Abstract

This research paper analyzes the different phonological changes that happen in Punjabi chart after
comparing it with the standard chart of IPA chart. The connection among Punjabi and English,
two dialects which have a place with two distinctive language families, has been the subject of
study by researchers for an extensive stretch of time. The principle target of this investigation is to
look at the different phonological procedures associated with the way toward getting words from
English to Punjabi. Information is gathered from region Mbdin. The information is then broke
down for phonological changes. The exchange presumes that there is a high recurrence of
expressions of English roots , which are a result of obtaining. The obtaining procedure regularly
prompts phonological adjustment of English words as they get assimilated into the Punjabi. The
principle aim of this study is to look at the differences which are founded between the IPA chart
as well in Gurmukhi chart and to look at the differences of sounds which are founded among the
different areas of district Mandi Bahauddin

Introduction.

The word Punjabi has been gotten from the word Panj-āb, presented by Turko-Persian
speakers,[11] Persian for "Five Waters", alluding to the five noteworthy eastern tributaries of the
Indus River. Panj is related with Sanskrit and Greek "five", and "āb" is related with Sanskrit अप्
(áp) and with the Av-of Avon. The verifiable Punjab locale, presently isolated among India and
Pakistan, is characterized physiographically by the Indus River and these five tributaries. One of
the five, the Beas River, is a tributary of another.

Gurmukhi content is an abugida composing framework, where each consonant has an inalienable
vowel (/ə/) modifiable utilizing vowel images which can be joined to the applicable vowel-bearing
consonant. Gurmukhi Punjabi has 35 local characters and another 6 characters to suit sounds from
unknown dialects. These characters speak to 3 vowel characters, 2 fricatives, 25 consonants, 5
semivowels. Likewise there are nine vowel images, two Images for nasal sounds and one image
which copies the sound of any consonant. The Punjabi phoneme stock has twenty-five consonant
phonemes, ten vowel phonemes, three tones (High, Mid, Low), and seven diphthongs. Various
non-local discourse sounds are likewise found, be that as it may, these sounds happen in advance
words just (for the most part Persian and Arabic credits). Punjabi is the main tone language in the
Indo-European language family, making it of impressive enthusiasm to the two phonologists and
recorded linguists[UCLA,2010]. Gurmukhi content has a significant distinctive structure and
framework when contrasted with the various Indian Scripts. This has been credited to two primary
realities:

1. The tonal framework and some other phonetic highlights,

2. Distinctive social and verifiable circumstances.

Punjabi is a broadly spoken language; its speakers are spread everywhere throughout the world. In
Pakistan there are 30,000,000 to 45,000,000 speakers predominantly in Punjab zone (Baart, 2001).
Punjabi is an individual from NIA (New Indo Aryan) gathering of Languages. It is likewise
guaranteed that Punjabi has a place to Dardic family. Despite the fact that there are numerous
words in Punjabi stock that appears to have originated from Dardic language be that as it may, its
language and phonology is substantially more closer to that of Indo Aryan Languages which
demonstrates that its family is NIA and sooner or later in history it got stirred up with Dardic (Dr.
Sidhi, 1992). There are various tongues of Punjabi in Pakistan. Some of them have incredible
likeness with each other while some vary enormously and appear to be nearer to Sindhi and Saraiki
dialects. Primary lingos are Pothohari, Dhanni, Chachi, Jangli and Majhi (Masica, 1991). Majhi is
thought about the standard tongue and is found in Lahore and its environment (Dr. Sidhi, 1992).
The nearness of phoneme isn't a ordinary element in all tongues of Punjabi anyway they are
emphatically present in Punjabi of certain territories. So the focal point of this investigation isn't a
specific tongue however a district where both these phonemes unmistakably exist as a piece of the
language. This district Mbdin incorporates zones …………../ as well as to the other adjoining
areas of district Mbdin. These phonemes are additionally found in other NIA dialects however//is
generally uncommon.

Pakistan is a multilingual nation. Several dialects are being spoken at present time in Pakistan. On
the off chance that we see the frontier history of Pakistan we can find that the general population
of sub-landmass came into contact with the different remote trespassers, some from Asian nations
(Mongols) and furthermore from the west (French, Britishers). Trespassers talked the dialects of
their mom land from where they came and individuals of sub-landmass needed to talk the dialects
of their intruders which caused the contact of diverse unknown dialects to the hereditarily
unmistakable local dialects. The most huge impact was left by the Britishers in the sub-mainland.
They built up their organizations, for example, schools, schools, colleges and so on and the most
influenced region was Punjab.

Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language descendent from Indo-European family which is the greatest
language family on the planet. "It is the official language of the Indian condition of the Panjab,
and the significant language in the Panjabi territory of Pakistan. Evaluations of the absolute
number of Panjabi speakers change from 40 to 70 million" (Campbell 1995, p.374). In addition,
there are huge networks dwelling in the UK, the USA and Canada. In Punjab multilingualism is
more unmistakable than some other territory of Pakistan. In Punjab chiefly three noteworthy
dialects are communicated in: Punjabi, Urdu, and English. Among these three dialects Punjabi and
Urdu are generally spoken and seen however Urdu is assuming the job of 'most widely used
language'. A vast populace of Punjabi speakers communicates in Urdu as their second language.
So there are progressively nonnative speakers of Urdu than local speakers. While discussing the
language contact of Punjabi and English it very well may be discovered that these two dialects
don't have direct contact to one another. English first comes into contact with Urdu, since Punjabi
is only a territorial language and generally spoken at home. Urdu and English are being utilized
for formal or institutional purposes and Punjabi for exceptionally casual purposes..

Punjabi is an intercontinental language. Its speakers are spread everywhere throughout the world.
The locals of the Punjab area of India and Pakistan talk this language. Punjabi is an individual
from the Indo-Aryan language family (See Appendix A) [6]. Punjabi in India is increasingly open
to Sanskrit what's more, conventional sources though Punjabi in Pakistan is affected by Perso-
Arabic Sources [7]. Punjabi language has various territorial vernaculars that are spoken in the two
India too as in Pakistan. The fundamental vernaculars of Punjabi in India are Majhi, Doabi, Malwai
and Puwadhi. The territorial vernaculars like Pothohari, Lehandi and Multani are spoken in
Pakistan [7]. The lingos of various zones have been seen to have unmistakable contrasts in their
phonemic inventories.

In India the Punjabi is written in Gurmukhi content similarly as in Pakistan it is written in Perso-
Arabic Script. Gurmukhi is considered increasingly appropriate content for composing Punjabi as
it was contrived to compose Punjabi by a Sikh Guru Angad [13].
Data Collection Method

For the collection of data district Mbdin and Sargodha was selected by the researchers.
Furthermore the areas of district Mbdin like as Mong, Pandowal, Mian Wal Ranjah, Mano Chak,
21 Chak Ware Ashah, Mano Chak, Shumari and Wara Baliyaan Gojra and . The other District was
Sargodha which incorporates one area named as Soon Sakesar. The audio was collected from the
people of these selected areas and was further transcribed in to Punjabi language.

Aim of the Research

The aim of this research is to find out the common patterns/strategies adopted by Punjabi
speakers in the production of English loanwords as well to make the comparison of IPA chart
with that of Gurmukhi chart.

Objectives of Study

1) To investigate the Punjabi sounds in the area of Mandi Bahuddin.

2) To compare the sounds between the different area of Mandi Bahuddin .
3) To compare the Punjabi sounds of Mandi Bahuddin with the standard Punjabi chart and
IPA chart.

Research Questions

1) What are the different Punjabi sounds used in the area of Mandi Bahauddin?
2) What is the difference between the sounds of different area of Mandi Bahauddin?
3) What are the differences between the Punjabi sounds of Mandi Bahauddin and the
sounds from the standard Punjabi chart and IPA chart?
4) What are the borrowed words which has been used in the Punjabi from English
language?
Literature Review

Mandi Bahauddin city is contained of various gatherings of individuals having diverse language
capability. The prevailing gathering is Punjabi.Migrants from Kashmir need to remain between
these groups.So its necessity of postulations individuals to talk and utilize the Punjabi language so
as to live among them. Zhang (1988) distributed an article entitled Bilinguals language frames of
mind and their influence in which he analyzed language mentalities with case contemplates from
phenomenal minority get-togethers in China He recorded nine social factors that associate with
language demeanors: social advancement, social foundation, population,age, sexual gender,
occupation, bunch character, instruction and provincial and urban contrasts.

Juhuang (1990) discusses Language attitudes in theory andpractice. It is described as individuals'

appraisal of the regard of a language checking its work,social status likewise, improvement.
Contrasted and different frames of mind, language mentalities have three highlights: dependability,
adaptability and congeniality. Outlooks towards a specific language correlatewith crafted by the
language, ethnic identity of the speaker, fiscal status of the speaker of the language, orthography,
populace, geography,inter_ethnic connection.

Among a few examinations which have been led in the comparable setting of the investigation
close by, Khan (2012) has researched articulation variety among Pakistani speakers and has
revealed that/r/,/w/,/v/and/ə/are the risky sounds. Nadeem and Rehman (2013) have finished up,
in view of their examination that

"The discourse of non-local English speakers may show articulation attributes that outcome from
such speakers defectively learning the way to express English, either by exchanging the
phonological standards from their first language into their English discourse ("impedance") or by
actualizing procedures like those utilized in essential language securing (p. 578)".

Riaz (2015) has researched degenerate way to express 195 English words by uneducated Punjabi
speakers and presumed that "local Punjabi speakers articulate these words in an essentially
extraordinary way because of the main language impact" (p. 23). The investigation of Hussain and
Mahmood (2012) has detailed that Punjabi speakers for the most part don't suction stops in the
start of a word, switch a few sounds and befuddle/w/and/v/sounds. Heselwood and McChrystal
(2007) have revealed that Punjabi talking young men communicate in English with a Punjabi
complement all the more every now and again when contrasted with Punjabi talking young ladies.
A few different investigations have additionally revealed that impedance of Punjabi language is a
noteworthy reason for freak way to express a few English sounds among local Punjabi speakers
(Raza, 2008; Riaz and Qadir, 2012).

Edwards (1994) likewise talked about language frames of mind. He raised two that should be taken
Into thought in attitude considers. The first is that inconsistencies regular exist between
overviewed outlooks what's more, exercises evidently identified with them. The incredible
examine! of! attitudes_ direct inconsistency of a Chinese's couple visiting the United States in the
mid 1930s is given for instance. Furthermore that there is once in a while disarray among
conviction and frames of mind that is especially so in the space of language dispositions.

Dough puncher (1992) discusses Language attitude theory besides, investigate from exceptional
perspectives Focusing on the Welsh. He brings up that language disposition is an umbrella term,
under which Resides an assortment of explicit attitudes.He proposed that there is a conceivable
connection between's language frames of mind and the subjects, age, sex, school, Language
ability,language backgroud and social foundation Khamsakul (1998) examines the demeanors of
the so ethnic gathering in Thailand towards their language additionally, the utilization of the
Language with data procured from self_ evaluation study. The consequence of the consider create
the impression that the attitudes of the people towards Their own language and semantic Gathering
Are unbiased. Be that as it may, there is an immense difference in the tongues utilize what's more,
age. The more energetic age vocations less in their correspondence contrasted and the more
established age.

Wang (1983:5) researches on the job that the language strategies play in the minority approach of
China. He called attention to that "extraordinary minority bunches have various frames of mind
toward the Orthography of their dialects depending of the capacity of the orthography, however
they all have! Constructive moods towards their spoken dialects which are their heart languages.
Dai what's more, Zhang (1990) researches on language demeanors of the Mulam individuals in
Guangxi area. The Mulam individuals have inspirational disposition towards the expressed
language. They trust that he language is passed down to them by their ancestors, also, it is an!
critical picture to recognize them from different gatherings who live in similar territories having a
similar dressing style what's more, life style.be that as it might, they don't see the need a Mulam
forming structure for the following reasons: long histor !of utilizing Chinese, abnormal state
instruction in Chinese and conviction that their progenitor's composition framework was Chinese.

Srinarawat (1994) considers the language utilization of Chinese in Bangkok. The outcomes
demonstrate that instruction is a significant factor in deciding languagus example and language
mentalities. Individuals with advanced education in Thai tend touse increasingly Thai
correspondence and have more uplifting dispositions towards Thai language.Parasher!(1980)
research language use in s even spaces from two Indian urban communities. The primary language
was utilized in the family domai while English is dominan language in fellowship, neighbor and
work spaces.

The phonemic stock of Punjabi is examined in numerous books, yet the vast majority of the work
is done on the vernaculars expressed in Eastern Punjab. Because of distinction of religious
foundations, Punjabi spoken in Eastern Punjab is more affected by Sanskrit where as Punjabi
spoken in Western Punjab is affected by Persian furthermore, Arabic. This distinction causes a few
changes in the phonemic stock of Western Punjab. Vernaculars spoken in Western Punjab
additionally contrast in their phonemic framework. This paper exhibits the phonemic stock the
Punjabi vernacular spoken in district MBDIN and its environment. In the wake of gathering
phonemic stock from various sources, my point was to confirm them for my lingo. One of the
issues was to check for the presence of [ਥ], is pronounced as [th] as in the word third, but robustly
aspirated.
. There were references to the presenceof a palatal nasal in different inventories of Punjabi (Colin,
1991), yet these did not specify the tongue or considered Majhi dialact (spoken in Amritsar) as
the standard. Gurmukhi orthography additionally demonstrates that there is a recognized palatal
nasal in Punjabi, especially in setting of palatal affricate/d/and diphthong/ea/, nasal sound is
composed distinctively when contrasted with different setting. Every one of the sources guaranteed
three short vowels in Punjabi (Colin, 1991), then there is another sound like [ਪ ] which is
pronounced as p as in aspirin with less expiration of air.

Be that as it may, it was seen that nature of different sound which changes with pressure. It appears
that they are changed over to short type of different consonant sounds separately.. The second
issue was to look at the presence and phonemic status of different sound after comparing it with
the other chart of Punjabi as well as with Gurmukhi.
Data analysis

For the sake of data analysis different areas were selected from the drsitrict Mbdin. Data is selected
randomly and is then is compared with the Punjabi chart of Gurmukhi in order to look that which
sound is present and which is not present in that Gurmukhi chart.

Gurmukhi Script got from the Sharada content and standarized by Guru Angad Dev in the sixteenth
century, was intended to compose the Punjabi Language(Gill,Gleason,1963). The word Gurmukhi
is normally interpreted as "from the mouth of Guru".

Like the greater part of the north indian composition frameworks, the Gurmukhi content is a
descendent of the Brahmi content. It is trusted that Gurmukhi content was imagined continuously
Sikh Guru, Guru Angad Dev, However, it is right to state that content was standarized as opposed
to designed, by the Sikh Gurus. E.P. Newton (Panjabi Grammar, 1898) composes that in any event
21 Gurmukhi characters are found in antiquated original copies: from tenth century, 12 from third
century BC and 3 from fifth century BC. Clearly, the principal Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak Dev
additionally utilized the Gurmukhi content for his compositions. The use of Gurmukhi letters in
Guru Granth Sahib implied that the content built up its very own orthographical rules. In the
accompanying ages, Gurmukhi turned into the prime content connected for abstract works of the
Sikhs. Later in the twentieth century, the content was given the expert as the official content of the
Eastern Punjabi Lanuage. In the interim, in western Punjab a type of the Urdu content, known as
Shahmukhi is still being used.

Gurmukhi is a structure composing framework called an abugida, as every consonant has an

intrinsic vowel (a) that can be changed utilizing vowel signs. Present day Gurmukhi has fortyone
consonants (Vianjans), nine vowel images (Laga Matra), two images for nasal sounds (Bindi and
Tippi) and one image which copies the sound of any consonant (Adddak). What's more, four
conjuncts are utilized : three subjoined types of the consonants Rara, Haha and Vava and one half-
type of Yayya. Utilization of conjuct types of Vava and Yayya is progressively rare in current
settings. Gurmukhi has been adjusted to compose dialects, for example, Sanskrit, Hindi and Braj
Bhasha.

Consonants

IPA Gurmukhi Shahmukhi English equivalent

b ਬ ‫ب‬ Abash

d ਦ ‫د‬ Ado

ɖ ਡ ‫ڈ‬ somewhat like guard

dʒ ਜ ‫ج‬ Hedge

f ਫ਼ ‫ف‬ Food
ɡ ਗ ‫گ‬ Gate

ɦ ਹ ‫ہ‬ Ahead

j ਯ ‫ي‬ Yak

k ਕ ‫ک‬ Scan

kʰ ਖ ‫کھ‬ Can

l ਲ ‫ل‬ Leaf

m ਮ ‫م‬ Much

n ਨ ‫ن‬ Not

ɳ ਣ - somewhat like burner

ŋ ं - Bank

p ਪ, ਭ ‫ بھ‬,‫پ‬ Span

pʰ ਫ ‫پھ‬ Pan
q ਕ਼ ‫ق‬ a k in the throat

ɾ ਰ ‫ر‬ US: better

ɽ ੜ ‫ڑ‬ somewhat like US: larder

s ਸ ‫س‬ Sue

ʃ ਸ਼ ‫ش‬ Shoe

t ਤ, ਧ ‫ دھ‬,‫ت‬ Stable

tʰ ਥ ‫تھ‬ Table

ʈ ਟ, ਢ ‫ ڈھ‬,‫ٹ‬ somewhat like art

ʈʰ ਠ ‫ٹھ‬ somewhat like table

tʃ ਚ, ਛ, ਝ ‫ جھ‬,‫ چھ‬,‫چ‬ Catch

v ਵ ‫و‬ Very

x ਖ਼ ‫خ‬ Scottish loch

 ɣ ਗ਼ ‫غ‬ like a French r

z ਜ਼ ‫ز‬ Zen

Now moving towards the data which was recorded and then was transcribed into Punjabi a close
study was held to look at the various sound which are present in that transcribed data and are absent
in the chart of Gurmukhi as well as in Shahmukhi. Gurmukhi belongs to India whereas Shahmukhi
belongs to Pakistan. After analyzing the data we can see that there are various sounds which are
not present in Punjabi phonetic chart. The very fisrt sound which is not found in this Punjabi chart
is [‫] ے‬. In chats of Punjabi we donot have sounds which are related to this sound which is
extensively used by the people of Mong. The examples or the words which are extensively used
by the people of that area. The data which was collected by the area of Mong. Furthermore one
thing which was observed while collecting the data of that particular society is almost after every
sentence they used to utter the word [‫] ے‬. They drag the word and which in result we can see that
became long vowel and has become their daily routine.

Then there is another area which was analyzed we can see that they make major use of the sound
/‫آ‬/ which is frequently used by the people of Wara Baaliyaan. While doing the study it was
obsereved that people of that specific area. For example look at the following words of words
/‫آھستہ‬/ /‫آئ‬/ /‫آہن‬/ these are the words which can be seen frequently used in the language used by the
people of Wara Baliyaan. Furthermore we can see that which is not present in the chart of
Gurmukhi.

While observing the model of Gurmukhi there was another consonant sound named as /ਟ/ Tta for
example Tainka which is not found in the data collected from the different areas of Mbdin. Looking
closly between three models such as IPA, Gurmukhi chart as well as Shahmukhi chart there are
various similarities and differences which are found between them. First ,of all we will look at
these three charts and then we will further describe the problem relaed to the consonants of Punjabi
as well as of IPA.
Another sound which is not present in the Punjabi language from where the data was but the sounds
is present in both the IPA chart as well as in the Gumukhi chart but is not present in the shahmukhi
chart the sound is /ŋ/. When we look at the word /bank/ and its phonatics transcription is /bæŋk/.
Then there is another which is found in Shahmkuhi but that sound is not present in Gurmukhi.
/‫گھ‬/ is the sound which is not in present in Gurmukhi chart. Looking futhermore we can Punjabi
language has phonetic nature: One of the interesting highlights of Punjabi, in the assortment of
present day South Asian Languages, is the nearness of pitch forms. These change the significance
of the word contingent upon the way it sounds. In specialized terms these are called 'tones' and
these are of three sorts: low, high and level.

The data from whom it was collected consists mostly male people of that areas with their ages of
round about (55 75) years. These people were totally illiterate and were interview in a quite natural
way. Looking at the lexical there many example which can be seen in the data collected. Lexical
choice describes that how the one word is pronounced differently than the other or how the people
of one are a pronounce the word totally different than the people of the other area. First of all
analyzing the data of the Malakwal, 21 Chak Wara Shah, and Shumari, we can see a huge different
that how they pronounce the word that the Easten side of the district Mbdin. The people of west
bordering side of Mbdin pronounce /‫ز‬/ as/‫ژ‬/.And it has been further observed that they of
pronounce /‫ ز‬/ as /‫ج‬/ in different situation. For example the words /‫روز‬/ is pronounced as /‫روج‬/
Looking at the example we can observe that the Urdu word /‫زالہ‬/ and /‫ژالہ‬/. By looking at this
data we can make a comparison that the way people of the bordering area of Mbdin utter the word
are quite similar with the people who are in the center of Mbdin. The same stituation can be found
in the other areas of the district and wil be further described in the upcomming example. Then
there is another comon difference of sound which is founded in the area as mentioned above is
the difference of three sound which are /‫ج‬/ /‫ز‬/ /‫ژ‬/ .looking at the example of these three sounds
we can observe that how these three are pronounced in a differeent way and can be comprehended
with the folowing examples. /‫دروازہ‬/ /‫درواجا‬/ /‫درواژہ‬/. On the other hand loking atvthe data Westen
area the sound which can be observed is of /‫ژ‬/ .But looking the area of Mong, we can see that the
people of this area utter or pronounce the word door as /‫بو آ‬/. As this point we can see that there is
also similarity which can be seen ragarding the lexical choice of words from where data has been
taken selected. From this view we can see that although at some point there is stress on the words
whi;e their pronunciation, but in some cases there is not stress and the word / ‫درواجا‬/ is pronounced
quite plainly

Then coming towards the area of Pandowal and Mian Wal Ranja we can also see the lexical
difference in their daily langauge, for example after oberving the data various words were oberved
and can be seem rather different than the words of other areas, look at these words /‫کیویں‬/ and
/‫کنج‬/. Here one thing can be further observed that in the data which has been analyzed above there
was a little bit difference about uttering the phonemes as they utter /‫ج‬/ /‫ز‬/ /‫ژ‬/ which is not a huge
difference but when we observe the data of these mantioned area we can see that there is not the
difference of just one phoneme rather the whole structure of the words is changed. Keeping this
fact in view we can say the langauge and the lexical choice is different of one area than the other
areas.
Furthermore after oberving the area of the Bosal, Gojra and making comparison of these two are
we can see that there is alos a lexical difference between the lexical choice of these areas. For
example the word /‫اندھیرا‬/ which is pronounces quite differently. The people of one area pronounce
it as a /‫ہانیرا‬/ whereas the people of the other area pronounce it as /‫ہنیرا‬/. Then there is words “time”
the pronounciation of this word is quite similar from the areas from where data has been collected
as they pronounce it as /‫ٹئم‬/. The other common words which is pronounced differently in different
areas of Mandi Bahuddin is /‫ادھر‬/ .Some make it too long while pronouncing it like /‫ایدر‬/.
Phonological Adaptations of English Words Borrowed into Punjabi
In this segment we present information with respect to the substitution of monophthongs and
portray certain adjustment procedures that English monophthongs experience while consolidating
into Punjabi.
English words are not obtained basically as they appear to be, the acquired or loanwords have
striking phonological highlights and are rearranged as indicated by the phonological and
phonotactic imperatives of Punjabi. There are such huge numbers of purposes for the acquiring of
these words, for example, Punjabi speakers obtain words for lexical hole filling, and a few words
are acquired as they are on the tip of the tongue subsequently simple to utilize. The present research
explores the adjustment methodologies utilized by Punjabi speakers in the creation of English
loanwords.
Punjabi has very unexpected phonological framework in comparison to English and the reflection
of that can be ssen in the data which has been collected for the sake of comparison espically from
district Mbdin asnd from Sargodha. There are not greater part of inquires about accessible on
Punjabi phonology. Various specialists have presented changing consonantal and vowel
inventories. Gill and Gleason (1962, p.7) have contended that "Panjabi has 42 segmental
phonemes: 10 vowels, 29 consonants, 2 semivowels, and nasalization. The last is incorporated
here, however not phonetically segmental, on account of cozy association with the consonants and
vowels". Punjabi has three focal or short/ɪ ʊ/and seven fringe or long/I e æ a ɔ o u/vowels (Gill
and Gleason 1962, p.10). Bhatia (2009, p.887) has presented a total vowel and consonantal stock
of Punjabi:

Substitution of /ɒ/

(1) Substitution of the back vowel /ɒ/ in Punjabi

English Punjabi
a. /kɒpɪ/ /ka:pɪ/ ‘Copy’
b. /bɒdɪ/ /ba:di/ ‘Body’
c. /bɒs/ /bo:s/ ‘Boss’

Like/ɒ/, English back vowel/ɔ:/is additionally adjusted as/an:/or/o:/however there are consonantal
confinements while adjusting this vowel for example in both Punjabi and Urdu,/ɔ:/is adjusted as/o:/
when it goes before bilabial/p/or/b/(see 3). On the off chance that/ɔ:/pursues or goes
before/k/,/l/,/ʃ/,/r/,/v/or/f/ at that point the most fitting vowel is/a:/(see 4 and 5 beneath). The
adjustment of/ɔ:/with all its encompassing consonants in Punjabi and Urdu loanword phonology
is introduced underneath:

(3) Precedes bilabial/p/or/b/

English Punjabi Urdu

a. /bɔ:d//bo:d//bo:rd/'Board'

b. /pa:spɔ:t/ /pa:spo:t/ /pa:spo:rt/ 'Passport'

c. /rɪpɔ:t/ /rəpo:t/ /rɪpo:rt/ 'Report'

(4) Follows or goes before/k/,/l/,/b/or/ʃ/

English Punjabi
a. /bɔ:l/ /ba:l/ /ba:l/ 'Ball'
b. /ʃɔ:l/ /ʃa:l/ /ʃa:l/ 'Shawl'
c. /kɔ:l/ /ka:l/ /ka:l/ 'Call'

Follows or goes before/k/,/r/,/v/or/f/

English Punjabi
a. /trænsfɔ:mə(r)/ /transfa:rmər/ 'Transformer'
b. /drɔ:(r)/ /dəra:z/ 'Cabinet'
c. /wɔ:kə(r)/ /va:kər/ 'Walker'
The adjustment of/ɔ:/by Punjabi predicts that it will dependably be adjusted as/an:/or /o:/ yet
/an:/ is the most positive vowel that is normally viewed as nearer to/ɔ:/.

Substitution of /ɜ:/ in Punjabi

English Punjabi
/sɜ:vɪs/ /sərvɪs/ ‘Service’
/ʃɜ:t/ /ʃərt/ ‘Shirt’

Substitution of Diphthongs and Triphthongs

When contrasted with English, Punjabi don't have diphthongs. English diphthongs are substituted
either by a solitary phoneme or lose its second component and the first component is extended.
Substitution of the closing diphthong /eɪ/ in monosyllable words
English Punjabi
a. /feɪl/ /fe:l/ ‘Fail’
b. /geɪm/ /ge:m/ ‘Game’

Current information uncover that/eɪ/is substituted similarly in both Punjabi and Urdu. As it is
apparent from the above precedents that English shutting diphthong/eɪ/is constantly substituted
with/e:/ where second component of English diphthong is erased and the primary component is
stretched.

There are obvious contrasts in Punjabi and Urdu while adjusting English shutting diphthong /aɪ/.
Punjabi adjusts/aɪ/as/æ/or seldom as/ae/, as opposed to this Urdu adjusts it as/ae/or/aɪ/. It must be
noticed that both Urdu and Punjabi need/aɪ/(a few sources present/aɪ/as a diphthong of Punjabi
(Bhatia, 2009) and both/aɪ/and/ae/as diphthongs of Urdu (Sarwar et al., 2003), be that as it may,
the presence of diphthongs in Urdu is as yet dubious and we need more examinations to decide
their status. Mahmood et al. (2011) contended that Punjabi can likewise adjust/aɪ/as/ae/(see 10c).
The primary purpose for this is there is a nearby contact among Punjabi and Urdu; the two dialects
are transmitting the phonological highlights to one another. A few precedents are displayed
underneath to separate between the substitution of/aɪ/in Punjabi and
Urdu.

Substitution of the closing diphthong /aɪ/ in Punjabi

English Punjabi
a. /laɪn/ /læn/ ‘Line’
b. /saɪd/ /sæd/ ‘Side’
c. /faɪnl/ /faenəl/ ‘Final’

/saɪkl/ /sækəl/ ‘Cycle’

b. /taɪm/ /tæm/ ‘Time’
c. /saɪn/ /sæn/ ‘Sign’

Substitution of /eɪ/
English Punjabi
a. /feɪl/ /fe:l/ ‘Fail’
b. /geɪm / /ge:m/ ‘Game’
c. /ʃeɪk/ /ʃe:k/ ‘Shake’
Current information uncover that/eɪ/is substituted similarly in Punjabi. As it is apparent from the
above precedents that English closing diphthong/eɪ/is constantly substituted with/e:/ where second
component of English diphthong is erased and the main component is extended.

Substitution of /aɪə/
Preservation of English triphthongs is likewise a troublesome wonder to be handled by Punjabi
as the two dialects don't have triphthongs (Khurshid et al., 2003). English triphthongs experience
certain alterations, see the accompanying precedents:
Substitution of /aɪə/ in Punjabi
English Punjabi
a. /faɪə(r)/ /faer/ ‘Fire’
b. /daɪərɪ/ /daerɪ/ ‘Diary’
As indicated by the above models English triphthong/aɪə/is constantly substituted with /æ/in
Punjabi. The expansion of/r/can likewise be watched, despite the fact that it is discretionary in
English however it is articulated in Punjabi since speakers are utilized to deliver/r/ sound whether
word-medially or word-at long last and this progressions open syllable of an English word into a
close syllable (Hussain, 2011; Mahmood et al., 2011).
Metathesis
Metathesis is for the most part called the inversion of sounds in a word. In direct acquiring from
English to Punjabi metathesis is usually utilized while English words obtained through Urdu don't
have this component. Another purpose behind this is bilingual speakers have, somewhat, the
learning of English phonology and they don't depend on simply the view of English words, yet
Punjabi monolingual speakers, regularly, misperceive these words and on the grounds that a few
consonant blends are not indistinguishable from their L1, accordingly, make the words simple to
articulate with the inversion of sounds:

(4) English → Punjabi

a. /plæstɪk/ /pla:skət/ ‘Plastic’
b. /dʒenrəl/ /dʒernəl/ ‘General’
c. /ɪlæstɪk/ /la:skət/ ‘Elastic’

Aphaeresis or aphesis is the erasure of any phoneme toward the start of a word. This kind of
adjustment is visit in English laonwords that are obtained legitimately into Punjabi. They erase the
word-introductory vowels to streamline the way to express a word. This sort of erasure is likewise
seen in the Punjabi phonology (Jain, 1926). See the precedents underneath:
English Punjabi
a. /əkædmi/ /kædəmɪ/ ‘Academy’
b. /ɒpəreɪʃn/ /pəre:ʃə͂n/ ‘Operation’
c. /əla:m/ /la:rəm/ ‘Alar
d. /steɪʃn/ /te:ʃə͂n/ ‘Station’

Substitution of /d/ to /t/

In direct transmission of English loans,/d/is substituted with/t/. Such a change may happen amid
perceptual output, since spot of enunciation of the two sounds is comparative and seen
indistinguishable.

English Punjabi
a. /bleɪd/ /bəle:t/ ‘Blade’
b. /spi:d/ /səpi:t/ ‘Speed’
c. /rekɔ:d/ /rəka:t/ ‘Record’
In direct borrowing, as reflected by above examples, voiced /d/ is substituted by voiceless /t/, but
in indirect
borrowing it does not get replaced and preserved in adapted form of interlanguage and recipient
language as illustrated in.
Substitution of /v/, /w/ to /b/
Like different consonants, in direct acquiring from English to Punjabi, labiodental/v/and/w/are
substituted with
bilabial/b/, however this isn't the situation with borrowings by means of Urdu. Precedents in (10)
demonstrate the immediate getting of English words to monolingual speakers who can't
communicate in Urdu by any means; henceforth English loanwords go over more varieties.
English Punjabi
a. /vəʊt/ /bo:t/ ‘Vote’
b. /wɪkɪt/ /bɪkət/ ‘Wicket’
c. /vəraɪəti/ /bəræti/ ‘Variety’

Conclusion
Coming towards the conclusion researcher has observed that at various points there is difference
among the language spoken by the different people of different area from where the data has been
collected. In this paper we have investigated the certainties behind the adjustment or fix procedures
utilized by Punjabi speakers in the creation of English loanwords. We have seen that there are
number of fixing systems, for example, substitution, epenthesis, expansion, cancellation and so on
which are ordinarily utilized while adjusting an English loanword. Out of these systems, the
substitution of the sounds is the more unmistakable one. In the event that a phoneme or a syllable
isn't erased it is substituted with another phoneme or syllable. Erasure is the least adjustment
procedure utilized by Punjabi. The other thing which was investigated is the study of
monophthongs, diphthongs and triphthongs in order to look that either they are pronounced as
same or is there any changing while pronouncing them from English to Punjabi.

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