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1.1. Introduction
V = V(T,P)
Ij = f(I1,I2) j = 3, 4, .. n
The existence of a finite thermal expansion coefficient sets a limit on the thermal
contraction of the ideal gas; i.e. the volume of the gas is zero at -273.16oC. This limit
of temperature decrease -273.16oC, is thus the absolute zero of temperature. This
defines an absolute scale of temperature called the ideal gas temperature
scale, which is related to the centigrade scale by the equation
V(To,P) V(T,P)
----------- = --------- (2)
To T
Combination of these two laws, by multiplying equations (1) and (2) gives
Po Vo PV
--------- = ----- (4)
To T
From Avagadro's assumption Vo = 22.414 lt/mole, equation (4) for one mole becomes
PV
----- = R = 0.082057 lt.atm.mol-1K-1 (5)
T
where R is known as the gas constant. Equation (5) is called the ideal gas law or the
equation of state of an ideal gas.
At normal temperatures (not very low) and pressures (not very high) majority of gases
obey this law.
For any material, condensed or gases at high pressures, P-V-T are related in a
complicated way, since atoms or molecules interact.
Therefore,
dV = α VdT - β VdP
divide by V
d ln V = α dT - β dP
when α and β are constants and defined with respect to a reference state To
temperature and Po pressure
α and β are tabulated for various pressures and temperatures for many materials.