Contents

Title:........................................................................................................................................... 3
Truss bridge: ............................................................................................................................. 3
Introduction: ............................................................................................................................. 3
Parts of truss:............................................................................................................................. 3
Reasons to making a truss: ........................................................................................................ 4
Types of trusses:......................................................................................................................... 4
Which type of truss we choose: ................................................................................................ 5
Brief history of pratt truss: ........................................................................................................ 5
Why we choose pratt truss: ........................................................................................................ 5
Useses: ....................................................................................................................................... 6
METHOD OF SECTION: ........................................................................................................ 6
METHOD OF JOINT: ............................................................................................................. 6
Design:....................................................................................................................................... 6
Material: .................................................................................................................................... 7
Calculation: ............................................................................................................................... 7
METHOD OF JOINT................................................................................................................. 7
OVER ALL F.B.D: ..................................................................................................................... 8
F.B.D OF JOINT A: ................................................................................................................... 9
Cross section area of AB: ....................................................................................................... 9
Cross section area of AL: ..................................................................................................... 10
NEW F.B.D OF JOINT A: ....................................................................................................... 10
F.B.D OF JOINT L: ................................................................................................................. 11
Cross section area of LK: ..................................................................................................... 11
F.B.D OF JOINT B: ................................................................................................................. 12
Cross section area of BK: ..................................................................................................... 12
Cross section area of BC: ..................................................................................................... 13
NEW F.B.D OF JOINT B: ....................................................................................................... 13
F.B.D OF JOINT K: ................................................................................................................ 14
 Cross section area of KJ: ...................................................................................................... 14
Cross section area of KC: ..................................................................................................... 15
F.B.D OF JOINT C: ................................................................................................................ 15
Cross section area of CJ: ...................................................................................................... 16
Cross section area of CD: ..................................................................................................... 16
F.B.D OF JOINT D: ................................................................................................................ 17
Cross section area of DJ: ...................................................................................................... 17
Cross section area of DE: ..................................................................................................... 18
F.B.D OF JOINT J: ................................................................................................................. 18
Cross section area of JE: ...................................................................................................... 18
Cross section area of JI: ....................................................................................................... 19
F.B.D OF JOINT E: ................................................................................................................. 20
Cross section area of EF:...................................................................................................... 20
Cross section area of EI: ...................................................................................................... 21
NEW F.B.D OF JOINT E: ....................................................................................................... 21
F.B.D OF JOINT I: .................................................................................................................. 22
Cross section area of IF: ....................................................................................................... 22
Cross section area of IH: ...................................................................................................... 23
F.B.D OF JOINT H: ................................................................................................................ 23
Cross section area of HG: .................................................................................................... 24
F.B.D OF JOINT G: ................................................................................................................ 24
Cross section area of GF: ..................................................................................................... 25
Fabrication:............................................................................................................................. 26
Assembly: ................................................................................................................................. 26
Alignment of surfaces............................................................................................................... 26
Welding: ................................................................................................................................... 26
Protective treatment: ............................................................................................................... 27
Access for painting:.............................................................................................................. 27
Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................. 27
Title:
Design and Fabricate a Truss Bridge model keeping following points into consideration:
 You can choose any design for your assumed loading and support conditions.
 You can choose any method for force calculations in members based on which
thickness of the members will be determined.
 You can choose any material according to its mechanical properties suitable for your
design.
 You can choose any Fabrication method.
 Write an elaborate report for this design and fabrication activity.

Truss bridge:
A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss, a
structure of connected elements usually forming triangular units. The connected elements
(typically straight) may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response
to dynamic loads.

Introduction:
Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges. A truss bridge is economical to
construct because it uses materials efficiently.
Before Industrial revolution (19th century), almost all bridges in use were made of stone.
But wood and iron can resist tension and compression better and stone and United States
had much wood so they made many wooden bridges in those times and most of them
were truss bridges. Town's lattice truss, a very simple variant of truss, was patented in
1820. First half of 19th century saw very few truss bridges made of iron although the first
patent for an iron truss bride was issued to Squire Whipple in 1841. But metal slowly
started to replace wood, and wrought iron bridges started appearing in the U.S. in the
1870s only to be replaced by steel in 1880s and 1890s. In time some places (like
Pennsylvania) continued building truss bridges for long spans well into 1930s, while
other (like Michigan) started building standard plan concrete girder and beam bridges.

Parts of truss:
 Members
 Joints
 Supports

Reasons to making a truss:

 Truss is used because it is a very rigid structure and it transfers the load from a single
point to a much wider area. Truss bridges appeared very early in the history of
modern bridges and are economic to construct because they use materials efficiently.
  They generate less wasted materials on the job site.
 Trusses are built in a state of the art computer aided environment which in return will
assure accuracy and quality .
 They are light weight and only requires normal constructions tools make trusses easy
to install.
 Expenses can be easily controlled since, the cost of the truss can be predetermined.
Job site losses due to theft, mis-cutting, and damage are eliminated.
 Extremely strong: The structure of interconnecting triangles means that the load-
bearing capacity of truss bridges is huge. The structure effectively manages both
compression and tension.
 Uses materials effectively: While the truss bridge has manylinked parts to make up
its structure. The building of a large truss bridge can be a very economical option,
when compared to other bridge designs.
 Roadway built on to the structure: Unlike other bridge designs, the truss bridge is
able to carry its roadway on its structure. The load can be carried above, along the
middle or on a bottom truss. The options make the truss bridge both versatile and
economical to build.

Types of trusses:

Here are some common variants of truss design for bridges:

 Allan truss: a pony truss based on Howe truss. The first Allan truss was finished on
13 August 1894.
 Bailey truss: made for military to be easily combined in various configurations.
 Baltimore truss: made like Pratt truss but it has additional bracing in the lower
section of the truss which prevents buckling in the compression members.
 Bollman truss: an all-metal truss with many independent tension elements which
makes for a strong bridge that is easy to assemble.
 Burr arch truss: a combination of an arch and truss which gives a strong and rigid
bridge.
 Howe truss: has vertical elements and diagonals that slope up towards the center of
the bridge.
 K truss: has one vertical member and two oblique members in each panel (which
form a letter “K”).
 Lenticular truss: uses a lens-shape truss which has an upper and lower curve and
diagonal elements between them. If the curves are above and below the roadbed it is a
“lenticular pony truss”.
 Long truss: a variant of Howe truss but made of wood and used for covered bridges.
 Parker truss: a variant of Pratt truss that has a polygonal upper chord. If chord has
exactly five segments it is called camelback.
  Pegram truss: has chords that are wider at the bottom but of the same length as each
other at the top.
 Pratt truss: has vertical members and diagonals that slope downward to the center. It
is a variant commonly used for railroad bridges.
 Vierendeel truss: has members that are not triangular but rectangular. Rare are
bridges made in this variant of truss because it is not cheap.
 Warren truss: has longitudinal members joined only by angled cross-members. They
form equilateral triangles. It is relatively light but strong and economical truss.

Which type of truss we choose:

Pratt truss

Brief history of pratt truss:

Caleb and Thomas Pratt, a father-son duo from Boston, MA, designed the first Pratt truss
bridge in 1844. The original bridge was made of wood with iron diagonal rods, but they
switched to making the bridge entirely out of iron shortly after they patented the design. A
Pratt truss includes vertical members and diagonals that slope down towards the center, the
opposite of the Howe truss. The interior diagonals are under tension under balanced loading
and vertical elements under compression. If pure tension elements are used in the diagonals
(such as eyebars) then crossing elements may be needed near the center to accept
concentrated live loads as they traverse the span. It can be subdivided, creating Y- and K-
shaped patterns. The Pratt truss was invented in 1844 by Thomas and Caleb Pratt. This truss
is practical for use with spans up to 250 feet (76 m) and was a common configuration for
railroad bridges as truss bridges moved from wood to metal. They are statically
determinate bridges, which lend themselves well to long spans. They were common in the
United States between 1844 and the early 20th century.
Why we choose pratt truss:
This type of bridge is easy to construct, and is safe to use. A bridge needs to hold its own
weight, support the load placed upon it, and withstand frequencies generated by wind and
earthquakes. The bridge’s vertical and diagonal beams handle the compressive and tension
forces, respectively. The shorter, vertical beams would normally risk buckling, but
including the diagonal beams eliminates this worry. This, in turn, allows for thinner
diagonal beams, resulting in reduced material costs.

Useses:
The simple design of a Pratt truss bridge makes it useful to hold everything from
pedestrians to trains. The Pratt truss bridge’s initial use was to carry trains, replacing
railway bridges made of stone or timber. Compared to these older versions, the main
advantage of this type of bridge was its low construction costs. The iron could be
transported to the building site where it would be assembled with only semiskilled labor .
METHOD OF SECTION:
The Method of Sections involves analytically cutting the truss into sections and solving for
static equilibrium for each section. A section has finite size and this means you can also use
moment equations to solve the problem. This allows solving for up to three unknown forces
at a time. Since the Method of Sections allows solving for up to three unknown forces at a
time, you should choose sections that involve cutting through no more than three members at
a time.

METHOD OF JOINT:
The method of joints is one of the simplest methods for determining the force acting on the
individual members of a truss because it only involves two force equilibrium equations.

Design:
Material:
Cast iron 4.5% ASTM-48
Factor of safety = F.O.S = 2
𝜎𝑌𝐼𝐸𝐿𝐷 = 130 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑌𝐼𝐸𝐿𝐷
𝜎𝐴𝐿𝐿 =
𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆
130
𝜎𝐴𝐿𝐿 =
2
𝜎𝐴𝐿𝐿 = 65 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Calculation:
METHOD OF JOINT
Since only two equations are involved, only two unknowns can be solved for at a time.
Therefore, you need to solve the joints in a certain order. That is, you need to work from the
sides towards the center of the truss.
OVER ALL F.B.D:

+
↺ Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝐺𝑌 (54) + 25(15) − 30𝑠𝑖𝑛45°(36) + 30𝑐𝑜𝑠45°(15) − 6(27) − 6(18) − 20(9) = 0
𝐺𝑌 (54) + 375 − 763.6 + 318.19 − 162 − 108 − 180 = 0
𝐺𝑌 (54) − 520.48 = 0
520.48
𝐺𝑌 =
54
𝐺𝑌 = 9.63𝑘𝑁
+→ Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0

𝐴𝑋 − 25 × 103 − 30 × 103 𝑐𝑜𝑠45° = 0

𝐴𝑋 = 46.21𝑘𝑁

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑌 = 0

𝐴𝑌 + 𝐺𝑌 − 20 − 6 − 6 − 30𝑠𝑖𝑛45° = 0
𝐴𝑌 + 𝐺𝑌 = 53.21𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑌 = 53.21𝑘𝑁 − 9.63𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑌 = 43.58𝑘𝑁
F.B.D OF JOINT A:

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑌 = 0
𝐴𝑌 + 𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛59° = 0
43.58𝑘𝑁 = −𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛59°
43.59
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = −
𝑠𝑖𝑛59°
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = −50.81𝑘𝑁

Cross section area of AB:

𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝐹𝐴𝐵 = −50.81𝑘𝑁
𝑭𝑨𝑩
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝒍×𝒕
50 × 103
6
65 × 10 =
𝑙×𝑡
50 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106
 𝑡 = 3.9 × 10−4 𝑚
50 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106 × 𝑡
50 × 103
𝑙=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
 𝑙 =2𝑚
+→ Σ𝐹𝑋 = 0

𝐴𝑋 + 𝐹𝐴𝐿 + 𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠59° = 0

𝐴𝑋 = −𝐹𝐴𝐿 − 𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠59°
𝐹𝐴𝐿 = −46.21𝑘𝑁— 50.81𝑘𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑠59°
𝐹𝐴𝐿 = −72.37𝑘𝑁

Cross section area of AL:

𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝐹𝐴𝐿 = −72.37𝑘𝑁
𝑭𝑨𝑳
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝒍×𝒕
72.37 × 103
65 × 106 =
𝑙×𝑡
72.37 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106
 𝑡 = 3.9 × 10−4 𝑚
72.37 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106 × 𝑡
72.37 × 103
𝑙=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
𝑙 = 2.85 𝑚

NEW F.B.D OF JOINT A:

F.B.D OF JOINT L:

LB is zero force member.

+→ Σ𝐹𝑋 = 0

𝐹𝐴𝐿 = 𝐹𝐿𝐾
𝐹𝐿𝐾 = 72.37𝑘𝑁

Cross section area of LK:

𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝐹𝐿𝐾 = −72.37𝑘𝑁
𝑭𝑳𝑲
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝒍×𝒕
72.37 × 103
65 × 106 =
𝑙×𝑡
72.37 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106
 𝑡 = 3.9 × 10−4 𝑚
72.37 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106 × 𝑡
72.37 × 103
𝑙=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
𝑙 = 2.85 𝑚
F.B.D OF JOINT B:

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑌 = 0
−20𝑘𝑁 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛59° − 𝐹𝐵𝐾 𝑠𝑖𝑛59° = 0
−20 + 50𝑠𝑖𝑛59° − 𝐹𝐵𝐾 𝑠𝑖𝑛59° = 0
23.85 = 𝐹𝐵𝐾 𝑠𝑖𝑛59°
𝐹𝐵𝐾 = 27.47𝑘𝑁

Cross section area of BK:

𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝐹𝐵𝐾 = 27.47𝑘𝑁
𝑭𝑩𝑲
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝒍×𝒕
27.47 × 103
65 × 106 =
𝑙×𝑡
27.47 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106
 𝑡 = 3.9 × 10−4 𝑚
27.47 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106 × 𝑡
27.47 × 103
𝑙=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
𝑙 = 1.08 𝑚
+→ Σ𝐹𝑋 = 0
𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠59° + 𝐹𝐵𝐾 𝑐𝑜𝑠59° + 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 0
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = −40.31𝑘𝑁

Cross section area of BC:

𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 40.31𝑘𝑁
𝑭𝑩𝑪
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝒍×𝒕

6
40.31 × 103
65 × 10 =
𝑙×𝑡
40.31 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106
 𝑡 = 3.9 × 10−4 𝑚
40.31 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106 × 𝑡
40.31 × 103
𝑙=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
𝑙 = 1.59 𝑚

NEW F.B.D OF JOINT B:

F.B.D OF JOINT K:

+→ Σ𝐹𝑋 = 0
𝐹𝐾𝐿 − 𝐹𝐾𝐽 − 𝐹𝐵𝐾 𝑐𝑜𝑠59° = 0

𝐹𝐾𝐽 = 𝐹𝐾𝐿 − 𝐹𝐵𝐾 𝑐𝑜𝑠59°

𝐹𝐾𝐽 = 58.17𝑘𝑁

Cross section area of KJ:

𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝐹𝐾𝐽 = 58.17𝑘𝑁
𝑭𝑲𝑱
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝒍×𝒕
58.17 × 103
65 × 106 =
𝑙×𝑡
58.17 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106
 𝑡 = 3.9 × 10−4 𝑚
58.17 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106 × 𝑡
58.17 × 103
𝑙=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
𝑙 = 2.29 𝑚

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑌 = 0
𝐹𝐵𝐾 𝑠𝑖𝑛59° = 𝐹𝐾𝐶
 𝐹𝐾𝐶 = 23.54𝑘𝑁

Cross section area of KC:

𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝐹𝐾𝐶 = 23.54𝑘𝑁
𝑭𝑲𝑪
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝒍×𝒕

6
23.54 × 103
65 × 10 =
𝑙×𝑡
23.54 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106
 𝑡 = 3.9 × 10−4 𝑚
23.54 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106 × 𝑡
23.54 × 103
𝑙=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
𝑙 = 0.93 𝑚

F.B.D OF JOINT C:

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑌 = 0
−6 + 𝐹𝐶𝐾 − 𝐹𝐶𝐽 𝑠𝑖𝑛59° = 0

−6 + 23.54 − 𝐹𝐶𝐽 𝑠𝑖𝑛59° = 0

17.54 − 𝐹𝐶𝐽 𝑠𝑖𝑛59° = 0

17.54
𝐹𝐶𝐽 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛59°
 𝐹𝐶𝐽 = 20.46𝑘𝑁

Cross section area of CJ:

𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐅𝐂𝐉 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝐤𝐍
𝑭𝑪𝑱
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝒍×𝒕
20.46 × 103
65 × 106 =
𝑙×𝑡
20.46 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106
 𝑡 = 3.9 × 10−4 𝑚
20.46 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106 × 𝑡
20.46 × 103
𝑙=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
𝑙 = 0.80 𝑚
+→ Σ𝐹𝑋 = 0
𝐹𝐵𝐶 − 𝐹𝐶𝐷 + 𝐹𝐶𝐽 𝑐𝑜𝑠59° = 0

𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 20.46𝑐𝑜𝑠59° + 40.31

𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 50.84𝑘𝑁

Cross section area of CD:

𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐅𝐂𝐃 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝐤𝐍
𝑭𝐂𝐃
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝒍×𝒕
50.84 × 103
65 × 106 =
𝑙×𝑡
50.84 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106
 𝑡 = 3.9 × 10−4 𝑚
50.84 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106 × 𝑡
 50.84 × 103
𝑙=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
𝑙 =2𝑚

F.B.D OF JOINT D:

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑌 = 0
𝐹𝐷𝐽 = 6𝑘𝑁

Cross section area of DJ:

𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐅𝐃𝐉 = 𝟔𝐤𝐍
𝑭𝐃𝐉
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝒍×𝒕
6 × 103
65 × 106 =
𝑙×𝑡
6 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106
 𝑡 = 3.9 × 10−4 𝑚
6 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106 × 𝑡
6 × 103
𝑙=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
𝑙 = 0.24 𝑚
+→ Σ𝐹𝑋 = 0
𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 𝐹𝐷𝐸
 𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 50.84𝑘𝑁

Cross section area of DE:

𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐅𝐃𝐄 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝐤𝐍
𝑭𝐃𝐄
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝒍×𝒕

6
50.84 × 103
65 × 10 =
𝑙×𝑡
50.84 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106
 𝑡 = 3.9 × 10−4 𝑚
50.84 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106 × 𝑡
50.84 × 103
𝑙=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
𝑙 =2𝑚

F.B.D OF JOINT J:

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑌 = 0
−𝐹𝐷𝐽 + 𝐹𝐶𝐽 𝑠𝑖𝑛59° − 𝐹𝐽𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛59° = 0

𝐹𝐽𝐸 = 13.46𝑘𝑁

Cross section area of JE:

 𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐅𝐉𝐄 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟔𝐤𝐍
𝑭𝐉𝐄
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝒍×𝒕
13.46 × 103
65 × 106 =
𝑙×𝑡
13.46 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106
 𝑡 = 3.9 × 10−4 𝑚
13.46 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106 × 𝑡
13.46 × 103
𝑙=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
𝑙 = 0.53 𝑚
+→ Σ𝐹𝑋 = 0
𝐹𝐾𝐽 − 𝐹𝐽𝐼 − 𝐹𝐶𝐽 𝑐𝑜𝑠59° − 𝐹𝐽𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠59° = 0

𝐹𝐽𝐼 = 40.69𝑘𝑁

Cross section area of JI:

𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐅𝐉𝐈 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝐤𝐍
𝑭𝐉𝐈
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝒍×𝒕
40.69 × 103
65 × 106 =
𝑙×𝑡
40.69 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106
 𝑡 = 3.9 × 10−4 𝑚
40.69 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106 × 𝑡
40.69 × 103
𝑙=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
𝑙 = 1.61 𝑚
F.B.D OF JOINT E:

+→ Σ𝐹𝑋 = 0
𝐹𝐷𝐸 − 30𝑐𝑜𝑠45° − 𝐹𝐸𝐹 + 𝐹𝐸𝐽 𝑐𝑜𝑠59° = 0

𝐹𝐸𝐹 = 36.55𝑘𝑁

Cross section area of EF:

𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐅𝐄𝐅 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟓𝐤𝐍
𝑭𝐄𝐅
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝒍×𝒕
36.55 × 103
65 × 106 =
𝑙×𝑡
36.55 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106
 𝑡 = 3.9 × 10−4 𝑚
36.55 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106 × 𝑡
36.55 × 103
𝑙=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
𝑙 = 1.44 𝑚

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑌 = 0
−𝐹𝐸𝐼 − 30𝑠𝑖𝑛45° + 𝐹𝐸𝐽 𝑠𝑖𝑛59° = 0
 𝐹𝐸𝐼 = −9.67𝑘𝑁

Cross section area of EI:

𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚
𝐅𝐄𝐈 = 𝟗. 𝟔𝟕𝐤𝐍
𝐅𝐄𝐈
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝐥×𝐭

6
9.67 × 103
65 × 10 =
l×t
9.67 × 103
l×t=
65 × 106
 t = 3.9 × 10−4 m
9.67 × 103
l×t=
65 × 106 × t
9.67 × 103
l=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
l = 0.38 m

NEW F.B.D OF JOINT E:

F.B.D OF JOINT I:

+↑ Σ𝐹𝑌 = 0
−𝐹𝐸𝐼 + 𝐹𝐼𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛59° = 0
𝐹𝐸𝐼
𝐹𝐼𝐹 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛59°
𝐹𝐼𝐹 = 11.288𝑘𝑁

Cross section area of IF:

𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚
𝐅𝐈𝐅 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝐤𝐍
𝐅𝐈𝐅
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝐥×𝐭
11.288 × 103
65 × 106 =
l×t
11.288 × 103
l×t =
65 × 106
 t = 3.9 × 10−4 m
11.288 × 103
l×t =
65 × 106 × t
11.288 × 103
l=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
l = 0.45 m
+
→ ΣFX = 0
FIJ − FIH + FIF cos59° = 0
 FIH = FIJ + FIF cos59° = 0

= 40.69 + 11.29cos59°
FIH = 46.50kN

Cross section area of IH:

𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐅𝐈𝐇 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟓𝟎𝐤𝐍
𝑭𝐈𝐇
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝒍×𝒕

6
46.50 × 103
65 × 10 =
𝑙×𝑡
46.50 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106
 𝑡 = 3.9 × 10−4 𝑚
46.50 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106 × 𝑡
46.50 × 103
𝑙=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
𝑙 = 1.83 𝑚

F.B.D OF JOINT H:

HF is a zero force member.

+→ Σ𝐹𝑋 = 0
FHG = FIH
 FHG = 46.50kN

Cross section area of HG:

𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐅𝐇𝐆 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟓𝟎𝐤𝐍
𝑭𝐇𝐆
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝒍×𝒕

6
46.50 × 103
65 × 10 =
𝑙×𝑡
46.50 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106
 𝑡 = 3.9 × 10−4 𝑚
46.50 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106 × 𝑡
46.50 × 103
𝑙=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
𝑙 = 1.83 𝑚

F.B.D OF JOINT G:

+→ Σ𝐹𝑋 = 0

FHG = FGF cos59°

FHG
FGF =
cos59°
 46.50
FGF =
cos59°
FGF = 90.28kN

Cross section area of GF:

𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐅𝐆𝐅 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝐤𝐍
𝑭𝐆𝐅
𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 =
𝒍×𝒕

6
90.28 × 103
65 × 10 =
𝑙×𝑡
90.28 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106
 𝑡 = 3.9 × 10−4 𝑚
90.28 × 103
𝑙×𝑡 =
65 × 106 × 𝑡
90.28 × 103
𝑙=
65 × 106 )(3.9 × 10−4 )
𝑙 = 3.56 𝑚
Fabrication:
Assembly:
The ability of a steelwork contractor to use his automated equipment to fabricate steelwork
can greatly reduce fabrication costs and improve the quality of the finished product. This is
probably most important in the assembly of flat plates into fabricated components.
On particularly complex fabrications, a designer is very unlikely to produce the most cost
effective detail without the input of the steelwork contractor who will be carrying out the
work. It is useful to bear in mind that different steelwork contractors have different
equipment, and therefore different capabilities.
Some steelwork contractors have T & I machines which are used to assemble flat plates into
‘T’ sections and then ‘I’ sections. These machines will have limits on girder length, height,
width, weight, curvature (in plan and elevation) and hunching which can be accommodated,
which will differ between steelwork contractors. The larger machines can produce girders up
to 4 m deep and 1.5 m wide. Welds can be built up in multiple passes through the machine
but short lengths of built-up weld have to be done by hand.
As mentioned above, the more suited a structure is to automated assembly, the more cost-
effective its fabrication will be. Designing beams as ‘I’ girders rather than box girders will
make them more suited to automated assembly. Typically, an ‘I’ girder will involve 85%
automated assembly, with only the stiffening being carried out manually (unless robot
technology is used). An open top box will involve 70% automated assembly, with automated
welds between the webs and the top flanges, welding of the stiffeners to the webs and bottom
flanges to formed stiffened plates by robot, and with welding of the bottom flange to the
webs being carried out manually. A closed top box will involve 35% automated profiling and
marking of plates only, and all other fabrication (box assembly and stiffening) being carried
out manually.
Alignment of surfaces
At a change in flange thickness the step should be on the inside face so that the overall depth
of the girder is constant. The web can easily be profiled to the shape of the step when it is cut
from the plate, and a smooth outer face makes handling in automatic girder welding machines
easier.
Where webs of different thickness are joined, the steps occur on both sides of the web, to
keep the web central to the girder section.

Welding:
Welded splices give a cleaner line to the steelwork, but they are still visible, even if ground
flush . However, welded are generally more expensive than bolted splices on site, take longer
to complete, and introduce an element of program me risk from bad weather and/or the
possible repair of defects.
The process of making a welded splice requires temporary supports or landing cleats to
support and align the girder until welding is complete, and a weatherproof tent around the
splice. The welds are carried out in a planned sequence usually flanges first then webs. All
welds are subject to inspection, usually requiring a 48 hour long period before testing. Upon
completion, the welded splice region will require blast cleaning and the application of
the coating system. For large projects with more than 500 connections, site welding may be
more economical due to establishment costs.
Protective treatment:
Protective treatment is usually carried out after all the fabrication activities have been
completed but before any bolted components have been assembled. As well as the
specification of what is to be protected, information must be clearly given about which
surfaces are not to be protected at this stage.

Access for painting:

Designers should consider the access required to apply protective treatment to all areas of
exposed steelwork where required. This can often be an issue at the ends of skewed bridges,
where a combination of skewed bearing / bracing stiffeners and square end plates /
jacking stiffeners can produce semi-enclosed steelwork which is difficult to access for
painting.

Conclusion:
The following summary statements regarding structural characteristics for metal truss
bridges,
The particular type of metal truss bridge is defined by the arrangement of individual
members, and the way in which those members are stressed (compression or tension); a wide
variety of configurations is possible, many of which were proprietary, or patented variants,
such as the commonly known Pratt and Warren types. Individual members form the
horizontal portions of the truss, called top and bottom chords, and the vertical and diagonal
web members. The verticals and diagonals are connected to the top and bottom chords at
joints (pin connections or rivet connections are possible). Minor web components may
include sub-struts or sub-ties. Members may be in tension or compression, depending on the
variety of truss.
Other basic components include the portal, stringers, floor beams, and deck. Portal bracing
provides lateral bracing for the two parallel trusses at the top of the end posts. Stringers are
longitudinal members which transmit loads to the floor beams, which in turn transmit loads to
the trusses at each panel point (joint connection) where the floor beams, the chord, and the
verticals and diagonals are connected.
In addition to proprietary types, metal truss bridges are categorized by the relationship of the
roadway to the truss. Simply stated, if the truss system rises above the roadway or deck level
but does not include overhead portal bracing, the bridge is termed a pony, or half-through
truss. If portal bracing connects the trusses, the span is a through truss. If the truss system is
located entirely beneath the deck, the bridge is called a deck truss.