HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT PROJECT BATCH- C21

OBJECTIVE

To connect two important stations through obligatory points by a NEW HIGHWAY

ALIGNMENT. A comprehensive study for a detailed proposal involves extensive
database fieldwork and designs. The study, however, aims at making a model proposal
at best for a new highway alignment due to various limitations.

SURVEYS CONDUCTED FOR HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT

This study involves various surveys like:

1) Transportation planning surveys: for traffic highway inventory geometric and

accident studies.

2) Map studies: for identifying possible routes using to po sheet.

3) Reconnaissance survey for route locations of alterative alignment by using total

station and collecting essential information which affects design construction
traffic and economics.

4) Preliminary survey was carried out in order to assess the various alternatives and
finalize the best alignment by collecting all necessary details either by
conventional approach or using modern approach. For pavement design, this
survey includes collecting of topographical features, leveling work, hydrological
data for CD work, soil survey etc.

5) Detailed survey of final location was conducted to establish centre line alignment
for the best route chosen and to collect detailed information for the preparation of
plans and drawings and finalization of the design and construction details for the
highway project. Soil and drainage studies also form apart of detailed survey.
Based on soil analysis and testing, pavement design was finalized.

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 BATCH- C21

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED FOR SURVEY

1. Total station

2. Target

3. Measuring tape

OFFICE WORK FROM FIELD DATA

Reduced level was computed from the total station with the help of the target for
all the observed levels of longitudinal sections, cross sections and block leveling.
Details of physical features, computed RL, observed bearing for the centre line etc.
were transferred to drawing as required in a standard format.

DRAWINGS PREPARED

1. INDEX MAP

Details were presented on AUTOCAD, showing various alignments considered

for connection of station points, physical features like land, obligatory points,
valleys, ponds, stream, buildings etc using appropriate symbols on a sheet of
size 30x20cm.

2. INITIAL ALIGNMENT PLAN

This was drawn to a scale of 1cm=20m (as is usually specified). The plan shows
centre line alignment with bearings, RL along L/S and C/S, chainages, stream crossing
and all the other physical features surveyed. The details were symbolically represented
on a standard size drawing sheet. North line was represented for reference.

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3. FINAL ALIGNMENT PLAN

Finalized alignment details after the designs were plotted along with the initial
alignment plan only. Horizontal curves and transition curves designed were presented
with radius, length etc and were numbered.

4. ROAD PLAN

Road plan was drawn on a separate sheet to a scale of 1cm=20m by transferring

the final alignment (preferably showing existing features and formation widths and right
of way along the alignment finalized).

LONGITUDINAL PROFILE

This was drawn to a vertical scale of 1 in 100 and a horizontal scale of 1 in 1000.
The details presented include chainages, ground levels, formation levels, height of
bank, depth of cutting, datum, nature of ground, gradients and vertical curves along the
centre line of alignment. Height of banking and depth of cutting were shown after
finalizing the proposal of formation levels for the alignment. Vertical curves were
designed and incorporated based on formation gradients.

CROSS SECTIONAL DETAILS

These were drawn to a scale of 1cm=2m on a drawing sheet. The cross sections
were shown on the drawing sheet for computing earth work quantities. Each cross
section contains the details of the ground profile, chainages, formation level and
standard cross sectional elements adopted for a village road like width of pavement
(3.8m), shoulders, formation width (8m), side slopes (1:1 to 1:2) and right of way (20m).
The road level and embankment slopes were indicated.

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 BATCH- C21

SURVEY OBJECTIVES

a) To trace the initial and final alignment of highway in the field.

b) To obtain the longitudinal and cross sectional profile of existing ground for the
alignment.

c) To obtain details of drawing works, soil types, terrain and the other essential
features important for highway alignment and design.

DETAILS OF FIELD WORK

GENERAL

Survey work was started with taking the RL from a specified reference B.M. to the
starting point from a local B.M. (as specified).

CENTRE LINE ALIGNMENT

This was carried out by stretching one chain length (30m) fully in the direction of
survey as guided by gentle and flowing gradients of the terrain. Ruling gradient of 1 in
30 or a limiting gradient of 1 in 20 was provided for plain and rolling terrains. After
ensuring the direction and gradient, bearing (FB) was taken for the centre line thus fixed
by using compass. Frequent zigzags, sharp and reverse turns were avoided for centre
line alignment.

DETAILS OF PHYSICAL FEATURES

Physical features surrounding the centre line(up to 15m on either side) like buildings,
land(agricultural), ponds, wells, telephone lines etc were surveyed by target. Objects
surveyed were noted down in with chainages and measurement using proper symbols
and represented.

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GRADIENT MEASUREMENTS

This was important especially for mountainous and steep terrains. Ghati tracer
was used to fix the ruling gradients for centre line. Ruling gradients were provided for
any terrain when unavoidable; limiting gradients for a short stretch (not exceeding 60
m/km) were allowed. However, exceptional gradients for short stretches were provided
when there was no other possibility (but usually it was avoided). IRC suggests a
maximum gradient of 1 in 15 for plain/rolling terrain and slight gradients not exceeding 1
in 12.5 for steep terrains. Generally, gradients of the terrains indicate the directions of
centre line.

LEVELLING WORK

To start with, fly levels were carried from a permanent B.M. to the starting point of
survey. To check errors in field work, fly levels were carried back from the terminal point
of survey to the permanent B.M. at the end of day’s work. Leveling work for highway
alignment includes:

1.Longitudinal sections L.S. taken at every 15m intervals along the centre line as the
survey proceeds.

2.Cross sections C.S. taken at 30m intervals and the cross levels taken at 3m intervals
extending up to 15m on either side of centre line.

3.Block leveling: At stream or nala, a block of 30x30m was constructed for leveling work
and the levels are observed at 5m intervals on either sides of and along the centre line
with reference to crossing point. Leveling work extends up to 15m on either side of
centre line.

SETTING OF FINAL ALIGNMENT

Earth work quantities are computed with the help of details presented from LS &
CS data of final alignment.

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CROSS DRAINAGE WORK

Since the best chosen alignment passes through a flowing stream, it was
necessary to provide CD work and pipe culvert is the best choice to provide.

This required the details of the area covering the valley position and 10m beyond
on the both sides of the valley. A grid was created of 5mx5m based on site condition.
Block leveling was carried out for the entire area covering the location of the proposed
culvert. Knowing the discharge Q (or assumed) the area was calculated by assuming
the velocity of flow. Non-pressure RCC pipes were chosen to take the flow. Abutment
and site wall (wing walls) were designed and necessary drawings were prepared
incorporating all the details.

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 BATCH- C21

DESIGN DATA AND SPECIFICATIONS (IRC)

1. Type of road = Village road.

2. Width of carriage way=3.8m (single lane) Two ways

3. Road way width(Right of way) =8m

4. Land width (R.O.W) =18m (open areas)

5. Terrain type =plain (10-25% cross slope)

6. Rainfall = Light intensity

7. Pavement = Thin bituminous surface

8. Design speeds for village road=40 (Ruling) & 35(Minimum) for rolling terrain.

9. Minimum radii for village = 60m (ruling) & 45m (abs min).

10. Roads (R) = for plain terrain.

11. Gradients (rolling)= 1in30(ruling), 1in 20(limiting) and 1in 15(exceptional).

12. Coefficient of lateral friction, f = 0.15for 40kmph (max)

13. Coefficient of longitudinal friction, f = 0.40

14. Super elevation (e) = 0.07 (max)

15. Camber =1 in 50 or 2% (depends on rainfall)

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DESIGN OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT

The horizontal curves are designed as per IRC recommendations

DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR HORIZONTAL CURVE IN THE HORIZONTAL

ALIGNMENT

1. To calculate the radius of the curve

1. Angle of deviation =∆ = 120o

Radius = 1718.6/120 = 14.32m

2. To find the restricted speed

Ruling minimum radius = (V2/(127(e+f)))

Substituting,

e = super elevation =0.07

f = coefficient of friction = 0.15, we get

V = 20kmph

So the speed in the road was restricted to 20kmph

2. To find the super elevation:

Super elevation was calculated by taking the speed as 75% of the design

speed. e = [(0.75*V)^2/(127*R)]

e = (0.75 x 20)^2/(127 x 14.32)

e = 0.124

Hence a super elevation of 0.07 was provided, which is the maximum.

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3. Extra widening of the curve

We = n x Le x e/(2 x R)+0.1 x V/

(R^0.5) N=number of lanes=1

V=design speed=20kmph

R=radius of curve = 14.32

Le=wheel of the

vehicle=6.1m

We=0.53m

4. Design of transition curve

Transition curve was given on either sides of the main curve

a) Based on the design speed

Ls = (0.0215 x V3/(C x R))

C = (80/(75+V)) =0.842

Ls = 14.27m

b) Based on the super elevation required

Ls = (W+We) x e x 150/2

We=extra widening

W=width of the road=3.8m

e= 0.07 Ls = 22.73m

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c) Based on the IRC recommendations

Ls = V^2/R

= 20^2/10

Ls =40m

Length of the transition curve = highest of the above three =40m

5. Length of the circular curve

Lc = (3.14 x R x ∆/180)

= (3.14 x 14.32 x 120/180)

Lc = 20.93m

6. Shift of the curves (S)

S = (Ls)^2/(24 x R)

= 22.372 / 24 x 14.32

S = 1.45m

7. Total length of the curve (Ts)

Ts = (R+S) x tan(∆/2)+Ls/2

= (14.32 + 1.45) x tan(120/2) + 22.37/2

Ts = 31.016m

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 BATCH- C21

8. Tangent length

T = R x tan(∆/2)

= 10 x tan(120/2)

T = 17.32m

Design of the horizontal curves

Curv ∆ Radi E We Ls Lc S Ts T V
e us
HC1 124 13.85 0.07 0.5 22.7 29.95 1.55 40.32 18.80 20
5 3
HC2 120 14.32 0.07 0.5 22.3 20.93 1.45 31.01 17.32 20
3 7
HC3 25 68.74 0.07 0.5 36.5 29.99 0.81 33.7 15.24 43
2 7
HC4 10 171.8 0.07 0.5 74.7 29.99 1.35 52.51 15.04 69
6 3 2

DESIGN OF THE VERTICAL VALLEY CURVES

Deviation angle N = - (n1 + n2)

= - ((1/30) + (1/30))

N = 0.067 = 6.7%

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STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE (Speed = 40 Kmph)

SSD = (0.278 x Vt) + V2/ [254 x (f – 0.01) x N]

= (0.278 x 40 x 2.5) + 402/ [254 x (0.38 – 0.01) x 0.067]

= 30.34m

minimum SSD = 45.0m for design speed of 40kmph.

1. Based on the comfort condition

L = 0.38 x (N x V3)^0.5

= 0.38 x (0.067 x 403)^0.5

L = 24.88m

2.Based on headlight sight distance

When L>SSD, L= N x S2/(2*h1+2S tanα)

L = length of the valley curve

S = stopping sight distance
H1 = average height of a headlight=0.75m
Α = beam angle =1(degree)

L = 0.067 x 452/(1.5 + (0.035 x 45))

L = 44.12m~ 45m

Length of valley curve = 45m

DESIGN OF LONGITUDINAL DRAIN OF HIGHWAY

Using Ryve’s formula

Q = C x M2/3

Where, C = 12

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 BATCH- C21

Considering 0.7km length of highway 4.5m width from the centre of highway we get
road side drainage area = 0.7 x 4.5/1000

M = 3.15 x 10-3km2
Q = 12 x
0.003152/3
Q = 0.25m3/sec

From continuity equation we have Q = AxV

V = velocity of drain (assumed) = 1.5m/sec

Therefore, A = 0.25/1.5

A = 0.17m2

Assuming trapezoidal section of base =0.5m & side slope 1:1.5

Therefore,

Area of trapezoidal drain = A = (B +nd) x d

. 17 = (0.5 +1.5d) x d

1.5d2 + 0.5d – 0.17 =0

Solving the equation, we get, d = 0.21m

Providing free board =0.2m

Total depth of the channel = 0.5m

MSRIT, CIVIL ENGG. DEPT.

 HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT PROJECT BATCH- B1

EARTH WORK TABULATION

1.CUTTING

AVERAGE
AREA OF AREA OF VOL OF
SL NO CHAINAGE DISTANCE CUTTING IN M2 CUTTING IN CUTTING
IN M3
M2

1 0 0 1.48
2 30 30 0.67 1.075 32.25
3 60 30 0.08 0.375 11.25
4 90 30 0 0.04 1.2
5 120 30 0 0 0
6 150 30 0 0 0
7 180 30 0 0 0
8 210 30 0 0 0
9 240 30 0 0 0
10 270 30 1.01 0.505 15.15
11 300 30 0 0.505 15.15
12 330 30 0 0 0
13 360 30 6.02 3.01 90.3
14 390 30 0.015 3.0175 90.525
15 420 30 7.89 3.9525 118.575
16 450 30 19.59 13.74 412.2
17 459.42 9.42 28.53 24.06 226.645
2
Total volume of cutting 1013.24
5

Total volume of cutting = 1013.245 m3

2.FILLING

AREA OF AVERAGE AREA VOL

SL NO CHAINAG DISTAN FILLING OF FILLING IN OF
E CE IN M2 M2 FILLI
NG IN
M3
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 30 30 0.137 0.0685 2.055
3 60 30 1.04 0.5885 17.655
4 90 30 3.47 2.255 67.65
5 120 30 2.24 2.855 85.65
6 150 30 3.32 2.78 83.4
7 180 30 6.76 5.04 151.2
8 210 30 9.74 8.25 247.5
9 240 30 10.3 10.02 300.6
10 270 30 0 5.15 154.5
11 300 30 1.17 0.585 17.55
12 330 30 3.74 2.455 73.65
13 360 30 0 1.87 56.1
14 390 30 4.52 2.26 67.8
15 420 30 0 2.26 67.8
16 450 30 0 0 0
17 459.42 9.42 0 0 0
Total volume of
earth for filling 1393.1
1

Total volume of earth for filling = 1393.11 m3

Volume (m3 )
Total volume of cutting 1013.245
Total volume of filling 1393.110
Remaining filling 379.860