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ABSTRACT
Research can be considered as journey from idea (which should be novel) to hypothesis
(systematic formulation of an idea/ research problem) & to thesis (valid conclusions) finally. In
Ayurveda; Pramana Vidnyana can be considered as scientific tools of research. These Prama-
nas are not only useful in Roga (Disease) & Rogi (Patient) Pariksha (examination) but also evi-
dence of the critical scientific approach of Ayurveda. To gain clear & entire knowledge of
science of Ayurveda, it was necessary to search for scientific devices or methods of approach.
This necessity has prompted Charakacharya to adopt Pramanas. In Ayurveda, Pramanas are
called as Pariksha, meaning scientific investigation. Pramana vidnyana can be considered as
scientific tools of research. Pramana, which can be considered as one of the ancient methods of
research is of utmost importance in developing research methodology in Ayurveda. According
to Charakacharya, things are either existent or non-existent, & they can be investigated by four
Pramana; viz.
a) Aptopadesha (Authoritative statement)
b) Pratyaksha (Direct Perception).
c) Anumana (Inference)
d) Yukti (Rationale – logical reasoning)
Aptopadesha, Pratyaksha, Anumana & Yukti Pramana are very much useful at all steps of
research such as planning, operation & reporting. Pramana vidnyana proves that Ayurveda ac-
cepts the scientific method in search of truth (based on logical reasoning) & not the arbitrary or
unscientific method. Thus, these Pramanas can be considered as ancient methods of research
which are essential in development of research methodology of ancient medical science of In-
dia, i. e. Ayurveda.
Keywords: Pramana, Research, Aptopadesha, Pratyaksha, Anumana, Yukti.
& aversion.10 Thus the persons endowed Ayurveda is conceived in several forms
with knowledge & experience, devoid of including:
attachment & aversion are apta, their 1) Scriptural evidence
statement is Pramana. Apta, who are free 2) Empirical evidence (based on experience)
from defects of rajas & tamas, speak 3) Long standing traditional use & its mass
always truth & so undoubtedly can be con- acceptance.
sidered as the source of valid know- The search for facts may be made through
ledge.The words or works of such persons either:
form Aptopadesha. This is true even a) Arbitrary (or unscientific) method
today. Text books of great personalities in b) Scientific method
their respective fields are quoted for Arbitrary method of seeking answers to
authoritative knowledge. questions is based on imagination,
One of the qualities of a researcher is that opinion, blind belief or impression.13 From
he should acquire existing knowledge & the above quotations of Sushrutacharya &
training in physical & mental skills Vagbhatacharya, one may get impression
necessary to do the activities implied in that knowledge of science of Ayurveda is
research. The existing knowledge of based on arbitrary method of search for
science can be acquired through truth. But this is not at all true. In contrary,
Aptopadesha or authoritative statement. Ayurveda is the science of medicine which
According to Sushrutacharya; The drugs adopts critical scientific approach or
whose mode of action is indisputable & scientific method to acquire knowledge.
inexplicable & which are well- known by Scientific method is systematic rational
their usage should be used by the approach to seeking facts. It is objective,
intelligent physician on the basis of precise & arrives at conclusions on the
authoritative traditional scriptures. The basis of verifiable evidences.14 Ayurveda
drugs, properties & actions of which are adopted scientific method to search for
evident & which are well-known by their truth which is evident from elaboration of
nature, need not be tested for their mode Pramana Vidnyana in ancient Ayurvedic
of action & causation by the wise texts.
physician.11 As ancient Ayurvedic texts mainly
Vagbhatacharya is also of the same follow prescriptive method to present
opinion. He says- Since information facts, there is a large scope of exploration
described in the text is approved by the of these basic concepts. e. g., In
ancient scriptures & since benefits are Ashtanga Hridaya, it is mentioned that
perceptible, these should be administered Medo-dhatu kshaya (decreased medo-
without discussions.12 From these dhatu) leads to spleno-megaly (increased
quotations; one should not get the im- size/inflammation of spleen).15 But cause
pression that Ayurvedic medicines have no & effect relationship is not described &
evidence-base. Ever since ancient times; thus requires further exploration of this
Ayurveda has been evidence conscious. concept.
The evidence – base of contemporary
organs & the object is the means of which lead to non – perceptibility by these
knowledge.26 Sushrutacharya gives faculties.30 Process of contact depends on
direction towards coupling of Aptopa- the distance between the senses & their
desha (Authoritative statements) with Pra- objects, presence of healthy sense organs,
tyaksha Pramana (direct perception) for absence of any obstruction between the
advancement of knowledge.27 senses & their objects, application of
As Charakacharya says, Proper mind, absence of confusing state of similar
knowledge of disease can be gained objects, absence of over shadowing &
through three Pramanas- absence of minuteness.31 Contrary to
a) Aptopadesha Pramana (Authoritative above factors, the direct perception is
statement) bound to fail. The limitations can now be
b) Pratyaksha Pramana (Direct Percep- overcome by modern scientific
tion) equipments. The scientific equipments are
c) Anumana Pramana (Inference)28 the outcome of research work either by
Out of these, by using Pratyaksha serendipity or by systematic research
Pramana- Except Rasa, other senses i. e. designs.
shabda, sparsha, rupa & gandha can be Anumana Pramana (Inference):
perceived directly. Thus pratyaksha The act of inferring i.e. knowledge of
Pramana helps in Rogi – Roga Pariksha.29 unknown from the known facts is called as
There are two major approaches for Anumana or Inference.32
gathering data for any research study. Anumana or inference is the indirect
Sometimes, information required is knowledge based on reasoning.33
already available & need only be extracted Anumana Pramana is a logical conclusion
or sometimes, information needs to be based on reasoning. Inference is based on
collected afresh. prior perception. It is of three types & is
Depending upon these two approaches, related to the three times.34
data are classified as: a) Inference of the cause from the effect -
a) Primary data relates to past.
b) Secondary data This can be correlated with the case-
Primary sources of collecting data are control study design (i.e. retrospective
mainly by observation, interviewing, & by study)
questionnaire. These methods of data col- b) Inference of the effect from the cause –
lection depend, more or less on pratyaksha relates to future.
Pramana, mainly by observation. Other This can be correlated with cohort or pros-
methods of data collection are pective study design.
experiments, surveys & records. Out of c) The commonly observed events at
these, experiments (in prospective studies) present. This can be correlated with Case-
& to some extent surveys depend upon sectional study design (Time prevalence
pratyaksha Pramana. Five sense faculties study). e. g: - As per quotation from
are the source of external perception. Charak Samhita Sutrasthana 21/14
These faculties have their limitations Hypothesis: - Krisha (emaciated) people
are more prone to get Grahanigata Swarthanumana (Inference for one self) is
Vyadhi. Hence; we want to establish the cause of deduction of logical reference
correlation between karshya (emaciation) in one’s own mind.36 For this; one should
& Grahanigata Vyadhi.35 have inquisitiveness or curiosity. As it is
a) Case-control study would be- said; inquisitiveness is the mother of all
Selection of patients suffering presently knowledge. A person with curious & ques-
from Grahanigata Vyadhi & to ask them tioning attitude will search for truth in a
about history of emaciation (karshya) i. e. scientific manner & by applying logical
check whether emaciation has caused process of reasoning he/she will reach to
Grahanigata Vyadhi or not. valid conclusion.
b) Cohort Study would be - Selection of Pararthanumana (Demonstrative
Krisha (emaciated/lean) people & observe inference) – A person after getting
them over a period of time how many of inferential knowledge; it should be
them will develop Grahanigata vyadhi in demonstrated to others by Panchavayavi
future. vakya (5 components of reasoning), it is
c) Cross-sectional Study would be-To known as Pararthanumana.
know prevalence rate of grahanigata Panchavayavi Vakya contains:
vyadhi in krisha (emaciated) persons. a) Pratidnya (Proposition)
Thus Anumana or Inference helps in b) Hetu (Reason or Cause)
establishing correlation between two c) Udaharana (Example)
factors or to establish cause-effect d) Upanaya (Justification)
relationship between two variables. e) Nigamana (Conclusion)37
Anumana (Inference) is used extensively Thus Pararthanumana is an important
as means to acquire knowledge. Various means through which the knowledge
causes of non-perceptibility can create recognized by one person is distributed to
hurdles in direct perception. In this field, others. This can be correlated with report
Anumana helps in acquiring knowledge. writing according to process of research.
Anumana Pramana plays a vital role in The purpose of research is not well versed
interpretation of results. Interpretation re- unless the findings are made known to
fers to the task of drawing inferences from others. Research results must invariably
the collected facts after an analytical or enter the general store of knowledge.
experimental study. It is search for broader Yukti Pramana (Logical Reasoning):
meaning of research findings. Generaliza- The knowledge which sees the
tion of results is based on inference only. things produced by combination of
Anumana Pramana is of two types – multiple causative factors is yukti
a) In one type it is for one’s own self i.e. (rationale or logical reasoning). It is true
Swarthanumana & in the three times & is also useful in
b) In another condition; it is used to achieving the three objects (dharma, artha
provide knowledge to others i.e. & kama).38 Rational & fruitful
Pararthanumana combination of several factors is yukti.
Recognition of yukti as a means of valid