Abstract

The bending is normally a process by which the material such as metal, alloy and etc can be
deformed by deforming the material and changing its shape from the original shape. The material
is applied to the type specimen to calculate how much the specimen can deflect. The material is
stressed beyond the yield strength but below the ultimate tensile strength. The surface area of the
material does not change much when the load is applied. Bending usually refers to deformation
about one axis. Bending is a flexible process by which many different shapes can be produced.
The experiments done to learn about theory and use or apply in real life by visualize the
experiment.
Objective

 To determine the elastic modulus (E) of beam specimen by method of deflection of mild
steel, aluminum and brass.
 To compare the date between experimental and theoretical values.
 To understand how much the specimen can be deflect by list of type the specimen is use
in experiment that done.
Introduction

Bending is a flexible process by which many have a different shapes can be produced. Standard
die sets are used to produce a wide variety of shapes. The material is placed on the die, and
positioned in place with stops and gages. It is held in place with hold-downs. The upper part of
the press, the ram with the appropriately shaped punch descends and usually forms the v-shaped
bend.

When the real life or the experiment the bending characterizes the behaviour of a
slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal
axis of the element. In this experiment, the deflection of the beam when load is applied to the
specimen at to measured point along the specimen and from that the elastic modulus can be
calculate by given data. Bending is done using Press Brakes and Programmable back gages, and
multiple die sets available currently can make for a very economical process.

The figure show that the standard bending moment in experiment. The calculation to calculate
bending moment that usually done is using the Euler-Bernoulli bending. After a solution for the
displacement of the beam has been obtained, the bending moment and shear force in the beam
can be calculated using the relations.
Usually the specimen is subject to pure bending. This means that the shear force is zero, and that
no torsional or axial loads are present. The material is isotropic and homogeneous. The material
obeys Hooke's law that it is linearly elastic and will not deform plastically .The beam is initially
straight with a cross section that is constant throughout the beam length.

In the Euler-Bernoulli theory of slender beams, a major assumption is that 'plane sections remain
plane'. In other words, any deformation due to shear across the section is not accounted for no
shear deformation. And this linear distribution is only applicable if the maximum stress is less
than the yield stress of the material. For stresses that exceed yield refer to article plastic. At yield,
the maximum stress experienced in the section at the furthest points from the neutral axis of the
beam is defined as the flexural strength.

The Euler-Bernoulli equation for the bending of slender, isotropic, homogeneous beams of
constant cross-section under an applied transverse load is

where E is the Young's modulus, I is the area moment of inertia of the cross-section, and W(x) is
the deflection of the neutral axis of the beam.