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THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE
22. Vocabulary
23. Grammar
24. Structure
25. Syntax
26. Style
27. Metaphors
28. Similes
29. Terminologies
31. Poetry
32. Prose
37. Interviews
Error Detection
1. Two and two makes Four Two and two make four
2. Ten into Ten makes Twenty Ten into Ten make Twenty
5. His hairs are grown thick and long His hair is grown thick and long
8. Does Sun rise from the east Does Sun rise in the east
9. Moon borrows light from sun The Moon borrows light from the sun.
Note: In the above sentence after verb Reflexive Pronoun or Object must be used otherwise the
sentence will become wrong
I availed myself of a long leave.
12 I availed a long leave
I availed of a long leave.
13 Despite of hard work he failed the test. Despite hard work he failed the test.
Note: Despite= In spite of, so word despite is used without of preposition in sentence.
I have to give a test tomorrow; therefore, I I have to take a test tomorrow; therefore, I am
14
am working hard. working hard.
Note: In above sentence always take verb is used for us / when student give examination and give verb is
used for teacher who conduct test.
15 She found the purse that she lost last week She found the purse that she had lost last week
16 They found the child that they lost last They found the child that they had lost last month
month.
Note: in above sentence the first part of sentence is simple past and second part of sentence must be in
past perfect tense.
04 Allah sent his words through Gabriel. Allah sent his word through Gabriel.
Either parents of every student can attend Either parent of every student can attend the
07
the meeting. meeting.
08 Either partners can pay the rent. Either partner can pay the rent.
Christian believe that the books are their The Christian believe that the Books are their
09
only divine book only divine book
10 Her hairs have grown thick and long. Her hair has grown thick and long.
13 All that glitter are not gold. All that glitters is not gold.
All + Noun= Verb Plural, All + No Noun =Verb Singular, All +Singular Noun= Verb Singular
For example.
All the boys are well prepared.
All I have is before you.
All I know is known to you.
All food is not edible / eatable. Edible means (Adj.)fit or suitable to be eaten , not poisonous
All money is gone.
15 We have fishes and chickens for dinner. We have fish and chicken for dinner.
16 We had ducks for lunch today. We had duck for lunch today.
Note : Regional waters, Territorial waters, Deep Waters, International waters “s” is used with water
20 Some thieves were caught unaware Some thieves were caught unawares
22 He deals in old and new note. He deals in old and new notes.
23 We had intermittent heavy rain last year. We had intermittent heavy rains last year.
27 There is a teacup; you can have it. There is acup of tea; you can have it.
28 Some birds are sitting on a tree. Some birds are sitting in a tree.
32 I have told you it times and again. I have told you it time and again.
33 Many a man are dying every day. Many a man dies every day.
“Many A”
Many A= Noun Singular + Verb Singular= Many = Noun Plural + Verb Plural= Give
Syntax
Give Meaning of Plural Meaning of Plural
34 Many a girl has own option. Many girls have their options.
35 Many a man dies every day. Many men die every day.
36 Many a baby is born every day. Many babies are born every day.
1 The sun is rising for centuries. The sun has been rising for centuries
2 I know him for many years. I have known him for many years.
4 He has been worked for many days. He has worked for many days.
6 I have known him since 10 years I have known him for 10 years.
10 The Sun has shined all the days. The Sun has shone all the days.
11 Do not land from a running bus. Do not alight from a running bus.
The visitors have done a visit to the city of The visitors have made a visit to the city of
12
museum. museum.
A richer widow who has some priceless A richer widow has some priceless antiques on
16
antiques on sales. sales.
19 She is best in her description of characters. She is at best in her description of characters
23 He has torn her letter to piece yesterday He tore her letter to pieces yesterday
26 We are living there for several years. We have been living there
29 Can you tell me what is the time? Can you tell me the time
30 Can you tell me how do you manage it. Can you tell me how you manage it?
32 She has a cigarette in her mouth She has a cigarette between her lips.
33 He has a lighted cigarette in his hand He has a lighted cigarette between his fingers
34 Few wild animals are eating raw fruits Some wild animals eat unripe fruits.
36 We are knowing them since some time. We have known them for some time.
37 She always uses a nice perfume . She always wears a nice perfume.
38 Don’t affix your signature with pencil. Don’t affix your signature in pencil.
43 She was covered in a big sheet of cloth. She wrapped herself in a big sheet of cloth.
Wrong: I am your'ssincerely.
USE OF ARTICLES
The article a is used before a word beginning with a consonant, or a vowel with consonant sound:
Article an is used before words beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u), or words beginning with a mute h.
“The” is called Definite Article because it is normally point out some particular person, things.
Person usually usedwrong Use of Comma ( , ) and Use of Definite Article “The” in the sentence
1. Man is mortal.
2. Man is Pugnacious/ quarrelsome.
3. Man is born to die.
USE OF ARTICLES
30. The day the dam broke was a bad day for us.
52. The English Language is spoken, written and read all over the word.
53. The Christians follow the teachings given in the New Testament.
55. The Sikhs believe in and follow the teachings given in their religious book called the Grunth.
59. The West has made a royal progress in science & technology.
PREPOSITION
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation with the rest of the sentence.
KINDS OF PREPOSITION
1. Simple Preposition
2. Compound Preposition
3. Phrasal Preposition
SIMPLE PREPOSITION
In, on, at, to, along, for, beside, by, with , of , from, over, against, off, since, through , till, up, out, etc
COMPOUND PREPOSITION
Along with, into, onto, upon, up to, towards, alongside, across, above, before, after, among, inside, within
etc
PHRASAL PREPOSITION
At night, At dawn, at dusk, at all , at ran down, at home, at rest, by way of , In front of, in spite of, on
Example
Listen to +Object
USE OF PREPOSTION
1. Kings in olden times ruled with authority.
2. Allah is with us.
3. She works with care
4. They hands are to work with
5. The eyes are to see with
6. With what do we hear?
7. With what did you write?
8. With whom did you go there?
9. He said all with confidence lies on your shoulder
10. You can only rely on me
11. Was anything found on him? Yes some dollars , a precious stone and rosary was found on him
12. I have known him for some years.
13. She is known to me
14. He died of malaria
15. He is known for his great scholarship
16. The dog fell from the roof
17. He broke the Jug into a hundred pieces
18. I Killed himself with a dagger
PHRASAL PREPOSITION
1. I cannot write an essay at random
2. I could not sleep at all.
3. The ball is at rest.
4. I will be at home in the evening.
5. My children are at home now.
6. I shall buy it at any cost.
7. She won’t forget it at all.
8. She laughed at a clown.
9. Some thieves broke into my shop at night
10. These items can be had at low price.
11. Your English composition is at low level.
12. Please awake me up at 5:00 am.
13. Both parties were at logger heads.
14. I am at loss
15. His things lay in his room at sixes and seven
16. She looked annoyed at what I said to her
Besides = in addition to
3. Besides playing cricket, he went shopping
4. Besides working as a doctor, he also writes novels in his spare time.
USE OF PREPOSTION
SIMPLE PREPOSTION
7. Of He died of malaria
COMPOUND PREPOSTION
2. Onto
The cat is jumped onto the roof of the car.
3. Upon
A cat jumped upon a table.
14. Among The Prize was distributed among all the students.
27. Through out The museum is open daily throughout the year.
SELECTED PREPOSITION
VERB
To Be Verbs
Modal Verbs
Action Verbs
Verbs of Perception
Verbs of Have
Verbs of State
Be (is, am, are, was, were, being, been)
Present Past Past Participle Present Participle
Examples of To be verbs
MODEL VERBS
May, Can, Will, Shall, Might, Could, Would, Should, Ought to, Must are modal verbs
BEEN
“Been” as past participle of “be” is used with perfect tenses such as Present Perfect Tense, Present
Perfect Continuous tense, Past Perfect Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense, Future Perfect
Tense, Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
Perfection ( ), Being ( ),
Existence ( ), Happened ( ).
USE OF BEEN
VERB
Verbs that changed to 2nd form by changing their interval vowel are called strong verbs / Irregular verb
Verbs that changed to 2nd form by changing in last “t”,’d’, “ed” are called Weak verbs / Regular verb
There are many irregular verbs that don’t follow the normal rules. Here are the forms of some of the most
common irregular verbs:
Strong Verb / Irregular Verb
3rdperson
singular Past Present
S.No. Verb Past Tense
Participle Participle
Present tense
The Present, Past, Past Participle of following verbs is same. As given bellow.
3rdperson
singular Past Present
S.No. Verb Past Tense
Participle Participle
Present tense
REGULAR VERB
Writing Skills
Writing is the fourth and most important of all other skills. It is a science and an art. It is a
science in the sense that it involves much knowledge: it is an art in the sense that it is a skill,
and a knack that enables you to create something meaningful and productive. Writing is a
demanding job for it involves a lot of prewriting preparation, matter to treat in it,
Writing skill is mainly based on extensive reading. The more one reads the more one comes to
know about writing styles, writing skills and matters treated by various authors. Knowledge
about sentence structure, considerable vocabulary, use of right word at the right place,
knowledge about grammar rules, use of punctuation marks and proper treatment of matter are
important requisites for meaningful composition. For creating a good paragraph, passage or a
long essay. One should be good at writing skill. In addition, the following important tips should
be borne in mind and applied while creating something informative, fruitful and worthy of
reading.
2. Composition should include reasonable ideas acceptable matter and logical expression.
4. Sentences should be coherent, clear, concise, consistent and self-explanatory. They should
be connected together and lead to development and completion of the subject treated in
composition.
7. Brevity, where necessary should be maintained. However, brevity should not be sought at the
8. Only most important ideas should be explained in priority and proper order.
9. Some ideas need analysis and some need critical explanation. Explanatory essays call for
detailed account encompassing comments for and against the subject under discussion.
10. When you are asked to write on a given topic, express as many ideas relevant to the subject
as possible.
12. You may either begin your composition treating less serous ideas and developing them to
more serious ones. or you may start with more serious ideas and finish with moderate ideas.
In either case your vocabulary, sentence structures, logical treatment of ideas and style of
13. Keep track of your ideas one by one and treat every idea bearing in mind its importance.
14. Don't exaggerate any idea nor underestimate any one because such approach shall
15. Don't negate yourself nor criticize a thing beyond a suitable limit.
16. Don't mention the idea that you think is not relevant to your topic or subject.
18. Make an outline of your essay or passage, and make a paragraph of every point of your
outline.
19. Write a topical sentence of each paragraph you write and write all other sentences
regarding the topical sentence. Every paragraph should add to relevant matter of your
composition.
20. Adhere to sequence of your thoughts and coherence of the composition up to the end
21. Write an effective introduction to your write-up and a complete, good conclusion in lucid
23. Use most suitable phrases and idioms where necessary, but sparingly.
25. Revise your essay or composition for necessary corrections, minor additions and deletions,
26. Don't plagiarize. If you borrow ideas of some writers, acknowledge them fully. In case you
quote exact words of someone, enclose them in double inverted commas and write full
reference of source. Avoid writing such phrases as according to me, in my opinion, I believe
Supplementary tips
1. Writing is not an easy task, nor is it everybody's business. It needs a lot of practice. One has
to start from scratch and continue writing until one gets mastery in art of composition. It
2. For meaningful and worthy-of-reading composition, one should develop proper bent of
3. Don't entertain the notion that you know everything about the subject, nor ever claim that
yours have written the best of composition ever written. Bear in mind that you attempt is
merely one of the creations on a given subject. There may be certain better attempts than
yours and even best ones of all you can ever imagine or create.
4. With practice; patience and painstaking attention to standard writing skills, you can
improve quality of your composition to an acceptable and enviable level. You can come up
with pieces of composition far above your expectations in quality in a moderate span of
time. Your composition can improve to such a satisfactory and considerable level that you
would feel rewarded for and proud of the quality of your composition. Your initial
attempts at composition and creation would pale in comparison with the latest ones, and it is
2. Making an outline
12. Write a striking topical sentence in the beginning of each paragraph All the other sentences of
14. Write about every point of outline only as much as is proper and required
16. Revise your essay and make necessary corrections and minor additions, alterations and
deletions.
17. Check that you have borne in mind the rules of use of the punctuation marks.
19. See that you have used modifiers correctly, and that your essay does not include any dangling
i. Exaggeration
ii. Bombast Language Redundancy
iii. Circumlocution
iv. Self-negation
v. Plagiarism
vi. Over-statement or high-flown ideas without explanation
vii.Unnecessary ideas, explanation or criticism
viii. Verbosity or overuse of words (verbose)
ix. Artificiality or irrelevant ideas
1. To advance a point
TO ADVANCE A POINT
1. Topic
2. Writer’s opinion about the topic
For example
Topic + Writer’s opinion about the = Topics sentence
topic
Internet Solves communication problems Internet Solves communication problems
1. Relevant
2. Adequate
3. Specific
OFFICIAL LETTERS
Official letters are written to dispose of certain official matters. They carry certain official information,
news, data, and facts and figures. Some letters are written by higher authorities to their subordinates it is
called downward communication. Most letters are written by subordinate to their higher authorities
such letters are called upward communication. In official letters status of writers should be born in
mind also care should be taken about the language used by sub-ordinates. Official manners, official code
and official language should be applied throughout the letters. The contents of the letter should be
Every sentences used in the letters should be direct and clear. The body of the letter should contain detail
which writes want to be done or fulfilled. Most letters from the subordinates carry some information or
some request or some complains however, the body of the letters carries important information for the
The ending paragraph contains some prayers, some latest information or some good well or acceptation
from the higher authorities all the employees working in the organization. Every letter has particular mood
and contents that go with the subject of the letter. Courtesy, Politeness an official decorum are important
BOOK READING
Book reading is a good habit. It consumes reader's time fruitfully and helps him/her gain knowledge.
Book reading doesn't cost much. You simply settle yourself down with a book and come to know new
things previously unknown to you. Reading opens ways of learning things in a modest span of time. The
more you read the more you come to know about the world, human beings and yourself. Reading helps you
discover new horizons and acquaint with new persons and things. Reading is a solitary activity in which
you learn silently and privately. It doesn't tax your mind nor does it ever bore you. It rather entertains
you, teaches you something in a sitting and moralizes you.
Books are our silent friends, true advisors, sincere companions and great entertainers. Some books are
highly sublime in their contents; some are light in contents and some are simple in contents. Object of
study of all books is to derive precious knowledge that awaits a thorough reader in his / her study hours.
Good books never betray you nor do they ever mislead you. They pave your way to treasures of
knowledge hitherto unknown to you. There are libraries where books are readily available. What we need
to read and how we can make best of our time depend on our tendency to reading and selection of books
of our taste and liking. Books are there and what we need to do is sit and study them body and soul in a
peaceful atmosphere.
Books are a store of knowledge that cannot be stolen, nor does it ever get tarnished or become old with the
passage of time. It increases and refreshes us as the days pass by. We meet great persons in books we read;
come to know about their achievements, character, wonderful deeds and trials, tribulations and
challenges they went through and faced bravely. To make best of our study hours, selection of good
books, place of study, aptitude and temper for reading and concentration are important pre-requisites.
Mere skipping, superficial, skimming and browsing won't bring any good to general serious reader.
He / She has to commit himself / herself devotedly to study in order to understand the very essence,
texture and message of the author's object of communication and way of its delivery.
Some books are so rare that they cannot be readily available; we have to hunt for them. They are replete
with precious knowledge and value far more than that of money. They need not be simply chewed or
tasted; they are worth-digesting, and their essence should be preserved. Such books are a fountainhead
of profound knowledge and mines of precious stones worth invaluable assets. Some books are well-
written in beautiful languages and found in attractive bindings, but they are not worthy of reading,
especially by youths who are tender-minds. Therefore, books containing unreadable matter, pictures
reflecting nudity and pornography ought not to be studied at all. Such books are a shabby blot on the
good name and world of books. They tell on their lives, character and persons.
Good books are evergreen. They never lose their serious pristine quality and superb, sincere teachings.
They always have the same positive effect. No matter what time you read them, how long you read them and
how often you read them, you always find them full of information, instructions and entertainment. Every
time you find them refreshing, re-creative, and supplementing your extant knowledge. They would
never bore you, nor would they ever create any monotony in your mind. They would sharpen your
reading habit and add to your store of knowledge.
The Holy Quran, books on interpretation of its verses, books on Traditions and their explanations are
some of the best examples that never lose their charm, freshness, sublimity, grandeur and glory. So
great books are always instructive, informative and productive for a thoughtful and thorough reader.
Horizons Solitary
Moralize Sublime
derive Hitherto
Tarnished Deeds
Skimming Superficial
Texture Profound
Shabby Tell on
Superb, Pristine
Supplementing Extant
Monotony Sublimity
Grandeur Glory
Glory Traditions
READING VOCABULARY
Habit= in this word only one “b” is used in word. Rabbit = In this word “b” letter used twice.
Example:
Lonely = Adj. Sad because one Alone= Adj. & Adv. without any
feeling bored.
The books that lay on the table are from the library The books which you are looking for have already
examine methodically
Lust (V) have strong sexual desire for some one Greedy= (Adj). wanting more money, power, food
Greedily ( Adverb) in a way that shows that you Alienate = make stranger / unknown
need
A friend in need is a friend indeed. Avoid = from preposition is not used in word
Avoid
Few & far between= not frequent, not happening Your visits are few and far between.
often
Love me, Love my dog= if you love someone, you I am pressed for time
must accept everything about them, even their I am habitual of hard work.
faults.
takes apostrophe.
Example: Owning to the driver’s negligence, a bad Example: A bad accident took place, due to the
When in doubt = Because of. Example: A bad accident took place, because of
driver’s negligence
Wrong: My pair of shoes is better than you. Right: My pair of shoes is better than yours.
My books are more valuable & Knowledgeable than Conserve = we should conserve utilities
that of yours.
Preserve = we should preserve our museums, Smoking will tell on your health.
historical place and rare books. Bad company will tell on your personality.
Gulp (V) = Swallow (Drink or food) quickly or in He was gulping his breakfast.
Human relations are fragile. They are vulnerable to power, money and undue influence. They
are so uncertain that they break up in no time. They are subject to changing conditions and
volatile. Money plays a pivotal role in gathering and alienating one's close relations, friends,
acquaintances and well-wishers. It acts as a magnet and uniting force and a
discriminating, alienating and estranging factor. Money does not remain in possession of a
particular group of people or community. It changes hands, and by changing hands it changes
human values, moral values, intentions and actions.
Money is a powerful and effective means to certain good ends and noble objects. It helps solve
many problems. But not all is well with money and its possessors and seekers. The more one
seeks for money, the more one becomes greedy for it. The more one has money, the more one
wants it.
You can see in various ways to know how money works to alienate friends, relations and
acquaintances. Lend money in good faith to a friend of yours in an hour of need, you will soon find
him avoiding meeting you. Since he doesn't intend to pay you back, he won't pay you a visit soon.
Most probably, his visits would minimize to few and far between. Similarly, help a relative of
yours with money as a loan to meet his pressing need, you will find him estranged from you.
Ask some known active businessmen and give them a sum of amount to make you a business
partner in earnest, they will soon devour your money and declare themselves bankrupt on one
pretext or the other. You might go to a law court for redressal, but litigation would take a long
time and involve much lawsuit expense. Most probably your relations with your partners shall get
worse and strained.
The elders bequeath property for their children and other members of their families. Bequests
mainly comprise money, gold andjewellery. The inheritors get gold, money etc in inheritance.
Often disputes take place over properties and mainly money left behind by testators becomes a
bone of contention. Close relatives fight over wealth and break their old and developed
relations with one another.
Money breaks relations among real brothers, between son and father, wife and husband. A rich
man criticizes his poor brother and his children and doesn't like them because of their poverty.
Money intoxicates his mind so much that he forgets all blood relations and breaks them.
Children of a rich man don't like their poor cousins because the former think that the latter don't
have table manners and etiquettes. It is mainly money that breaks blood relations
straightaway.
There are tens of thousands of young amorous boys and girls. Most of them love one another
passionately. Most fall in love in their teens. They want to marry the persons of their choice and
kind, but they can't marry, because money comes in their way and breaks their developed
relations. They take solemn oaths to live together and remain constant to one another throughout
their lives. But money breaks their developed relations and they are separated never to meet again.
And even if they happen to meet in their lives somewhere, they connive at one another and give
an impression as if they were strangers.
To recapitulate, money knows no names, faces and figures: It remains in our custody for some
time to serve our needs. It keeps on changing hands, places and pockets. It is constant to none.
Money lenders lend it in good faith; borrowers borrow it either to pay back or devour it. Honest
men earn it or get it by fair means. Dishonest men extort it, grab it and steal it by all means to
accumulate it. Money tests our sincere friends and tempts selfish ones. For mammon-worshipper,
money is an object of adoration; for selfish people it is an allure and bait. It reconciles hearts
of content and grateful people, and tempts greedy persons. It is a best measure of sincerity and
contentment, lust and greed. It joins people for some time but alienates them for a long time. It
sometimes welds relations but often breaks developed relations, never to normalize again.
WORDS WORD
Fragile Means to
Vulnerable Ends
break up Possessor
subject to Greedy
Conditions Acquaintances.
Pivotal Intend
Alienating Probably
Magnet Litigation
Uniting Redressal,
Estranging Strained
Possession Devour
Intention Bankrupt
Bequeath Bequests
Testators Straightaway
Contentment Normalize
Adoration Extort
Amorous Intoxicates
OUR CHILDREN
Reading Comprehension
Our children are valuable asset. They are a part and parcel of our respective families. Their mothers
are their real noble benefactors and their fathers are their exemplary providers. Our children are
precious , innocent creatures of Allah. They are matchless blessing of Allah. They are born of us and
are known by our parenthood. Their importance, filial love, innocence and purity are exemplary. Our
children are as cute and lovely as stars in a galaxy and as delicate and beautiful as rose petals. One may
be proud of one’s children because they are one’s close relations.
Mothers cuddle their children and fathers are affectionate to them. Although children grow naughty as
they grow old, yet their parents bear with their mischief and take them as apple of their eyes. Parents
become enamoured of their children’s childlike and innocent manners and habits and feel proud of
being their parents. We like and love them in their good health and become out of sorts when they fall ill
or suffer from some hardships or pain. They are so close and dear to us that we cannot leave them
unlooked after or uncared for. Brothers and sisters love one another and share their feelings and ideas with
one themselves and fight tooth and nail with one another. When some misfortune befalls them. We
become sad and worried. But when they play, frolic, laugh and run out of joy and hug one another, we feel
overjoyed, pleased and content.
Children need much care and perfect nutrition when they are in a state of infancy. Breast feeding is the
best nutrition in their tender age. They need good grooming, balanced food, better education and due
care in their juvenile age. It is the right age of their physical and mental growth. Proper guidance, right
morals, ethical teachings and good moral character are their dire need. The more they behave themselves
and learn good things, the better they develop their personality and career, especially academic career.
Children who are well-bred, well-behaved and well-groomed look sober, gentle, civilized and great.
They don’t do anything that doesn’t become them and that can cause them discredit or ignominy. They
mind their own business and take care of their respect, honour and position.
Grown up children are vulnerable to bad habits, temptations and ambitions. It is important that they
keep from allurements, wickedness and waywardness. Children develop their skills, personal traits
and qualities. When our children attain puberty, they come to know about hard realities of life. Truth about
life dawns on them that enable them to see life in its true colours. Adolescence is an age of career building.
As against that; most of these juveniles engage themselves in day-dreaming, romance and egoism.
Love is the prime source of these parental, fraternal and filial relationships. Parental love for their
children is selfless and permanent. Filial love for parents is true and great. Fraternal love for brothers and
sisters is inherent, exemplary and lasting. A small number of our children respect and obey their parents,
love their brothers and sister and hold their elders high.
Sadly enough, majority of our children are headstrong, disrespectful, ill-mannered, ill-tempered and
impudent. They are devoid of human values, moral values and good manners. They spend money
lavishly, cast slur upon their parents and defy them, cause them ignominy and defamation, commit
heinous crimes and incur unnecessary expenses. Such wayward and perverted children are curse and
torture for their loving parents who brought up their children tenderly and affectionately.
Parents in their old age need help and support of their male children when the latter become earning hands
and strong enough to serve their old, feeble and retired parents body and soul.
Our children can become our good friends, companions and well-wishers if we groom them well,
provide for their good education, teach them good morals and religious teachings. Instead of making them
highly educated members of society without human and moral values and religious knowledge, we should
mould them to be a good humans, dutiful members of the society and helpful members of a family gifted
with integrity, fellow-feeling, sincerity and truthfulness.
Our children become a nuisance when they hurt tender feelings of their aged parents, especially when
the latter look to the former for care, nursing and sustenance. At times, most of our children turn
unruly and ungrateful to their parents. Such ungrateful demeanor becomes heart-rending and badly
hurting for poor parents. Such a sorry state of affairs is highly critical and concerning. We should,
therefore, groom, teach, bring up and tame our children very well so that they can be good citizens, nice
members of society and loving members of respective families.
Allow for brainstorming= leave something for serious thinking about the topic
Run on sentence (Phrase) = Writing incomplete sentence one after another without completing sense
and meaning.
Reflect on Striking
Circumlocution = To Say something in other words Plagiarize = To pass somebody else idea
Provider Provider
Priced Matchless
Petals Sparingly
Content Constellation
Affectionate Hurt
Naughty Pleased
Mischief Content
Mischievous Nutrition
Urchin Infancy
Connive Moral
Take Ethical
Childlike Bred
Childish Sober
Befall Ignominy
Misfortune Grownup
Frolic Ambition
Attain Strict
Adolescence,
Puberty Body & Soul
Majority,
Inherent Nuisance
Devoid Grooming
Ignominy At times
Defamation
Incur
Heinous crime
Perverted
Wayward
and a few of us feel and experience it. It is noticeable from one’s happy gestures such as a
pleasant smile, a nod of approval and an agreeable look. Happiness is a sweet and simple word
that has a great sense embedded in it. For most of us, true happiness is a wild goose chase for we
seek for it randomly and aimlessly. Happiness does not come in charity, nor does it visit us by
choice or chance. One has to hunt for it and enjoy it to one’s best. True happiness is a blessing that
everybody longs for, and anyone of us can experience this happy moment of peace and
contentment.
One would ask where this true happiness comes from. True happiness, like an idea, does not dawn
on us, nor do we dream of it. It is a sweet feeling and joyous state of mind that penetrates our
mind and pops in our hearts through healthy thinking, hard work in the right direction,
contentment and resignation. True happiness and peace of mind go together. They are integral to
peaceful life and highly useful for humans. We should desire for them, have them, and preserve
True happiness is a gift that we can enjoy only when we really desire for and deserve it. We all have
our own approaches and means for getting true happiness, Parameters or yardsticks for judging
or measuring true happiness are varied and they differ from person to person. For example, most of
us search for true happiness in wealth, prosperity and material gains. Some of us search for true
happiness in true, selfless love for someone. Some search for true happiness in luxurious life,
worldly comforts, ease and fun. Some look for true happiness among good, informative and rare
books. They believe that books are treasure of knowledge and afford a lot for them who have quest
for true happiness through valuable indestructible knowledge. Books being true, selfless and useful
friends, take us to the world of peaceful, calm, quiet and productive domain of scholarship
Stoics, reformers, monks, pacifists and religious-minded people are of the opinion that true
happiness is embedded in truth, honesty, righteousness, simplicity and integrity To Stoics, life is all
the same at all times. They find life changeable and fixed. Whether it rains or shines, they are not
affected at all. For them, true happiness lies in resignation, contentment and equanimity. True
happiness does not rotate around some circle, nor has it any hard and fast rules. However, noble souls
believe that source of true happiness lies in fellow-feeling, service of fellow-men, selflessness and
True happiness does not descend on us miraculously. It comes by chance, not be choice
One has to look for it in small things. True happiness may be possible in big matters. It is, however
traceable in small talks, pleasant smiles, petty matters and unnoticeable everyday happenings.
Speaking truth, fellow-feeling, resigning to one’s fate, patience, fortitude and perseverance
To recapitulate, true happiness visits us now and then. We welcome it and take it as a blessing
from above. Sometimes, true happiness is felt as a divine gift and last long. Sometimes it just crosses
our mind a leaves a surge of delight. Silence, equanimity, sobriety, honesty, hard work, may also
bring us true happiness that makes us feel fortunate, blessed and content.
(Note: Dear reader, I have composed the above passage from my own point of view. You can
entertain any ideas and create it from your own point of view. It’s an abstract topic and may be
Ironically, Today’s model student is quite opposite of model student of the long past. Our present model
student reflects all characteristics that are quite against that of a model student of yore. Modern model
student is a stigma attached to fair name of a real student. He does not want to read books or write
something from his own. He idles away his time in gossips, frivolities and foibles. Life to him is a beautiful
dream that seldom comes true. Respect for elders, obedience to parents and reverence for religious persons
are the qualities foreign to his nature.
Since he is an ill-bred, ill-taught, ill-disposed and ill-tempered, he seldom feels abased or ashamed of
misdeeds that he blatantly does. Cell phone, Facebook, Internet, Music and friends keep him wildly
engaged. He turns a dreamer and romantic by temperament, loves somebody and passes his time in useless
activities. In this way he wastes his precious time. He may not have a pen to write with but he does have a
cell phone in his hand. He may not have a book in his hand or by him, but he sure has photo album or tape
deck by him.
He drives recklessly on the roads and plays deck of his car loudly to mark his position and show off across
the town. While driving speedily, he applies brakes so hard that his car screeches to a halt. In this way he
strikes terror in the hearts of peaceful, staid passersby.
Being a dissolute son, he flirts innocent girls, molests them, exploits them and seduces them. If he is son of
a rich man, he drinks, gambles and commits adultery. Being a licentious boy, he does not offer obligatory
prayers nor does he observe obligatory fasts. He blasphemes blatantly.
When he marries, he proves as unchaste, dishonest, untrustworthy, inconstant and lecherous husband. He
is terror for good-natured, peace-loving students. He bullies them, and often extorts money from them. He
is an example of hate, violence, exploitation and vanity, wherever he may be. At College and university, he
joins a group a comrades or supporters of a political party. He picks quarrel with opponents of his groups or
supporters of other political parties. He keeps with him a loaded revolver or Kalashnikov, instead of a pen
and book. Such heinous criminal and passes some time behind the bars. Being a son of an influential person
or rich man, he either goes scot-free or serves a light sentence. Since he lives a fast life and drives fast, he
dies soon, and is buried unwept, unsung and unhonoured. His gravestone will have neither epitaph, nor will
have his grave any inscription on. He and his misdeeds sink to an oblivion and obscurity after some time.
The future is unknown to us mortals. We humans are quite ignorant of many things. We don't know
even what is going to happen the next moment in our life. Only the Creator, Who is Omniscient, knows
all and very well. Since the future is not yet come, we are content with what is now before us. There
might be something untoward for us in store, but since we are unaware of it, we don't apprehend its
hazard or mishap or its likelihood.
The future has much in it to disclose with the passage of time. The present passes fast and `imperceptibly.
Since it is come and we live it the way we want and like, it just flies and becomes an integral part of the
past in a moment. No one knows what is in store for him. The future, therefore, is tantalizing and
curious. The future being unseen and unknown, keeps us waiting and excited. It being unpredictable,
we stay hopeful and apprehensive besides at the same time
Each day of the future-tomorrow-becomes the present as time goes by, and it turns to the past as soon
as the following day's sun appears above the horizon. The future dispels many false notions and
discloses many mysteries, wonders, shocks and setbacks after it arrives.)
Each day, called today, that we live at our sweet will evaporates into the past and becomes a part of our
memory and we cherish its happy happenings. And the future that may have much for us to offer
can be a hidden pleasure, a happy augury for us or a calamity to undergo.
We humans are impatient. We want to know a lot in a shortest possible time and we are impatient and
curious to know all unforeseen things well before time. We don't know what is in store for us. Many
things are bad for us and some misfortunes await us. But we are ignorant of them. In this sense they
are a blessing for us, because we are unaware of their consequences.
Women and children are found in critical situations. They suffer from maltreatment, malnutrition and
inhuman behaviour at the hand of their spouses, in-laws, brothers and step parents. Women suffer
undeservedly at the hand of men for no serious faults of the former. Husbands want their respective
better halves to be always at their beck and call. Women remain busy in household chores. They
raise their children, cook food, do dishes and laundry, clean houses and mend holes in pieces of
clothing, and do other odd jobs around their houses. They remain so busy in household chores that
they hardly find leisure time. Those educated ones from society find no time for reading,
entertainment, self-development and proper rest. They are, in a sense, treated as chattels.
Orphan boys and girls are often victimized at the hand of step parents and cruel and eallaus, elders;
sometimes they are beaten severely for no faults of the former Elder brothers beat their younger
brothers and sisters. Orphans undergo hardships and receive beatings at the hand of cruel and
unfeeling members of family. Most of the male children of such class of society are forced to work in
shops, hotels and factories, where they are made to work hard against low wages to make their living
men. Some men to make their life stay home, they don't work to make their living nor do they
provide for their children. They sponge on their working spouses and strike tenor in the hearts of their
wives and children just to give them a false impression that they are the heads of their respective
families. Women, children and elderly dependants remain at the mercy of such cruel elders at
households controlled by the last.
Homicide has become a common act these days. Man kills man brutally. He exploits his fellow man
to feather his own nest. Theft, robbery, kidnapping for ransom have become common crimes these
days. Honour killing is one of the worst crimes that have taken a big death toll. Every day many souls
are destroyed at the altar of so-called honour. Killing girls of poor men are exploited and seduced.
Boys of poor families are abused and mistreated, and as a result, they end up as losers in the race of
life.
To recapitulate, men have badly suffered at the hand of man. Women are killed brutally and boys and
girls exposed to torture. They all have undergone untold miseries. Let loose on them by man. Man has
wreaked havoc on fair sex, innocent children and fellowmen. Manslaughter, exploitation, deprivation,
injustice, cruelty, gender discrimination, persecution and social inequality reign supreme and
invite reign of terror. What a pity! What man has made of man?
SYNONYMS
02 Carry Take
04 Feel Think
05 Think Ponder
07 Hell Inferno
08 Heaven Paradise
09 Value Worth
13 Fabricate Manipulate
14 Write Inscribe
15 Scribe Writer
17 Memory Remembrance
18 Loan Lending
19 Property Wealth
20 Find Locate
21 Water Aqua
22 Criminal Malefactor
23 Might Power
24 Power Strength
25 Estimate Recon/Calculate
27 Valuable Precious
31 Exemplary Prominent
33 Creatures Creations
36 Valuable Precious
41 Benefactors Well-wisher
44 Innocent Sinless
47 Blessing Gift
48 Known Familiar
49 Parenthood Parentage
52 Love Affection
53 Cute Beautiful
55 Delicate Tender
57 Relations Relative
59 Affectionate Loving
60 Naughty Mischievous
61 Childlike Good
62 Childish Bad
65 Pain Torture
66 Close Near
67 Share Impart
68 Violent Aggressive
71 Misfortune Ill-fate
74 Content Satisfied
77 Well-behaved Noble
78 Well-Groomed Well-taught
79 Nutrition Sustenance
80 Perfect Complete
82 Feeding Nursing
Equalized, Harmonious,
83 Balanced
Measured
85 Juvenile Young
87 Student Pupil
89 Past Yore
92 Stigma Blot
96 Read Study
97 Want Need
ANTONYM
02 Ground Upstairs
03 Bright Dark
04 Behave Misbehave
05 Like Dislike
08 Debit Credit
09 Fine Lose
10 Loose Tight
11 Favourite Disgusting
12 Beautiful Ugly
13 Crowded Empty
14 Empty Full
16 Mild Strong
18 Broken Whole
19 Come Go
22 Symphony Cacophony
23 Wet Dry
24 Slow Fast
25 Tardy Agile
26 Bewitch Disgust
27 Harsh Polite
28 Literate Illiterate
29 Rude Humble
31 Buy Sell
33 Come Go
34 Carry Miscarry
35 Incoming Outgoing
36 Sorrow Happiness
40 Full Empty
41 Fill Empty
42 Rest Unrest
44 Easy Difficult
45 Known Unknown
46 Familiar Unfamiliar
48 Rich Poor
52 Smile Frown
54 Own Disown
55 Fertile Barren
57 Logical Illogical
58 Represent Misrepresent
59 Infer Imply
60 Liquid Solid
61 Fresh Stale
62 Familiar Unfamiliar
67 Defend Offend
68 Defence Offence
69 Mild Harsh
70 Tamed Untamed
71 Hurt Unhurt
73 Bright Dark
74 Upper Lower
75 High Low
76 Within Without
77 Citizen Alien
78 Befriend Alienate
80 Ease Disease
81 Match Mismatch
82 Own Disown
83 Toward Untoward
84 Brave Coward
87 Accept Decline
88 Inclusive Exclusive
89 Lawful Unlawful
90 Legitimate Illegitimate
91 Persuade Dissuade
92 Encourage Discourage
93 Resolution Dissolution
94 Mantle Dismantle
95 Minor Major
96 Manual Mechanical
97 Many Few
98 Ancient Modern
99 Audible Inaudible
119 Off On
120 In Out
By Adding Prefixes
2 Theist Atheist
3 Sexual Asexual
4 Normal Abnormal
5 Sent Absent
6 Road Abroad
7 Origin Aborigine
8 Just Unjust
9 Justice Injustice
10 Correct Incorrect
11 Outward Inward
By Changing Word
12 Past Present
13 Now Then
14 High Low
15 Male Female
16 Active Passive
17 Far Near
18 Nigh Far
19 Open Closed
20 Private Public
21 Cheap Expensive
22 Costly Cheap
23 Bright Dark
24 Physical Spiritual
01 Kind Kindness
02 Cruel Cruelty
04 Bad Badness
05 Late Lateness
08 Cover Coverage
07 Slow Slowness
09 Short Shortage
10 Long Length
12 Hot Heat
13 Cold Cold
14 Tragic Tragedy
15 Comic Comedy
16 Warm Warmth
17 Available Availability
18 Both Two
19 Present Presents
20 Belong Belonging
22 Judge Judgment
24 Pure Purity
25 Impure Impurity
26 Harsh Harshness
27 Eligible Eligibility
28 Big Bigness
29 Provide Provider
30 Cunning Cunning
31 Sweet Sweetness
32 Dull Dullness
34 High Height
35 Low Lowness
36 Die Death
37 Sexual Sex
38 Natural Natural
39 Mortal Mortality
41 Immortal Immortality
42 Fresh Freshness
43 Dry Dryness
44 Today Day
46 Enjoy Enjoyment
47 Pray Prayer
49 Near Nearness
50 Educate Education
1. Precious Price
3. Once One
4. Lost Loss
5. Regain Gain
6. Monetary Money
7. True Truth
9. Timely Time
4. Early risers and late risers cannot have the same schedule and progress.
6. Most people live short life, some people live long life. (Longevity Noun)
13. Harsh sounds are not liked, whereas melodious soundare liked.
25. Some days of the year are wet and some are dry.
32. Education is provided to allsmall andbigpeople (all and sundry, bobtail and ragtag)
5. You can make more than ten helpings from this ice cream jar.
8. You shouldnoteeverything.
9. He works in a shop.
12. Tens of thousands of people have been killed at the hands of terrorists.
13. My car meter shows number of miles my car has run so far.
33. Allah can make camel pass through the eyes of a needle.
"SACRIFICE": Sacrifice - is a verb and a noun. Synonym of 'sacrifice' is'sacrify', which is a verb that
Examples:
When something is made byprocessing something or through changing its form, to another thing,
Examples:
1. Butter is madefrommilk.
But when something is made directly from a metal or a matter such a wood, straw, mud, clay, preposition
"of” is used
Examples:
3. Jug i s ma d e of gl a s s .
5. H a t i s m a d e o f s t r a w .
6. K i t c he n w a r e ar e ma d e of cl a y.
7. Hut is made of mud, st raw and reed.
“CLOTH”
Examples:
Examples:
Examples:
"Since" and "For" are used as adverbs and prepositions. As prepositions, "since” is used to indicatedefinite
Examples:
1. I have been working as an English teacher since 3973. (Definite point of time)
3. The poor have been suffering badly since the creation of Pakistan. (Definite point of time)
1. DISCIPLINE
2. REGULAR
3. POPULAR
4. FAMOUS
5. SCHOLAR
6. WELL-KNOWN
7. STUDY
8. PRINCIPLE
9. SPOT
10. CIRCLE
11. VISION
12. VEHICLE
13. BROAD
14. CHEAP
15. EXPENSIVE
16. HEALTHFUL
17. FANCY
18. FASHIONABLE
19. TONE
20. SYMPATHY
21. CACOPHONY
The cacophony in the crowded classroom drowned out the principal’s announcement.
CLEAR
ALONG
LAND
GROUND
GUN
ARID
Example:- 1- Some part of Sindh have been declared as arid some laraj
DESERT
WASTE
SHAD
Example:- 1- Mangoles invaded many parts of India and shaded blood of innocent people (Verb)
BESIEGE
FORCE
HAND
CREATE
Example: Allah created Adam from clay.
Jawad has created a new method of putting items in the log
CREATOR
Example: Allah is creator of everything.
CREATOR= INVENTER
Example: Mark Zukerberg is creator of Facebook.
CREATURE
Example: There is more than eighteen thousand creatures on the earth.
CREATIVE
Example: Amir khan is the most creative actor of Bollywood
CREATIVE WRITING
Example: Creative writing is most difficult task.
COMB.
I comb my hair daily. (verb)
Where is my comb? (
COMBED =SEARCH, FIND
The police combed every inch of the forest to find the criminal
STUCK
My car stuck into a rickshaw
STUCK
An idea stuck in my mind
BEAR
The patient was not able to bear the pain caused by the injuries.
BEAR
The car bearing no NA-123 was stolen last night
BORE
I bore many injustices through of my life.
BORE
She bore a very beautiful baby girl.
I was born in 1982.
Steal= Thieve = Thief = Theft.
He stole my purse.
He is a thief
Use of Words Given negative sentence without use of adverb of negation Such as No, Not,
Never, Neither, Nor & Not
TENSE
1. Present Tense
2. Past Tense
3. Future Tense
PRESENT TENSE
PAST TENSE
FUTURE TENSE
Note: When some advice, assurance and promise are used in future tense we use shall in the place
of will and will in the place of shall in future tense sentence
Mostly “As soon As” gives past conditions or used for past tense. In “as soon as” second part of sentence
kept same or unchanged.
Hardly and scarcely can mean ‘almost not at all’ or ‘only just’.
Examples #01
Examples #02
Example#03
USE OF “TOO…….TO”
VOICE
1. Active Voice
2. Passive Voice
ACTIVE VOICE
Verbs that changed to 2nd form by changing their interval vowel are called strong verbs / Irregular
verb
Verbs that changed to 2nd form by changing in last “t”,’d’, “ed” are called Weak verbs / Regular verb
Note :- Following type of passive voice sentence “by “ is not used and some other
preposition “ to”, “at” are used
8. He knows me
I am known to him
9. Your behavior angered me
I was angered at your behavior
10. She connived at her insolent son
Her insolent son was connived at by her (Double Preposition)
11. She looked at me
I was looked at by her (Double Preposition)
12. Your answered annoyed me
I was annoyed at your answer
13. I shall be taking Tea
Tea will being be taken by me
14. I shall be climbing up a tree
A tree will being be climbed up by me
15. He has had breakfast
Breakfast has been taken by him
16. They had taken their turn
Their Turn had been taken by them
HAVE - HAD
HAD - HAD
In Direct speech there are two part of sentence. First part of sentence called Reporting Speech and
after comma, quotation Mark “ “sentence which is Second part of Sentence called Reported
Speech
Example
Reporting Reported
Speech Speech
In Indirect speech sentence “comma,” and double quotation Mark” “has been omitted and “that”
conjunction is used.
Example
CHANGE OF TENSE
1. When the reporting verb is in the present or future tense the tense of the verb in reported speech
remains unchanged
2. When the reporting verb is in the past tense the tense of the verb in reported speech is changed into
the corresponding past tense
In this manners
Simple Present Tense becomes Simple Past Tense
Present Continuous Tense becomes Past Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense becomes Past Perfect Tense
Note:- However when the reported speech relates t o the some universal truth, the tense of the
reported verb does not change even though the reporting verb is in the past tense.
For example:
Direct Speech: He said, “The sun rises in the east”.
Indirect Speech He said that the sun rises in the east.
RULE FOR THE CHANGE OF PRONOUNS
The first person in the reported speech is changed in the subject / Person of the reporting verb
in the indirect speech.
The second person in the reported speech is changed into the Person / Subject of the object of
the reporting verb in indirect speech.
Pronouns of the third person in the reported speech remains unchanged in the indirect speech.
Example:- He said to me, “I am faithful”
He told me that he was faithful
SUBJECTIVE CASE
OBJECTIVE CASE POSSESSIVE CASE
NOMINATIVE /
I Me My, Mine
We Us Our, Ours
He Him His
It It Its
S.NO NARRATION
He knows me
11
I am known to him
REMOVE TOO
USE NO SOONER
Insert Article
Use Preposition
A wise enemy is better than a foolish friend. Change the positive degree
36
A foolish friend is not as good as wise enemy
Shoaib Akhtar is the fastest bowler in the world (change the comparative degree)
38 Shoaib Akhtar is faster bowler than any other bowler in the world
Kausar has been driving a car ______ 1995 ( Put since or for)
40
Kausar has been driving a car since 1995
I have not seen him _____ four days. ( Put since or for)
42
I have not seen him for four days.
(Change in to Interrogative)
She frowns when she get annoyed (Rewrite replacing the underline words with
6 their respective antonyms)
She smiles when she gets pleased
She delivered a baby Change the voice using preposition “to” and
15 verb “bear”
A baby was born to her
He deserved what he got Rewrite using action verbs, Removing word got
25
He received his due using another action words
Correct It.
1 Can you tell me what is the time? Can you tell me the time
2 Can you tell me how do you manage it. Can you tell me how you manage it?
4 She has a cigarette in her mouth She has a cigarette between her lips.
5 He has a lighted cigarette in his hand He has a lighted cigarette between his fingers
6 Few wild animals are eating raw fruits Some wild animals eat unripe fruit.
8 We are knowing them since some time We have known them for some time.
9 She always uses a nice perfume She always wears a nice perfume
10 Don’t affix your signature with pencil Don’t affix your signature in pencil
15 She was covered in a big sheet of cloth. She wrapped herself in a big sheet of cloth
He is man of letters
28 (Rewrite replacing the underline given He is scholar
with a word)
PRECISE IT
USE OF EVER
Ever =Always
I am ever ready
You look ever green
Ever = Sometimes
Have you ever been to Makkah/there?
Ever =From the past to this time
This is the best book on English Composition, I have ever read
17-09-2015
Verb “Believe” may be used with preposition or without preposition, depending on / Upon the
sense.
Examples: I believe you.
I believe what you say.
Atheist does not believe in the existence of God .
We should believe in truth.
Theist= one who believe in the existence of God.
Theology
Metaphor
“As” is used for comparison. Its synonyms is “like”
Example: It is as hot as charcoal.
This medicine is as sweat as honey
He fought like a lion.
Metaphor
(When we give something or somebody, name of some other things or body or having the same
qualities of merits, such sentences are called metaphors)
Example: He is a lion among us
He is Hyder Ali among us
You cannot Jump over a tree, However you can jump over a plant
“TO” can be used before verb “Let” but not after verb let. After verb “let” pronoun is used in
objective case
Example: The children requested their parents to let them go out in the rain
Let us go there.
Let me out
There are scores of words that are written as one word.
For example: Class Master, Head Master, Post master, Class room etc.
Hale and healthy is a phrase that means healthy and quit fit. When you mean happy, don’t use
hale you may write merry, jolly, jubilant, gay.
Avail is a verb and available is Adjective. Verb avail is followed by preposition “of” and some
object.
Example: I availed of a long leave.
She availed of a scholarship.
Note: “Avail” always carry “of” with it.
“There” is an adverb of place and “Their” is a pronoun, possessive case of pronoun “they”.
Want, Need, Require gives almost the same meaning. Use only one of them in a sentence
giving one sense or meaning
Who is a relative pronoun used for humans, animal and other living beings? It is used for living
beings already mentioned in the sentence.
Example: There stands the man who taught me the basics of English.
Note: Never substitute one for who or who for one.
However, who may be used after one as a relative pronoun of one
Example: One who tells lies are not respected anywhere.
This prize will go to the one who works hard.
Excellence is a noun and Excellent is an adjective
Far is an adverb and For is a preposition and adverb.
Most verbs do not take prepositions in certain senses.
Example: May Allah bless you (No Preposition)
God bless you (No Preposition)
Note: Many verbs are followed by preposition when they have objects with them such sentences are
called sentence with transitive verb.
Example: We eat to live (Intransitive Verb)
We eat food (Transitive Verb)
Verb having object is called Transitive verb. Transit means to go over.
Singular subject takes singular verb and plural subject takes plural verb.
Example: he has a book in his hand.
They have their book
Verb “Bless” may be followed by a preposition.
Example: May Allah bless you with a son.
Allah blesses him with real peace of mind.
Proper words used as proper places make sense. Time works such as today, yesterday, tomorrow
may be used in the end of sentence
Example: I shall leave for Karachi tomorrow.
I met him yesterday
She arrived today
For Movement about something or placed preposition “over” is used.
Example: A bird flew over a tree.
A plane flew over a mountain.
A thief jumped over a wall
“Later” is used as an adjective and as adverb.
Example: Later the condition, changed
He came later. (Adverb of mannar)
“After” is used as a preposition and as an adverb. “After” can be used a connective or conjunction
Example: We take some sweets after meal.
These things took place after the USSR pulled out of Afghanistan
18-09-2015
Name of things that have no physical form but are only concepts, feelings, habits etc don’t take the
definite article. The definite article “The” is used before them when they are specified
Example: The piety of your father is commendable.
Contentment is a state of mind in which one feels satisfied and very well
Penetrate Joyous= ( ) used for feelings
Joyful=( )= Used for man Pops in our Heart=
Healthy thinking In earnest
Your tie goes with your suit
Integral
Human (Adjective)
Human beings (Nouns)
Humans (Noun)
Approach
However healthy you may be, you cannot avert death (No comma after however.)
Phrase #01:
1. To be hard on somebody = to be problematic or difficult
2. An action to eliminate = something bad
3. On one’s guard= Very carefully, Vigilant
4. On the alert = Very carefully
JURY =OPINION
Jury gives its verdict today.
Jury were divided in their verdict (plural)