ENERGY BALANCE

6.1 ASSUMPTION

For steady state system there is no accumulation of mass or energy within system. So by
rearranging the above equation, the energy balance is as under.

Q̇ − Ẇs =∆Ḣ + ∆ Ėk + ∆Ėp

 Ẇs = 0 (no moving parts)

 ∆Ėp = 0 (generally assumed usless displacement through large heights are involved)
 ∆ Ėk = 0 ( system is stationary)
 Ideal properties for evaluating the energy balance of the process streams.
 Kinetics and potential energies are neglected for these streams, and considers only
enthalpy changers.
 Assume no ΔH of mixing or pressure effect on ΔH.
 The system is assumed open system at steady state.
 Negligible heat of mixing
 Ideal solution system 
 Ideal gas system
 100% efficiency for all the equipment

6.2 EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATION

1. General equation
Q̇ − Ẇs =∆Ḣ + ∆ Ėk + ∆Ėp

Ẇs = 0 (no moving parts)

∆Ėp = 0 (generally assumed unless displacement through large heights are involved)
∆ Ėk = 0 ( system is stationary)
Hence,
Q̇ = ∆Ḣ

𝑄 = ∆𝐻 = ∑ 𝑛𝑖 𝐻𝑖 − ∑ 𝑛𝑖 𝐻𝑖
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛

2. Heat capacity equations

Liquid:
𝐶𝑝𝐿 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2𝑇 + 𝐶3𝑇 2 + 𝐶4𝑇 3 + 𝐶5𝑇 5
Gas:
2 2
𝐶3/𝑇 𝐶5/𝑇
𝐶𝑝0 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 [ ] + 𝐶4 [ ]
sinh⁡(𝐶3/𝑇 cosh(𝐶5/𝑇
The integration of the 𝐶𝑝 equation gives heat of enthalpy, ∆H
𝑇2
∆𝐻 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝 ⁡𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

Liquid:
𝑇
𝐶2𝑇 2 𝐶3𝑇 3 𝐶4𝑇 4 𝐶5𝑇 5 2
∆𝐻 = ⁡⌊𝐶1𝑇 + + + + ⌋
2 3 4 5 𝑇
1

Gas:
𝐶3 𝐶5 𝑇2
∆𝐻 = ⌊𝐶1𝑇 + 𝐶2 [𝐶3 coth ( )] + 𝐶4 [𝐶5 coth ( )]⌋
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇1
3. Equation for pressure change at constant temperature
̂∆𝑃
∆𝐻 = V
4. Equation for phase change
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐻𝑣
5. Equation for reactive process
𝐻𝒓 = ∆𝐻𝒇 ∆𝐻𝒗
6.3 SAMPLE CALCULATION
6.3.1 VCM FEED PUMP, P-101

T = 30℃
P = 12 Bar
T = 30℃
V̇ = 350⁡m3 /hr
P = 6 Bar
V̇ = 350⁡m3 /hr
Figure 4.1: VCM feed pump.

Q̇ − Ẇs =∆Ḣ + ∆ Ėk + ∆Ėp

Ẇs = Impeller used in the reactor to stir the mixture slurry.
∆Ėp = 0 (generally assumed unless displacement through large heights are involved)
∆ Ėk = 0 (system is stationary)
∆Ḣ = The temperature different is small, thus the energy releases to surrounding and heat of
mixing is neglected.
Hence,
Q̇ = W
Work for the pump:
−Ẇ = ⁡ Pout Vout
̇ − Pin Viṅ
−Ẇ = (12 x 350) – (6 x 350)
−Ẇ = 2100⁡bar. m3 /hr
2100⁡bar. m3 1.01325x105 ⁡N/m2 ⁡ 1⁡J
x x
hr 1⁡bar 1⁡N. m
𝐖̇ = −𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟑⁡𝐤𝐉/𝐡𝐫

Electrical power
1⁡hr
P = 2.12783⁡⁡x105 ⁡kJ/hr x
3600⁡s
P = 59.12 kW
6.3.2 POLYMERISATION REACTOR, R-101

T = 30℃
P = 12 Bar
V̇ = 350⁡m3 /hr

T = 65℃
P = 2 Bar
V̇ = 500⁡m3 /hr
Figure 4.2: Polymerisation Reactor, R-101.

Q̇ − Ẇs =∆Ḣ + ∆ Ėk + ∆Ėp

Ẇs = Impeller used in the reactor to stir the mixture throughout the polymerization process.
∆Ėp = 0 (generally assumed unless displacement through large heights are involved)
∆ Ėk = 0 ( system is stationary)
Hence,
Q̇ − Ẇs =∆Ḣ
Q̇ = ∆Ḣ+W
̇ s
Assumptions:
 The system is assumed open system at steady state.
 Negligible heat of mixing
 Ideal solution system 
 Ideal gas system
 Heat for initiator and suspended agent used are negligible since present in small amount.
Table 4.2: Energy Balance for Reactor.
Reference state:
H2 O(l), ⁡C2 H3 Cl(l), initiator⁡(l), Suspended⁡agent(l), (C2 H3 Cl)n ⁡(s)⁡at⁡⁡30℃⁡and⁡12⁡Bar⁡
Inlet Outlet
𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑸𝒊𝒏
Component 𝒏̇ 𝒊 ∆𝑯 𝒏̇ 𝒊 ∆𝑯
(kJ/hr)
(mol/hr) (kJ/mol) (mol/hr) (kJ/mol)
Water 1008510 - 1008510 2.6158 2638060
VCM 290697 - 28741 120.7335 3470001
Initiator - - - - 0
Suspended
- - - - 0
agent
PVC - - 378.79 -32.0307 -12132.909

Work shaft of the impeller

Ẇs = ⁡ Pout Vout
̇ − Pin Viṅ

Ẇs = (2 x 500) – (12 x 350)

Ẇs = −3200⁡bar. m3 /hr
−3200⁡bar. m3 1.01325x105 ⁡N/m2 ⁡ 1⁡J
x x
hr 1⁡bar 1⁡N. m
Ẇs = −324240⁡kJ/hr

Q̇ = 𝜀𝐻𝑟 + (∑𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑖 𝐻𝑖 − ∑𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑖 𝐻𝑖 ) + Ẇs

Q̇ = 261956(−96) + (2638060 + 3470001 − 12132.909) + −324240
Q̇ = ⁡ −𝟏. 𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟔⁡𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟕 ⁡𝐤𝐉/𝐡𝐫

Electric power for rotating motor.

1⁡hr
P = 3.24240⁡⁡x105 ⁡kJ/hr x
3600⁡s
P = 90.00 kW
Table 4.3: Energy Calculation for Outlet of the Reactor.
Component Outlet
(Liquid, 30℃, 12⁡Bar) (Liquid, 65℃, 2⁡Bar)
Ha Hc
Hb
(Liquid, 30℃, 1⁡bar) (Liquid, 65℃, 1⁡bar)
Water, 𝐇𝟐 𝐎
Hwater,out = Ha + Hb + Hc

̂∆𝑃
Ha = V
1
̂=
V = 0.01806
1000kg 1000⁡mol 1⁡kmol 1⁡m3
x x x
m3 kmol 18.016⁡kg 1000⁡L
Ha = 0.01806(1 − 12)
Ha = −0.01988⁡L. bar/mol
Ha = −0.01988⁡kJ/mol

𝑇2 𝑇2
Hb = ∫ 𝐶𝑝 ⁡𝑑𝑇 = ∫ 𝐶1 + 𝐶2𝑇 + 𝐶3𝑇 2 + 𝐶4𝑇 3 + 𝐶5𝑇 5 ⁡𝑑𝑡
𝑇1 𝑇1

From Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook for liquid water

𝐶1 = 276370
𝐶2 = −2.09x103
𝐶3 = 8.125
𝐶4 = −1.41x10−2
𝐶5 = 9.37x10−6
𝑇2
Hb = ∫ 276370 + (−2.09x103 )𝑇 + 8.125𝑇 2 + (−1.41x10−2 )𝑇 3
𝑇1

+ 9.37x10−6 𝑇 5 ⁡𝑑𝑡
Hb = 2634528.156⁡J/kmol
Hb = 2.634⁡kJ/mol

̂ ∆𝑃
Hc = V
̂ = 0.01806
V
 Hc = 0.01806(2 − 1)
Hc = 1.8069⁡L. bar/mol
Hc = 0.0018⁡kJ/mol

Hwater,out = −0.01988 + 2.634 + 0.0018

𝐇𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫,𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟏𝟓𝟖⁡𝐤𝐉/𝐦𝐨𝐥

(Liquid, 30℃, 12⁡Bar) (Vapour, 65℃, 2⁡Bar)

Ha Hd
(Liquid, 30℃, 1⁡bar) (Vapour, 65℃, 1⁡bar)
Hb Hv Hc
(Liquid, −13.4℃, 1⁡bar) (Vapour, −13.4℃, 1⁡bar)

Hvcm,out = Ha + Hb + Hv + Hc + Hd

̂ ∆𝑃 (liquid)
Ha = V
1
̂=
V = 0.0688
VCM, 910⁡kg 1000⁡mol 1⁡kmol 1⁡m3
x x x
⁡𝐂𝟐 𝐇𝟑 𝐂𝐥 m3 kmol 62.498⁡kg 1000⁡L
Ha = 0.0688(1 − 12)
Ha = −0.7555⁡L. bar/mol
Ha = −0.07555⁡kJ/mol

𝑇2 𝑇2
Hb = ∫ 𝐶𝑝 ⁡𝑑𝑇 = ∫ 𝐶1 + 𝐶2𝑇 + 𝐶3𝑇 2 + 𝐶4𝑇 3 + 𝐶5𝑇 5 ⁡𝑑𝑡
𝑇1 𝑇1

From Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook for vinyl chloride liquid

𝐶1 = −10320
𝐶2 = 3.23x102
𝑇2
Hb = ∫ −10320 + 3.23x102 𝑇⁡𝑑𝑡
𝑇1

Hb = −3495091.404⁡J/kmol
 Hb = −3.4951⁡kJ/mol

Hv = 22.5674⁡kJ/mol

𝑇2 2 2
𝐶3/𝑇 𝐶5/𝑇
Hc = ∫ 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 [ ] + 𝐶4 [ ] ⁡𝑑𝑡
𝑇1 sinh⁡(𝐶3/𝑇 cosh(𝐶5/𝑇
From Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook for vinyl chloride gas
𝐶1 = 4.24x104
𝐶2 = 8.74x104
𝐶3 = 1.65x103
𝐶4 = 6.56x104
𝐶5 = 739.07

Hc = 9.89x107 J/kmol
Hc = 98.9255⁡kJ/mol

̂∆𝑃 (gas) assume ideal gas

Hd = V
RT
V̇ =
P
0.08314(338.15)
̂=
V
1
Hd = 0.01806(2 − 1)
Hd = 28.1137⁡L. bar/mol
Hd = 2.8113⁡kJ/mol

Hvcm,out = −0.07555 − 3.4951 + 22.5674⁡ + 98.9255⁡ + 2.8113⁡

𝐇𝐯𝐜𝐦,𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟑𝟓⁡𝐤𝐉/𝐦𝐨𝐥
(solid, 30℃, 12⁡Bar) (solid, 65℃, 2⁡Bar)
PVC, Ha Hc
Hb
(𝐂𝟐 𝐇𝟑 𝐂𝐥)𝐧 (solid, 30℃, 1⁡bar) (solid, 65℃, 1⁡bar)
H𝑝𝑣𝑐,out = Ha + Hb + Hc

̂ ∆𝑃
Ha = V
1
̂=
V = 34.2857
1400kg 1000⁡mol 1⁡kmol 1⁡m3
x x x
m3 kmol 48000kg 1000⁡L
Ha = 34.2857(1 − 12)
Ha = −377.1428⁡L. bar/mol
Ha = −37.71427⁡kJ/mol

𝑇2
Hb = ∫ 𝐶𝑝 ⁡𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

From Dahuan Liu and Chongli Zhong, Polymer Journal, Vol. 34, No. 12, pp
954—961 (2002
J
Cps ⁡for⁡PVC⁡ = 64.4
mol. K

𝑇2
Hb = ∫ 64.4⁡𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

Hb = 2255⁡J/mol
Hb = 2.255⁡kJ/mol

̂∆𝑃
Hc = V
1
̂=
V = 34.2857
1400kg 1000⁡mol 1⁡kmol 1⁡m3
x x x
m3 kmol 48000kg 1000⁡L
Hc = 34.2857(2 − 1)
Hc = 34.2857⁡L. bar/mol
Hc = 3.42857⁡kJ/mol
Hpvc,out = −37.71427 + 2.255⁡ + 3.42857
𝐇𝐩𝐯𝐜,𝐨𝐮𝐭 = −𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟕⁡𝐤𝐉/𝐦𝐨𝐥
 From AUS-e-TUTE website,
Hpvc⁡reaction = −96⁡kJ/mol

Extent of reaction, 𝜀̇
𝑛̇ 𝑉𝐶𝑀𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑛̇ 𝑉𝐶𝑀𝑖𝑛
𝜀̇ = ⁡ | |
𝑣𝑉𝐶𝑀
28741.004 − 290697.674
𝜀̇ = ⁡ | |
1
𝜀̇ = 261956⁡mol/hr

From the calculation, the value of heat transfer, Q for the polymerization reaction is
−1.9376⁡x107 kJ/hr indicate that the reaction is exothermic reaction. For the plant operation
energy, the electricity consume by the motor for agitator and pump is 331.19 kW.
6.2` SUMMARY FOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Table 6.3: Summary of Energy for Each Equipments.
Equipment Q (kJ/hr)
VCM Feed Pump, P-101 −212783
Polymerisation Reactor, R-101 −1.9376⁡x107
Rundown Pump, P-102 −303975⁡
Blowdown Vessel. V-201 −8.1060⁡x104
Slurry Pump, P-201 −60795
Stripper Feed Vessel, V-202 −1.9576⁡⁡x104
Stripper Feed Pump, P-202 −54432
Slurry Interchanger, E-201 4.1266⁡x105
Stripper Column, C-201 1.5743⁡x106
Stripper Bottom Pump, P-203 −53986
Dryer, D-201 −8.3951⁡x105
Slurry Centrifuge Feed Pump, P-204 −46204

Table 6.4: Summary of electricity consumed.

Equipment P(kW)
VCM Feed Pump, P-101 59.12
Polymerisation Reactor, R-101 90.00
Rundown Pump, P-102 84.44
Blowdown Vessel. V-201 22.52
Slurry Pump, P-201 16.89
Stripper Feed Vessel, V-202 5.44
Stripper Feed Pump, P-202 15.12
Stripper Bottom Pump, P-203 15.00
Slurry Centrifuge Feed Pump, P-204 12.83
Total 331.19