Pin Fin REPORT Converted 2

FABRICATION AND ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH PIN FIN 2018-19
ABSTRACT
Heat is a form of energy which can be transformed from one body to other by different modes
like conduction, convection and radiation. Whenever it is not possible to increase the value of
surface heat transfer coefficient or the temperature difference between the surface and fluid, the
only way to increase the heat transfer rate is by increasing the surface area of the body. By
Newton’s law of cooling, increasing the area of the body, increases the rate of heat transfer
rate. For increasing the area, extended surfaces called FINS are very effective. So in this
project we are fabricating a test rig on pin fin and analyzing the fins for different materials like
aluminum, copper and brass for different heat inputs under both natural and forced convection
conditions. After a successful completion of this project, we conclude that copper material has
the highest heat transfer coefficient, effectiveness and efficiency when compared to other two
test materials like aluminum and brass.
Dept of Mechanical Engg. 1 G.C.E. Ramanagara

INDEX
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 HEAT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 TEMPERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 HEAT TRANSFER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
1.4 MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4.1 HEAT CONDUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4.1.1 FOURIER’S LAW OF CONDUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4.1.2 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4.2HEAT CONVECTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.2.1 NEWTONS LAW OS COOLING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.2.2 TYPES OF HEAT CONVECTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.2.3 NATURAL CONVECTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.2.4 FORCED CONVECTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4.3 RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
1.4.3.1 STEFAN – BOLTZMAN LAW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4.3.2 KIRCHHOFF’S LAW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
1.5 EXTENDED SURFACES(FINS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
1.5.1 CLASSIFICATION OF FINS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
1.5.2 HEAT TRANFER THROUGH FINS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
1.5.3 FIN DESIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.5.4 FIN EFFICIENCY/EFFECTIVENESS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2. LITERATURE SURVEY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3. PROBLEM FORMULATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4. FABRICATION DETAILS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.1 COMPONENTS OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4.1.1 DUCT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.1.2 BLOWER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
4.1.3 THERMOCOUPLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.1.4 AMMETER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.1.5 VOLTMETER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
4.1.6 DIMMERSTAT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.1.7 TEMPERATURE INDICATOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1.8 HEATER COIL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1.9 ORIFICE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.1.10 MANOMETER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.1.11 CONSOLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

5 ASSUMPTIONS & NOMENCLATURE

5.1 ASSUMPTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.2 NOMENCLATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.3 LIST OF FORMULAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
5.4 GRAPHS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
6.1RESULTS & CONCLUTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

6.2 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
7 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 41
8 ANNEXTURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Heat
In thermal physics heat transfer is the passage of thermal energy from a hot to a
colder body. When a physical body, e.g. an object or fluid, is at a different temperature than its
surroundings or another body, transfer of thermal energy, also known as heat transfer, or heat
exchange, occurs in such a way that the body and the surroundings reach thermal equilibrium.
The concept of energy is used in thermodynamics to specify the states of a system. It is well
known fact that energy is neither created nor destroyed but only changed from one form to
another. The science of THERMODYNAMICS deals with the relation between heat and other
forms of energy but the science of heat transfer is concerned with the analysis of the rate of heat
transfer taking place in a system. The energy transfer by heat flow can’t be measured directly,
but the concept has physical meaning because it is related to the measurable quantity called
Temperature. Heat flow takes place whenever there is a temperature gradient in a system a
knowledge of the temperatures distribution in a system is essential in the heat transfer studies.
Once the temperature distribution is known, a quantity of practical interest, the heat flux, which
is the amount of heat transfer per unit area per unit time, is readily determined from the law
relating the heat flux to the temperature gradient.
1.2 Temperature
You cannot measure heat directly, but you can detect its effect on a substance. Changes in heat
can usually be detected as changes in temperature. Usually, when you add energy to a bunch of
atoms they move faster and get hotter. Similarly, if you remove energy from a bunch of atoms,
they usually move less and get cooler. It has long been established by observation that when
there is temperature difference in a system, heat flows from the region of high temperature to
that of low temperature.
1.3 Heat Transfer

The transfer of heat is normally from a high temperature object to a lower temperature object.
Heat transfer changes the internal energy of both systems involved according to the First Law
of Thermodynamics.

1.4 Modes of Heat Transfer
Whenever a temperature gradient exists, either within a medium or between media, the transfer
of heat will occur .This may take the form of Conduction, Convection and Radiation.
Fig 1.4: Heat transfer from a cold to a hotter region Radiation cooling time
1.4.1 Heat Conduction

Conduction is heat transfer by means of molecular agitation within a material without any
motion of the material as a whole. If one end of a metal rod is at a higher temperature, then
energy will be transferred down the rod toward the colder end because the higher speed
particles will collide with the slower ones with a net transfer of energy to the slower ones. For
heat transfer between two plane surfaces, such as heat loss through the wall of a house, the rate
of conduction heat transfer is:
= heat transferred in time =
= thermal conductivity of the barrier
= area

= temperature
= thickness of barrier
1.4.1.1 Fourier's Law of Conduction
Fourier's law is an empirical law based on observation. It states that the rate of heat flow, dQ/dt,
through a homogeneous solid is directly proportional to the area, A, of the section at right
angles to the direction of heat flow, and to the temperature difference along the path of heat
flow ie dT/dx.
The proportionality ratio, , is called thermal conductivity of the material.

-
1.4.1.2 Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity (λ) is the intrinsic property of a material which relates its ability to
conduct heat. Heat transfer by conduction involves transfer of energy within a material without
any motion of the material as a whole. Conduction takes place when a temperature gradient
exists in a solid (or stationary fluid) medium. Conductive heat flow occurs in the direction of
decreasing temperature because higher temperature equates to higher molecular energy or more
molecular movement. Energy is transferred from the more energetic to the less energetic
molecules when neighboring molecules collide.

Thermal conductivity is defined as the quantity of heat (Q) transmitted through a unit thickness
(L) in a direction normal to a surface of unit area (A) due to a unit temperature gradient (ΔT)
under steady state conditions and when the heat transfer is dependent only on the temperature
gradient. In equation form this becomes the following:
𝑑𝑇 𝑞 1
=( )×
𝑑𝑥 𝑘 𝑘
Since, in steady conduction, q is constant.
1.4.2 Heat Convection

Convection is heat transfer by mass motion of a fluid such as air or water when the heated fluid
is caused to move away from the source of heat, carrying energy with it. Convection above a
hot surface occurs because hot air expands, becomes less dense, and rises (see Ideal Gas Law).
Hot water is likewise less dense than cold water and rises, causing convection currents which
transport energy.

Convection can also lead to circulation in a

liquid, as in the heating of a pot of water over a
flame. Heated water expands and becomes more
buoyant. Cooler, more dense water near the
surface descends and patterns of circulation can
be formed, though they will not be as regular as
suggested in the drawing.
Convection cells are visible in the heated cooking oil in

the pot at left. Heating the oil produces changes in the
index of refraction of the oil, making the cell
boundaries visible. Circulation patterns form, and
presumably the wall-like structures visible are the
boundaries between the circulation patterns.
Convection is thought to play a major role in

transporting energy from the center of the Sun to
the surface, and in movements of the hot magma
beneath the surface of the earth. The visible surface
of the Sun (the photosphere) has a granular
appearance with a typical dimension of a granule
being 1000 kilometers. The image at right is from
the NASA Solar Physics website and is credited to
G. Scharmer and the Swedish Vacuum Solar
Telescope. The granules are described as convection
cells which transport heat from the interior of the

Sun to the surface.
In ordinary heat transfer on the Earth, it is difficult to quantify the effects of convection since it
inherently depends upon small non uniformities in an otherwise fairly homogeneous medium.
In modeling things like the cooling of the human body, we usually just lump it in with
conduction.
1.4.2.1 Newton's Law of Cooling
It states that the hotter an object is, the faster it cools. More precisely, the rate of cooling is
proportional to the temperature difference between an object and its surroundings. This word
statement leads to the classic equation of exponential decline over time that applies to many
phenomena in science and engineering, including the discharge of a capacitor and the decay in
radioactivity.
Newton's Law of Cooling is useful when studying water heating because it can tell us how fast
the hot water in pipes cools off, and also tells us how fast a water heater cools down if you turn
off the breaker when you go on vacation.
According to Newton law of cooling the overall heat transfer can be written as
q=h A ( Tw - Tf)
Where, h= heat transfer coefficient in W/m2 0c
A=surface area in m2
q = heat flux (w/m2) from the hot wall to the cold fluid.
Alternatively, for heat transfer from the hot fluid to the cold wall is written as
q=h Ad (Tf -tw)
Where, q = heat flux from the hot fluid to the cold wall
1.4.2.2TYPES HEAT CONVECTION

1.4.2.3Natural convection
1.4.2.4Natural convection, or free convection, occurs due to temperature differences which
affect the density, and thus relative buoyancy, of the fluid. Heavier (more dense)

components will fall while lighter (less dense) components rise, leading to bulk fluid
movement. Natural convection can only occur, therefore, in a gravitational field. A
common example of natural convection is a pot of boiling water in which the hot and
less-dense water on the bottom layer moves upwards in plumes, and the cool and more
dense water near the top of the pot likewise sinks.
i. Forced convection
In forced convection, also called heat advection, fluid movement results from external surface
forces such as a fan or pump. Forced convection is typically used to increase the rate of heat
exchange. Many types of mixing also utilize forced convection to distribute one substance
within another. Forced convection also occurs as a by-product to other processes, such as the
action of a propeller in a fluid or aerodynamic heating. Fluid radiator systems, and also heating
and cooling of parts of the body by blood circulation, are other familiar examples of forced
convection.

ii. Gravitational convection

Gravitational convection is a type of natural convection induced by buoyancy variations
resulting from material properties other than temperature. Typically this is caused by a variable
composition of the fluid. If the varying property is a concentration gradient, it is known as
solutal convection. For example, gravitational convection can be seen in the diffusion of a
source of dry salt downward into wet soil due to the buoyancy of fresh water in saline.
As buoyant convection is due to the effects of gravity, it does not occur in microgravity
environments.
iii. Granular convection

Vibration-induced convection occurs in powders and granulated materials in containers subject
to vibration where an axis of vibration is parallel to the force of gravity. When the container
accelerates upward, the bottom of the container pushes the entire contents upward. In contrast,
when the container accelerates downward, the sides of the container push the adjacent material
downward by friction.
1.4.2.3 Significance Of Dimensionless Groups

1) Reynolds Number ( Re ) :
Ratio of the inertia force to the viscous force .
i.e. Re = U x / γ
Where, U = free stream velocity in m/s.
x = length or diameter in m.
γ = kinematic viscosity in m2/s.
It is indicative of the relative importance of inertial and viscous effects in a fluid motion. At low
Reynolds number, the viscous effects dominate and the fluid motion is laminar. At high

Reynolds number, the inertial effects lead to turbulent flow and the associated turbulence level
dominates the momentum and energy flux.
Reynolds number constitutes an important criterion of Kinematic and Dynamic similarity in
forced convection heat transfer, Velocity within the fields would be similar in magnitude,
direction and turbulence pattern when their Reynolds number are same. For flow along flat
plate, the critical Reynolds number at which transition from laminar to turbulent takes place is
generally taken as 5*105 .
2) Grashof Number ( Gr) :

Grashof number ‘Gr’ indicates the relative strength of the buoyant to viscous forces. From its
mathematical formulation .
Gr = gβ∆TL3ρ2 /µ2
Gr = buoyant force * inertia force /( Viscous force)2
Obviously the Grashof number represents the ratio of the product of buoyant and inertia forces
to the square of the viscous forces. Grashof number has a role in free convection similar to that
played by Renolds number in forced convection. Free convection is usually suppressed at
sufficient small Cr. Begins at some critical value of Gr (depending upon the arrangement) and
then becomes more and more effective as Gr increases.
3) Prandtl Number:
It is defined as ratio of molecular diffusivity of momentum to the molecular diffusivity of the
heat.
Pr is indicative of the relative ability of the fluid to diffuse momentum and internal energy by
molular mechanisms. From its mathematical formulation,
Pr = μCp/K
Pr = V/α= Kinematic viscosity/Thermal diffusivity
Apparently Pr is the ratio of the Kinematic viscosity to thermal diffusivity of the fluid. The
Kinematic viscosity indicates the momentum transport by molecular friction and thermal
diffusivity represents the heat energy transport through conduction, Obviously Pr provides a
measure of the relative effectiveness of momentum and energy transport by diffusion, For
higher viscous oils, Pr is quite large (100 to 10,000) and that indicates rapid diffusion of
momentum by viscous action compared to the diffusion of energy. Prandtl number for gases is
near unity and accordingly the momentum and energy transfer by diffusion are comparable. In

contrast, the liquid metals have Pr = 0.003 to 0.01 and that indicates more rapid diffusion of
energy compared to the momentum diffusion rate,
The Prandtl number is connecting link between the velocity field and the temperature field, and
its value strongly influences relative growth of velocity and thermal boundary layers.
Mathematically, δ / δ1 (Pr) n
Where ‘δ’ and ‘δ1’ are the thickness of velocity and thermal boundary layer respectively, and
‘n’ is a positive exponent.
4) Nusselt Number (Nu):

It is defind as ratio of heat transfer by convection to the conduction across the fluid layer of
thickness ‘l’ .
Large value of Nu means convection is more.
If Nu equal to one , then heat transfer only by conduction.
Nu establishes the relation between convective film coefficient h thermal conductivity of the
fluid ‘k’ and a significant length parameter ‘I’ of the physical system:
Nu = (hl/k)
An energy balance at the surface of a heated plate stipulates that energy transport by conduction
must equal the convective heat transfer into the fluid flowing past the plate. Thus
Q -KA(δ t/ δ y) = had (Ts - Tω) at y = 0
h= -k(δt / δy)/ (Ts Tω) at y = 0
hl/k =-(δt / δy)/ ((Ts- Tω)/L) at y = 0
Apparently the Nusselt number hI/k may be interpereted as the ratio of temperature gradient at
the surface to an overall refrence temperature gradient
The Nusselt number is a convenient measure of the convective heat transfer coefficient, for a
given value of the Nusselt number, the convective heat transfer coefficient is directly
proportional to thermal coductivity of the fluid and inversely proportional to the significant
length parameter.
5) Stanton Number ( St):

Stanton is the ratio of heat transfer coefficient to the flow of heat per unit temperature rise due
to the velocity of the fluid.
St= h/ρvcp= (hl/k)/( ρvl/μ) x (μcp/k)
St = Nu/Re x Pr
Thus the Stanton number can be expressed n terms of other dimensionless number as;

St = Nusselt no. / (Reynolds no. X Prantal no.)

It should be noted that Stanton number can be used only in correlating forced convection data.
This becomes obvious when we observe the velocity V contained in the expression for Stanton
number.
Through dimension analysis, we have obtained the following possible forms for correlation of
convection data;
a) Forced convection;
Nu = fl (Re,Pr) or St = f2 (Re,Pr)
b) Free convection;
Nu =f3 (Gr,Pr)
1.4.3 Radiation Heat Transfer

All bodies continuously emit energy because of their temperature, and the energy thus emitted
is called “Thermal Radiation”. The radiation energy emitted by a body is transmitted in the
space in the form of electromagnetic waves according to Maxwell’s classic electromagnetic
wave theory or in the form of discrete photons according to Planck’s Hypothesis. Both concept
have been utilized in the investigation of radiation of Radiative - Heat transfer.
It is only in a vaccum that radiation propagates with no attention at all. Also the atmospheric air
contained in a room is considered transparent to thermal radiation for all practical purposes.
because the attention of radiation by air is insignificant unless the air layer is several kilometers
thick. However, gases such as C02 and CO water vapour ammonia absorb thermal radiation
over certain wavelength bonds therefore they are semitransparent to thermal radiation.
1.4.3.1 Stefan-Boltzman law

Stefan-Boltzmann law stated as, “emissive power of a black body is directly proportional to
fourth power of its absolute temperature”.
Mathematically,
Q α T4 Or Q = σ T4
Where,
Q is the heat flux inW/m2
σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann’s constant W/ m2 °C =5.678*10-8 W/ m2°C
1.4.3.2 Kirchhoff’s law

Kirchhoff’s law is a relationship between the monochromatic, directional emittance and the
monochromatic, directional absorptance for a surface that is in thermodynamic equilibrium with
its surroundings.
eλ (T, θ ,f) = aλ (T, θ ,f) exact from Kirchhoff’s law.
Kirchhoff’s law states that a body in thermodynamic equilibrium emits as much energy as it
absorbs in each direction and at each wavelength.
1.5 Extended Surfaces (Fins)
A fin is a surface that extends from an object hence increases the effective area of the surface
with an object to increase the rate of heat transfer to or from the environment by increasing
convection area. Whenever the available surface is found inadequate to transfer the required
quantity of heat with the available temperature drop and convective heat transfer coefficient, the
extended surfaces or fins are used. Therefore, the temperature at the base of the fin is the
highest temperature in the fin. The temperature decreases continuously from the fin in order to
cause the heat to flow from the base to the fin. The rate of decrease depends upon the shape,
cross-section & thermal conductivity of the fin and also the film heat transfer co-efficient from
the fin to the outer fluid. Fins are manufactured in different geometries, depending upon the
practical applications, some of which are shown in Fig.. The ribs attached along the length of a
tube are called longitudinal fins. The concentric annular discs around a tube arc termed
circumferential fins. Pin fins or spines arc rods protruding from surfaces.
1.5.1 Classification Of Fin

The fins or extended surfaces are classified based on shape and cross-section as follows.
1. Based on Shape
a. Longitudinal fins
b. Radial fins
c. Spines (pegs) fins
d. Pin or Pine fin
2. Based on Cross-section
a. Rectangular fins
b. Triangular (conical) fins

c. Parabolic fins
d. Trapezoidal fins
e. Cylindrical fins
f. Circular fins
3. Based on dimension
a. Long fins
b. Short fin without end insulated
c. Short fin with end insulated
d. Infinite fins
Fig shows types of Fins
1.5.2 Heat transfer through Fins
Heat transfer through various n geometries is modeled. Geometry configurations such as

rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular, cylindrical, and parabolic pro les are available. The length,
base thickness, and end thickness of the n can be specified. Coarse, medium, and new mesh
types are available. Thermal conductivity of the n material can be specified. Constant
temperature or uniform heat flux boundary conditions can be applied at the base of the n. fully
insulated or convective boundary conditions can be applied at the tip of the n. The exercise
reports base wall temperature, total area for heat convection, heat dissipation rate, n
efficiency, and n e effectiveness. Contours of temperature can be displayed.
Fins are used to enhance convective heat transfer in a wide range of engineering applications,
on a practical means for achieving a large total heat transfer surface area without the use of an

excessive amount of primary surface area. Fins are commonly applied for heat management in
electrical appliances such as computer power supplies or substation transformers. Other
applications include IC engine cooling, such as fins in a car radiator. It is important to predict
temperature distribution within the fins in order to choose the configuration that maximum
effectiveness.
1.5.3. Fin design
Two basic measures of fin performance are particularly useful in a fin design.
The first is called the Efficiency,
actual heat transferred by a fin

ђf = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
heat that would be transferred if the entire fin were at T = T0
It is therefore clear that, while ηf provides some useful information as to how

well a fin is contrived, it is not generally advisable to design toward a particular value of
ηf. A second measure of fin performance is called the effectiveness, ef:
heat flux from the wall with the fin

ef = ----------------------------------------------
heat flux from the wall without the fin

Normally we want the effectiveness to be as high as possible, But this can

always be done by extending the length of the fin, and that as we have seen rapidly
becomes a losing proposition.
The measures ηf and ef probably attract the interest of designers not because their
absolute values guide the designs, but because they are useful in characterizing fins with
more complex shapes. In such cases the solutions are often so complex that ηf and ef
plots serve as laborsaving graphical solutions. We deal with some of these curves later in
this section.
The design of a fin thus becomes an open-ended matter of optimizing subject to many
factors. Some of the factors that have to be considered include:
•The weight of material added by the fin. This might be a cost factor
Or it might be an important consideration in its own right.
•The possible dependence of h on (T-T8), flow velocity past the fin, or other influences.
•The influence of the fin (or fins) on the heat transfer coefficient, h,
As the fluid moves around it (or them).
•The geometric configuration of the channel that the fin lies in.
•The cost and complexity of manufacturing fins.
•The pressure drop introduced by the
1.5.4 Fin Efficiency / Effectiveness
If the whole fin were at the wall (or root) temperature, the Increase in heat transfer rate
would be in direct proportion to the increase in surface area. Owing to the temperature gradient
along a fin this is not achievable.
We therefore define fin efficiency as:-

LITERATURE SURVEY
Heat transfer coefficient encountered in forced convection are typically much higher
than those encountered in natural convection because of the higher fluid velocities associated
with forced convection as a result most of researchers tend to ignore natural convection in heat
transfer analysis that involve forced convection although it is known that natural convection
always accompanies forced convection. However this error may be considerable at low
velocities associated with forced convection.
Leonardo Micheli , K.S. Reddy , Tapas K. Mallick . investigated The present work
analyses,
for the first time, the heat transfer from pin micro-fins. The scope of the present paper is
comparing thermal performance of plate micro-fin and pin micro-fin arrays under natural
convection conditions in air .Two fin geometries are considered: plate and pin fin arrays with
the same thermal exchanging surface are tested. The investigation shows that the pin micro-fins
can improve the thermal performance compared to plate micro-fin arrays. Indeed, pin micro-
fins are found to have higher heat transfer coefficients and lower thermal resistances, as well as
a better material usage. This makes pin micro-fins able to achieve both thermal enhancement
and weight reduction than plate micro-fins. The radiative heat transfer is also calculated: a new
model to determine the radiative view factors of pin fins is proposed and is used in the analysis.
The effect of the orientation is considered as well.
Xiaoqin Liu, Jianlin Yu, Gang Yan. For a finned-tube heat exchangers (FHEXs) with large
fin pitches, the enhancement of air-side heat transfer performance by using perforated fins has
been numerically investigated in this paper. The effects of the perforation size and number on
the air-side j factor and heat transfer rates of the FHEX are analyzed in detail at different large
fin pitches. Numerical simulation results indicate that an optimal perforation design can be

obtained to realize maximum increase in the j factor for the perforated FHEX compared with
those of the plate FHEX without perforations. It is also found that the enhancement of the j
factor increases with the rising air-side Reynolds number from 750 to 2350. For the perforated
FHEX with fin pitch of 10.0 mm, the j factor increases by 0.3% at Re = 750 and 8.1% at Re =
2350, respectively, with the optimal perforation design. In addition, the results present that the j
factor increase of the perforated FHEX compared with that of the plain FHEX is more obvious
at smaller fin pitches. When the fin pitch varies from 20.0 mm to 7.5 mm, the increase in the j
factor varies from 2.7% to 9.2% at Re = 2350. However, the total heat transfer surfaces of the
perforated FHEX are reduced by perforations, its heat transfer rates may be decreased. The
results show that the air-side heat transfer rate is reduced by 6.3% at Re = 750 when the fin
pitch is 7.5 mm. For this case, two methods are further proposed to compensate total surfaces
for the perforated FHEX in order to obtain higher air-side j factor while ensuring identical heat
transfer rate.
Chennu ranganayakulu and Stephan kabelac . this paper presents experimental results on
boiling heat exchanger of R134a in a compact plate fin heat exchanger. The exchanger is made
of of aluminum and has high density offset fins (30 fins/in).such heat exchangers are widely
used in air suspension industry and aerospace applications because of their high compactness
and low weight. The test heat exchanger is attached to a vapour cycle refrigeration basic
module to study the effect of boiling phenomena and its influence on performance as there is
limited information available for this type of fins. This is turn allows for discussion on boiling
mechanism of R134a inside the fins using the water circuit on the other side of the test heat
exchanger. The water side single phase heat transfer coefficient is calculated using the CFD tool
FLUENT and validated with available open literature. The results are presented for heat fluxes
up to 5500w/m2 and mass fluxes up to 20kg/(m2s) with water side flow rate varying from 0.033
to 0.17kg/s for water temepratures os 10,15,20,25,and 30̊C.
Teertstra investigated analytically that an analytical model is presented that predicts the
heat
average transfer rate for forced convection air cooled plate fin heat sinks for use in the
design and selection of heat sinks for electronics applications. Using a composite solution based
on the limiting cases of fully-developed and developing flow between isothermal parallel plates,
the average Nusselt number can be calculated as a function of the heat sink geometry and fluid
velocity. . He concluded that The resulting model is applicable for the full range of Reynolds
number, 0.1<Reb*<100, and accurately predicts the experimental results to within an RMS

difference-of-2.1%.
Jeng-Min Huang et,al Investigated that a study conducts a numerical study concerning
the effect of frost thickness on the heat transfer performance of a four rows plate finned tube
heat exchanger. Calculations are made under constant air volume and variable air volume
conditions. It is found that the initial surge of heat transfer rate in the frosted finned tube heat
exchanger is mainly associated with the critical radius effect rather than the surface roughness.
The frost thermal conductivity plays an important role in the surge phenomenon. There is
hardly any initial surge when frost thermal conductivity is below 0.1 W m−1 K−1. It is also
recommended that a refrigerator should defrost when half of a single flow channel area is
blocked by frost. . He concluded that a centrifugal fan is recommended with a small fin-pitch
heat exchanger. However, if a long term operation at a thick frost situation is unavoidable, an
axial fan should be selected. There is no great difference between selection of an axial fan or
centrifugal fan for a larger fin pitch heat exchanger.
Bayram Sahin Investigated numerically on heat transfer enhancement and the

corresponding pressure drop over a flat surface equipped with square cross-sectional perforated
pin fins in a rectangular channel. The experimental results showed that the use of the square pin
fins may lead to heat transfer enhancement. Enhancement efficiencies varied between 1.1 and
1.9 depending on the clearance ratio and inter-fin spacing ratio. Both lower clearance ratio and
lower inter-fin spacing ratio and comparatively lower Reynolds numbers are suggested for
higher thermal performance. the optimum results were found to be Reynolds number of 42,000,
fin height of 50 mm and stream wise distance between fins of 51 mm.
P.K. Papadopoulos Investigated expermentallly that the fully developed laminar

incompressible flow inside a curved duct of elliptical cross-section with four thin, internal
longitudinal fins is studied using the improved CVP method. We present numerical results for
the friction factor and an investigation of the effect of the fin height on the flow. . He
concluded that the friction factor increases for large fins, it has a strong dependence on the
cross-sectional aspect ratio. The thermal results show that the heat transfer rate is enhanced by
the internal fins and that it depends on the aspect ratio.

Han-Taw Chen investigated experimentally that the heat-transfer characteristics on a

vertical annular circular fin of finned-tube heat exchangers in forced convection finite
difference method in conjunction with the least-squares scheme and experimental measured
temperatures is applied to predict the average heat transfer coefficient and fin efficiency ηf on a
vertical annular circular fin of finned-tube heat exchangers for various fin spacings in forced
convection. The results show that the effect of the fin spacing S on the value can be negligible
when the S value exceeds about 0.018 m. The value increases with increasing the air speed
Vair for 1 m/s Vair 5 m/s (1550 Red 7760) and increasing the fin spacing for 0.005 m S
0.018 m. The average heat transfer coefficients obtained from this new correlation of the
Nusselt number are in good agreement with those given by Hu and Jacobi.
Bundoora, investigated experimentally & numerically on cross-flow forced convection

heat transfer from a horizontal cylinder with multiple, equally spaced, high conductivity
permeable fins. The heat transfer characteristics of a cylinder with permeable versus solid fins
were studied for several combinations of number of fins and fin height over the range of
Reynolds number (5–200) he concluded that. Permeable fins provided much higher heat transfer
rates compared to the more traditional solid fins for a similar cylinder configuration. The ratio
between the permeable to solid Nusselt numbers increased with Reynolds number and fin height
but tended to decrease with number of fins. This ratio was as high as 4.35 at Reynolds number
of 150 and a single fin with a non dimensional height of 3.0. The use of 1–2 permeable fins
resulted in much higher Nusselt number values than when using up to 18 solid fins. Such an
arrangement has other benefits such as a considerable reduction in weight and cost.
Bassam was investigated numerically on cross flow forced convection heat transfer
from a horizontal cylinder with multiple, equally spaced, high conductivity permeable fins on
its outer surface. He was concluded that permeable fins provided much higher heat transfer
rates. Compared to the traditional solid fins for a similar cylinder configuration. The ratio
between the permeable to solid nusselt numbers increased with Reynolds and fin height, but
tended to decrease with number of fins.
Ricardo Romero have carried out an experimental study on effect of fin spacing on
convection in plate fin and tube exchanger and found that for small value of S (distance
between the fins) flow is hele show, fluid is trapped in wake and Nusselt no is very small at

lager number of S, Horse shoe vertex is formed just at upstream of the tube and a peak Nusselt
number occurs at the Horse shoe vertex.
PROBLEM FORMULATION
Heat transfer by convection also depends on the area exposed to the atmosphere that
dissipates heat to the surrounding. To increase the heat transfer area, extended surface are used.
These extended surfaces are called as fins. It may be pin fins, plate fins or rectangular fins,
circular fins, cylindrical fins, radial fins, parabolic fins…….
A fin is a surface that extends from an object hence increases the effective area of the
surface with an object to increase the rate of heat transfer to or from the environment by
increasing convection area. Whenever the available surface is found inadequate to transfer the
required quantity of heat with the available temperature drop and convective heat transfer
coefficient, the extended surfaces or fins are used. Therefore, the temperature at the base of the
fin is the highest temperature in the fin. The temperature decreases continuously from the fin in
order to cause the heat to flow from the base to the fin. The rate of heat transfer depends upon
the shape, cross-section & thermal conductivity of the fin and also the film heat transfer co-
efficient from the fin to the outer fluid.
In our dissertation work we have made an attempt to fabricate an pin fin apparatus and
analyse of heat transfer through pin fin for different material like aluminum, copper and brass
with respect to factors like heat transfer coefficient, effectiveness and effiviency.
FABRICATION DETAILS
This chapter gives the details of the material and the instrument used for the fabrication
purpose. And also gives the method how it adopted for fabrication.
4.1 The experimental setup consists of the following components:

4.1.1 Duct
Duct is a long hollow block having length 690mm and rectangular in cross section of
100mm × 175mm. It is made up of metal .This duct is the confined region for the flow of air. It
also houses specimen mounting region, thermocouples and blower at one end.

Fig 4.1 Test rig
4.1.2 Blower
Blower is a ducted centrifugal fan, used to remove the heat decipeted from specimen.
Product details:
Fig 4.2 Blower
4.1.3 Thermocouples
To measure the fin temperature at different points, thermocouple were used in this
experiment. Total of three thermocouples were mounted on fin and other two for inlet and
outlet region. The thermocouples used were of k-type thermocouples (iron + constantan) with
an applicable range of 0-2000 c.

To connect the thermocouple junction to the fin and base copper tape used. Extension
wire was to connect the thermocouple leads to the selector switch provided with a digital
calibrated temperature display.
No of thermocouples used = 5
Temperature range: -200 to 200 ºC
Fig 4.3 Thermocouples
4.1.4 Ammeter
An ammeter is used to indicate the current flowing through the circuit. The
specifications are as follows:
Made – Bristol ,Range: 0 – 2 A
Fig 4.4 Ammeter

4.1.5 Voltmeter
The power supply for the heater is indicated by a voltmeter. The make and the
specification of voltmeter is as follows:
Made – Universel
Range: 0 – 300 V
Fig 4.5 Voltmeter
4.1.6 Dimmerstat
Dimmerstat is used to vary the heat input to the heater coil.
Fig 4.6 dimmerstat

4.1.7 Temperature indicator

To read the temperature the temperature indicator of 5 channels were used. The range of
measurements of temperature is -200 to 200ºC
Fig 4.7 Temperature Indicator
4.1.8 Heater coil

A constant heat source used was a band heater with the following specification:
Type – circular type
Power – 250 watts.
Fig 4.8 Heater coil

4.1.9 Orifice
An orifice is an opening having inner diameter of 35mm which is used to control the pressure or
flow of air.
Fig 4.9 orifice
4.1.10 Manometer
It is an instrument used to measure the pressure of air flowing the orifice.
Fig 4.10 manometer

4.1.11 Console
It is a main power supply switch to the apparatus.
Fig 4.11 console
5.1 ASSUMPTIONS:
Besides the assumptions used in the derivation of general conduction equation
for fin, the following assumptions and simplifications apply.
1) The convection heat transfer coefficient ‘h’ is uniform and constant over the entire fin
surface.
2) Heat transfer trough he fins is at steady state, and there is no physical thermal energy
source in the fin.
3) The temperature of the fluid between fins is uniform over the entire fin surface.
4) The thermal conductivity of fin material ‘k’ is uniform and constant.
5) The base of the fin is at the temperature of the heat surface, which is uniform over the
perimeter of the plate. The effect of holes on heat conduction of fins is taken into
account by setting zero thermal conductivity for the holes, which does not violate the
fourth assumption. In that idealization it is assumed that, the fin material, but not the fin
including the holes, has a constant and uniform thermal conductivity.

5.2 Nomenclature
Sl. No Parameter Symbol Units

1 Width W m
2 Breadth B m
3 Height H m
4 Dia. of hole D m
5 Fin spacing S mm
5 No. of Fins N -
6 Velocity of Air V m/s
7 Voltage Vol Volts
8 Current I amps
9 Surface Temp Ts K
10 Ambient temp(inlet temp) Ta K
11 Outlet temp To K
12 Thermal conductivity of Al6082 T6 Kal W/m0 K
13 Air Flow Length over fin L m
14 Thermal conductivity of Air Kair W/m0 K
15 Kinematic Viscosity G m2/s
16 Prandtl No. Pr
17 Total area At m2
18 Unfin Area Aunfin m2
-*19///- Base Area Ab m2
20 Perimeter P m
22 Film Temp Tf K
23 Base Plate Temp Tb K
24 Reynolds N0. Re -
25 Average Nusselt No. Nu -
26 Heat transfer Co-efficient H W/m2 0K
27 Ideal Heat transfer Qideal W
28 Heat transfer from base Qunfin,Qb W
29 Heat transfer through fins Qfin W
30 Effectiveness  -

5.3 List of formulae:

01. Heat Input OR Heat Transfer Q Watts
Q = V X I watts
Natural Convection
02. To find convection heat transfer co-efficient, h
If 10-1 < (Gr) (Pr) < 104 = > use graph (From data book)
If 104 < (Gr) (Pr) < 109 = > Nu = 0.59 (Gr. Pr)0.25
If 109 < (Gr) (Pr) <1012 = > Nu = 0.13 (Gr. Pr)1/3
here,
Grashoff Number – Gr = gβ (Ts – Ta) d3
r2
where,
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
β = coefficient of thermal expansion = 1

Tf + 273
Ts = average surface temperature of fin
Ts = T2 + T3 + T4
3
Ta = average temperature of air
Ta = T1 + T5
2
Tf = Ts + Ta in oC
2
d = diameter of pin fin 16mm = 0.016m
Nu – Nusult’s Number = hd
K
Where,
h = heat transfer coefficient W/m2 K
d = diameter of pif – fin = 16mm = 0.016m
K = Thermal Conductivity of air W/m K

From the data hand book, at Tf the property values are

a. Density, ρ =
b. Viscosity, µ =
c. Prandtl number (Pr) =
d. Thermal conductivity (K) =
Reynold’s number, Re = ρVDeq

µ
V = Velocity of flow = Q m/sec
A
Q = volume of flow rate = Cd a √2gha
a = πd2 d = Orifice diameter = 21mm

4
Cd = coefficient of discharge = 0.64
ha = ρw hw
ρa
where ρw = density of water 1000kg/m3

ρa = density of air 1.154 kg/m3
hw = head of water from manometer
Deq = Equivalent Diameter of duct = 4a

(π x 0.02)
03. To find the effectiveness and efficiency

Efficiency, η = tanh (mL)
mL
m= hP
Km A
Where P = Perimeter of fin = πd m
A = Area of the fin = πd 2
4
Km=Thermal Conductivity of fin 110 W/m
K
Effectiveness of the pin-fin, Є = tanh(mL)

hA/KP
Forced Convection
01. Heat transfer coefficient ( h )
h = Nu x Kair W/moC
d

40 < Re < 4000 = > Nu = 0.618 (Re)0.466

4000 < Re < 40000 = > Nu = 0.174 (Re)0.618
Nu – Nusult’s Number = hd
K
Where,
h = heat transfer coefficient W/m2 K
d = diameter of pif – fin = 20mm = 0.020m
K = Thermal Conductivity of air W/m K
Reynold’s number, Re = ρVDeq

µ
V = Velocity of flow = Q m/sec
A
Q = volume of flow rate = Cd a √2gha
a = πd2 d = Orifice diameter = 21mm

4
Cd = coefficient of discharge = 0.64
ha = ρw hw
ρa
where ρw = density of water 1000kg/m3

ρa = density of air 1.154 kg/m3
hw = head of water from manometer
Deq = Equivalent Diameter of duct = 4a

(π x 0.02)

5.4 Graphs
For BRASS Q vs h, Є, ᶯ
100
90
80
70
60
h, Є, ᶯ
50 Q vs h
40 Q vs Є
30
20 Q vs ᶯ
10
0
0 50 100 150
Q
The above graph represents the curve for variable parameters like heat transfer coefficient
,effectiveness, efficiency for different values of heat input for Brass(br) material under natural
convection conditions.It can be clearly seen that as heat input increases,there is slight decrease
in the values of heat transfer, effectiveness and efficiency.
For ALUMINUM Q vs h, Є,ɳ

100
90
80
70
60
h,Є,ɳ
50 Q vs h
40 Qvs Є
30
Q vs ɳ
20
10
0
0 50 100 150
Q

The above graph represents the curve for variable parameters like heat transfer coefficient,
effectiveness and efficiency for different values of heat input for aluminum(al) material under
natural convection conditions. It can be clearly seen that as the heat input is increased, there is
slight decrease in the variable parameters like heat transfer coeffecient, effectiveness and
efficiency.
For COPPER Q vs h,Є,ɳ

100
90
80
70
60
h,Є,ɳ
50 Q vs h
40 Q vs Є
30
20 Q vs ɳ
10
0
0 50 100 150
Q
The above graph shows the curve for different parameters like heat transfer coefficient,
effectiveness and efficiency for Copper(cu) under natural convection conditions. It can clearly
seen that as the heat input is increased, there is slight increase in variable parameters like heat
transfer coefficient, effectiveness and efficiency.
ha vs h,Є,ɳ
100
90
80
70
60
h,Є,ɳ
ha vs h
50
40 ha vs Є
30 ha vs ɳ
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8
ha

The above graph represents curve for variable parameters like heat transfer coefficient,
effectiveness and efficiency keeping the heat input constant of 80W for ALUMINUM(al)
material under forced convection conditions.From the above graph it can seen that the heat
transfer coefficient decreases, the effectiveness curve remains throughout whereas the
efficiency curve constantly improves for increasing heads.
ha vs h,Є,ɳ
100
80
h,Є,ɳ
60
ha vs h
40
ha vs Є
20 ha vs ɳ
0
0 2 4 6 8
ha

ha vs h,Є,ɳ
100
80
60
h,Є,ɳ ha vs h
40
ha vs Є
20 ha vs ɳ
0
0 2 4 6 8
ha
Q vs hal,hbr,hco
14
12
10
8
h
Q vs hal
6
Q vs hbr
4
Q vs hco
2
0
0 50 100 150
Q

The above graph represents the curve for heat inputs against heat transfer coefficient for all the
three materials under forced convection conditions.It can clearly seen from the comparision
graph copper material has the highest heat transfer coefficient followed by aluminum and brass
material.
Q vs Єal,Єbr,Єcu
36
35.5
35
Єal,Єbr,Єcu
34.5
34
33.5 Q vs Єal
33 Q vs Єbr
32.5 Q vs Єcu
32
31.5
0 50 100 150
Q
The above graph represents the curve for heat input against effectiveness for all the three
materials under forced convection conditions. It can clearly be seen from the above comparision
graph that Copper material has the highest effectiveness followed by aluminum and brass
material.
Q vs ɳal,ɳbr,ɳcu
96
94
ɳal,ɳbr,ɳcu
92
90
Q vs ɳal
88
Q vs ɳbr
86
Q VS ɳcu
84
82
0 50 100 150
Q
The above graph represents the curve for heat input against efficiency for all the three materials
under forced convection conditions. It can clearly be seen from the above comparision graph
that Copper material has the highest efficiency followed by aluminum and brass material.

CONCLUSION
Heat transfer is the science that deals the rate of heat transfer. Heat transfer by convection is
depends on the area exposed to heat transfer, to increase the heat transfer area extended surfaces
are used called as Fins.
In our dissertation work we are made an attempt to analyze experimentally the heat transfer
through solid pin fins under natural and forced controlled conditions. Concluded as follows,
❖ Heat transfer through pin fins is much more in case of forced convection when
compared to natural convection condition.
❖ By increasing the velocity of air of a there will be a gradual increase in the heat transfer
coefficient through pin fin.
❖ By increasing the heat input there will be a gradual reduction in the heat transfer
coefficient.
❖ By increasing the heat input there will be a gradual reduction in the Effectiveness.
❖ By increasing the heat input there will be a gradual reduction in the Effeciency.
❖ For any value of heat input,copper material always gives higher heat transfer coefficient,
effectiveness and efficiency than aluminum and brass material.

SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
No work is completed without mentioning its drawback, in this project work an attempt
has been made to use pin fins (aluminum, copper, brass) and test have been conducted for the
heat input 80W,100W,120W under natural and forced convection conditions . In this project,
we have done the analysis for a single pin fin. In future, the analysis can be extended for
multiple fins in different configurations as it would increase the rate of heat transfer. This can
be numerically analyzed using software like CFD, ANSYS, etc.

BIBILOGRAPHY
➢ .W. M. Kays and M. E. Crawford. Convective Heat and Mass Transfer.
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 3rd edition, 1993.

Coverage is mainly of boundary layers and internal flows.
➢ F.M. White. Viscous Fluid Flow. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 2nd
edition, 1991. Excellent development of fundamental results for
boundary layers and internal flows.
➢ J.A. Schetz. Foundations of Boundary Layer Theory for Momentum,

Heat, and Mass Transfer. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cli s, NJ,
1984. This book shows many experimental results in support of
the theory.
➢ A. Bejan. Convection Heat Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, New York,
2nd edition, 1995. This book makes good use of scaling argu-
ments.
➢ M. Kaviany.Principles of Convective Heat Transfer.Springer-

Verlag, New York, 1995. This treatise is wide-ranging and quite
unique. Includes multiphase convection.
➢ H. Schlichting and K. Gersten. Boundary-Layer Theory. Springer-

Verlag, Berlin, 8th edition, 2000. Very comprehensive develop-
ment of boundary layer theory. A classic.
➢ P. B. Whalley. Boiling, Condensation, and Gas-Liquid Flow. Oxford

University Press, Oxford, 1987.
➢ J. G. Collier and J. R. Thome. Convective Boiling and Condensation.

Oxford University Press, Oxford, 3rd edition, 1994.
➢ Y. Y. Hsu and R. W. Graham. Transport Processes in Boiling and

Two-Phase Systems Including Near-Critical Systems. American Nu-
clear Society, LaGrange Park, IL, 1986.
➢ F. Mills. Mass Transfer. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River,

2001. Mass transfer from a mechanical engineer’s perspective with
strong coverage of convective mass transfer.
➢ D. R. Poirier and G. H. Geiger. Transport Phenomena in Materials
Processing. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Warren dale,
Pennsylvania, 1994. A comprehensive introduction to heat, mass,
and momentum transfer from a materials science perspective.

➢ Badr H.M, 1983, “ A theoretical study of laminar convection from a horizontal cylinder
in a cross stream” International. Journal. Heat mass transfer, 26, PP639-653.
➢ A/K Abu-hijles,B,2003 “enhanced forced convection heat transfer from a cylinder usinf
permeable fins”, ASME.Journal.Heat transfer,125,PP804-811.
➢ A/K Abu-hijles,B,2003 “Natural convection heat transfer from a cylinder with high
conductivity permeable fins” ASME.Journal.Heat transfer ,125,PP282-288.
➢ Ricardo Romero, et al, 2000, “Effect of fin spacing on convection in a plate fin & tube
exchange”,43,PP39-51.
➢ Zhao.T.S, et. al, 2001, “forced convection in a porous medium Heated by a permeable
wall perpendicular to flow direction: Analysis & Measurement”,
International.Journal.Heat & Mass transfer,40,PP1031-1037.
➢ [1] Y.A.Cengel, heat transfer – A practical approach, second ed… McGraw-Hill, New
York, 2004, pp.v 486-488.

ANNEXURE
NATURAL CONVECTION FOR ALUMINIUM

MATERIAL
Dimmerstat reading Thermocouple readings
V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
80 0.6 35.2 76.96 70.6 68.96 36.4
100 0.75 37.9 104.63 94.43 92.03 39.76
120 1 37.63 120.66 106.7 102.86 41.26
NATURAL CONVECTION FOR COPPER MATERIAL

V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
80 0.6 35.2 82.5 76.8 71.0 35.7
100 0.75 38.1 116.3 112.8 101.1 39.4
120 1 39.5 138.43 132.86 113.26 40.5
NATURAL CONVECTION FOR BRASS MATERIAL

V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
80 0.6 35.6 68.3 66.5 63.5 37.5
100 0.75 37.67 90.83 85.96 81.6 39.73
120 1 39.43 119.23 109.43 102.86 42.76
FORCED CONVECTION FOR ALUMINIUM

MATERIAL
Dimmerstat Manometre
Thermocouple readings
reading reading
V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 h1 h2
80 0.6 36.7 91 81.39 78.9 38.5 1.2 1.1
100 0.75 37.46 114.13 99.63 95.77 39.76 1.2 1.1
120 1 37.76 135.53 116.83 111.6 40.83 1.2 1.1
FORCED CONVECTION FOR ALUMINIUM

MATERIAL
Dimmerstat Manometre
Thermocouple readings
reading reading
V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 h1 h2
80 0.6 33.96 81.03 72 69.36 35.46 2.5 2.5

100 0.75 35.85 123.4 108.9 103.15 39.2 2.5 2.5

120 1 37.1 154.8 129.4 111.6 38.9 2.5 2.5

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FABRICATION AND ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH PIN FIN 2018-19

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 1 G.C.E. Ramanagara

4.1 COMPONENTS OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 2 G.C.E. Ramanagara

5 ASSUMPTIONS & NOMENCLATURE

6.1RESULTS & CONCLUTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 3 G.C.E. Ramanagara

1.3 Heat Transfer

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 4 G.C.E. Ramanagara

1.4 Modes of Heat Transfer

1.4.1 Heat Conduction

= heat transferred in time =

= thermal conductivity of the barrier

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 5 G.C.E. Ramanagara

1.4.1.1 Fourier's Law of Conduction

The proportionality ratio, , is called thermal conductivity of the material.

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 6 G.C.E. Ramanagara

Since, in steady conduction, q is constant.

1.4.2 Heat Convection

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 7 G.C.E. Ramanagara

Convection can also lead to circulation in a

Convection cells are visible in the heated cooking oil in

Convection is thought to play a major role in

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 8 G.C.E. Ramanagara

Sun to the surface.

1.4.2.1 Newton's Law of Cooling

1.4.2.2TYPES HEAT CONVECTION

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 9 G.C.E. Ramanagara

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 10 G.C.E. Ramanagara

ii. Gravitational convection

iii. Granular convection

1.4.2.3 Significance Of Dimensionless Groups

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 11 G.C.E. Ramanagara

2) Grashof Number ( Gr) :

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 12 G.C.E. Ramanagara

4) Nusselt Number (Nu):

5) Stanton Number ( St):

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 13 G.C.E. Ramanagara

St = Nusselt no. / (Reynolds no. X Prantal no.)

1.4.3 Radiation Heat Transfer

1.4.3.1 Stefan-Boltzman law

1.4.3.2 Kirchhoff’s law

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 14 G.C.E. Ramanagara

1.5 Extended Surfaces (Fins)

1.5.1 Classification Of Fin

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 15 G.C.E. Ramanagara

Fig shows types of Fins

1.5.2 Heat transfer through Fins

Heat transfer through various n geometries is modeled. Geometry configurations such as

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 16 G.C.E. Ramanagara

1.5.3. Fin design

The first is called the Efficiency,

actual heat transferred by a fin

It is therefore clear that, while ηf provides some useful information as to how

heat flux from the wall with the fin

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 17 G.C.E. Ramanagara

Normally we want the effectiveness to be as high as possible, But this can

•The cost and complexity of manufacturing fins.

•The pressure drop introduced by the

1.5.4 Fin Efficiency / Effectiveness

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 18 G.C.E. Ramanagara

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 19 G.C.E. Ramanagara

Dept of Mechanical Engg. 20 G.C.E. Ramanagara

Bayram Sahin Investigated numerically on heat transfer enhancement and the