When someone talks about the history of the Philippines, the conversation

generally begins with the arrival of the Spanish. Few people recognise the nation even
existed, let alone had a system of governance and was even quite prosperous before
the coming of the Spanish and other colonizers.

The land had a rich culture with a people who had established themselves in
rather unbelievable ways. Pre-colonial Philippines has been quoted by some historians
and other rather influential people as being one of the most progressive societies to
ever exist to this moment.

A brief look at the history books reveals a land where there was a very rich
culture of agriculturalists, innovators and empowerment beyond comparison. So, what
was the culture like before the Spanish colonized this land? It is vital to note that the
name Philippine is attributed to Dominican Priest and Spanish explorer Ruy Lopez de
Villalobos who named the Philippine Islands after Phillip II in 1543. The name was
automatically adopted henceforth.

 Early historians believed that the first settlers of the islands came by land bridges
from Mainland Asia. They lived by HUNTING and GATHERING.
 In the field of Archaeology, the migration of the Proto-Austronesian type is
believed to have resulted to the peopling of the Philippine archipelago. It linked to
the New Stone Age of Southeast Asia.

Island Origin Hypothesis - Believes that prehistoric people is originated and

dispersed from an island in Southeast Asia.

Wilhelm Solheim II- He is from the University of Hawaii .He assumes that the Proto-
Austronesian developed primarily in Northeastern Indonesia and Mindanao Island.

Paleolithic Hunters

 May have followed herds of wild animals across these land bridges to the
Phil. Islands. Some of these early migrations were made by the ancestors
of the present-day people of the Aeta and Agta tribes. Some western
historians assume that the aborigines of the Philipines were the Autralo-
melanesian people who are distinctively small with dark skin and curly
brown hair. They were the ancestors of the people know today as Negritos
or Aetas.
 Tool assemblages, clothing, pottery, jewelry and the like are technological
artifacts. These man-made objects illustrate the ability of man to respond
to the condition to the environment. Skills were handed down from
generation of generation. Culture may be associated with manufactured
materials, for these are products of human behavior. Certainly, the
structuring of the early Filipino society has been achieved in response to
the needs of prehistoric Philippine communities.
 Old Stone Age or Paleolithic Period (50,000-10,000 B.C.)

 Western historians assume that the aborigines of the Philippines were the
Australo-Melanesian people who are small with dark skin and curly black hair
called Negritos or Aetas.
 The Mainland Origin Hypothesis by Peter Bellwood of the Australian
National University and K.C. Chang of Harvard University maintains that
the early inhabitants originated from South China and Taiwan.
 Historians presuppose that between 300 and 200 B.C., inhabitants of Malay-
Polynesian descent settled in the Philippine archipelago. They are mainly
agricultural and fishing people. There were 30-100 families in a society called
Barangay

The Era of Crude Stone Tools and Weapons

 In the Philippines, it was believed to have started in Cagayan Valley. Man had
no other tools than sharp edged stones that could be held by the hand. Many
kinds of stones which are naturally produce sharp edges when broken or
chipped.

Kinds of Stones

o Core tools
o Cobble tools
o Pebble tools
o Flake tools
 Man’s principal way of adaption to the environment was by hunting. These
stone tools could be used for smashing the bones of animals and shellfish
that they have gathered. These implements may also be used in cutting,
splitting, stripping, and piercing wooden branches, palm leaves, and bamboo.
Tree barks were used for clothing.

Kinilaw- The first earliest method of preparing fish for the consumption of
vinegar or lime juice to enhances the taste of fish. In Mindanao, the juice
of the tabon-tabon (Hydrophytune orbiculatum) is a green fruit.

 New types of stone tools appeared in various parts of the Philippines, more
polished and highly specialized, primarily blade and ax- and adz- like forms for
forest clearing and boat making. The smooth surface of this type of stone tools
was made possible by rubbing against another stone. This development resulted
to the so-called New Stone Age or Neolithic Period.

New Stone Age or Neolithic Period (10,000-500 B.C)

 In otherwise it is also known as Agricultural Revolution by Anthropologist. Root

crops like taro (gabi) and yam (ubi)
 By striking the stones, sparks have been produced, which resulted to the making
of fire at will by the ancient settlers. The production of baked clay pots in the New
Stone Age implies that fire had been fully utilized. The manufacture of pottery
was made possible by a process called Kilning which makes use of fire. Fire
 eventually changed the lifestyle of the people, particularly in the preparation of
their meals. Thus, in inhabitants could already grill or boil their food.
 Philippine Pottery showed a variety of shapes and decorative techniques, such
as incision, stippling, applique, and impression by rope and mat. Pottery
becomes more functional like the palayok for cooking, the banga and tapayan for
storing liquids.

Early Metal Age (500B.C.)

 Refers to the time in the development of human culture where tools and weapons
were made of metal, which gradually replaced stone tools.
 The metal implements at this stage were crudely fashioned.
 First metal to be widely used was copper; raw copper was then pounded into
ornaments and to some extent into tools.

Metal Age (200B.C.)

 The preference of early inhabitants to the iron in making tools like jewelry during
the early phase of Metal age consists mainly of beads.

Developed Iron Age

The appearance and utilization of improved iron tools as the major

technological device for exploiting the environment constitute.

Iron Tools

Were recovered in Luzon the tools of specimen were also dup up in

Palawan and Masbate. The early Filipinos made metal implements like
knives, the sumpak, the kalikot for pounding betel nuts into powder, and
gongs to mark the hours of the day and night.

Age of Contact (500-1400 A.D.)

 These early wooden watercrafts iin the country was called balangay. The
balangay was basically a plank boat. It was driven either by a sail or by paddling.
Malay was the principal language of Southeast Asian commerce during those
times.
 It is not surprising that a number of Malay loan words to Philippine language
pertain to commerce.
 The Indian influences were clearly noticeable in the religious beliefs, language,
literature, and custom of the ancient Filipino. Bathala, the name of the chief god
of the pre-Christian Tagalogs, came from a Sanskrit term Bhattara, meaing
―Great lord‖. Also of Hindu origin was the belief of the early natives that the
universe is filled with good and bad spirits. They offered religious sacrifices and
prayers to these spirits for help and protection.

GOVERNMENT
 The unit of Government of the early Filipino was the Barangay, which consisted
of 30 to 100 Families.
 The term Barangay came from the Malay word Balangay which means “Boat”.
 There are a number of distinctions between the modern Barangay or Barrio, and
the City-states and independent principalities encountered by the Spanish when
they first arrived in 1521 and established relatively permanent settlement in 1574.
The most glaring difference would be that the modern entity represents a
geographical entity; the pre-colonial barangays represented loyalty to a particular
head (Datu).
 Even during the early days of Spanish rule, it was not unusual for people living
beside each other to actually belong to different barangays. They owed their
loyalty to different Datus. Also, while the modern barangay represents only the
smallest administrative unit of government, the barangay of pre-colonial times
was either independent, or belonged to what was only a loose confederation of
several barangays, over which the rulers picked among themselves who would
be foremost – known as the Pangulo or Rajah.

Sanduguan (Blood Compact)- Alliance among barangays was common and these
were formalized in a ritual.

SOCIAL CLASSES

Social Classes during the Early Filipino communities

 Datu or Rajah – the ruler of the Barangay

 Maharlika – the aristocracy
 Timagua (Timawa) – the common class
 Alipin – the dependent class classified into namamahay and sagigilid

Datu

 Barangays were headed by chieftains called Datu.

 The Datu was the chief executive, the legislator, and the judge; he was also
the supreme commander in times of war.

Maharlika

 An intermediate class of freemen called the Maharlika who had enough land
for their livelihood or who rendered special service to the rulers and who did
not work in the field.

Timawa

 The Timawa class enjoyed their rights to a portion of the barangay land. Their
normal obligation was agricultural labor but they were also called to catch
fish, to accompany expeditions or paddle boats. They were also called out for
irregular services like supporting feasts and building houses.

An Alipin was a man indebted to another.

 Gintubo was being called to a person who may be born alipin and he/she
inherits the debt of his parents.
  There are two kinds of alipin, the Aliping Namamahay and Aliping
Sagigilid.
 The alipin with land rights was called namamahay (householder), he owned a
house, he came at his master’s call to work on the fields and do other
services.
 The aliping sagigilid were members of the master’s household who ate from
their master’s pot.

MODE OF DRESSING

 Male attire was composed of the Kangan (Sleeveless Jacket) and Bahag
(Loin Cloth)
 The color of the Kangan indicates rank – Red for the Chief, Black or Blue
for the Commoners.
 Men also were a turban called Putong, which also tell the social
status/achievement of the individual wearing it.
 Female attire consisted of Baro or Camisa (Jacket with Sleeves) and Saya
or Patadyong (a long Skirt). Some women wore a piece of Red or White
cloth on top of their Skirt called Tapis.

ORNAMENTS

 Men and Women wore ornaments to look attractive. Both were Kalumbiga,
pendants, bracelets and leglets. These ornaments were made of gold.
 Some wore gold fillings between their teeth.
 Tattoos were also fashionable for some pre-colonial Filipinos. They also
exhibit a man’s war record.
 Islas del Pintados – term coined by the Spaniards for the Visayans.

HOUSES

 Built to suit tropical climate. Called Bahay Kubo, made of wood, bamboo,
and nipa palm. It was built on stilts and can be entered through ladders that
can be drawn up.
 Some of the Filipinos such as the Kalingas, Mandayas and Bagobos built
their houses on treetops. Others such as the Badjaos, built their houses on
boats.

RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

 Pre-colonial Filipinos believed in the immortality of the soul and in life after
death.
 They also believed in the existence of a number of Gods whom they worship
and made offerings to according to rank.
 The Supreme Gods

 Bathalang Maykapal (Creator)

 Idinayale (God of Agriculture)

 Sidapa (God of Death)

 Balangaw (Rainbow God)

 Agni (God of Fire)

 Linawig (Preserver of Life)

 Kabunian (Highest of all Deities)

 Lakambini (God of Throat)

 Bibit (Offered food for Good Health)

 Lakambacod (Guard of Crops)

 Lakapati (God of the Fields)

 Mandarangan (God of War)

 Diyan Masalanta (Goddess of Love

 Lalahon (Goddess of harvest)

 Siginarugan (God of Hell)

 They also showed respect for animals and plants like the crocodile, cow,
tigmamanukin. Some trees were not also cut because they were thought to be
divine.
 Diseases were thought to be caused by the temper of the environmental spirits.
 Filipinos also venerated the dead by keeping alive their memory by carving idols
of stone, gold of ivory called likha or larawan. Food, wine and other things were
also shared with the dead.
 Adored idols called Anitos or Diwatas to whom they made offerings. Some
Anitos were considered bad. However, they made offerings to them too in order
to appease theme or placate their anger.

Tribe Priest who perform rituals

 Baylan

 Katalonan

 Babaylan

 Daetan
MUSIC AND DANCE

 Filipinos are naturally fond of both music and dance, and usually, wherever
music is played, it is accompanied by dance.

The Musical Instrument played by the natives

 Kudyapi (Tagalog Guitar)

 Kaleleng (Tinggian Nose Flute)

 Babandil (Maguindanaoan Gong)

 Kulintang (Muslim Xylophone)

 Tultogan (Visayan Bamboo Drum)

 Silbay (Ilocan Reed Flute)

 Suracan (Subanan Cymbal

 Tambuli (Trumpet made of Carabao Horn)

 Bungkaka (Bamboo Buzzer)

 Ferdinand Magellan’s Voyage I

• The story of Ferdinand Magellan is, in the end, a sad one. He had a great idea, a
great wish. He wished to lead a voyage that sailed around the world. He started
off on that voyage, but he didn't live to see the end of it.

• It began slowly. He served as a junior sailor onboard ships sailing to India. He

made a name for himself as an able sailor and especially on one voyage in which
he saved the lives of many of his fellow sailors.

• The story continued with his becoming famous at the Portuguese court. But
Portugal's King Manuel was jealous of Magellan's fame and told Magellan to sail
for someone else. Magellan went to Spain and won over that country's king,
Charles, with his idea of a "secret strait" through South America.

• Magellan's idea was to sail west to get to the East. Now, Columbus had had this
in mind, but he never did it. Other sailors, like Vasco da Gama and Vasco
Balboa, didn't really want to do such a thing. But Magellan burned with the fire of
doing such a great thing.

• So he worked for many years and finally got the money and ships he needed. He
had a recent map and globe--both of which showed that the "South Sea," as
Balboa called it, was only a few days' sail wide. He also knew that one sailor who
had recently sailed down the eastern coast of South America had reached a wide
waterway that seemed to stretch on for miles. Magellan presented all this
information to Spain's King Charles. The king was happy to give him money and
ships enough (five in all) for a voyage that would sail through South America all
the way to the Spice Islands.

• The Spice Islands were the Moluccas, islands rich in spices that were in great
demand in Europe. Magellan hoped to sail west, reach the Moluccas, and then
return home, all the time still sailing west. His spirits were high as the voyage
began.

• Things went well enough on the voyage, until the mutiny. In spite of constant
interference by the now insanely jealous King Manuel of Portugal, Magellan had
managed to get his voyage in ship-shape and ready to sail. He had kept under
control his jealous Spanish captains, who didn't like the idea of reporting for
orders to a Portuguese.

• They had reached Port San Julian, far south along the eastern coast of South
America. They had dropped anchor for the winter. Before he knew it, Magellan
was faced with a mutiny. He bravely put down the mutiny, leaving two of its
leaders behind, and sailed on. The search for the strait was long and difficult, but
they found it. The ships sailed through to the "South Sea," which Magellan
named the Pacific Ocean.
• Then, things got really tough. One of the ships had slipped away and headed
back for Spain, taking most of the rest of the food and water with it. The mutiny
was in part a reaction to Magellan's telling his sailors to east less food every day.
Now, the vast Pacific Ocean stretched on and on in all directions. Everywhere
was water. Nowhere was land. The bright blue ocean stretched on for as far as
anyone could see, day after day.

• The food and fresh water ran out before it was over. Sailors ate anything they
could find, including rats. Some sailors died. Finally, a full 98 days after leaving
the strait, the crews landed in Guam.

• A few days later, they arrived in the Philippines. Magellan managed to make a
friend of a local island chieftain, and they were talking of taking control of all the
nearby islands. Another island chieftain, on the island of Mactan, was making
trouble, and Magellan decided to teach him a lesson.

• This is where our sad story ends. Ferdinand Magellan had decided to try to
control the Filipino peoples by converting them to Christianity. This had worked
well on Cebu, but it had no effect on Mactan. Magellan, not listening to his
officers, led the invasion of Mactan himself. Having converting so many other
native people to his sacred religion, Magellan now believed that he was on a
mission to spread that religion everyone who had not heard it.

• For this invasion, he took only 60 men. More than a thousand natives awaited on
Mactan. Yes, Magellan and his men were armed with swords and covered in
armor, but the armor didn't cover their legs and the swords were no use against
spears thrown from far away. Magellan was killed in a sudden charge, and his
men retreated to their ships.

• The voyage continued without him. One ship even made it back to Spain. But it
took a while for word of the voyage to spread. Magellan's voyage was a great
moment in the history of exploration. It was the first voyage to circle the globe,
proving that the world was round. It was the first voyage to sail through the
American continent and beyond. It was the first voyage to sail the width of the
Pacific Ocean. It was one of a kind.

Ferdinand Magellan’s Voyage II

• Things went well enough on the voyage, until the mutiny. In spite of constant
interference by the now insanely jealous King Manuel of Portugal, Magellan had
managed to get his voyage in ship-shape and ready to sail. He had kept under
control his jealous Spanish captains, who didn't like the idea of reporting for
orders to a Portuguese.

• They had reached Port San Julian, far south along the eastern coast of South
America. They had dropped anchor for the winter. Before he knew it, Magellan
was faced with a mutiny. He bravely put down the mutiny, leaving two of its
leaders behind, and sailed on. The search for the strait was long and difficult, but
they found it. The ships sailed through to the "South Sea," which Magellan
named the Pacific Ocean.

• Then, things got really tough. One of the ships had slipped away and headed
back for Spain, taking most of the rest of the food and water with it. The mutiny
 was in part a reaction to Magellan's telling his sailors to east less food every day.
Now, the vast Pacific Ocean stretched on and on in all directions. Everywhere
was water. Nowhere was land. The bright blue ocean stretched on for as far as
anyone could see, day after day.

• The food and fresh water ran out before it was over. Sailors ate anything they
could find, including rats. Some sailors died. Finally, a full 98 days after leaving
the strait, the crews landed in Guam.

• A few days later, they arrived in the Philippines. Magellan managed to make a
friend of a local island chieftain, and they were talking of taking control of all the
nearby islands. Another island chieftain, on the island of Mactan, was making
trouble, and Magellan decided to teach him a lesson.

• The journey resumed. The help of Duarte Barbosa was crucial in facing the riot in
Puerto San Julian; Magellan appointed him as captain of the Victoria.
The Santiago was sent down the coast on a scouting expedition and was
wrecked in a sudden storm. All of its crew survived and made it safely to shore.
Two of them returned overland to inform Magellan of what had happened, and to
bring rescue to their comrades.

• After this experience, Magellan decided to wait for a few weeks more before
resuming the voyage with the four remaining ships, citation needed at 52°S
latitude on 21 October 1520, the fleet reached Cape Virgenes and concluded
they had found the passage, because the waters were brine and deep inland.

• Four ships began an arduous trip through the 373-mile (600 km) long passage
that Magellan called the Estrecho (Canal) de Todos los Santos, ("All Saints'
Channel"), because the fleet travelled through it on 1 November or All Saints
Day. The strait is now named the Strait of Magellan. He first
assigned Concepcion and San Antonio to explore the strait, but the latter,
commanded by Gomez, deserted and headed back to Spain on 20 November.

• On 28 November, the three remaining ships entered the South Pacific. Magellan
named the waters the Mar Pacifico (Pacific Ocean) because of its apparent
stillness Magellan and his crew were the first Europeans to reach Tierra del
Fuego just east of the Pacific side of the strait.

• Heading northwest, the crew reached the equator on 13 February 1521. On 6

March they reached the Marianas and Guam. Pigafetta described the "lateen
sail" used by the inhabitants of Guam, hence the name "Island of Sails", but he
also writes the inhabitants "entered the ships and stole whatever they could lay
their hands on", including "the small boat that was fastened to the poop of the
flagship.": 129 "Those people are poor, but ingenious and very thievish, on
account of which we called those three islands the islands of Ladroni." :131

• On 16 March Magellan reached the island of Homonhon in the Philippines with

150 crew lefts. Members of his expedition became the first Europeans to reach
the Philippine archipelago.

• Magellan relied on Enrique, his Malay servant and interpreter, to communicate

with the native tribes. He had been indentured by Magellan in 1511 after the
colonization of Malacca, and had accompanied him through later adventures.
 They traded gifts with Rajah Siaiu of Mazaua who guided them to Cebu on 7
April.

• Rajah Humabon of Cebu was friendly towards Magellan and the Spaniards; both
he and his queen Hara Amihan were baptized as Christians and were given the
image of the Holy Child (later known as Santo Niño de Cebu) which along with a
cross (Magellan's Cross) symbolizes the Christianization of the Philippines.

• Afterward, Rajah Humabon and his ally Datu Zula convinced Magellan to kill their
enemy, Datu Lapu-Lapu, on Mactan. Magellan wanted to convert Lapu-Lapu to
Christianity, as he had Humabon, but Lapu-Lapu rejected that.

• On the morning of 27 April 1521, Magellan sailed to Mactan with a small attack
force. During the resulting battle against Lapu-Lapu's troops, Magellan was
struck by a bamboo spear, and later surrounded and finished off with other
weapons. Pigafetta and Ginés de Mafra provided written documents of the
events culminating in Magellan's death:

• The casualties suffered in the Philippines left the expedition with too few men to
sail all three of the remaining ships. Consequently, on 2 May they abandoned
and burned Concepción. Reduced to Trinidad and Victoria, the expedition fled
westward to Palawan. They left that island on 21 June and were guided to
Brunei, Borneo, by Moro pilots, who could navigate the shallow seas. They
anchored off the Brunei breakwater for 35 days, where Pigafetta, an Italian from
Vicenza, recorded the splendour of Rajah Siripada's court (gold, two pearls the
size of hens' eggs, porcelain from China, eyeglasses from Europe etc.).

• In addition, Brunei boasted tame elephants and an armament of 62 cannons,

more than five times the armament of Magellan's ships. Brunei people were not
interested in the Spanish cargo of cloves, but these proved more valuable than
gold upon the return to Spain.

• When reaching the Maluku Islands (the Spice Islands) on 6 November, the total
crew numbered 115. They traded with the Sultan of Tidore, a rival of the Sultan
of Ternate, who was the ally of the Portuguese

• The two remaining ships, laden with valuable spices, tried to return to Spain by
sailing westwards. However, as they left the Spice Islands, the Trinidad began to
take on water. The crew tried to discover and repair the leak, but failed. They
concluded that Trinidad would need to spend considerable time being
overhauled, but the small Victoria was not large enough to accommodate all the
surviving crew. As a result, Victoria with some of the crew sailed west for Spain.
Several weeks later, Trinidad departed and tried to return to Spain via the Pacific
route. This attempt failed. Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese and was
eventually wrecked in a storm while at anchor under Portuguese control.

• Victoria set sail via the Indian Ocean route home on 21 December, commanded
by Juan Sebastián Elcano. By 6 May 1522 the Victoria rounded the Cape of
Good Hope, with only rice for rations. Twenty crewmen died of starvation before
Elcano put into Cape Verde, a Portuguese holding, where he abandoned 13
more crew on 9 July in fear of losing his cargo of 26 tons of spices (cloves and
cinnamon). On 6 September 1522, Elcano and the remaining crew of Magellan's
voyage arrived in Spain aboard the Victoria, almost exactly three years after the
 fleet of five ships had departed. Magellan had not intended to circumnavigate the
world, but rather had intended only to find a secure route through which the
Spanish ships could navigate to the Spice Islands. After Magellan's death,
Elcano decided to push westward, thereby completing the first known voyage
around the entire Earth.[citation needed

• Maximilianus Transylvanus interviewed some of the surviving members of the

expedition when they presented themselves to the Spanish court at Valladolid in
the autumn of 1522. He wrote the first account of the voyage, which was
published in 1523. Pigafetta's account was not published until 1525, and was not
published in its entirety until 1800. This was the Italian transcription by Carlo
Amoretti of what is now called the "Ambrosiana codex." The expedition eked out
a small profit, but the crew was not paid full wages.

• Four crewmen of the original 55 on Trinidad finally returned to Spain in 1522; 51

had died in war or from disease. In total, approximately 232 sailors of assorted
nationalities died on the expedition around the world with Magellan.

• Antonio Pigafetta's journal is the main source for much of what is known about
Magellan and Elcano's voyage. The other direct report of the voyage was that of
Francisco Albo, the last Victoria's pilot, who kept a formal logbook. Europeans
first learned of the circumnavigation through an account written by Maximilianus
Transylvanus, a relative of sponsor Christopher de Haro, who interviewed
survivors in 1522 and published his account in 1523.

• Since there was not a set limit to the east, in 1524 both kingdoms had tried to
find the exact location of the antimeridian of Tordesillas, which would divide the
world into two equal hemispheres and to resolve the "Moluccas issue". A board
met several times without reaching an agreement: the knowledge at that time
was insufficient for an accurate calculation of longitude, and each gave the
islands to their sovereign.

• An agreement was reached only with the Treaty of Zaragoza, signed on 1529
between Spain and Portugal. It assigned the Moluccas to Portugal and the
Philippines to Spain. The course that Magellan charted was followed by other
navigators, such as Sir Francis Drake. In 1565, Andrés de Urdaneta discovered
the Manila-Acapulco route.

• In 1525, soon after the return of Magellan's expedition, Charles V sent an

expedition led by García Jofre de Loaísa to occupy the Moluccas, claiming that
they were in his zone of the Treaty of Tordesillas. This expedition included the
most notable Spanish navigators: Juan Sebastián Elcano, who, along with many
other sailors, died of malnutrition during the voyage, and the young Andrés de
Urdaneta. They had difficulty reaching the Moluccas, docking at Tidore. The
Portuguese were already established in nearby Ternate and the two nations had
nearly a decade of skirmishing over the "possession." (Occupied by indigenous
peoples.)

• Magellan's expedition was the first to circumnavigate the globe and the first to
navigate the strait in South America connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific
oceans. Magellan's name for the Pacific was adopted by other Europeans.
• Magellan's crew observed several animals that were entirely new to European
science, including a "camel without humps", which was probably a guanaco,
whose range extends to Tierra del Fuego. The llama, vicuña and alpaca natural
ranges are in the Andes mountains. A black "goose" that had to be skinned
instead of plucked was a penguin.

• The full extent of the globe was realized, since their voyage was 14,460 Spanish
leagues (60,440 km or 37,560 mi). The global expedition showed the need for an
International Date Line to be established. Upon returning the expedition found its
date was a day behind, although they had faithfully maintained the ship's log.

• They lost one day because they traveled west during their circumnavigation of
the globe, opposite to Earth's daily rotation. This caused great excitement at the
time, and a special delegation was sent to the Pope to explain the oddity to him.

• The Order of Magellan was established in 1902 to honour those who complete a
circumnavigation and make other contributions to humanity.

• Two of the closest galaxies, the Magellanic Clouds in the southern celestial
hemisphere, were named for Magellan sometime after 1800. The Magellan
probe, which mapped the planet Venus from 1990 to 1994, was named after
Magellan. Ferdinand Magellan train rail car (also known as U.S. Car. No. 1) is a
former Pullman Company observation car that was re-built by the U.S.
Government for presidential use from 1943 until 1958.

• A replica of the Victoria, the only ship of Magellan's to survive the entire voyage,
can be visited in Puerto San Julian.

• Three craters, two located on the Moon and one on Mars, have been named
after Magellan using the spelling "Magelhaens". The names were adopted by the
International Astronomical Union in 1935 (Magelhaens on the Moon), 1976
(Magelhaens on Mars), and 2006 (Magelhaens A on the Moon). The asteroid
4055 Magellan, discovered in 1985, and the Magellan probe to Venus (1989–
1994) were also named after him.

• The five hundredth anniversary of Magellan's expedition and circumnavigation

will be commemorated in a series of events organised by the municipal council of
Sanlucar de Barrameda in Spain, and supported by philanthropic organizations.
The Spaniards ruled the Philippines for 300 years under these conditions, continually
harassed by Chinese pirates, by the Moros (Mohammedans from Mindanao and Sulu)
by the Dutch and the English who wanted to take possession of the Islands, and finally
by the frequent revolts on the part of the natives.

When European traders, in search for a new route to the Spice Islands, stumbled into
the Philippine archipelago in 1521, they found the people living in a comparatively high
state of civilization.

The natives dwelt on houses made of bamboo and palm leaves, and were properly
attired at all times. They cultivated rice, which was their staple food, fished the extensive
waters around them, and brewed many kinds of drinks, which they were very fond of.

The women’s position in society was high; tribal laws and customs recognized her
equality with the men in many respects. The people practiced monogamy in general.
Codes of law governed their conduct. Punishments with varying degrees of severity
were meted out to culprits whose offenses were tried in public courts presided over by
the chiefs.

Several languages were spoken, then, as now, although there was one common
alphabet called babaying, which resembled the ancient alphabet of India. Spanish
historians, writing about the early Filipinos, affirmed that there was hardly a man or
woman who could not read and write. There was oral and written literature.

Such was the state of culture of the Filipinos when Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the
Philippines at the head of a Spanish expedition searching for the Spice Islands in 1521.

Magellan never completed the journey himself; he was killed in an encounter with
natives after having claimed the Philippines for Spain.

The actual work of colonization began in 1565, when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
concluded treaties of friendship with the native chiefs. Then he proceeded to establish a
Spanish town on Cebu Island, to convert the people to Roman Catholicism.

Spain’s foremost aim in the Philippines was to spread their religion. For this purpose,
thousands of Catholic missionaries belonging to various orders came to the Philippines.

The contribution of this mission work toward the advancement of education, culture, and
architecture in general was enormous, although in later years the friars came to be
considered as the opponents of the enlightenment of the people.

It was also at this point when the Spanish missionaries tried to eliminate the ancient
written literature of the Filipinos. Because of the destruction of ancient writings, in their
eagerness to erase the previous cultural records of the Philippines, only the orally
transmitted literature has survived

Starting on a clean slate, it can be said that the missionaries encouraged the growth of
literature, art, science, and industry. The religious orders established schools and
colleges, founded libraries and museums, and set up printing presses. They also built
hospitals, asylums, and orphanages to take care of the sick and needy (including the
unwanted babies sired by friars).
But Spain’s biggest legacy to the Philippines is Roman Catholicism, which the people
embraced readily from the beginning.

The missionary zeal to make the country an outpost of the Catholicism in spite of the
fact that (even with unsparing exploitation), the Philippines was a financial liability as a
colony. Whether this is true or not, historians seem to agree that the cross, rather than
the sword, conquered the Filipinos.

The colorful rituals and numerous holidays of the Catholic Church gave rise to many folk
traditions. The fiesta, or religious festival, for example, quickly became the chief
occasion for the folk to gather and perform songs and dances. Each town was assigned
a patron saint on whose birthday the festival was held.

The folk have come to associate the occasion with gay colors, brass bands, and general
merrymaking. It was during these feasts, too, that the peasants indulged in such
pastimes as drinking palm wine and cock-fighting.

With the rising influence of the Catholic Church in the Philippines, there began a
contention for power between the religious and civil authorities, which proved harmful to
the Filipinos. Each camp accused the other of oppressing the people. In the conflict, the
progress of the nation was retarded, because the Spaniards spent much time and
energy in quarreling among themselves instead of governing.

One chief source of abuse, the encomienda system, was not abolished until the end of
the 18th century. By this system, pieces of territory, with their inhabitants and resources,
were granted by the Spanish king to the colonizers as a reward for services to the
Crown. The encomenderos ruled like the feudal lords of Medieval Europe, and exploited
their territories to the limit.

They abused, overtaxed, cheated, and practically enslaved the Filipinos. The few
priests who tried to defend the people were helpless, and the elaborate laws framed to
protect the subjects were openly flouted.

Even after the encomienda system was abolished, corrupt Spanish officials continued to
exploit the people, who still had to render forced labor and pay heavy tribute. The feudal
economy remained, with land concentrated in the hands of a few individuals and the
Church itself. Attempts at reform by sympathetic Spanish officials were quickly put down
by influential personages who had their own interests to protect.

With the growth of the country’s population, poverty was widespread among the
masses; mendicancy, unknown before the coming of the Spaniards was common. The
beggar by the church gate or the frequented street corner, and the blind mendicant
begging from house to house became familiar sights.
When Spaniards came into the country they destroyed the carved if idols out of wood
and stone. Ifugao Bulul (Rice God) portrayed as a priest examine a chicken’s gall
bladder in Ritual Spanish urbanization was centered in the city of manila, within a walled
city called: Intramuros. It is an infrastructure showing the Spanish domination in the
country such as massive colonial churches, churches, convents, schools, roads and
bridges, and the ―Bahay-na-Bato at kahoy‖ Convent.

The Lazi Convent- School of University of Sto. Tomas

Roads and Bridges

Puente De España or the Bridge of Spain

Structurally, the ―Bahay-na-Bato at kahoy‖ also known as ―Bahay-na-Mestiza‖,

perpetuated the pre-Hispanic ―Bahay-na-Kubo-Bahay-na-Bato‖.

Rizal Shrine

The converging islands under a single administration were facilitated through

―reduccion‖. Reduccion refers to resettlement of inhabitants in Spanish-style
poblaciones.

The Spanish society always stressed "PURITY" of blood in societal rank.1ST.

Españoles Peninsulares - The spaniards who are born in Spain.

Españoles Insulares - The spaniards who born in the Philippines and took important
position in the Spanish government in the Philippines.

2nd Mestizos and Mestizas

Filipinos of mixed indigenous Filipino (Austronesian, Malay,Malayo-polynesian)or

European or Chinese ancestry.

Mestizos de Sangley – A person of mixed Chinese and Filipino ancestry.

Mestizos de Española – A person of mixed Spanish and Filipino ancestry.

Tornatras – A person of mixed Spanish, Filipino and Chinese ancestry.

3rd Indio

The Indios Naturales Person of pure Austronesian Ancestry (Malay/Malayo-Polynesian).

A Native Philippines without Spanish or Chinese ancestry. The ceremonial splendor of
the Roman Catholic Church aroused the admiration of the natives. More representatives
of various religious orders such as Augustinians, Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits
came to Philippines after Legazpi’s expedition. Consequently, the missionaries learned
local dialects and introduced the roman alphabet.

Augustinians

Augustine of Hippo Several mendicant Orders of friars, who lived a mixed religious life
of contemplation and apostolic ministry and follow the Rule of St. Augustine.
Dominicans

Saint Dominic the Order of Preachers (Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum), more commonly
known after the 15th century as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is a Roman
Catholic religious order founded by Saint Dominic de Guzman in France and approved
by Pope Honorius III (1216–27) on 22 December 1216.

Franciscan

Coat of Arm Saint Francis of Assisi The most prominent group is the Order of Friars.
Minor, it is commonly called simply the "Franciscans". They seek to follow most directly
the manner of life that Saint Francis led.

Jesuit

Ignatius of Loyola the Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu, S.J., SJ or SI) is a
Christian male religious, order of the Roman Catholic Church. The members are called
Jesuits and are also known colloquially as "Gods Marines".

In 16th century, there were Filipinos like Tomas Pinpin who became conservant with the
Spanish language. The first Filipino printer and is Sometimes referred as the "Patriarch
of Filipino Printing". He wrote the first published Tagalog book titled ―Librong Pag-
aaralan Nang Manga Tagalog Nang Uicang Castila‖ (Book that the Tagalogs should
Study to learn Spanish).

Tomas Pinpin

Basic education was rendered by parochial schools, established primarily for religious
instructions. The first one was established in Cebu. In 1582, Archbishop Domingo de
Salazar ordered that every town must have one school for boys and also, one for girls.
Archbishop Domingo de Salazar.

By 19th century, The Spanish aristocracy tried to distinguish themselves from Indio’s
using languages and level of educations. Higher education was established exclusively
for the Spaniards and Filipinos. Colleges and Universities were closed to Indio’s.

University of San Ignacio

In 1589, the first college for boys the College of Manila later changes to College of San
Ignacio. And in 1621, it was named University of San Ignacio by Pope Gregory XV.
Unfortunately, this school was closed in 1768. In 1601, the Colegio De San Jose was
established.

In 1611, the Colegio De Nuestra Señora Del Santissimo Rosario was established by
Fray Miguel Benavides. Later named Universidad De Santo Tomas by Pope Innocent X.
Universidad De Santo Tomas in 1645

University of Santo Tomas the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, the
Catholic University of the Philippines is a private, Roman Catholic university run by the
Order of Preachers in Manila. It was founded on 28 April 1611 by archbishop of Manila
Miguel de Benavides.
Fray Miguel Benavides

The third Archbishop of Manila. He came to the Philippines with the first Dominican
mission in 1587.

Colegio De San Juan De Letran

It was established to take care of orphaned Spanish boy. The Colegio de San Juan de
Letran, Letran College, or simply Letran is a private Roman Catholic institution of
learning located in Intramuros, Manila, in the Philippines. The college was founded in
1620.

The girls also gave special education. The schools were of two kinds:

Colegio in which is the regular school for girls.

Beaterio is a combined school and nunnery.

Royal College of Santa Potenciana is the oldest school for young girls; it was
established in 1589 by Philip II upon the urging of Manila bishop, Domingo de Salazar,
OP and the Franciscans. The College of Santa Isabel is now the oldest existing college
for girls in the country. It was built to care the Spanish orphaned girls. Eventually, it
became an exclusive school for the daughters of affluent Spaniards.

Real Monasterio De Santa Clara

It was established on 1621. In 1694, The Beaterio De La Campania De Jesus was

established and founded by Mother Ignacia Del Espiritu Santo.

Mother Ignacia Del Espiritu Santo

Also known as Mother Ignacia born on February 1, 1663 - and died on September 10,
1748 was a Filipino Religious Sister of the Roman Catholic Church.

Known for her acts of piety and religious poverty, founded the Congregation of the
Sisters of the Religious of the Virgin Mary.

Primary education consisted of courses in reading, writing, arithmetic, religion, and

geography, history of Spain, Spanish language, vocal music, and agriculture for boys
and needle works for girls.

Academic reforms were later on implemented, after the Spanish government conceded
to its growing demand. The Education Decree, December 20, 1863 was implemented.

Education Decree (December 20, 1863)

It liberalized access to education, which provided for the establishment of at least one
primary school for boys and girls in each town under the responsibility of the municipal
government. It is provided for the Establishment of normal schools to train teachers.
The decree also provided for the use of Spanish as the language of instruction, starting
at the elementary level.
The ―Escuela Normal‖ for the training of male teachers for elementary instructions was
delegated. Inaugurated in 1865 and in 1893 it became the normal superior. Schools for
the art were also built. Archbishop Juan A. Rodriguez founded the Escuela de Tiples in
1743.In the late 19th century; the school was able to pattern its plan of study after the
Conservatory of Music in Madrid.

Damian Domingo

He founded the academy of Fine Arts, the first school of Painting in Manila 1820, He is
also known as the "Father of Filipino Painting".

In 1824, the Academia Dibujo y Pintura (Academy of Drawing and painting) was
founded. In the 19th century, various technical schools were established like the
―School of Mercantile Accounting and Modern Languages‖.

Commerce was introduced as a three-year vocational course, with the ―degree of

perito‖. Mechanics and other vocational courses were offered in secondary instruction
leading to Bachillerato en Artes, Perito Mecanico or Mechanical Expert.

Perito Agrimensor

In 1860, the nautical school was opened upon orders of the queen. After four years the
student was to board a ship. The degree of Piloto de Marina Mercante was to be given
after its training.

The seeds of vocational education were sown by the early Spanish missionaries who
taught the natives better methods of farming, the cultivation of foreign plants like indigo,
corn, cotton, and wheat, and various crafts like painting, carpentry, masonry and dyeing.
The early missionaries were also the first to establish a printing press in the Philippines.

Xylographic Method

A method of printing using engraved wood blocks Doctrinal Christiana en Lengua

Española y Tagala (1593). The earliest book printed written by Fray Juan de Oliver.
This catechetical book sought to explain the importance of Christ, Chastity and devotion
to God in the Vernacular. Beginning of 19th century, the "Pasion" was the prevalent
form in print. Written in verse and chanted during lent, it depicted the life and passion of
Jesus Christ.

The first Tagalog passion was written by Gaspar Aquino de Belen. It was published in
1704. Entitled "Ang Mahal na Pasión ni Jesu Christong Panginoon Natin na Tola‖ (The
Sacred Passion of Jesus Christ Our Lord that is a Poem).

The second written passion titled ―Casaysayan ng pasiong mahal ni Jesucristong

Panginoon natin na sucat ipag-aalab ang sinoman babasa‖ (The story of the Holy
Passion of our lord Jesus Christ that should inflame the heart of the reader, Circa 1814)
also known as Pasyong Genesis. This version was edited by father Mariano Pilapil and
published by the Imprenta de Santo Tomas.
First half of 19th century, Jose Dela Cruz was the prominent poet in the oral tradition.
His works are Doce Pares De Francia; Bernardo Capio and Adela at Florante. De la
Cruz was popularly known by his nickname, ―Huseng Sisiw‖.

Jose de la Cruz (21 December 1746 – 12 March 1829) was a Tagalog poet and
playwright in the 18th and 19th century. Pedro Bukaneg, the blind poet who wrote the
popular Ilocano epic, Lam-ang the "Father of Ilocano literature."

Francisco Balagtas y de la Cruz (April 2, 1788 – February 20, 1862)

He is the―Prince of Tagalog Poets―. Became popular with his Poetical pieces

particularly, ―Florante at Luara‖, also known as Francisco Baltazar, was a prominent
Filipino poet, and is widely considered as one of the greatest Filipino literary laureate for
his impact on Filipino literature.

Momentous feast and events like the arrival of a new Spanish official also meant stage
presentations. Comedia written by Vicente Puche are the first recorded drama staged in
Cebu in 1598 Moro-Moro presents the Christian victory over Muslims in 1637.

Moro-Moro

End of 17th century, the first theater was established. The ―Teatro Comico‖ Turn of 19th
century, Zarzuela was always performed. It is a Spanish one-act opera with sairical
theme became popular in the country.

Dolores Paterno y Ignacio (March 10, 1854 — July 3, 1881)

Filipina composer for famous song "La Flor de Manila" (also known as "Sampaguita")

Sampaguita (Tagalog Version by Levi Celerio)

*insert piece*

The first music teacher to win distinction in Philippine history was Geronimo de Aguilar,
a Franciscan Missionary. In 1811, the first newspaper "del Superior Govierno‖ was
printed with Gov. Gen. Manuel Gonzales De Aguilar as editor.

Fr. Manuel Blanco

In the field of science, the first scientists in the country were the friars. Fr. Manuel
Blanco is also known as "Prince of Botanist‖. He wrote "Flora De Filipinas‖ that was
published in 1837. This book identified 1,200 kinds of plants in the country.

His first sundials were built in 1871 at Tagudin, Ilocos Sur by Fr. Juan Sorolla, a
Spanish Augustinian Sundial.

Father Marcial Funcia Ramos introduced the first iron printing press in the Philippines in
1847.GEORGE OPPEL, Introduced lithography in the country in 1858.
In 1872, Filipino exiles residing in Spain and in other foreign cities secretly colaborated
a group of filipino intelectuals (or illustrado) livinhg in the Philippines to start a peaceful
campaign for reform, which became known as the propaganda movement.

Leaders who were called ―The Propagandist‖ became active in denouncing abuses by
the spanish authorities through speeches and public articles, books, essays and
pamphlets.

The repormists or the propagandists among the famous reformists, during those times
were:

Graciano Lopes Jaena

Marcelo H. Del Pilar

Dr. Jose Rizal

Antonio Luna

Mariano Ponce

Jose Maria Panganiban

Eduardo De Lete

Pedro Paterno

Isabela Delos Reyes

Dominador gomez

Pedro Laktaw

Jose Alejandrino

Goals of Propaganda Movement

Equality of the spanish and filipinos before the law.

Make the philippines a province of spain.

The appointment of a filipino repsentative in the spanish assembly or the spanish cortes
(LEGISLATURE).

The freedom of speech and the press.

The secularization and filipinazation of the parish.

Writers and their Works

Graciano Lopez Jaena

He wrote a play entitled Fray Botod, which revolves around the abuses and immorality
of a Spanish friar named Botod.

He became a famous writer. He founded La Solidaridad, the official publication of the

propaganda movement, and became its first editor.

He died of tuberculosis on January 30, 1896.

Marcelo H. Del Pilar

He wrote many articles using pen name,plaridel. his writings included The dasalan at
tocsohan, sagot ng espanya sa hibik ng pilipina ,caigat cayo etc.

In 1882, he founded the first newspaper called diaryong tagalog,which decribed the bad
condition in the phillipine society.

Dr. Jose Rizal

He wrote a poem entitled ―Sa Aking mga Kabata‖ at the age of eight.

He wrote the noli me tangere, which was published in 1887.it pictured the abuses and
injustices of the spanish officials and priets in the country. He then came up with a
second novel, el filibusterismo published in 1891. it was more of political novel on the
failure of a revolution.

La Solidaridad

La Solidaridad did not last long due to lack of funds. Its last issue came out in Madrid,
Spain on November 15 1895. The official organ or the newspaper of propaganda
movement:

Rizal used pen names as Laong-Laan and Dimasalang.

Del Pilar used Plaridel.

Mariano Ponce used Kalipulako, Tikbalang and Naning.

Antonio Luna used Taga-ilog

Jose Maria Panganiban used Jomapa.

La Liga Filipina

It was a political association of patriotic Filipinos founded by Rizal on July 8, 1892 at

Tondo, Manila

AIMS:

To unite the whole country.

To render mutual protection and assistance in times of need.

To defend the Filipinos against all form of violence and injustices.

To study and apply reforms.

The Outcome of Propaganda Movement

It achieved only minor reform during its time such as:

The abolition of tobacco monopoly.

Replacement of tribute with the cedula tax.

Reduction of forced labor (from 40 days to 15 days a year).

THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT FAILED!