greatness Store= Fate

Boring = (Adj) Not interesting Boredom (Noun) The state of

feeling bored.

I look forward to meeting you soon. I want to look to these papers.

The books that lay on the table are from the library The books which you are looking for have already

(indicate) been issued (Specific)

Almost (Adv.)=Not quite very nearly Go through= Experience, search through or

examine methodically

Temper (V)= Interface Temper= become angry very quickly

Lust (V) have strong sexual desire for some one Greedy= (Adj). wanting more money, power, food

etc than you really need

Greedily ( Adverb) in a way that shows that you Alienate = make stranger / unknown

want more money, power, food, etc. than you really

need

He is a friend of my fathers. She is a friend of hers

A friend in need is a friend indeed. Avoid = from preposition is not used in word
Avoid
Few & far between= not frequent, not happening Your visits are few and far between.

often

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Love me, Love my dog= if you love someone, you I am pressed for time

must accept everything about them, even their I am habitual of hard work.

faults.

Well (Adv)= in a good or satisfactory Well (Adj.)= in good health

Well-wisher (Noun)= Supporter Alienate (V) Make unknown & estranger

One’s Close relations. Alone pronoun which Bankrupt=

takes apostrophe.

Due to = Due from =

A sum of rupees is due to me A sum of rupees is due from you.

Reason + Result= Owning to. Result + Reason= Due to

Example: Owning to the driver’s negligence, a bad Example: A bad accident took place, due to the

accident took place. driver’s negligence.

When in doubt = Because of. Example: A bad accident took place, because of

driver’s negligence

Not all is well with the world Pretext=

“Than” Conjunction indicate difference. “Then” Adverb next or consequently.

Fragile =Breakable “Used to” is use for past tense / sentence.

Extent= Limit Extant= Current/ present

Tone= for Spoke Tune = for music

Superfluous (Adj.)= Unnecessary Shallow (Adj.)= Unchecked

Wrong: My pair of shoes is better than you. Right: My pair of shoes is better than yours.

My books are more valuable & Knowledgeable than Conserve = we should conserve utilities

that of yours.

Preserve = we should preserve our museums, Smoking will tell on your health.

historical place and rare books. Bad company will tell on your personality.

I am pressed for money In earnest= in honesty.

Gulp (V) = Swallow (Drink or food) quickly or in He was gulping his breakfast.

large mouthfuls, often edible.

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Dated: 11th January, 2011

MONEY BREAKS DEVELOPED RELATIONS

Human relations are fragile. They are vulnerable to power, money and undue influence. They
are so uncertain that they break up in no time. They are subject to changing conditions and
volatile. Money plays a pivotal role in gathering and alienating one's close relations, friends,
acquaintances and well-wishers. It acts as a magnet and uniting force and a
discriminating, alienating and estranging factor. Money does not remain in possession of a
particular group of people or community. It changes hands, and by changing hands it changes
human values, moral values, intentions and actions.

Money is a powerful and effective means to certain good ends and noble objects. It helps solve
many problems. But not all is well with money and its possessors and seekers. The more one
seeks for money, the more one becomes greedy for it. The more one has money, the more one
wants it.

You can see in various ways to know how money works to alienate friends, relations and
acquaintances. Lend money in good faith to a friend of yours in an hour of need, you will soon find
him avoiding meeting you. Since he doesn't intend to pay you back, he won't pay you a visit soon.
Most probably, his visits would minimize to few and far between. Similarly, help a relative of
yours with money as a loan to meet his pressing need, you will find him estranged from you.
Ask some known active businessmen and give them a sum of amount to make you a business
partner in earnest, they will soon devour your money and declare themselves bankrupt on one
pretext or the other. You might go to a law court for redressal, but litigation would take a long
time and involve much lawsuit expense. Most probably your relations with your partners shall get
worse and strained.

The elders bequeath property for their children and other members of their families. Bequests
mainly comprise money, gold andjewellery. The inheritors get gold, money etc in inheritance.
Often disputes take place over properties and mainly money left behind by testators becomes a
bone of contention. Close relatives fight over wealth and break their old and developed
relations with one another.

Money breaks relations among real brothers, between son and father, wife and husband. A rich
man criticizes his poor brother and his children and doesn't like them because of their poverty.
Money intoxicates his mind so much that he forgets all blood relations and breaks them.
Children of a rich man don't like their poor cousins because the former think that the latter don't

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have table manners and etiquettes. It is mainly money that breaks blood relations
straightaway.

There are tens of thousands of young amorous boys and girls. Most of them love one another
passionately. Most fall in love in their teens. They want to marry the persons of their choice and
kind, but they can't marry, because money comes in their way and breaks their developed
relations. They take solemn oaths to live together and remain constant to one another throughout
their lives. But money breaks their developed relations and they are separated never to meet again.
And even if they happen to meet in their lives somewhere, they connive at one another and give
an impression as if they were strangers.

To recapitulate, money knows no names, faces and figures: It remains in our custody for some
time to serve our needs. It keeps on changing hands, places and pockets. It is constant to none.
Money lenders lend it in good faith; borrowers borrow it either to pay back or devour it. Honest
men earn it or get it by fair means. Dishonest men extort it, grab it and steal it by all means to
accumulate it. Money tests our sincere friends and tempts selfish ones. For mammon-worshipper,
money is an object of adoration; for selfish people it is an allure and bait. It reconciles hearts
of content and grateful people, and tempts greedy persons. It is a best measure of sincerity and
contentment, lust and greed. It joins people for some time but alienates them for a long time. It
sometimes welds relations but often breaks developed relations, never to normalize again.

Difficult word above Passage

WORDS WORD

Fragile Means to

Vulnerable Ends

Influence Not all is well

break up Possessor

subject to Greedy

Conditions Acquaintances.

Volatile In good faith

Pivotal Intend

Alienating Probably

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Acquaintances To few and far

Well-Wisher Pressing need

Magnet Litigation

Uniting Redressal,

Discriminating Get worse

Estranging Strained

Possession Devour

Intention Bankrupt

Bequeath Bequests

Testators Straightaway

Bone of contention. Recapitulate

Contentment Normalize

Adoration Extort

Amorous Intoxicates

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OUR CHILDREN

Reading Comprehension

Our children are valuable asset. They are a part and parcel of our respective families. Their mothers
are their real noble benefactors and their fathers are their exemplary providers. Our children are
precious , innocent creatures of Allah. They are matchless blessing of Allah. They are born of us and
are known by our parenthood. Their importance, filial love, innocence and purity are exemplary. Our
children are as cute and lovely as stars in a galaxy and as delicate and beautiful as rose petals. One may
be proud of one’s children because they are one’s close relations.

Mothers cuddle their children and fathers are affectionate to them. Although children grow naughty as
they grow old, yet their parents bear with their mischief and take them as apple of their eyes. Parents
become enamoured of their children’s childlike and innocent manners and habits and feel proud of
being their parents. We like and love them in their good health and become out of sorts when they fall ill
or suffer from some hardships or pain. They are so close and dear to us that we cannot leave them
unlooked after or uncared for. Brothers and sisters love one another and share their feelings and ideas with
one themselves and fight tooth and nail with one another. When some misfortune befalls them. We
become sad and worried. But when they play, frolic, laugh and run out of joy and hug one another, we feel
overjoyed, pleased and content.

Children need much care and perfect nutrition when they are in a state of infancy. Breast feeding is the
best nutrition in their tender age. They need good grooming, balanced food, better education and due
care in their juvenile age. It is the right age of their physical and mental growth. Proper guidance, right
morals, ethical teachings and good moral character are their dire need. The more they behave themselves
and learn good things, the better they develop their personality and career, especially academic career.

Children who are well-bred, well-behaved and well-groomed look sober, gentle, civilized and great.
They don’t do anything that doesn’t become them and that can cause them discredit or ignominy. They
mind their own business and take care of their respect, honour and position.

Grown up children are vulnerable to bad habits, temptations and ambitions. It is important that they
keep from allurements, wickedness and waywardness. Children develop their skills, personal traits
and qualities. When our children attain puberty, they come to know about hard realities of life. Truth about
life dawns on them that enable them to see life in its true colours. Adolescence is an age of career building.
As against that; most of these juveniles engage themselves in day-dreaming, romance and egoism.

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Love is the prime source of these parental, fraternal and filial relationships. Parental love for their
children is selfless and permanent. Filial love for parents is true and great. Fraternal love for brothers and
sisters is inherent, exemplary and lasting. A small number of our children respect and obey their parents,
love their brothers and sister and hold their elders high.

Sadly enough, majority of our children are headstrong, disrespectful, ill-mannered, ill-tempered and
impudent. They are devoid of human values, moral values and good manners. They spend money
lavishly, cast slur upon their parents and defy them, cause them ignominy and defamation, commit
heinous crimes and incur unnecessary expenses. Such wayward and perverted children are curse and
torture for their loving parents who brought up their children tenderly and affectionately.

Parents in their old age need help and support of their male children when the latter become earning hands
and strong enough to serve their old, feeble and retired parents body and soul.

Our children can become our good friends, companions and well-wishers if we groom them well,
provide for their good education, teach them good morals and religious teachings. Instead of making them
highly educated members of society without human and moral values and religious knowledge, we should
mould them to be a good humans, dutiful members of the society and helpful members of a family gifted
with integrity, fellow-feeling, sincerity and truthfulness.

Our children become a nuisance when they hurt tender feelings of their aged parents, especially when
the latter look to the former for care, nursing and sustenance. At times, most of our children turn
unruly and ungrateful to their parents. Such ungrateful demeanor becomes heart-rending and badly
hurting for poor parents. Such a sorry state of affairs is highly critical and concerning. We should,
therefore, groom, teach, bring up and tame our children very well so that they can be good citizens, nice
members of society and loving members of respective families.

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DIFFICULT WORDS OF OUR CHILDREN

Allow for brainstorming= leave something for serious thinking about the topic

Tell On (Phrase) = Affect badly

Example: Misspell words tell on quality of your composition

Run on sentence (Phrase) = Writing incomplete sentence one after another without completing sense
and meaning.

Example: I would like to say that but it is none of your business.

Part of parcel= Very important people

“Brevity is soul of wit” Francis Bacon

Reflect on Striking

Level= Standard Redundancy =Repetition

Discredit= Loss in value Spell= Spelt

Confounding= Confusing ; Confusion (n) Irritate= To Annoy

Exaggerate = To say something in excess


Opine = To give idea (Opinion)

Circumlocution = To Say something in other words Plagiarize = To pass somebody else idea

Illiteracies =Nonsense Celebrated= Famous

Commemorate To Deem= To think

Falsify = False hood To say irrelevant Deviate= Go away

Benefactors= Malefactors (antonym of Benefactors) Exemplary

Provider Provider

Priced Matchless

Unmatched= Galaxy = Milky way Combination of star ,

Petals Sparingly

Content Constellation

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WORD MEANING WORD MEANING

Cuddle Cares Violent

Affectionate Hurt

Grow Become Hug Embraced

Naughty Pleased

Mischief Content

Mischievous Nutrition

Urchin Infancy

Bear with (v.Phrase) Tolerate Juvenile

Connive Moral

Take Ethical

Apple of one’s eyes


Very dear Behave oneself
(Idiom)

Enamored Develop Grow

Childlike Bred

Childish Sober

Out of sorts Worried, Anxious Great

Fall ill Discredit

Befall Ignominy

Misfortune Grownup

Unlooked after Vulnerable

Uncared for Temptation

Frolic Ambition

Fight tooth and nail Fight Ferociously Allurement

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Waywardness Keep from

Trait Quality Wickedness

Attain Strict

Adolescence,
Puberty Body & Soul
Majority,

Dawn On Come to know Feeble Frail

As Against that Conversely, Centrally Companion

Filial Son and Daughter Mould

Parental Father and Mother Dutiful

Fraternal Brother and Sister Integrity Honesty of Purpose

Inherent Nuisance

Lasting Durable Sustenance

Hold high Unruly

Head Strong Disobedient Ungrateful

Impudent Insolent Demeanor Treatment

Defy Heart rendering

Devoid Grooming

Lavishly Extravagantly Tame

Slur Sorry state of affair

Ignominy At times

Defamation

Incur

Heinous crime

Perverted

Wayward

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THE KEY TO TRUE HAPPINESS


Happiness is a state of mind in which one feels pleased and satisfied. True Happiness is a blessing

and a few of us feel and experience it. It is noticeable from one’s happy gestures such as a

pleasant smile, a nod of approval and an agreeable look. Happiness is a sweet and simple word

that has a great sense embedded in it. For most of us, true happiness is a wild goose chase for we

seek for it randomly and aimlessly. Happiness does not come in charity, nor does it visit us by

choice or chance. One has to hunt for it and enjoy it to one’s best. True happiness is a blessing that

everybody longs for, and anyone of us can experience this happy moment of peace and

contentment.

One would ask where this true happiness comes from. True happiness, like an idea, does not dawn

on us, nor do we dream of it. It is a sweet feeling and joyous state of mind that penetrates our

mind and pops in our hearts through healthy thinking, hard work in the right direction,

contentment and resignation. True happiness and peace of mind go together. They are integral to

peaceful life and highly useful for humans. We should desire for them, have them, and preserve

them for our better living.

True happiness is a gift that we can enjoy only when we really desire for and deserve it. We all have

our own approaches and means for getting true happiness, Parameters or yardsticks for judging

or measuring true happiness are varied and they differ from person to person. For example, most of

us search for true happiness in wealth, prosperity and material gains. Some of us search for true

happiness in true, selfless love for someone. Some search for true happiness in luxurious life,

worldly comforts, ease and fun. Some look for true happiness among good, informative and rare

books. They believe that books are treasure of knowledge and afford a lot for them who have quest

for true happiness through valuable indestructible knowledge. Books being true, selfless and useful

friends, take us to the world of peaceful, calm, quiet and productive domain of scholarship

Stoics, reformers, monks, pacifists and religious-minded people are of the opinion that true

happiness is embedded in truth, honesty, righteousness, simplicity and integrity To Stoics, life is all

the same at all times. They find life changeable and fixed. Whether it rains or shines, they are not

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affected at all. For them, true happiness lies in resignation, contentment and equanimity. True

happiness does not rotate around some circle, nor has it any hard and fast rules. However, noble souls

believe that source of true happiness lies in fellow-feeling, service of fellow-men, selflessness and

sacrifice for other human beings.

True happiness does not descend on us miraculously. It comes by chance, not be choice

One has to look for it in small things. True happiness may be possible in big matters. It is, however

traceable in small talks, pleasant smiles, petty matters and unnoticeable everyday happenings.

Speaking truth, fellow-feeling, resigning to one’s fate, patience, fortitude and perseverance

may bring us true happiness.

To recapitulate, true happiness visits us now and then. We welcome it and take it as a blessing

from above. Sometimes, true happiness is felt as a divine gift and last long. Sometimes it just crosses

our mind a leaves a surge of delight. Silence, equanimity, sobriety, honesty, hard work, may also

bring us true happiness that makes us feel fortunate, blessed and content.

(Note: Dear reader, I have composed the above passage from my own point of view. You can

entertain any ideas and create it from your own point of view. It’s an abstract topic and may be

written from different angles)

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TODAY’S MODEL STUDENT

Ironically, Today’s model student is quite opposite of model student of the long past. Our present model
student reflects all characteristics that are quite against that of a model student of yore. Modern model
student is a stigma attached to fair name of a real student. He does not want to read books or write
something from his own. He idles away his time in gossips, frivolities and foibles. Life to him is a beautiful
dream that seldom comes true. Respect for elders, obedience to parents and reverence for religious persons
are the qualities foreign to his nature.

Since he is an ill-bred, ill-taught, ill-disposed and ill-tempered, he seldom feels abased or ashamed of
misdeeds that he blatantly does. Cell phone, Facebook, Internet, Music and friends keep him wildly
engaged. He turns a dreamer and romantic by temperament, loves somebody and passes his time in useless
activities. In this way he wastes his precious time. He may not have a pen to write with but he does have a
cell phone in his hand. He may not have a book in his hand or by him, but he sure has photo album or tape
deck by him.

He drives recklessly on the roads and plays deck of his car loudly to mark his position and show off across
the town. While driving speedily, he applies brakes so hard that his car screeches to a halt. In this way he
strikes terror in the hearts of peaceful, staid passersby.

Being a dissolute son, he flirts innocent girls, molests them, exploits them and seduces them. If he is son of
a rich man, he drinks, gambles and commits adultery. Being a licentious boy, he does not offer obligatory
prayers nor does he observe obligatory fasts. He blasphemes blatantly.

When he marries, he proves as unchaste, dishonest, untrustworthy, inconstant and lecherous husband. He
is terror for good-natured, peace-loving students. He bullies them, and often extorts money from them. He
is an example of hate, violence, exploitation and vanity, wherever he may be. At College and university, he
joins a group a comrades or supporters of a political party. He picks quarrel with opponents of his groups or
supporters of other political parties. He keeps with him a loaded revolver or Kalashnikov, instead of a pen
and book. Such heinous criminal and passes some time behind the bars. Being a son of an influential person
or rich man, he either goes scot-free or serves a light sentence. Since he lives a fast life and drives fast, he
dies soon, and is buried unwept, unsung and unhonoured. His gravestone will have neither epitaph, nor will
have his grave any inscription on. He and his misdeeds sink to an oblivion and obscurity after some time.

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Ignorance about the future is a Blessing

The future is unknown to us mortals. We humans are quite ignorant of many things. We don't know
even what is going to happen the next moment in our life. Only the Creator, Who is Omniscient, knows
all and very well. Since the future is not yet come, we are content with what is now before us. There
might be something untoward for us in store, but since we are unaware of it, we don't apprehend its
hazard or mishap or its likelihood.

The future has much in it to disclose with the passage of time. The present passes fast and `imperceptibly.
Since it is come and we live it the way we want and like, it just flies and becomes an integral part of the
past in a moment. No one knows what is in store for him. The future, therefore, is tantalizing and
curious. The future being unseen and unknown, keeps us waiting and excited. It being unpredictable,
we stay hopeful and apprehensive besides at the same time

Each day of the future-tomorrow-becomes the present as time goes by, and it turns to the past as soon
as the following day's sun appears above the horizon. The future dispels many false notions and
discloses many mysteries, wonders, shocks and setbacks after it arrives.)

Each day, called today, that we live at our sweet will evaporates into the past and becomes a part of our
memory and we cherish its happy happenings. And the future that may have much for us to offer
can be a hidden pleasure, a happy augury for us or a calamity to undergo.

We humans are impatient. We want to know a lot in a shortest possible time and we are impatient and
curious to know all unforeseen things well before time. We don't know what is in store for us. Many
things are bad for us and some misfortunes await us. But we are ignorant of them. In this sense they
are a blessing for us, because we are unaware of their consequences.

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What Man Has Made of Man


History is witness to the fact that what man has made of man is a heart-rending story. Man has
always exploited and abused man. Violence is seen in many phases of life. Abuse is demonstrated in
many ways. Men, women and children have been the innocent victims of violence exploitation and
abuse. Beating, violence, exploitation and abuse appear to have been done to humans without any
check, regret and repentance. Women suffer severe beating at the hand of men. Exploitation of
servants at the hand of employers, child abuse at shops, factories and other work place are heart-
rending examples of human victimization at the hand of man.

Women and children are found in critical situations. They suffer from maltreatment, malnutrition and
inhuman behaviour at the hand of their spouses, in-laws, brothers and step parents. Women suffer
undeservedly at the hand of men for no serious faults of the former. Husbands want their respective
better halves to be always at their beck and call. Women remain busy in household chores. They
raise their children, cook food, do dishes and laundry, clean houses and mend holes in pieces of
clothing, and do other odd jobs around their houses. They remain so busy in household chores that
they hardly find leisure time. Those educated ones from society find no time for reading,
entertainment, self-development and proper rest. They are, in a sense, treated as chattels.

Orphan boys and girls are often victimized at the hand of step parents and cruel and eallaus, elders;
sometimes they are beaten severely for no faults of the former Elder brothers beat their younger
brothers and sisters. Orphans undergo hardships and receive beatings at the hand of cruel and
unfeeling members of family. Most of the male children of such class of society are forced to work in
shops, hotels and factories, where they are made to work hard against low wages to make their living
men. Some men to make their life stay home, they don't work to make their living nor do they
provide for their children. They sponge on their working spouses and strike tenor in the hearts of their
wives and children just to give them a false impression that they are the heads of their respective
families. Women, children and elderly dependants remain at the mercy of such cruel elders at
households controlled by the last.

Homicide has become a common act these days. Man kills man brutally. He exploits his fellow man
to feather his own nest. Theft, robbery, kidnapping for ransom have become common crimes these
days. Honour killing is one of the worst crimes that have taken a big death toll. Every day many souls
are destroyed at the altar of so-called honour. Killing girls of poor men are exploited and seduced.
Boys of poor families are abused and mistreated, and as a result, they end up as losers in the race of
life.

To recapitulate, men have badly suffered at the hand of man. Women are killed brutally and boys and
girls exposed to torture. They all have undergone untold miseries. Let loose on them by man. Man has
wreaked havoc on fair sex, innocent children and fellowmen. Manslaughter, exploitation, deprivation,
injustice, cruelty, gender discrimination, persecution and social inequality reign supreme and
invite reign of terror. What a pity! What man has made of man?

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SYNONYMS

S. No. Word Synonym Meaning


01 Seem Look

02 Carry Take

03 Have Take, Eat

04 Feel Think

05 Think Ponder

06 All- right Okay

07 Hell Inferno

08 Heaven Paradise

09 Value Worth

10 Aloft Up in the air

11 Path Take, Way

12 Enough Plenty, Large

13 Fabricate Manipulate

14 Write Inscribe

15 Scribe Writer

16 Vision Sight, Eyesight

17 Memory Remembrance

18 Loan Lending

19 Property Wealth

20 Find Locate

21 Water Aqua

22 Criminal Malefactor

23 Might Power

24 Power Strength

25 Estimate Recon/Calculate

26 Children Offspring, Kids

27 Valuable Precious

28 Respective Related, Relating

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29 Noble Great, Eminent

30 Benefactors Friends, Well wisher

31 Exemplary Prominent

32 Innocent Simple, Sinless

33 Creatures Creations

34 Matchless Unmatched, Unique

35 Galaxy Milky way

36 Valuable Precious

37 Asset Property, Owning

38 Part Portion, fraction, Section

39 Respective Relating, Related

40 Rare Genuine, Original

41 Benefactors Well-wisher

42 Exemplary Prominent, Most Important

43 Precious Valuable, Worthy

44 Innocent Sinless

45 Creatures Creations, Living being


Unique, Unmatched,
46 Matchless
Unexemplary

47 Blessing Gift

48 Known Familiar

49 Parenthood Parentage

50 Importance Eminence, Prominence

51 Filial Of sons & Daughter

52 Love Affection

53 Cute Beautiful

54 Galaxy The Milky Way

55 Delicate Tender

56 Beautiful Cute, Loving, Pretty

57 Relations Relative

58 Cuddle Hug, Embrace

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59 Affectionate Loving

60 Naughty Mischievous

61 Childlike Good

62 Childish Bad

63 Out of sorts Uneasy, Restless


Problem , Difficulty, Trouble,
64 Hardship
Adversity

65 Pain Torture

66 Close Near

67 Share Impart

68 Violent Aggressive

69 Hurt Tease, Torment

70 Fight tooth & nail Fight Ferociously

71 Misfortune Ill-fate

72 Overjoyed Very Happy, Too Happy

73 Pleased Very Happy, Merry

74 Content Satisfied

75 Hug Embraced, Cuddle

76 Well-bred Bright of well

77 Well-behaved Noble

78 Well-Groomed Well-taught

79 Nutrition Sustenance

80 Perfect Complete

81 State Condition, Position

82 Feeding Nursing
Equalized, Harmonious,
83 Balanced
Measured

84 Allurement Enticement, Temptation

85 Juvenile Young

86 Model Ideal, Example

87 Student Pupil

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88 Opposite Against, Adverse

89 Past Yore

90 Reflect Shows, Indicate

91 Characteristics Attributes, Quality

92 Stigma Blot

93 Attached Connected, Joined

94 Fair Good, Beautiful, Just

95 Real Genuine, Factual

96 Read Study

97 Want Need

98 Idle Waste, Pause

99 Beautiful Handsome, Attractive

100 Seldom Rarely

101 True Real, Factual

102 Respect Regards, Honour, Relevance

103 Qualities Trait, Merit

104 Foreign Of outside

105 Nature Habit, Inherent Quality

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ANTONYM

S. No. Word Antonym Meaning


01 Friend Foe, Enemy

02 Ground Upstairs

03 Bright Dark

04 Behave Misbehave

05 Like Dislike

06 Heaven Hell, Inferno

07 Haves Haves not

08 Debit Credit

09 Fine Lose

10 Loose Tight

11 Favourite Disgusting

12 Beautiful Ugly

13 Crowded Empty

14 Empty Full

15 Harsh Mild, Gentle

16 Mild Strong

17 Humble Proud, Haughty

18 Broken Whole

19 Come Go

20 Take Put, Place

21 Lift Drop, Place

22 Symphony Cacophony

23 Wet Dry

24 Slow Fast

25 Tardy Agile

26 Bewitch Disgust

27 Harsh Polite

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28 Literate Illiterate

29 Rude Humble

30 Kind Unkind, Cruel

31 Buy Sell

32 Merciful Merciless, Cruel

33 Come Go

34 Carry Miscarry

35 Incoming Outgoing

36 Sorrow Happiness

37 Pleasure Pain, Displeasure

38 Belief Disbelief , Misbelief

39 Believe Disbelieve, Misbelieve

40 Full Empty

41 Fill Empty

42 Rest Unrest

43 Ease Disease, Unease

44 Easy Difficult

45 Known Unknown

46 Familiar Unfamiliar

47 Pleased Angry, Displeased

48 Rich Poor

49 Poverty Affluence, Wealth

50 Original Copy, Duplicate

51 Abundance Scarcity, Shortage, Dearth

52 Smile Frown

53 Plenty Scarcity, Famine

54 Own Disown

55 Fertile Barren

56 Friend Foe, Enemy

57 Logical Illogical

58 Represent Misrepresent

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59 Infer Imply

60 Liquid Solid

61 Fresh Stale

62 Familiar Unfamiliar

63 Truth Falsehood, Lie

64 Solid Brittle, Fragile, Breakable

65 Back Forth, Front

66 Barren Fertile, Fecund

67 Defend Offend

68 Defence Offence

69 Mild Harsh

70 Tamed Untamed

71 Hurt Unhurt

72 Cunning Naïve, Innocent

73 Bright Dark

74 Upper Lower

75 High Low

76 Within Without

77 Citizen Alien

78 Befriend Alienate

79 Free Confined, Imprisoned

80 Ease Disease

81 Match Mismatch

82 Own Disown

83 Toward Untoward

84 Brave Coward

85 Climb Up Climb Down

86 Accept Reject, Refuse

87 Accept Decline

88 Inclusive Exclusive

89 Lawful Unlawful

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90 Legitimate Illegitimate

91 Persuade Dissuade

92 Encourage Discourage

93 Resolution Dissolution

94 Mantle Dismantle

95 Minor Major

96 Manual Mechanical

97 Many Few

98 Ancient Modern

99 Audible Inaudible

100 Practical Theoretical

101 Practicable Impracticable

102 Locate Dislocate

103 Populate Depopulate

104 Populated Deserted, Desolate

105 Grieved Content

106 Fragrant Foul-Smelling

107 Valuable Invaluable

108 Worthy Unworthy

109 Fickle –Minded Firm, Resolute

110 Apt Inapt

111 Public Private

112 Sane Insane

113 Asleep Wide Awake

114 Friendship Enmity, Animosity

115 Rail Derail

116 Sooner Later

117 Arrive Depart

118 Late Early

119 Off On

120 In Out

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121 Ins Outs

122 Commit Omit

123 Commission Omission

124 Able Unable

125 Ability Inability

126 Abide Violate

127 Sustain Abrogate

128 Theist Atheist

129 Please Displease

130 Act React

131 Free Busy

132 Innocent Guilty

133 Pet Wild

134 Happiness Sadness, Grief

135 Mind Body

136 Feel Unfeel

137 Pleased Displeased

138 Satisfied Dissatisfied

139 True False/ Untrue

140 Blessing Curse

141 Few Some , A few

142 Noticeable Unnoticeable

143 Pleasant Unpleasant

144 Sweet Bitter

145 Great Small, Tiny

146 Simple Fancy, Fashionable

147 Embedded (Rooted) Uprooted

148 Most Least

149 Wild Tame

150 Randomly Prepared

151 Aimlessly Aimfully

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152 Enjoy Suffer

153 Best Worst


Happy Unhappy
154
Young Old
155
Feel Unfeel
156
Smile Frown
157
Stoc Start
158
Cry Laugh
159
Complain Praise
160
Older Younger
161
Differ Agree, Match
162
Always Seldom, Rarely
163
Never Ever
164
Fast Slow
165
Near Far
166
With Without
167
Find Loose
168
Like Unlike
169
Farther Nearer
170
Friend Foe, Enemy
171
Enough Short, Scarce
172
Love Hatred
173
Finally Initially
174
Enjoy Suffer
175
End (V) Begin, Start
176
End (N) Beginning, Start
177
Given Taken
178

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Making Antonyms by adding affix to stems or roots.

By Adding Prefixes

S.NO Word Antonyms

1 Responsible Irresponsible, Irregular, Irrespective


Irresistible

2 Theist Atheist

3 Sexual Asexual

4 Normal Abnormal
5 Sent Absent

6 Road Abroad
7 Origin Aborigine

8 Just Unjust

9 Justice Injustice

10 Correct Incorrect
11 Outward Inward

By Changing Word

12 Past Present

13 Now Then

14 High Low
15 Male Female

16 Active Passive
17 Far Near

18 Nigh Far

19 Open Closed

20 Private Public

21 Cheap Expensive

22 Costly Cheap
23 Bright Dark

24 Physical Spiritual

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MAKE NOUN FROM ADJECTIVES

S. No. Adjective Noun Meaning

01 Kind Kindness

02 Cruel Cruelty

03 Good Good, Goodness

04 Bad Badness

05 Late Lateness

06 Run Running, Runner

07 Fast Fastness, Fasting

08 Cover Coverage

06 Rise Riser, Rising

07 Slow Slowness

08 Live Life, Liver

09 Short Shortage

10 Long Length

11 Blow Blower, Blowing

12 Hot Heat

13 Cold Cold

14 Tragic Tragedy

15 Comic Comedy

16 Warm Warmth

17 Available Availability

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18 Both Two

19 Present Presents

20 Belong Belonging

21 Easy Ease, Easiness

22 Judge Judgment

23 Rise Riser, Rising

24 Pure Purity

25 Impure Impurity

26 Harsh Harshness

27 Eligible Eligibility

28 Big Bigness

29 Provide Provider

30 Cunning Cunning

31 Sweet Sweetness

32 Dull Dullness

33 Do Doer, doing, Deed

34 High Height

35 Low Lowness

36 Die Death

37 Sexual Sex

38 Natural Natural

39 Mortal Mortality

40 Eat Eater, Eatable

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41 Immortal Immortality

42 Fresh Freshness

43 Dry Dryness

44 Today Day

45 Clear Clearness, Clarity

46 Enjoy Enjoyment

47 Pray Prayer

48 Own Owning, Owner

49 Near Nearness

50 Educate Education

S.No Word Noun Meaning in Sindh

1. Precious Price

2. Know Knowledge, Knower

3. Once One

4. Lost Loss

5. Regain Gain

6. Monetary Money

7. True Truth

8. Speak Speech, Speaker

9. Timely Time

10. Systematic System

11. Lack Lack

12. Successful Success

13. Intelligent Intelligence

14. Waste Wastage

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15. Hear Hearer, Hearing

16. Bed (v) Bedding

17. Work Working, Worker

18. Confuse Confusion

19. Enjoy Enjoyment, joy

20. Eat Eater, Eatable

21. Drink Drinking, Drinker

22. Friendly Friend, Friendship

23. Late Lateness

24. Regretfully Regret

25. Feel Feeling

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USE OF ADJECTIVE WORDS WITH ANTONYMS IN THE SENTENCES

1. We should be kind to our fellowmen, not cruel.

2. We should be good to animals, not bad.

3. He is always late, seldom early.

4. Early risers and late risers cannot have the same schedule and progress.

5. Slow runners and fast runners cannot cover equal distance.

6. Most people live short life, some people live long life. (Longevity Noun)

7. He blows hot and cold in no time / in a short time.

8. There aretragic playsand comic plays.

9. William Shakespeare wrote bothtragedies andcomedies.

10. Both warmand coldwater are available.

11. Both the present and the past belong to Allah.

12. It is easy to judge between pure milk and impure milk.

13. Harsh sounds are not liked, whereas melodious soundare liked.

14. Sweet are the uses of adversity.

15. Prosperityand adversity are two social positions.

16. She cannot be both naiveand cunning.

17. It is neither sweet not dullbread.

18. Meat is neitheroverdone norunderdone.

19. Loaf is neitherunderdone nor overdone.

20. All highandlow have to die.

21. Sexual species and asexual species have different nature.

22. Theistand atheist cannot have the same approach to life.

23. Man is mortal, angles are immortal.

24. We eat both fresh meat and dry meat.

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25. Some days of the year are wet and some are dry.

26. It is overcast today.

27. It was clear yesterday.

28. We enjoy plenty.

29. People suffer from scarcity in Ethiopia.

30. We pray to Allah to own us, not to disown us.

31. Thar is distant place, Arore is nearby/ within reach.

32. Education is provided to allsmall andbigpeople (all and sundry, bobtail and ragtag)

33. More or less, he is eligible for the job.

Prepared By: Professor


GhulamHussainManganharSukkur Institute
of Business Administration

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WORDS USED WITH DIFFERENCE

1. I differ with you in the matter.

2. Melon differs from watermelon in colour, size and taste.

3. I need your help.

4. They are helping the poor.

5. You can make more than ten helpings from this ice cream jar.

6. I take notes in the class.

7. We need fresh currency notes.

8. You shouldnoteeverything.

9. He works in a shop.

10. You old man, don't get workedup.

11. Tenis number with a zero before 1.

12. Tens of thousands of people have been killed at the hands of terrorists.

13. My car meter shows number of miles my car has run so far.

14. Cloth is sold bymetres.

15. You should check the right answer.

16. Ticket examiner checked tickets.

17. He drew a checkon the Bank ofAmerica.

18. I feel warm here.

19. It is warm today

20. My cat looks hungry.

21. The tiger belongs to the cat family.

22. The hill looks to the church.

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23. Someone is on the watch.

24. Awatch man is looking after goods.

25. Goods are under watch.

26. He gifted me a pocket watch for my birthday.

27. Wait andwatch and see what is going to happen.

28. She is new to the system.

29. He looks new here.

30. Newthings attract human eyes.

31. I feel something in my right eye.

32. Somebody eyed to me curiously.

33. Allah can make camel pass through the eyes of a needle.

34. This is our own house.

35. They owna large property.

36. You should show owning that youown us.

37. He possess a large estate.

38. She looks possessed by some evil spirit.

39. Some evil spirit hauntedhim.

40. It is said that this is ahauntedplace

41. Water is available here.

42. My mouth watered at the sight of ripe grapes.

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You, they and we must Know

"SACRIFICE": Sacrifice - is a verb and a noun. Synonym of 'sacrifice' is'sacrify', which is a verb that

meanslay down lifeorsacrifice something valuable.

Examples:

1. Our soldiers offered noble sacrificeof their lives.

2. We got freedom at the cost of valuablesacrifices.

3. Hescarified his life for a great cause.

4. We should be prepared to sacrifvlives and valuables for our motherland.

When something is made byprocessing something or through changing its form, to another thing,

preposition "from" is used.

Examples:

1. Butter is madefrommilk.

2. Paper is made from pulp and hay.

3. Hardboar d is made from reed, st raw, hay, pul p.

4. Sugar i s made from su gar cane.

But when something is made directly from a metal or a matter such a wood, straw, mud, clay, preposition

"of” is used

Examples:

1. Table is madeof iron.

2. The door is made of wood.

3. Jug i s ma d e of gl a s s .

4. Decor at i on piece i s made of i vor y.

5. H a t i s m a d e o f s t r a w .

6. K i t c he n w a r e ar e ma d e of cl a y.
7. Hut is made of mud, st raw and reed.

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“CLOTH”

The word "Cloth" ismaterial noun, used ofunsewn or unstitched fabric.

Examples:

1. It is a big piece ofcloth.


2. We manufacture cotton cloth.

3. There is aclothstore across the road.

"Clothe" is a verb that means provide cloth or clothes to put on.

Examples:

1. We should clothethe naked.

2. She clothedan orphan.

3. They clothethe poor every month.

"Clothes" meansstitched or sewn clothes, which meandress, garments and uniforms.

Examples:

1. He wears warm clothes.

2. 'Clothes made of cotton are comfortable.

3. She put on' loose and clumsy clothes.

4. She irons clothes.

"Since" and "For" are used as adverbs and prepositions. As prepositions, "since” is used to indicatedefinite

or indefinite point of time, whereas"for" is used to indicate period of time.

Examples:

1. I have been working as an English teacher since 3973. (Definite point of time)

2. I have taught English for 35 years. (Period of time)

3. The poor have been suffering badly since the creation of Pakistan. (Definite point of time)

4. He has been writing letters since morning. (Indefinite point of time)

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USE THE FOLLOWING WORDS IN SENTENCES

1. DISCIPLINE

She keeps good discipline in class.

2. REGULAR

Domestic violence is aregular occurrence in some families

3. POPULAR

This is one of our most popular designs.

4. FAMOUS

He became internationally famous for his novels.

5. SCHOLAR

He was the most distinguished scholar in his field.

6. WELL-KNOWN

His books are not well known.

7. STUDY

It is important to develop good study skills.

8. PRINCIPLE

He has high moral principles.

9. SPOT

His jacket was covered with spots of mud.

10. CIRCLE

The children stood in a circle

11. VISION

He glimpsed something on the edge of his vision.

He had a vision of a world in which there would be no wars.

12. VEHICLE

Are you the driver of this vehicle?

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13. BROAD

Computer viruses fall into three broad categories.

14. CHEAP

A good education is not cheap.

15. EXPENSIVE

I can't afford it, it's too expensive.

16. HEALTHFUL

It has a relatively cool and healthful climate.

17. FANCY

She didn't fancy the idea of going home in the dark.

She Look fancy in new wedding dress

18. FASHIONABLE

It's becoming fashionable to have long hair again.

19. TONE

Don't speak to me in that tone of voice

20. SYMPATHY

I have no sympathy for Ali, it's all her own fault.

21. CACOPHONY

The cacophony in the crowded classroom drowned out the principal’s announcement.

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USE OF SPEECH (WORD CLASS OR PARTS OF SPEECH)

1. He did his best. (Adjective)


2. You look well. (Adjective)
3. You speak English well. (Adverb)
4. She sings push to songs well.(Adverb)
5. First know yourself. (Reflexive Pronoun)
6. Allah is kind to us. (Preposition)
7. Beware of the dog. (Verb)
8. We should be aware of health hazard. (Adjective)
9. We enjoyed ourselves. (Verb)
10. She enjoyed herself. (Reflexive Pronoun)
11. It is up to you (Preposition)
12. Look at the white board. (Preposition)
13. The nose is to smell with. (Definite Article)
14. He is mentally weak. (Adjective)
15. Our Cook smells garlic and onion. (Verb)
16. The rose smells sweet. (Adjective)
17. You look sweet. (Adjective)
18. She smiled sweetly. (Adverb)
19. The Provider provides for us all (Abstract Noun)
20. She cut a joke with her fiancé. (Preposition)
21. We should bear with mischief our children (Verb)
22. It is important that we keep our houses and neighborhood clean. (conjunction)
23. It is essential that we adhere to the laws of health.(Verb)
24.Beware of Pickpockets. (Preposition)
25. Fruit is healthful. (Adjective)
26.The mountain is too high. (Adverb)
27. All is well that ends well. (First Well is adjective and second Well is Adverb)
28.She wept bitterly on the occasion of sudden death of her husband. (Adverb)
29.It is enough for now (Adjective)
30. He gave enough in charity. (Adverb of quantity)

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Word Used With Difference

CLEAR

Example:- 1- He cleared his outstanding dues before leaving. (Verb)

2- The traffic sergeant clears the road of traffic. (Verb)

3- The road was clear of traffic. (Adjective)

4- The rail road was clear. (Adjective)

5- The Train driver was given clear. (Noun)

ALONG

Example:- 1- We brought along or textbook ( Adverb)

2- Children went to zoo along with the parents. (Preposition)

3- A dog ran along the road. (Preposition)

4- There are long thick trees along the road. (Preposition)

5- Come along. (Adverb)

LAND

Example:- 1- We should abide by the law of land ( Adverb)

2- He has large arable/ cultivable land. (Noun)

3- He migrants from India got houses and land in claim. (Noun)

4- Muhammad Bin Qasim Landed in Sindh in 712 A.D. (Verb)

5- He has a large landed property (Adjective)

GROUND

Example:- 1- We play games in large ground.

2- Some plots were grounded. (Verb)

3- Some grounded pilots work denied in flight announces. (Adjective)

4- I bought some ground chili and coriander. (Adjective)

5- He got some ground for doing it. (Noun)

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GUN

Example:- 1- He has a gun in his hand. (Noun)

2- A gun man is on duty. (Noun)

3- Two Dacoits were gun down in an encounter. (Noun)

4- Army has big gun / Cannon. (Noun)

ARID

Example:- 1- Some part of Sindh have been declared as arid some laraj

2- Arid land is not arable.

DESERT

Example:- 1- There are some desert in Pakistan

2- He deserted his friend (Verb)

3- The deserted village is composed by Oliver goldsmith

3- He is a man of noble desert

WASTE

Example:- 1- There is a waste bin ( Noun)

2- Invaders laid many parts of Asia waste. (Adjective)

SHAD

Example:- 1- Mangoles invaded many parts of India and shaded blood of innocent people (Verb)

BESIEGE

Example:- 1- The English besieged

2- The fort the enemy forces to surrender (Verb)

3. The Enemy forces laid a siege of town (Noun)

FORCE

Example:- 1- We have the best land force.

2- Our forces are armed to teach

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HAND

Example:- 1- Keep to the left hand (Noun)

2- Do you need a hand (Noun?)

3- Do you have any hand in a matter (Noun?)

4- We have some hard cash in hand is available (Noun)

5- The wall clock has three hands.

6- We have some experienced hands for our corporate Agency (Noun)

7- I handed him some important paper.

8- The hands are to work with. (Noun)

9- Prospero gave Miranda’s hand to Ferdianced in Marriage

CREATE
Example: Allah created Adam from clay.
Jawad has created a new method of putting items in the log
CREATOR
Example: Allah is creator of everything.
CREATOR= INVENTER
Example: Mark Zukerberg is creator of Facebook.
CREATURE
Example: There is more than eighteen thousand creatures on the earth.
CREATIVE
Example: Amir khan is the most creative actor of Bollywood
CREATIVE WRITING
Example: Creative writing is most difficult task.
COMB.
I comb my hair daily. (verb)
Where is my comb? (
COMBED =SEARCH, FIND
The police combed every inch of the forest to find the criminal
STUCK
My car stuck into a rickshaw
STUCK
An idea stuck in my mind
BEAR
The patient was not able to bear the pain caused by the injuries.

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BEAR
The car bearing no NA-123 was stolen last night
BORE
I bore many injustices through of my life.
BORE
She bore a very beautiful baby girl.
I was born in 1982.
Steal= Thieve = Thief = Theft.
He stole my purse.
He is a thief

Robbery (Noun) Rob (Verb)


Shikarpur is very famous for pickle and sweets.
Narzro Narejo was a notorious criminal /Dacoit.
Rob
She was robbed of her all belongings / Valuable on her way to home.
Belong (Verb)
I belong to you
Recover
The police recovered all the things from a thief.
Recover
The patient has been recovering day by day.
Recovery
The recovery of patient is possible on the road to recovery.
The patient is on the road to recovery
On the road to recovery
We don’t think Indo-Pak relations are on the road to recovery
Discover (Verb): I want to discover Italy.
Discovery (Noun) Christopher Columbus discovered USA.

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Use of Words Given negative sentence without use of adverb of negation Such as No, Not,
Never, Neither, Nor & Not

1. You seldom show up.


2. She seldom shows off.
3. Most students remain absent from schools and colleges.
4. The Sunblind can hardly see in the sun.
5. They remain away from home most of the time.
6. He has grown old and frail.
7. Good people keep from bad company.
8. The Gardener said to us to keep off grass.
9. Our stay on the earth is short.
10. Time is fleeting.
11. We set off without any dely.
12. You should refrain from bad company.
13. She abstains from rich food.
14. Some students avoid tell a truth.
15. Some metals are immutable.
16. Her servant sneaks away.
17. Most People of t he world are polytheist.
18. Sorry, I am hard pressed money.
19. He has bald head.
20. I have shaven head.
21. Most of the people of the world are disbeliever.
22. She keeps from backbiting.
23. I am badly short of time.
24.You always stop me from doing it.
25. She is hardly nubile.
26. I missed the first morning train.
27. Most old people suffer from oblivion.
28.He takes great case of his time.
29.He is health conscious.
30. He declared bankruptcy.
31. He has got some invaluable assets.
32. He has hard of hearing.
33. Your handwriting is illegible.
34. Length and Breadth of the earth is in estimate.
35. I could hardly pass test in English.
36. You will find many handles people

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37. You adopt improper means of earning.


38.We think we are timeless but it is a mere idea
39. You often check my activity.
40. Blindness obstacle his vision.
41. Marine water is hard and totally/ wholly against health.
42.After Feudal clashes, there communities stay away from one another.
43. Truants keep away from school.
44.He is mindful time.
45. Some women are barren.
46.This land seems barren.
47. He is short-sighted.
48. We are on the earth for a short sojourn.
49.His soul has departed.
50.I always miss you.

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TENSE

1. Present Tense
2. Past Tense
3. Future Tense

PRESENT TENSE

1. He writes a letter (Present Indefinite Tense)


(Helping verb is Do & Does)
2. He is writing a letter (Present Continuous /Progressive Tense)
(Helping verb = is, am, are)
3. He has written a letter (Present Perfect Tense)
(Helping verb is Have & Has)
4. He has been writing a letter (Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
(Helping verb is Have been & Has been)

PAST TENSE

1. He wrote a letter (Past Tense)


2. (Helping verb is Did)
3. He was writing a letter (Past Continuous /Progressive Tense)
(Helping verb = was, were)
4. He had written a letter (Past Perfect Tense)
(Helping verb is Had)
5. He had been writing a letter ( Past Perfect Continuous Tense)
(Helping verb is Had been)

FUTURE TENSE

1. He will write a letter (Future Tense)


(Helping verb is Shall, Will)
2. He will be writing a letter (Future Continuous))
(Helping verb = Shall be, Will be)
3. He will have written a letter (Future Perfect Tense)
(Helping verb is Shall have, Will have)
4. He will have been writing a letter ( Future Perfect Continuous Tense)
(Shall have been, Will have been)

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General rule of Shall & Will in Future Tense

First Person: I, we= shall,


Second Person: You , You= Will
Third Person: he, she, it one, they= Will
1. I shall work hard
2. We shall help you
3. It will be fine there
4. He will do his duty
5. She will be a good wife

Note: When some advice, assurance and promise are used in future tense we use shall in the place
of will and will in the place of shall in future tense sentence

First Person: I, we= Will


Second Person: You, You= Shall
Third Person: he, she, it one, they= Shall

1. I will help you at all.


2. She shall stand by you at all.
3. You shall never tell a lie
4. They shall never tell a lie
5. They shall never blaspheme
6. The boss shall kill you
7. I will never desert you

Some informative example

1. No an hair of his was hurt


2. He went unhurt.
3. He had a narrow escape
4. He had a close shave

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“AS SOON AS”

Mostly “As soon As” gives past conditions or used for past tense. In “as soon as” second part of sentence
kept same or unchanged.

There are three types of using this

1. As Soon As 2. No Sooner 3. Scarcely / Hardly

In As Soon As ================ ( , comma) is used

In No Sooner ================ (than) is used

Syntax: No sooner + Subject+ Infinitive verb + than)

In Hardly / scarcely +Had ============= (When) is used

(Syntax: Hardly/ Scarcely + Had + Subject+ 3rd d form of verb)

Hardly and scarcely can mean ‘almost not at all’ or ‘only just’.

Examples #01

As soon as I reached the station, the train departed


No sooner did I reach the station than the train departed
Scarcely/ Hardly had I reached the station when the train departed
I had hardly reached the station when the train departed

Hardly had I arrived home when my phone rang.

(I had hardly arrived home when my phone rang.)

Examples #02

As soon as I left the store, it started raining

No sooner did I leave the store than it started raining

Scarcely/ hardly had I left the store when it started raining

I had hardly left the store when it started raining

Example#03

 I had posted the letter before you arrived.


 The Patient had died before the doctor arrived.
 The train had departed before we reached the station.
 I got up early in the morning, washed myself and wait for my morning prayers

USE OF “TOO…….TO”

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 “Too…..To” are used to mean a negative sense


 When replacing “Too…….To” “ So that cannot” OR “So that could not “is used
 Subject is repeated while removing / replacing “ Too……To”
 In case there is no subject, Pronoun “One” is used
 Some time “Good” is used to mean a negative sense

Remove Too in the following sentences


Too → very, excessively, extremely

Too ……to…… → so …… that ……cannot/ could not

1. I am too old to walk


I am so old that I cannot walk
2. She is too stingy to give anything in charity
She is so stingy that she cannot give anything in charity
3. Father is too hard to be kind
Father is so hard that he cannot be kind.
4. It is too warm to sit here
It so warm that one cannot sit here. OR
It is so warm that it cannot sit here
5. It is too difficult to solve
It is so difficult that one cannot solve
6. The film is too good to miss
The film is so good that one cannot miss it
7. She is too good to misbehave
She is so good that she cannot misbehave
8. He is too good to cheat
He is so good that he cannot cheat
9. Weather is too hot to walk
Weather is so hot that one cannot walk

VOICE

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1. Active Voice
2. Passive Voice

ACTIVE VOICE

 Active voice is a straight sentence.


 Active voice has a subject ,a verb and an object
 Active voice is used in all tenses except Present perfect continuous tenses, Future perfect
Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense
 Tense remain unchanged in passive voice
 Meaning or sense remains unchanged in either voice
 Subject takes place of Object and Object takes place of Subject in passive voice
 To be verb is used in passive voice according to tenses
 Third form of Verb is used in passive voice
 Preposition “by” is used in passive voice

Strong Verb / Irregular Verb

Verbs that changed to 2nd form by changing their interval vowel are called strong verbs / Irregular
verb

Example : Ring =Rang=Rung, Sing=Sang=Sung

Weak Verb / Regular Verb

Verbs that changed to 2nd form by changing in last “t”,’d’, “ed” are called Weak verbs / Regular verb

Example: Talk= talked=talked, Learn =Learned =Learnt

Syntax of Active Voice to Passive Voice

She Sings a song


Active Voice
Subject Verb Object

A Song is Sung By Her


Passive
Voice
Object To Be Verb Verb Subject

1. Saleem sang a song


A song was sung by saleem

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2. She will write an essay


An Essay will be written by her
3. He has had breakfast / he has taken breakfast
Breakfast has been taken by him
4. I have had some rest / I have taken some rest
Some rest has been taken by me
5. They had had their turn/ They had taken their turn
Their turn had been taken by them
6. I shall have corrected the passage
The passage will have been corrected by me
7. I have had lunch
A lunch has been had by me

Note :- Following type of passive voice sentence “by “ is not used and some other
preposition “ to”, “at” are used

8. He knows me
I am known to him
9. Your behavior angered me
I was angered at your behavior
10. She connived at her insolent son
Her insolent son was connived at by her (Double Preposition)
11. She looked at me
I was looked at by her (Double Preposition)
12. Your answered annoyed me
I was annoyed at your answer
13. I shall be taking Tea
Tea will being be taken by me
14. I shall be climbing up a tree
A tree will being be climbed up by me
15. He has had breakfast
Breakfast has been taken by him
16. They had taken their turn
Their Turn had been taken by them

HAS – HAD=============(Had= taken)

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HAVE - HAD
HAD - HAD

1. She has had her tea ( )


2. You have had tea ( )
3. She had had her tea ( )
4. He has had breakfast. OR He has taken breakfast.
5. I have had some rest. OR I have taken some rest
6. They had had their turn / They had taken their turn

DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

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 REPORTING SPEECH (IN THE BEGINNING)


 REPORTED SPEECH ( THE MAIN VERSIAL / STATEMENT)

In Direct speech there are two part of sentence. First part of sentence called Reporting Speech and
after comma, quotation Mark “ “sentence which is Second part of Sentence called Reported
Speech

Example

Rabia said to Ali, “I don’t like you”

Reporting Reported
Speech Speech

In Indirect speech sentence “comma,” and double quotation Mark” “has been omitted and “that”
conjunction is used.

Example

Direct Speech: Father said to me, “Work hard”

Indirect Speech: Father asked me to work hard

Direct Speech: Teacher said to him, “Do your homework”.

Indirect Speech: The Teacher asked him to do his home work

Direct Speech: Mother said, “I did it well”.

Indirect Speech: Mother said that she had done it well.

GENERAL RULE OF DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH


1. Change of Tense
2. Change of Pronouns/ Adjective
3. Change of expression of time /place

CHANGE OF TENSE
1. When the reporting verb is in the present or future tense the tense of the verb in reported speech
remains unchanged
2. When the reporting verb is in the past tense the tense of the verb in reported speech is changed into
the corresponding past tense
In this manners
 Simple Present Tense becomes Simple Past Tense
 Present Continuous Tense becomes Past Continuous Tense
 Present Perfect Tense becomes Past Perfect Tense

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 Present Perfect Continuous Tense becomes Past Perfect Continuous Tense


 Simple Past Tense becomes Past Perfect Tense
 Past Continuous Tense becomes Past Perfect Continuous Tense
 Past Perfect Tense does not changed
 Past Perfect Continuous does not changed
 Shall , Will & Can becomes Should , Would, Could

Note:- However when the reported speech relates t o the some universal truth, the tense of the
reported verb does not change even though the reporting verb is in the past tense.

For example:
Direct Speech: He said, “The sun rises in the east”.
Indirect Speech He said that the sun rises in the east.
RULE FOR THE CHANGE OF PRONOUNS

 The first person in the reported speech is changed in the subject / Person of the reporting verb
in the indirect speech.
 The second person in the reported speech is changed into the Person / Subject of the object of
the reporting verb in indirect speech.
 Pronouns of the third person in the reported speech remains unchanged in the indirect speech.
Example:- He said to me, “I am faithful”
He told me that he was faithful

The teacher says to me, “You are a good a boy”


The teacher tells me that I am a good boy

He says to me, “He is tired”


He tells me that He is tired.

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SUBJECTIVE CASE
OBJECTIVE CASE POSSESSIVE CASE
NOMINATIVE /

I Me My, Mine

We Us Our, Ours

You You Your

You You Yours

He Him His

She Her Her, Hers

It It Its

One One One’s

They Them Their, Theirs

Thou Thee Thy, Thine

Note: Pronoun never carry “ ’ ” with it except “One”

USE OF CAUSATIVE VERB.


 Sher Shah Suri had well sank in India
 He broke open the door
 She burst open the windows
 I had some letters mailed/ I mail some letter
 You made me weep
 She helped me do it
 We had sunk a well
 I got /had my hair
 I had beared / trimmed
 Late Bhuto present the constitution
 I serve my guest
 I had my guest served by a caterer

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DO AS DIRECTED AGAINST EACH OF THE SENTENCES GIVEN BELOW

S.NO NARRATION

Teacher said to him, “Do your homework”.


1
The Teacher asked him to do his home work.

The Teacher said, “The sun rises in the east”.


2
The Teacher said that the sun rises in the east.

The master said to his servant, “Go out of the room”.


3
The master ordered his servant to go out of the room.

Mother said, “I did it well”.


4
Mother said that She had done it well.

I said to him, “What were you doing”?


5
I asked him (as to) what he had been doing.

He said, “I am feeling tired”.


6
He said that he was feeling tired.

CHANGE THE VOICE

Who is knocking the door?


7
By whom is the door being knocked at?

The cat killed a mouse


8
A mouse was killed by the cat

Close the door


9
Let the door be closed OR You are ordered to close the door

I was helped by my friend in distress


10
My friend helped me in distress

He knows me
11
I am known to him

Somebody has broken the lock


12
The lock has been broken by some body

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REMOVE TOO

The sum is too difficult to solve

13 The sum is so difficult that one cannot solve it. OR

The sum is so difficult that it cannot be solved

He was too late to hear the first speech


14
He was so late that he could not hear the first speech

The sick man is too weak to walk


15
The sick man is so weak that he cannot walk

It is too late to mend


16
It is so late that one cannot mend it./ it is so late that it cannot be mended

Tea is too hot to take

17 Tea is so hot that one cannot take it. OR

Tea is so hot that it cannot be taken

The boy is too young to be given a beating


18
The boy is so young that he cannot be given a beating

USE NO SOONER

As soon as they reached, they informed me.


19
No sooner did they reach than they informed me.

As soon as he came, I stood up.


20
No sooner did he come than I stood up.

As soon as I reached school, the bell rang.


21
No sooner did I reach school than the bell rang.

INSERT RELATIVE PRONOUN

God help those____ help themselves


22
God help those who help themselves

The books___ I find most useful are lying in the cupboard


23
The books that I find most useful are lying in the cupboard

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The horse ____ I bought last year is useless


24
The horse that I bought last year is useless

This is the watch ____ I found yesterday


25
This is the watch that I found yesterday

The book ___ ____ is lying on my desk is a dictionary


26
The book that / which is lying on my desk is a dictionary

Insert Article

Man has reached _______ moon


27
Man has reached The moon

She is ______ M.Sc. in physics


28
She is an M.Sc. in physics

_______ dust man comes once_______ week


29
The dust man comes once a week

The children found _____ egg in the nest.


30
The children found an egg in the nest

He is_______ man who met me in the train.


31
He is the man who met me in the train

Use Preposition

He died _____ malaria


32
He died of malaria

He broke the jug _________ a hundred pieces.


33
He broke the jug into a hundred pieces

He is known _______ his great scholarship.


34
He is known for his great scholarship

The dog fell________ the roof


35
The dog fell from the roof

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Change the positive and Comparative degree from superlative degree

A wise enemy is better than a foolish friend. Change the positive degree
36
A foolish friend is not as good as wise enemy

Mahek is the dullest girl in the class ( Change in to positive degree)


37
No other girl in the class is as dull as Mahek is.

Shoaib Akhtar is the fastest bowler in the world (change the comparative degree)

38 Shoaib Akhtar is faster bowler than any other bowler in the world

Shoaib Akhtar is faster than any other bowler in the world

Ahmed is the cleverest boy in the class (Use positive degree)


39
No other boy in the class is as clever as Ahmed

USE OF SINCE AND FOR

Kausar has been driving a car ______ 1995 ( Put since or for)
40
Kausar has been driving a car since 1995

He has been teaching English _________ 1999. ( Put since or for)


41
He has been teaching English since 1999

I have not seen him _____ four days. ( Put since or for)
42
I have not seen him for four days.

USE OF SOME OR ANY

Has patient eaten ________ thing?


43
Has patient eaten anything?

They did not visit _______ new places


44
They did not visit any new places

He has _____ money in his bank account


45
He has some money in his bank account

I had posted the letter before you______ (USE OF CORRECT VERB)

46 I had posted the letter before you arrived

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What a beautiful flower is! ( Change in to Assertive )


47
It is a beautiful.

(Change in to Interrogative)

He bought a pair of shoes yesterday


48
Did He buy a pair of shoes yesterday
He cut a joke with you.
49
Did he cut a joke with you.
Some of students _______in the library ( Use is or Are)
50
Some of students are in the library
____________ you or your friend has broken the chair ( Put Either or Neither
51
Either you or your friend has broken the chair
His friend will not attend his tea party ______ he invites them. ( Put Unless or Until)
52
His friend will not attend his tea party Until he invites them.
I agreed ___________ your proposal. (Use To or With)
53
Agreed to your proposal

(Correct the following sentences)

The movie we watched was too good


54
The movie we watched was very good / so good.
He is angry on me
55
He is angry with me
He is junior than me
56
He is junior to me
Although he is rich ________ he is stingy ( Put But OR Yet)
57
Although he is rich yet he is stingy
Neither she nor I _______ Spanish ( Supply am, is , are, was, were)
58
Neither she nor I am Spanish
Look at the black ________ white cows in that field (Use and or that)
59
Look at the black and white cows in that field
I ____________ this pen two years ago (Supply appropriate verb in past tense)
60
I bought this pen two years ago

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This the best book in English composition


No other book on English composition is as change positive & comparative degrees
1 good as this with Changing the given sense)
This is a better book on English
composition than any other book.

She has no other choice except this one


2 ( Rewrite using adjective “ Only” and precise
She has only this choice the sentences)

I have all the best wishes for you.


3 (Precise it , changing to optative sentence)
Wish you all the best

Spring follows winter


4 Winter comes before spring ( Rewrite changing places of season)
Winter precedes springs

Not all man there are dishonest


5 All man are not dishonest (Rewrite given the sentence an affirmative
sense)
All man there are honest

She frowns when she get annoyed (Rewrite replacing the underline words with
6 their respective antonyms)
She smiles when she gets pleased

That’s all Rewrite the sentences replacing the underline


7 word, keeping the sense intact)
It is over

The door was open


8 (Rewrite the sentence using action words
The door stood open keeping the sense intact)

Her coat was open


(Rewrite using action words and “she” as the
9 She left her coat open subject)
She put on her coat open

Some children die young


10 Some children don’t reach puberty/ Changing the negative keeping the sense intact
adolescence

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Not all is the well with world.


11 (Rewrite omitting “not” and keeping the sense
That is good besides evil in the world intact)

I know nothing about it


12 ( change the voice)
Nothing about it is known to me

Your facial gestures angered me


13 ( change the voice)
I was angered at your facial gesture

14 Your behavior angered me


( change the voice)
I was angered at your behavior

She delivered a baby Change the voice using preposition “to” and
15 verb “bear”
A baby was born to her

She made mistakes Change to present perfect continuous tense.


16 She has been making mistakes

We make mistake without exception


17 Man is to err Change to proverb
Man is to err, forgive divine

He made me a cup of tea


18 Rewrite replacing the object with each other
He made a cup of tea for me

She gift me a wristwatch


19 Rewrite replacing the object with each other
She gift wrist watch to me

She works with care


20 Rewrite replacing the underline words with
She works carefully appropriate adverb

He received in cash what was due to him


21 Rewrite precise the sentence replacing adjective
He received his dues “due” with a noun keeping sense unchanged

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A large sum of amount is due to me from him.


22 Precise a subject using third person of object as
He owes to me a large sum of amount the subject

I visited US three times.


23 Rewrite replacing main verb with to be verbs
I have been visited thrice and adjectival phrase with one word adjective

She will be a good wife


24 Rewrite replacing main verb with action verbs
She will make a good wife.

He deserved what he got Rewrite using action verbs, Removing word got
25
He received his due using another action words

You are a cheater


26
You are a cheat

We discussed about the matter


27
We discussed the matter

Children play at cards


(Play at, Play with)
28 Children play with cards Note: Children Carry “with”
Gambler play at cards Elder Carry “at”

Some elderly people play with cards


29
Some elderly people play at cards.

She cleans her nose


30
She blows her nose

He is scratching his nose


31 He is picking his nose

Smoking is not good for health


32 (Rewrite Removing not)
Smoking is detrimental for health

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A small boy was threshed well.


33 A small boy was beaten badly

She is the best novelist I have ever read


34
Hers are the best novels I have ever read.

He ate meals fully


35
He ate his fill

How well can you do that?


36 Change Assertive to sentence
You can do that well

It is nice that you look well today


37
Good, you look well ( today is understood)

It is a good idea ( Change to Exclamatory)


38
What is a good idea!

change affirmative without changing


Not everybody can surmount K2
39 meaning)
It is difficult to surmount K2

Somebody called names


40 Somebody used unparliamentry language

use one of the most appropriate words


East & West are poles ______
41 given below)
East & West are Poles apart
Parts, Party, Apart , Partisan

You are not sincere _____ me


42 ( put to , with , for)
You are not since to me

Keep the frozen meat out of refrigerator ______


43 Keep the frozen meat out of refrigerator ( soften , melt , thaw)
thaw

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They received _____________ wounds in a duel ( fatal, lethal, deadly)


44
They received fatal wounds in a duel

Mother forbad her children ______ going out in


the rain (to , from)
45
Mother forbad her children from going out
in the rain

Lahore is the _______from rohri than multan


46 Use far, further, Farther)
Lahore is the Farther from rohri to multan

Correct It.

Incorrect sentence Correct sentences

1 Can you tell me what is the time? Can you tell me the time

2 Can you tell me how do you manage it. Can you tell me how you manage it?

3 There is hand reader there There is a palmist there

4 She has a cigarette in her mouth She has a cigarette between her lips.

5 He has a lighted cigarette in his hand He has a lighted cigarette between his fingers

6 Few wild animals are eating raw fruits Some wild animals eat unripe fruit.

7 Eighth chapter is longest The eighth chapter is the longest

8 We are knowing them since some time We have known them for some time.

9 She always uses a nice perfume She always wears a nice perfume

10 Don’t affix your signature with pencil Don’t affix your signature in pencil

11 Write your name with ink Write your name in ink

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12 The paper is to write Paper is to write on.

13 Who is he to you? What is he to you?

14 I have found that I lost. I found that I had lost

15 She was covered in a big sheet of cloth. She wrapped herself in a big sheet of cloth

Rewrite & Precise Using a One word Substitution

16 He has no hair on his head He is baldhead

She is well-educated woman who is more


17 interested in ideas and studying than in She is Blue-Stocking
tradionally feminine things

18 She didn’t marry till her death She did a spinster

19 He died without having married He died a celibate

Rewrite the following sentence according t o said instruction

She decided the matter by herself. (Rewrite


20 the sentence beginning it with It was she who decided the matter by herself
pronoun “it”

All is well that ends well


( Rewrite replacing the given adjective
21 All is good the ends well
with adjective “good”

All is well that ends well


22 ( Rewrite replacing both “Wells” with All is good that has a good end.
adjective “good”

Allah knows everything


(Rewrite using ‘None’ as a subject in
23 None knows everything except Allah
the beginning and except as
preposition

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He was hit in the arm


24 Somebody hit him in the arm
(Change the Voice)

He has a coat on. (Rewrite using an


25 He puts on a coat.
appropriate phrase)

How is the newly-married couple behaving


with each other?
26 How is newly-married couple pulling on?
(Rewrite using an appropriate verbal
phrase)

Not all men are equal


27 All men are not equal
(Change the total negative sentence)

He is man of letters
28 (Rewrite replacing the underline given He is scholar
with a word)
PRECISE IT

29 I Took a sigh of relief I felt relieved


30 It has never been to me before It never occurred/ happened to me
This is the best War movie I have ever watched.
This is absolutely fantastic movie I have ever
31 OR
watched
The best war movie I have watched is this
To me, he is the best man
32 He is the best man I have ever met
I take him as the best man

Things have been stranged to me (Rewrite


33 I take things strange
using appropriate personal pronoun)

She works with care


34 She is careful worker
(Rewrite using appropriate adjective)

We have lived there


35 (Rewrite using appropriate To Be We have been residence there
verb)
Things always go well there
36 (Rewrite using Singular verb & Everything is ok t there
Adjective Ok/ Okay )

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All is over by now


37 All is finished now or All is done now
(Rewrite using Action word)
We have done our job
38 (Rewrite using appropriate To Be Our job is over
verb)
No other matter is as important as this (Positive
This is the most important of all other Degree)
39 matters This is more important than any other matter.
(Rewrite changing the degrees) (Comparative Degree)

She married thrice.


40 (Rewrite using “ Husband” as the She has had three husbands.
object and “had” as a main verb
This is the best book on English composition No other book on English composition is as
(Change to positive and comparative good as this.
41
degrees without changing the given This is a better book on English
sense) Composition than any other book
She has no other choice except this one
42 (Rewrite using adjective “ Only” and She has only this choice
precise the sentence)
I have all the best wishes for you (Precise it
43 Wish you all the best!
changing to optative sentence)
Spring follows winter. (Rewrite changing places Winter comes before spring or Winter precedes
44 of seasons
spring
Not all men there are dishonest (Rewrite All men are not dishonest there. OR
45
giving the sentence an affirmative sense) All men there are honest.
She frowns when she gets annoyed (
46 Rewrite replacing the underlined words with She smiles when she gets pleased
their respective antonyms)
That is all. (Rewrite the sentence replacing
47 the underlined words, Keeping the sense It is over.
intact.)
The door was open. (Rewrite the sentence using
48 The door stood open.
action verb, Keeping the sense intact.

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USE OF EVER

Ever =Always
I am ever ready
You look ever green
Ever = Sometimes
Have you ever been to Makkah/there?
Ever =From the past to this time
This is the best book on English Composition, I have ever read

Wrong Word Right word


Word = Antonyms
Ever = Never Alongwith Along with
Or = Nor Can not cannot
Either = Neither
I have never met him
Never ever Different Meaning of following word
Wrong: Have you never been there
Expectation
Right: Have you ever been there
Expectant

Until Unless Exptorant

Don’t leave until I am back


Don’t Do it unless you are asked it.
He would not do anything until and unless he was asked (to do).

Sometimes Natal ( ) = Native ( )


Some time Pre-Natal ( )
Half an hour
Post Natal ( )
An hour and a half
One and half hours
Subject
1/3+1/3= Two Thirds ( “s” is compulsory)
¼+1/4+1/4= Three Fourths Masses

Lately (Adv.) Citizen


Fortunately
In Poetry use of Regular
Morn=Morning
Punctual
Eve=Evening
EVE=

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17-09-2015

Notes on English Grammar, Structure & Vocabulary

1. Verb “Handle” can be used without a preposition


Wrong: Handle at with care
Right: He handles every situation carefully.

2. There is a big different b/w “Think” and “Thing”


“Think” is a verb and “Thing” is a noun
Think about it
He has some thing in his hand

3. Proper phrase to be relieved of something is to get rid of

Moan means to cry or feel pity


Mourn means Lament

Verb “Believe” may be used with preposition or without preposition, depending on / Upon the
sense.
Examples: I believe you.
I believe what you say.
Atheist does not believe in the existence of God .
We should believe in truth.
Theist= one who believe in the existence of God.
Theology
Metaphor
“As” is used for comparison. Its synonyms is “like”
Example: It is as hot as charcoal.
This medicine is as sweat as honey
He fought like a lion.
Metaphor
(When we give something or somebody, name of some other things or body or having the same
qualities of merits, such sentences are called metaphors)
Example: He is a lion among us
He is Hyder Ali among us
You cannot Jump over a tree, However you can jump over a plant

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Use Double Preposition when grammatically correct.


Wrong: We should get rid of from pollution.
Right: We should get rid of Pollution

Other Correct Example


1. They selected him captain from among themselves. (Double preposition)
2. A cat jumped upon a table.
3. A big responsibility lies on /upon your shoulder.
4. Once upon a time there lived a wicked king.

 “TO” can be used before verb “Let” but not after verb let. After verb “let” pronoun is used in
objective case
Example: The children requested their parents to let them go out in the rain
Let us go there.
Let me out
 There are scores of words that are written as one word.
For example: Class Master, Head Master, Post master, Class room etc.
 Hale and healthy is a phrase that means healthy and quit fit. When you mean happy, don’t use
hale you may write merry, jolly, jubilant, gay.

 Avail is a verb and available is Adjective. Verb avail is followed by preposition “of” and some
object.
Example: I availed of a long leave.
She availed of a scholarship.
Note: “Avail” always carry “of” with it.

 “There” is an adverb of place and “Their” is a pronoun, possessive case of pronoun “they”.

Example: They live there. (Adverb of place)


That is their home (Pronoun)

 Want, Need, Require gives almost the same meaning. Use only one of them in a sentence
giving one sense or meaning

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 Who is a relative pronoun used for humans, animal and other living beings? It is used for living
beings already mentioned in the sentence.
Example: There stands the man who taught me the basics of English.
Note: Never substitute one for who or who for one.
However, who may be used after one as a relative pronoun of one
Example: One who tells lies are not respected anywhere.
This prize will go to the one who works hard.
 Excellence is a noun and Excellent is an adjective
 Far is an adverb and For is a preposition and adverb.
 Most verbs do not take prepositions in certain senses.
Example: May Allah bless you (No Preposition)
God bless you (No Preposition)
Note: Many verbs are followed by preposition when they have objects with them such sentences are
called sentence with transitive verb.
Example: We eat to live (Intransitive Verb)
We eat food (Transitive Verb)
Verb having object is called Transitive verb. Transit means to go over.
 Singular subject takes singular verb and plural subject takes plural verb.
Example: he has a book in his hand.
They have their book
 Verb “Bless” may be followed by a preposition.
Example: May Allah bless you with a son.
Allah blesses him with real peace of mind.
 Proper words used as proper places make sense. Time works such as today, yesterday, tomorrow
may be used in the end of sentence
Example: I shall leave for Karachi tomorrow.
I met him yesterday
She arrived today
 For Movement about something or placed preposition “over” is used.
Example: A bird flew over a tree.
A plane flew over a mountain.
A thief jumped over a wall
 “Later” is used as an adjective and as adverb.
Example: Later the condition, changed
He came later. (Adverb of mannar)

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 “After” is used as a preposition and as an adverb. “After” can be used a connective or conjunction
Example: We take some sweets after meal.
These things took place after the USSR pulled out of Afghanistan

We migrate from one place to other, not vice versa


The Holy Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) migrated Makkah to Madina
The Holy Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) migrated to Madina

 Use of “Namely” & “Named”


Example: The newly-born baby was named Ahmed.
He has a several rear book namely Bible, The Holy Quran.

18-09-2015

Name of things that have no physical form but are only concepts, feelings, habits etc don’t take the
definite article. The definite article “The” is used before them when they are specified
Example: The piety of your father is commendable.

Few = Show negative A few =Positive the few


Example: We have few good books on English composition
She has A few good books
The few good books lying there are from the library

Little = Show negative A Little= Positive the little


Example: There is little tea left in the cattle.
There is a little tea in the cattle; you may have it.
The little tea left in the cattle is not drinkable
Hygienic Water Potable Not potable
The little left tea in the cattle has got cold
Notice= Some sudden use (Noticeable)
Example: Nobody noticed that the old man had fallen

Note= Doing something after thinking (Notable)


Example: We noted everything that the teacher said.

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One= Noun. One, Two,


One book –Adjective
One should do him /her work
Meaning of following word
One
Goose= ( ) Example: A wild goose chase.
Gesture Nod Shake
Embed To one’s best
Etymology = study of word
Long for

Contentment is a state of mind in which one feels satisfied and very well
Penetrate Joyous= ( ) used for feelings
Joyful=( )= Used for man Pops in our Heart=
Healthy thinking In earnest
Your tie goes with your suit

Integral

Human (Adjective)
Human beings (Nouns)
Humans (Noun)

Resignation means to be satisfied and happy with whom do you got


Resignation means to give one’s job.

He resigned his job yesterday


I resigned to my lot

Harsh= Used for tone of voice


Bitter = Used for behavior
Bad= Used for Character

Present= Special Occasion:


Gift= anything in common days or life
Who Whom (Objective) Whose (Possessive)

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Approach

1. Ease 2) Comfort 30) Luxury

Affected (verb): This medicine has a soothing affect?

Effected (Noun) Bad Company effected him character badly.

Profit affected from business is substantial

Olympic game of 1975 has held in Toronto.

He behaved in an affected manner.

This medicine is effective

I was impressed by her affected manner

However healthy you may be, you cannot avert death (No comma after however.)

Trees afford pleasant shad

I can’t afford a new car

Our cow yield 5 kg milk a time

Our cow is out of milk

A young one of cow sucks milk (Suck = )

Feed= manually providing milk etc

Phrase #01:
1. To be hard on somebody = to be problematic or difficult
2. An action to eliminate = something bad
3. On one’s guard= Very carefully, Vigilant
4. On the alert = Very carefully

He got promotion/ He got rich

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The team has carried out a plan.


The team has its own way to work.
The inquiry teams were divided in their opinion
The Pakistani cricket team leaves for Australia.
The Pakistani cricket teams are trying to hard breakthrough.

JURY =OPINION
Jury gives its verdict today.
Jury were divided in their verdict (plural)

He is the manager and accountant of the firm


My son and I are the managers and proprietor of the firm/ company.

You look well. / You look healthy.


You speak foreign language well.

Use of “Known” (Eleven usage of known with prepositions)

1. Known by some name or title


2. Known to somebody
3. Known at a small village
4. Known in a big city or country
5. Known for something
6. Known for some merit or quality
7. Known as a position
8. Know over a country or continent
9. Known across country/ Pakistan
10. Known through Publication, magazine
11. Known throughout the country ( from one corner to other)

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