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Case for Legal Asylum/Refugee Status for African-Americans

(right, center) 137 Bullets fired into car of unarmed African-American couple (pictured bottom right of center photograph), (left)
Police officer who stood on hood of car to fire final 15 of his 49 rounds, and was subsequently found not guilty.
29 November 2012. Ohio, USA.
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

The purpose of this paper is to support the application for recognized refugee status and asylum for
“African-Americans”, America’s ethnic African minority. It proves that they are being
disproportionately and systematically killed by state actors with impunity, and that there is no
prospect of change or protection.

On February 16, 2014, Yvette Smith, a 47-year-old ethnic African American mother beloved by her family
and community, was shot twice by an AR-15 assault rifle and killed on the spot by local police as she
opened the front door of her home. A full 18 months later, as her case finally came before a jury, it's
disturbingly clear that the police lied, repeatedly, in an attempt to cover up their murder of Smith.

First off, Smith called 911 for help because two men in her home were arguing over a financial dispute
and she felt it was getting out of hand. She had nothing to do with the dispute and was an innocent
bystander—a victim, even. When the police showed up, both men were already in the front yard and it
appeared that the dispute was settled. This should've been case closed, but it wasn't.

When Smith opened the front door of her home, she was shot twice with a high-powered .223 caliber rifle
in less than two seconds by Officer Daniel Willis of Bastrop County, Texas, outside of Austin.1

Austin, Texas is my hometown. It also has the 17th most deadly police force in the country2.

I am afraid to go home.
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

1 King, Shaun. “Texas police caught in an enormous lie about their murder of unarmed mother Yvette Smith”. Daily Kos.
18.092015. Retrieved 24.09.2015 from http://m.dailykos.com/story/2015/09/18/1422588/-Texas-police-caught-in-an-enormous-
lieabout-their-murder-of-an-unarmed-mother-Yvette-Smith
2 McKay, Tom. “This 1 Statistic Exposes the Awful Truth About the United States' Ongoing Police Problem”. Mic. 21.12.2015.
Retrieved 23.12.2015 http://mic.com/articles/130988/1-statistic-exposes-the-awful-truth-about-the-united-states-ongoing-police-
problem
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

United Nations Recognition of US Government Failure to Protect Minorities from Targeting by


State Actors
United Nations Human Rights Council’s Universal Periodic Review

Police officers choke unarmed African-American male Eric Garner to death.


New York City, USA. 17 July 2014

Summary: The United States’ May 2015 Universal Periodic Review before the UN Human Rights
Council was dominated by criticism over police violence against ethnic African minority (“Black”,
“African-American”) males. Amnesty International reviewed US state laws - where they exist -
governing the use of lethal force by law enforcement officials and found that “all 50 states and
Washington DC fail to comply with international law and standards on the use of lethal force by law
enforcement officers”.1

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1 “Deadly Force: Police Use of Lethal Force In The United States”. Amnesty International. 18 June 2015. Retrieved
04.09.2015 from http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/deadly-force-police-use-of-lethal-force-in-the-united-
states?page=show
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Under the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), every U.N. member state is subject to the same peer-review
of its human rights record on a four-year cycle.

The UPR was created as part of the mandate of the Human Rights Council, established by the U.N.
General Assembly in 2006 to replace the widely discredited Human Rights Commission, which included
among
its members some of the world's most egregious human rights abusers.
The council consists of elected members which, when electing new members, according to
the resolution that created it, should "take into account the candidates' contribution to the promotion and
protection of human rights and their voluntary pledges and commitments made thereto."

The U.S. faced its first review in 2010, when member states presented the delegation with
240 recommendations; it accepted 171. According to Human Rights Watch, the U.S. has failed to act on
many of those recommendations.

The United States was slammed over its rights record Monday, May 11 2015 at the United Nations’
Human Rights Council, with member nations criticizing the country for police violence and racial
discrimination,

The issue of racism and police brutality dominated the discussion on Monday during the country’s second
universal periodic review (UPR). Country after country recommended that the U.S. strengthen legislation
and expand training to eliminate racism and excessive use of force by law enforcement.

"Use of excessive force by police was a major part of this year's UPR, and the fact that we still don't have
a reliable national figure to know how many people are killed by police or what the racial breakdown is of
those people is a travesty," she said. "A nation as advanced as the U.S. should be able to gather that
number."

"Chad considers the United States of America to be a country of freedom, but recent events targeting
black sectors of society have tarnished its image," said Awada Angui of the U.N. delegation to Chad.

[Pakistani delegate Akram] also said the U.S. should end police brutality against African-Americans

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Sheriff, Natasja. “US cited for police violence, racism in scathing UN review on human rights”. Al Jazeera America. 11.05.2015. Retrieved 18.05.2015 from
http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/5/11/us-faces-scathing-un-review-on-human-rights-record.html
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

United Nations Recognition of US Government Failure to Protect Minorities from Targeting by


State Actors
United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

Summary: According to the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination’s 2014 report,
the United States government:
o Refuses to Recognize Racial Discrimination
o Refuses to Implement Human Rights mandates effectively
o Fails to protect African-Americans who suffer disproportionately suffering from state-
mandated gun violence
o Fails to address disproportionate suffering of African-Americans from police brutality
o Allows police to attack and kill citizens with impunity
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) Foundation’s shadow report confirms these findings.
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination


Concluding observations on the combined seventh to ninth periodic reports of the United States of
America (CERD/C/USA/CO/7-9) (25.9.2014)1

Applicability of the Convention at the national level

5. The Committee reiterates its previous concern that the definition of racial discrimination used in
federal and state legislation, as well as in court practice, is not in line with article 1, paragraph 1, of the
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which requires States parties to
prohibit and eliminate racial discrimination in all its forms, including practices and legislation that may
not be discriminatory in purpose, but are discriminatory in effect (para. 10). (arts. 1 (1), 2 and 6).

The Committee underlines the responsibility of the federal Government for the implementation of the
Convention, and calls upon the State party to take concrete steps to:
(a) Prohibit racial discrimination in all its forms in federal and state legislation, including indirect
discrimination, covering all fields of law and public life, in accordance with article 1, paragraph 1, of the
Convention;
(c) Improve the system of monitoring and response by federal bodies to prevent and challenge
situations of racial discrimination.

National human rights institution

6. While taking note of the creation of the Equality Working Group, the Committee reiterates its
concern at the lack of an institutionalized coordinating mechanism with capacities to ensure the effective
implementation of the Convention at the federal, state and local levels (para. 13). (art. 2).

Gun violence against ethnic African minorities

16. The Committee is concerned at the high number of gun-related deaths and injuries which
disproportionately affect members of racial and ethnic minorities, particularly African Americans.

It is also concerned at the proliferation of “Stand Your Ground” laws, which are used to circumvent the
limits of legitimate self-defence, in violation of the State party’s duty to protect life, and have a
disproportionate and discriminatory impact on members of racial and ethnic minorities (arts. 2, 5 (b) and
6).

Excessive use of force by law enforcement officials

17. The Committee reiterates its previous concern at the brutality and excessive use of force by law
enforcement officials against members of racial and ethnic minorities, including against unarmed
individuals, which has a disparate impact on African Americans (para. 25) (arts. 5 (b) and 6).

Immunity for law enforcement officials


Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

It also remains concerned that, despite the measures taken by the State party to prosecute law enforcement
officials for criminal misconduct, impunity for abuses, remains a widespread problem (arts. 5 (b) and 6).

Excerpts from the American Civil Liberties Union Shadow Report to the 7th-9th Periodic Reports
of the United States2
United States’ Compliance with the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination
85th Session of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Geneva 11-29 August 2014

Racial Profiling

Racial profiling in law enforcement is a persistent problem in the United States. Although top U.S.
officials have condemned racial profiling, noting that it “can leave a lasting scar on communities and
individuals” and is “bad policing,” federal policy fails to protect against it. In particular, despite repeated
calls by civil society, the U.S. Department of Justice has failed to issue a revision to its 2003 Guidance on
the Use of Race by Federal Law Enforcement. Although the U.S. government states that the purpose of
the Guidance is to ban racial profiling, the current Guidance has the perverse effect of tacitly authorizing
the profiling of almost every minority community in the United States.

Moreover, while the U.S. government reported to the Committee that the Guidance is “binding on all
federal law enforcement officers,” the Guidance’s ban on profiling is not enforceable. The Guidance
states that it is “intended only to improve the internal management of the executive branch” and blocks
accountability by stating that it “does not create any right of review in an administrative, judicial or any
other proceeding.”

In its 2014 Concluding Observations on the United States, the UN Human Rights Committee urged the
U.S. to review the 2003 Guidance… It generally called on the U.S. to “step up measures to effectively
combat and eliminate” various forms of racial profiling, noting specifically the targeting of ethnic
minorities…

In 2009, the UN Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia,
and related issues called for the collection and publication of data on “police stops and searches as well as
instances of police abuse,” coupled with the establishment of intra-agency police oversight bodies that
have sufficient authority to “investigate complaints of human rights violations in general and racism in
particular.”

In its 2008 Concluding Observations, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination urged
the United States to “strengthen efforts to combat racial profiling at the federal and state levels.”

U.S. Government Response


In its recent submissions to the CERD Committee and other UN treaty bodies, the U.S. has repeatedly
condemned racial profiling as ineffective and inconsistent with its “commitment to fairness in our justice
system.”23 In its June 2013 report to ICERD, it specifically noted the Justice Department’s review of the
2003 Guidance.24 Indeed, more than four years ago, at a November 2009 U.S. Senate hearing, Attorney
General Eric Holder announced that he had initiated an internal review of the 2003 Guidance.
Unfortunately, the Attorney General has still not announced the results of its review, let alone issued a
revision.
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

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1 “Concluding observations on the combined seventh to ninth periodic reports of the United States of America”. United Nations
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Committee on the Elimination of Racial
Discrimination. 25.09.2014. CERD/C/USA/CO/7-9. Downloaded 18.05.2014 from
http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CERD/C/USA/CO/7-9&Lang=En

2 “United States’ Compliance with the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
American- Civil Liberties Union Shadow Report to the 7th-9th Periodic Reports of the United States 85th Session of the
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Geneva 11-29 August 2014”. American Civil Liberties Union
Foundation. 09.07.2014. Retrieved 04.09.2015 from
https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/assets/2014.07.09_cerd_shadow_report_final.pdf
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Rampant Police Violence Disproportionately Targets Ethnic African Minorities

Protesters display photographs of unarmed African-American victims of state violence

Summary: At least 9,500 people nationally were killed by police during the years 1980 to 2005– an
average of nearly one fatal shooting per day.1 If officer-involved killings were prosecuted as murder, the
murder rate for law enforcement officers would exceed the general population murder rate by at least
472%. And these are only the reported incidents. The vast majority of police misconduct and abuse is
unreported.2

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1 Lowenstein, Jeff Kelly. “Killed by the Cops”. ColorLines. 4.11.2007. Retrieved 21.6.2015 from
http://www.colorlines.com/articles/killed-cops
2 Packman, David. “2010 NPMSRP Police Misconduct Statistical Report–Draft”. Police Misconduct. 05.04.2011. Retrieved
04.09.2015 from http://www.policemisconduct.net/2010-npmsrp-police-misconduct-statistical-report/
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Police are the Most Violent People in the United States

Two studies have found that at least 40% of police officer families experience domestic violence,A, B in
contrast to 10% of families in the general population.C A third study of older and more experienced
officers found a rate of 24%D , indicating that domestic violence is 2-4 times more common among police
families than American families in general. A police department that has domestic violence offenders
among its ranks will not effectively serve and protect victims in the community.E, F, G, H

Assault and sexual assault rates significantly higher for police when compared to the general population.I
Reports of police committing sexual assault amounted to more than 2 times the reports in the entire
general population.

National Police Misconduct Reporting Project

Police pose a greater threat to American lives than terrorism. Statistics from a 2004 National Safety
Council report, the National Center for Health Statistics, the U.S. Census Bureau, and 2003 mortality data
from the Center for Disease Control show Americans are more than 9 times more likely to be killed by a
law enforcement officer than by a terrorist.J

Police in the US Kill Citizens at Over 70 Times the Rate of Other First-World Nations1

Police Killing Spree


As of July 2015, there were over 516 police killings in the United States11. These statistics collected by
the Washington Post only counted when a police officer, while on duty, shot and killed a civilian. The
Post is not tracking deaths of people in custody, fatal shootings by off-duty officers or deaths in which
police gunfire did not kill the individual.12 For the most up-to-date statistics using this methodology, and
a list of shootings, see here: http://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/police-shootings/

In the U.S. in 2014, there were 1,100 people killed by those sworn to protect. That is an average of three
people a day.2

However, when we look at violent crime in this country, we can see that it is at an all time low. 3
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

While violence among citizens has dropped, violence against citizens carried out by police has been rising
sharply.

When we look at citizens killed by police over the last two years, deaths have increased 44 percent in this
short time; 763 people were killing by police in 2013.4

Worse Than A War Zone


As a comparison, the total number of US troops killed in Afghanistan and Iraq, in 2014 was 58.5 Fewer
soldiers were killed in war than citizens back home in “the land of the free” in 2014, by a large margin.

More Violent Than the Rest of The World’s Police Combined


[In] Canada. The total number of citizens killed by law enforcement officers in the year 2014, was 14;
that is 78 times less people than the US.6

If we look at the United Kingdom, 1 person was killed by police in 2014 and 0 in 2013.7 English police
reportedly fired guns a total of three times in all of 2013, with zero reported fatalities.

From 2010 through 2014, there were four fatal police shootings in England, which has a population of
about 52 million. By contrast, Albuquerque, N.M., with a population 1 percent the size of England’s, had
26 fatal police shootings in that same time period.

China, whose population is 4 and 1/2 times the size of the United States, recorded 12 killings by law
enforcement officers in 2014.8
Law enforcement in the US killed 92 times more people than a country with nearly 1.4 billion people.

From 2013-2014, German police killed absolutely no one.9

In the entire history of Iceland police, they have only killed 1 person ever.10

No One Knows How Many People United States Police Have Killed: Hundreds of US Police
Killings Are Uncounted in Federal Statistics, because police departments refuse to report them.

More than 20 years ago, Congress ordered the Justice Department to collect national data on excessive
force by police. But as demonstrated by the recent survey’s inability to properly measure any use of force,
that obligation has been virtually impossible to meet, in large part because of the difficulty of collecting
reliable data from the nation’s roughly 18,000 state and local police departments. About one-fifth of
departments refused to say how they kept their data.

When the Justice Department surveyed police departments nationwide in 2013, officials included for the
first time a series of questions about how often officers used force.

But when the data was issued in July 2015, without a public announcement, the figures turned out to be
almost useless. Nearly all departments said they kept track of their shootings, but in accounting for all
uses of force, the figures varied widely.

And many departments, including large ones such as those in New York, Houston, Baltimore and Detroit,
either said they did not know how many times their officers had used force or simply refused to say. That
made any meaningful analysis of the data impossible.13
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

http://si.wsj.net/public/resources/images/P1-BS088B_COPSO_16U_20141202175421.jpg

See Also:
Interactive Database of People Killed by Police in the United States
http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2015/jun/01/the-counted-police-killings-us-database

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A Johnson, L.B. (1991). On the front lines: Police stress and family well-being. Hearing before the Select Committee on
Children, Youth, and Families House of Representatives: 102 Congress First Session May 20 (p. 32-48). Washington DC: US
Government Printing Office.
B Neidig, P.H., Russell, H.E. & Seng, A.F. (1992). Interspousal aggression in law enforcement families: A preliminary
investigation. Police Studies, Vol. 15 (1), p. 30-38.
C Straus, M. & Gelles, R. (1990). Physical violence in American families - risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145
families. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
D P.H. Neidig, A.F. Seng, and H.E. Russell, "Interspousal Aggression in Law Enforcement Personnel Attending the FOP
Biennial Conference," National FOP Journal. Fall/Winter 1992, 25-28.
E Levinson, A. (June 29, 1997). Abusers behind a badge. Arizona Republic.
F Police departments fail to arrest policemen for wife abuse (November 15, 1998). The Boston Globe.
G Feltgen, J. (October, 1996). Domestic violence: When the abuser is a police officer. The Police Chief, p. 42-49.
H Lott, L.D. (November, 1995). Deadly secrets: Violence in the police family. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, p. 12-16.
I “The Cato Institute’s National Police Misconduct Reporting Project- 2010 Quarterly Q3 Report”. Police Misconduct.
Retrieved 04.09.2015 from http://www.policemisconduct.net/statistics/2010-quarterly-q3-report/#Sexual_Misconduct
J “You’re More Likely to Die from Brain-Eating Parasites, Alcoholism, Obesity, Medical Errors, Risky Sexual Behavior or Just
About Anything OTHER THAN Terrorism”. Washington’s Blog. 28.04.2013. Retrieved 04.09.2015 from
http://www.washingtonsblog.com/2013/04/statistics-you-are-not-going-to-be-killed-by-terrorists.html
1 Agorist, Matt. “Police in the US Kill Citizens at Over 70 Times the Rate of Other
First-World Nations”. The Free Thought Project. 08.01.2015. Retrieved 18.05.2015 from
http://thefreethoughtproject.com/police-kill-citizens-70-times-rate-first-world-nations/
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

2 “Killed By Police 2014”. Killed By Police. http://www.killedbypolice.net/kbp2014.html


3 Vibes, John. “FBI Report: Americans Less Violent than Ever, Except for Police”. The Free Thought Project. 12.11.2014.
http://thefreethoughtproject.com/prison-statistics/
4 “Killed By Police 2013”. Killed By Police. http://www.killedbypolice.net/kbp2013.html
5 http://icasualties.org/
6 “List of killings by law enforcement officers in Canada”. Wikipedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_killings_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_Canada
7 “List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United Kingdom”. Wikipedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_Kingdom
8 “List of killings by law enforcement officers in China”. Wikipedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_killings_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_China
9 “List of killings by law enforcement officers in Germany”. Wikipedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_killings_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_Germany
10 “Rare Iceland armed police operation leaves man dead”. BBC. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-
25190119#TWEET972719
11 “Investigation: Police Shootings”. Washington Post. Retrieved 16.7.2015 from
http://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/police-shootings/
12 Alexander, K., Jenkins, J., Kindy, K., Lowery, W., Rich, S. and Tate, J. “How The
Washington Post is examining police shootings in the U.S.”. Washington Post.
30.6.2015. Retrieved 16.7.2015 from http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/how-the-washington-post-is-examining-police-
shootings-in-the-us/2015/06/29/f42c10b2-151b-11e5-9518-f9e0a8959f32_story.html
13 Apuzzo, Matt & Sarah Cohen. “Data on Use of Force by Police Across U.S. Proves Almost Useless”. The New York Times.
11.08.2015. Retrieved 04.09.2015 from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/12/us/data-on-use-of-force-by-police-across-us-
proves-almost-useless.html?_r=1
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Part I.2.
Trained to Kill
Poor training and zero-sum police culture encourage American police officers to rely on killing citizens

Chief tactical Instructor M.C. Joseph supervises cadets from this college’s Law Enforcement Training Academy shooting at the
First Responder’s Academy in Von Ormy. The 22 cadets shot targets in the shape of human silhouettes from the 15-yard line.
They also shot targets at 3 yards, 5 yards, 7 yards and 25 yards. Photo by Daniel Carde. (http://theranger.org/2015/02/23/safety-
first-at-colleges-firing-range/)

Summary:
According to Amnesty International:
 All 50 states and Washington DC fail to comply with international law and standards on the use
of lethal force by law enforcement officers;
 Nine states and Washington DC currently have no laws on use of lethal force by law enforcement
officers; and
 Thirteen states have laws that do not even comply with the lower standards set by US
constitutional law on use of lethal force by law enforcement officers.1

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1 “Deadly Force: Police Use of Lethal Force In The United States”. Amnesty International. 18 June 2015. Retrieved
04.09.2015 from http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/deadly-force-police-use-of-lethal-force-in-the-united-
states?page=show
The Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) is a police research and policy organization and a provider
of management services, technical assistance, and executive-level education to support law enforcement
agencies. In “Re-Engineering Training on Police Use of Force”, a comprehensive study of the causes of
police killings, it identified training and culture as a major factor. Police cadet training gives focuses on
weapons usage much more than de-escalation and communications.
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Disengagement and patience, the report found, are "sometimes seen as antithetical" to traditional police
culture.

"Some officers, with the best intentions, think that their job is to go into a situation, take charge of it, and
resolve it as quickly as you can," Wexler wrote. "Sometimes there is a feeling of competitiveness about it.
If an officer slows a situation down and calls for assistance, there is sometimes a feeling that other
responding officers will think, 'What, you couldn’t handle this yourself?'"1

In order to establish a baseline of knowledge about the extent to which police agencies provide training to
new recruits and in-service training to officers about de-escalation strategies and other use-of-force issues,
PERF conducted a brief survey of member agencies in the spring of 2015. More than 280 agencies
responded.2

The study found that many police agencies give officers extensive training on how to shoot a gun, but
officers spend "much less time" learning the "importance of de-escalation tactics and Crisis Intervention
strategies for dealing with mentally ill persons, homeless persons, and other challenging situations."1

The largest element of recruit training was on firearms, accounting for a median of 58 hours. A median
value of 40 hours of training is provided on teaching recruits about Constitutional law and legal issues
regarding use of force. Recruits received a median of 8 hours of training on Electronic Control Weapons
(ECWs), such as Tasers. Considering that a recruit training academy is generally a three- to six-month
process, additional hours may be needed on topics such as communications skills, de-escalation, and
crisis intervention.2

http://www.policeforum.org/assets/reengineeringtraining1.pdf

The survey found that 93 percent of responding agencies provide in-service training on use of firearms,
while 69 percent provide training on crisis intervention skills (for responding to calls involving persons
with mental illness or other conditions that can cause erratic behavior), and only 65 percent provide in-
service training on de-escalation skills.

The in-service training priorities are evident in the percentages of use-of-force training hours devoted to
various subjects. The largest amount of time, 18 percent of the total hours devoted to in-service training,
is spent on firearms training, and another 13 percent is spent on defensive tactics. Police agencies also
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

devote some time to scenario-based use-of-force training, Crisis Intervention training, and de-escalation
skills.2

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1 Reilly, Ryan. “Police Group Makes A Big Admission About 'Justifiable' Police Shootings”. Huffington Post. 19.08.2015.
Retrieved 24.08.2015 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/police-shootings-police-executive-research-
forum_55d4f4ede4b07addcb456c76

2 Police Executive Research Forum. “Re-Engineering Training


On Police Use of Force”. Critical Issues in Policing Series. ISBN: 978-1-934485-30-9. Retrieved 24.08.2015 from
http://www.policeforum.org/assets/reengineeringtraining1.pdf
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Disproportionate Killing of Ethnic African Minorities (“African-Americans”) by Law Enforcement


Officials

Police officer stands over body of unarmed victim Michael Brown


9.8.2014, Missouri, USA

Summary: America’s ethnic African minority are an at-risk group. According to Delores Jones-Brown,
interim director of the Center on Race, Crime and Justice at John Jay College in New York, “African-
American males and females take their lives in their hands just walking out the door.”
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

United States Government Agency Recognizes Disproportionate Targeting of African Americans


by Government Forces

http://d35brb9zkkbdsd.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/dont-shoot.jpg

Black people are being killed by police at more than twice the rate of white and Hispanic or Latino
people. Black people killed by police were also significantly more likely to have been unarmed.5

African Americans, 13 percent of the population, are victims in 26 percent of police shootings.

Law enforcement kills African Americans at 2.8 times the rate of white non-Latinos, and 4.3 times the
rate of Asians.

The rates for younger African Americans remain 4.5 times higher, and for older African Americans 1.7
times higher, than for other races and ages.1

At Least One Ethnic African Minority Is Killed Every 28 Hours in America, Most of Whom Are
Unarmed

According to a recent report2, police officers, security guards, or self-appointed vigilantes extra-judicially
killed at least 313 African Americans in 2012 according to a recent study. This means a black person was
killed by a security officer every 28 hours. The report notes that it's possible that the real number could be
much higher.

Most of the people killed were not armed. According to the report, 136 people or 44%, had no weapon at
all the time they were killed by police officers. Another 27% were deaths in which police claimed the
suspect had a gun but there was no corroboration to prove this. In addition, 6 people (2%) were alleged to
have possessed knives or similar tools. Those who did, in fact, possess guns or knives were 20% (62
people) and 7% (23 people) of the study, respectively.
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Of the 313 killings, the report found that 275 of them or 88% were cases of excessive force. Only 8%
were not considered excessive as they involved cases were suspects shot at, wounded, or killed a police
and/or others. Additionally, 4% were situations were the facts surrounding the killing were "unclear or
sparsely reported".

Of the 313 killed, 124 (40%) were between 22 and 31 years old, 57 (18%) were between 18 and 21 years
old, 54 (17%) were between 32 and 41 years old, 32 (10%) were 42 to 51 years old, 25 (8%) were
children younger than 18 years old, 18 (6%) were older than 52, and 3 (1%) were of unknown ages.

The study's sources included police and media reports along with other publicly available information.3

For Ethnic African Minorities, No Place in America Is Safe

The geographic diversity of these tragedies suggest that the problem is not centralized to one area of the
country, but rather a widespread issue of concern. In 2007, a joint effort by ColorLines and the Chicago
Reporter examined police shootings in the 10 largest cities in the U.S., and in every city, African
Americans comprised a disproportionately large percentage of those killed.

The cities with the greatest racial disparity in these shootings were New York, San Diego, and Las Vegas
— in each of these cities, the percentage of black people killed was at least twice that of their percentage
of the city’s population. This means that if these statistics remained constant in 2010, when the percentage
of black people in New York City was 25 percent, a whopping 50 percent of those killed in police
shootings would have been of African-American descent.4

-------
1 Males, Mike. “Who Are Police Killing?”. Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice. 26.08.2014. Retrieved 18.05.2015 from
http://www.cjcj.org/news/8113

2 “2012 Annual Report on the Extrajudicial Killings of 313 Black People by Police, Security Guards and Vigilantes”. Malcolm
X Grassroots Movement. 5.4.2013
https://mxgm.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Operation-Ghetto-Storm.pdf

3 Hudson, Adam. “1 Black Man Is Killed Every 28 Hours by Police or Vigilantes: America Is Perpetually at War with Its Own
People”. Alternet. 28.5.2013. Retrieved 21.6.2015 from http://www.alternet.org/news-amp-politics/1-black-man-killed-every-
28-hours-police-or-vigilantes-america-perpetually-war-its

4 Chang, Lulu. “Do Police Shoot Black Men More Often? Statistics Say Yes, Absolutely”. Bustle. 18.8.2014. Retrieved
21.6.2014 from http://www.bustle.com/articles/36096-do-police-shoot-black-men-more-often-statistics-say-yes-absolutely

5 Lartey, Jamiles, Oliver Laughland and Jon Swaine. “US police killings headed for 1,100 this year, with black Americans twice
as likely to die”. The Guardian. 1.7.2015. Retrieved 5.7.2015 from http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/01/us-police-
killings-this-year-black-americans
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Law enforcement officials kill and abuse ethnic Africans with impunity

Police officer repeatedly punching unarmed 51 year-old ethnic African American woman in face. 01.07.2014. California, USA

Summary: The vast majority of the time, police officers, security guards, or armed vigilantes who extra-
judicially kill black people escape accountability. The lack of punishment in fatal shootings encourages
police shootings.
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

In 2014, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination expressed concern
that impunity for abuses and criminal misconduct by United States law enforcement officials, remains “a
widespread problem” due to the inadequate or absent government efforts to prosecute.1 This systematic
impunity implies complicity on the part of the criminal justice system- judges, prosecutors, state
attorneys.

Case Study: Chicago, Illinois

The Chicago Reporter2 examined 85 fatal police shootings since 2000 and identified 17 wrongful death
suits filed in federal court using the victims' names. Though the Chicago Police Department does not
disclose the names of officers who shoot civilians, the Reporter found the names of 20 officers who were
identified in the lawsuits as a shooter. The Reporter's investigation into the officers' previous litigation
history found that nine–"or 45 percent–"of them had been sued previously in either federal or circuit
court.

Even as the number of homicides in the city has been dropping since 2000, the average number of fatal
police shootings per year increased more than 30 percent between January 2004 to September 2007,
compared with the number during January 2000 to December 2003.

In June, before members of the City Council, Craig Futterman, founder of the Civil Rights Police
Accountability Project at the University of Chicago Law School, testified that an ‘early warning system’
identified only 89 of 662– fewer than one in seven– Chicago police officers who had more than 10
complaints lodged against them between May 2001 and May 2006. And the system failed to identify
some officers who had more than 50 complaints during the five years.

Some maintain that the lack of punishment in fatal shootings encourages police shootings.

"Because the city's training and discipline system is broken, cops are more likely to put their finger on the
trigger," said Jon Loevy, founding attorney at civil rights law firm Loevy and Loevy. "Because they
know that nobody is going to review their action, no matter how bad the shooting, there's never going to
be a consequence."

-------
1 “Concluding observations on the combined seventh to ninth periodic reports of the United States of America”. United Nations
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Committee on the Elimination of Racial
Discrimination. 25.09.2014. CERD/C/USA/CO/7-9. Downloaded 18.05.2014 from
http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CERD/C/USA/CO/7-9&Lang=En

2 Lowenstein, Jeff Kelly. “To Serve and Protect”. Chicago Reporter. 1.11.2007. Retrieved 22.6.2015 from
http://chicagoreporter.com/serve-and-protect/
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Racism amongst Police Forces and General Population Dehumanizes and Discriminates against
Ethnic African Americans

Summary: Psychological studies have discovered that law enforcement officers and the general populace
dehumanize and demonize ethnic African minorities, sub-consciously and overtly.
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

In a 2014 study1, researchers tested 176 police officers, mostly white males, average age 37, in large
urban areas, to determine their levels of two distinct types of bias — prejudice and unconscious
dehumanization of black people.

Researchers reviewed police officers’ personnel records to determine use of force while on duty and
found that those who dehumanized Blacks were more likely to have used force against a Black child in
custody than officers who did not dehumanize Blacks. The study described use of force as takedown or
wrist lock; kicking or punching; striking with a blunt object; using a police dog, restraints or hobbling; or
using tear gas, electric shock or killing. Only dehumanization and not police officers’ prejudice against
Blacks — conscious or not — was linked to violent encounters with Black children in custody, according
to the study.

The study also involved 264 mostly white, female undergraduate students from large public U.S.
universities. In one experiment, students rated the innocence of people ranging from infants to 25-year-
olds who were black, white or an unidentified race. The students judged children up to 9 years old as
equally innocent regardless of race, but considered black children significantly less innocent than other
children in every age group beginning at age 10, the researchers found.

The students were also shown photographs alongside descriptions of various crimes and asked to assess
the age and innocence of white, black or Latino boys ages 10 to 17. The students overestimated the age of
blacks by an average of 4.5 years and found them more culpable than whites or Latinos, particularly when
the boys were matched with serious crimes, the study found.2

Another 2014 study posits that White Americans superhumanize Blacks in a way that strips them of their
humanity.

"A Superhumanization Bias in Whites' Perceptions of Blacks," published in the journal Social
Psychological and Personality Science, examines the idea that black people have been historically
dehumanized, "from constitutional denial of full legal personhood to enslavement."

And while imbuing a group of people with superhuman abilities might seem like a complimentary thing
on the surface, the study contends this bias leads to dehumanization on the personal and political level.

The authors assert superhumanization may also explain white tolerance for police brutality against black
people.3

American Media Reflect and Disseminate Racist Perceptions

News reports often headline claims from police or other officials that appear unsympathetic or dismissive
of black victims. Other times, the headlines seem to suggest that black victims are to blame for their own
deaths, engaging in what critics sometimes allege is a form of character assassination.

When contrasted with media portrayal of white suspects and accused murderers, the differences are more
striking. News outlets often choose to run headlines that exhibit an air of disbelief at an alleged white
killer's supposed actions. Sometimes, they appear to go out of their way to boost the suspect's character,
carrying quotes from relatives or acquaintances that often paint even alleged murderers in a positive
light.4
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

For example, when Eric Belluci allegedly murdered his parents in 2010, local media outlets ran this
headline: “Son in Staten Island murders was brilliant, athletic — but his demons were the death of his
parents.” Conversely, when Trayvon Martin was shot and killed in 2012, NBC ran the following headline:
“Trayvon Martin was suspended three times from school.”

Whereas Belluci, a white suspected murderer, had his best traits displayed by the headline, Martin, a
black shooting victim, was noted for his disciplinary issues at school.5

See Also:
Sampling of Media Reports of Victims and Criminals, Showing Disparity Between Portrayal of Ethnic
African Victims/Alleged Perpetrators and ethnic European Victims/Alleged Perpetrators
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/14/media-black-victims_n_5673291.html

Matthew Fogg, former U.S. Marshal, relates how suggestion of expanding drug raids from predominantly
black neighborhoods to suburbs was refused.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72Lf9ZQK8t0

-------
1 “The Essence of Innocence: Consequences of Dehumanizing Black Children,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
published online Feb. 24, 2014; Phillip Atiba Goff, PhD, and Matthew Christian Jackson, PhD; University of California, Los
Angeles; Brooke Allison, PhD, and Lewis Di Leone, PhD, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Boston; Carmen
Marie Culotta, PhD, Pennsylvania State University; and Natalie Ann DiTomasso, JD, University of Pennsylvania.
http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/psp-a0035663.pdf
2 “Black Boys Viewed as Older, Less Innocent Than Whites, Research Finds”. American Psychological Organization. 6.3.2014.
Retrieved 20.6.2015 from http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/03/black-boys-older.aspx
3 Sevcik, J. C. “Study shows whites think blacks are superhuman, magical”. United Press International. 14.11.2014. Retrieved
20.6.2015 from http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2014/11/14/Study-shows-whites-think-blacks-are-superhuman-
magical/6881416006231/
4 Wing, Nick. “When The Media Treats White Suspects And Killers Better Than Black Victims”. Huffington Post. 14.8.2014.
Retrieved 22.6.2014 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/14/media-black-victims_n_5673291.html
5 Chang, Lulu. “Do Police Shoot Black Men More Often? Statistics Say Yes, Absolutely”. Bustle. 18.8.2014. Retrieved
21.6.2014 from http://www.bustle.com/articles/36096-do-police-shoot-black-men-more-often-statistics-say-yes-absolutely
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Racist Origins of Modern American Policing

Summary: Modern American policing originated in institutions designed to use violence against
enslaved africans- a legacy that continues today with deadly consequences for ethnic African minorities.
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Background

The birth and development of the American police can be traced to a multitude of historical, legal and
political-economic conditions. The institution of slavery and the control of minorities, however, were two
of the more formidable historic features of American society shaping early policing.

Slave patrols and Night Watches, which later became modern police departments, were both designed to
control the behaviors of minorities.

In 1704, the colony of Carolina developed the nation's first slave patrol. Slave patrols helped to maintain
the economic order and to assist the wealthy landowners in recovering and punishing slaves who
essentially were considered property.

Policing was not the only social institution enmeshed in slavery. Slavery was fully institutionalized in the
American economic and legal order with laws being enacted at both the state and national divisions of
government. Virginia, for example, enacted more than 130 slave statutes between 1689 and 1865.

Slavery and the abuse of people of color, however, was not merely a southern affair as many have been
taught to believe. Connecticut, New York and other colonies enacted laws to criminalize and control
slaves. Congress also passed fugitive Slave Laws, laws allowing the detention and return of escaped
slaves, in 1793 and 1850.

As Turner, Giacopassi and Vandiver (2006:186) remark, “the literature clearly establishes that a legally
sanctioned law enforcement system existed in America before the Civil War for the express purpose of
controlling the slave population and protecting the interests of slave owners. The similarities between the
slave patrols and modern American policing are too salient to dismiss or ignore. Hence, the slave patrol
should be considered a forerunner of modern American law enforcement.”1

Transformation into Modern American Police Force

In the 1800s, changes in American society forced changes in law enforcement. Specifically, the processes
of industrialization, urbanization, and immigration changed this country from a primarily homogenous,
agrarian society to a heterogeneous, urban one. Citizens left rural areas and flocked to the cities in search
of employment. Hundreds of thousands of immigrants came to reside in America. Unsanitary living
conditions and poverty characterized American cities. The poor, predominantly immigrant urban areas
were plagued with increases in crime and disorder.

As a direct result, a series of riots occurred throughout the 1830s in numerous American cities. Many of
these riots were the result of poor living conditions, poverty, and conflicts between ethnic groups. These
riots directly illustrated the need for larger and better organized law enforcement.

Both the watch systems in the north and the slave patrols in the south began to evolve into modern police
organizations that were heavily influenced by modern departments developing in England during the
same time (Walker, 1999).2

Enduring Legacy of Violence against Ethnic Africans

"Complexion has influenced the focus of law enforcement from this nation's very beginnings; the first
organized police forces, according to police historian William Geller, were the varied slave patrols,"
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Muwakkil wrote. "Policing in this country has always had the dual purpose of maintaining social order
and enforcing the racial hierarchy."3

The legacy of slavery and racism did not end after the Civil War. In fact it can be argued that extreme
violence against people of color became even worse…

In no small part because of the tradition of slavery, Blacks have long been targets of abuse. The use of
patrols to capture runaway slaves was one of the precursors of formal police forces, especially in the
South. This disastrous legacy persisted as an element of the police role even after the passage of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964. In some cases, police harassment simply meant people of African descent were more
likely to be stopped and questioned by the police, while at the other extreme, they have suffered beatings,
and even murder, at the hands of White police. Questions still arise today about the disproportionately
high numbers of people of African descent killed, beaten, and arrested by police in major urban cities of
America.1

Photographs of ethnic African minorities used by Florida police for target practice.
(http://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/Family-Outraged-After-North-Miami-Beach-Police-Use-Criminal-Photos-as-Shooting-
Targets-288739131.html)

Case Studies:

1. Clatskanie, Oregon Police Chief Forced to Resign after Officers Reported Racist Comments
Receives Praise from Mayor, Officers Receive Death Threats

Officer Stone says he felt compelled to report Chief Hoover after he allegedly compared African-
Americans to monkeys while being debriefed on the arrest of a woman who said she was discriminated
against.

Officer Stone and his coworker, Officer Zack Gibson, both recounted Chief Hoover’s alleged racist
outburst in an official complaint.
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Clatskanie Mayor Diane Pohl initially failed to acknowledge the accusations against Chief Hoover in a
letter to The Chief newspaper. In the piece, Mayor Pohl praised Chief Hoover for a job well done during
his time with the city.

“I’ve received death threats, a tire flattened with a nail on my driveway,” he explained. “My kids, they’re
afraid to go outside.”

2. Former Baltimore Police Officer Exposes Barbarity and Racism of Department


After the brutal fatal injuries perpetrated on Freddie Gray by the Baltimore Police Department in
Baltimore, Maryland, there has been a lot of speculation surrounding how the police treat those they take
into custody, including if these individuals should have been arrested in the first place.

Now, it seems a lot of that speculation is turning out to be a horrifying reality. Former Baltimore police
officer Michael Wood took to his Twitter page and began tweeting horrible incident after horrible
incident that he was aware of while working for the Baltimore PD.

He begins his series of tweets saying:

“So here we go. I’m going to start Tweeting the things I’ve seen & participated in, in policing that is
corrupt, intentional or not.”

Read series of tweets at: http://www.addictinginfo.org/2015/06/25/former-baltimore-cop-takes-to-twitter-


to-expose-the-barbarity-of-baltimore-pd-tweets/

3. Fort Lauderdale, Florida Police Officers Under Investigation for Racist Tweets and Video
Three Fort Lauderdale police officers were fired and a fourth was suspended in an investigation of the
department. The investigation found prolonged misconduct in the department and it is possible there
could be even more firings as the extent of the racism becomes apparent. A video that they had texted
each other has been released: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qy3YcdvTOFc ,
http://coolplay.tk/watch/Qy3YcdvTOFc

-------
1 Kappeler, Victor. “A Brief History of Slavery and the Origins of American Policing”. Eastern Kentucky University – Police
Studies Online. Retrieved 10.7.2015 from http://plsonline.eku.edu/insidelook/brief-history-slavery-and-origins-american-
policing. References: Turner, K. B., Giacopassi, D., & Vandiver, M. (2006). Ignoring the Past: Coverage of Slavery and Slave
Patrols in Criminal Justice Texts. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 17: (1), 181–195
2 “Police: History - Early Policing In Colonial America”. Law. Jrank Law. Retrieved 10.7.2015 from
http://law.jrank.org/pages/1640/Police-History-Early-policing-in-colonial-America.html
3 Lindstrom, A. and Stephenson, F. “Slavery’s Police.” Rev. of Slave Patrols, Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas,
by Sally E. Hadden. Florida State University Research in Review. Summer 2001. Print. Retrieved 10.7.2015 from
http://www.rinr.fsu.edu/issue2001/slavery.html
4 Park, Eileen and KOIN 6 News Staff. “City of Clatskanie: ‘Respect’ officers who reported chief”. KOIN. Retrieved
18.9.2015 from http://koin.com/2015/09/08/clatskanie-respect-officers-who-reported-chief/
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Proliferation of White Supremacist Hate Groups and Their Infiltration of Law Enforcement Agencies,
Military and Government

Chicago law enforcement officers posing with ethnic African male like a hunting trophy
Unknown date. Illinois, USA. http://www.thedailycall.org/?p=74657

Summary: Active white hate groups are the United States’ greatest terror threat. They have deep, long-
standing links to law enforcement and all levels of government.
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

White Hate Groups are the Deadliest Terror Threat in the United States

White Americans are the biggest terror threat in the United States, according to a study by the New
America Foundation. The Washington-based research organization did a review of “terror” attacks on US
soil since Sept. 11, 2001 and found that most of them were carried out by radical anti-government groups
or white supremacists.

Almost twice as many people have died in attacks by right-wing groups in America than have died in
attacks by Muslim extremists. Of the 26 attacks since 9/11 that the group defined as terror, 19 were
carried out by non-Muslims.1

Since 2001, 166 of the 183 non-jihadist terrorists have been classified as “Caucasian”.2

Sensitive Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Counterterrorism Division describes the threat
posed by the strategic infiltration of law enforcement agencies by white supremacist groups.

Amongst the myriad of hate groups in the United States, members known as “ghost skins” avoid overt
displays of their beliefs to blend into society and covertly advance white supremacist causes. Such role
playing has applications to ad-hoc and organized law enforcement infiltration.

White supremacist leaders and groups have historically shown an interest in infiltrating law enforcement
communities or recruiting law enforcement personnel.

In addition to its historical rhetoric, white supremacist leadership has also engaged in recent rhetoric that
encourages followers to infiltrate law enforcement communities.

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in particular, which has a history of lethal violence and terrorism stretching
back over a century, is also “known for having found support in many communities, which also translated
into ties to local law enforcement.3

In 2009 and again in 2014, officers were forced to resign after it was discovered they were high-ranking
members of the KKK. Earlier this year, police officers in San Francisco were forced to resign because of
racist text messages they were sending to each other. Also in 2015, in Ferguson, Mo., two officers were
forced to resign after racist emails were uncovered in the Justice Department inquiry surrounding the
killing of unarmed ethnic African American Michael Brown by officer Darren Wilson.4

Case Study 1: Hate Group Members Doubling as Police Lieutenants Find Support Police
Department and Municipal Government

The League of the South (LOS) has an explicitly racist ideology called “kinism” that calls for laws
against racial intermarriage, an end to non-white immigration, expelling all “aliens” (“to include all Jews
and Arabs”), and restricting the right to vote to white, landholding men over the age of 21. LOS has also
been forming a uniformed, paramilitary unit called “the Indomitables” tasked with advancing a second
southern secession by any means necessary. In May 2015 LOS President Michael Hill penned an article
for the LOS website entitled “A few notes on an American race war.”

In June 2015, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) released a video of Anniston, Alabama police
lieutenant Josh Doggrell speaking at the national conference of the LOS. As of press time, the League of
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

the South’s website, which features a biography of Doggrell, says he has been a “peace officer in his
home city/county for sixteen years.”

Doggrell’s colleague and fellow LOS member Wayne Brown was in the audience as he explained his no-
secrets work policy.

“I went in and told the chief last year, I’m not going to sell out my position with the League, as something
I believe in strongly. If it came down to it, I’d choose the League. Is there anything you want to ask me?”

“You just answered every question I have… We pretty much think like you do,” Doggrell’s chief
reportedly replied.

At last census, ethnic African Americans comprised 51% of Anniston’s population.

The video was reported in June 2015, and recorded in 2013, but Anniston city officials have been aware
of Lieutenant Josh Doggrell’s white supremacy affiliations since at least 2009.

City council member David Reddick provided a local news station with emails dating back to 2009
showing the local press, the city manager, the city attorney, and other administrators were fully aware that
Doggrell had joined a regional white supremacy organization. The city attorney appeared concerned about
a statement of Doggrell’s that he considered the “hate group” label — which the SPLC applies to the LOS
— a “badge of honor.”

After SPLC Hatewatch initially alerted the chief of the Anniston Police Department about Doggrell’s
membership, further calls were referred to Brian Johnson, Anniston city manager.

When posed with the hypothetical of a police officer being a member of terrorist hate group Ku Klux
Klan (KKK), Johnson stated “We could not terminate an employee solely on his or her membership in a
legal, lawfully formed, civic club or organization. I do not believe that someone could be terminated
solely based on their private sector membership in a properly formed legal organization – as hateful as the
KKK might be.”

Both officers were put on administrative leave, effectively a paid vacation. 4,5,6

Case Study 2: Deep Ties Between Republican Party and Hate Group Council of Conservative
Citizens (CCC)

It’s no secret that the GOP [Republican Party] has long pandered to racist elements in the Deep South –
exploiting white racial resentments to transform the region into a reliable Republican voting bloc in the
decades after the end of Jim Crow.

Lee Atwater, who grew up in South Carolina and become a key party strategist during the Reagan-Bush
era, in 1981 famously explained the GOP’s “Southern strategy,” launched by Nixon and continued by
Reagan: “You start out in 1954 by saying, ‘Nigger, nigger, nigger.’ By 1968 you can’t say ‘nigger’ – that
hurts you. Backfires. So you say stuff like forced busing, states’ rights and all that stuff.”

The key to understanding the CCC’s appeal in the Deep South is its history as part of the political
resistance to the civil rights movement: It’s the modern-day reincarnation of the old White Citizens
Councils that sprang up in Southern states to fight school desegregation in the 1950s and 1960s. The
councils – known as the “uptown Klan” because they had the same goals as the Klan but didn’t engage in
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

terrorism and maintained a veneer of respectability – drew in many prominent segregationists who
supported Jim Crow.

From its birth, the St. Louis-based CCC was led by Gordon Baum, who had been a political supporter of
Klansman and state senator David Duke in his bid to become governor of Louisiana. Baum, who died
this past March at 74, helped form the CCC in 1985 by using old mailing lists from the White Citizens
Councils, for whom he had been the Midwest field organizer. Baum’s successor, Earl Holt, is the leader
named by The Guardian as contributing to GOP candidates.

Most Americans knew little about the CCC until 1998 when it was reported that U.S. Representative Bob
Barr of Georgia had delivered the keynote address at its national convention that year and that Lott had
spoken to the group five times. Lott’s uncle told The New York Times that the senator had been a
member for years.

The CCC routinely denigrated black people as “genetically inferior” and accused non-white immigrants
of turning America into a “slimy brown mass of glop.”

According to a manifesto on Dylann Storm Roof’s website, CCC propaganda was his entry point into the
world of hard-core racism, eventually leading to his June 2015 murder of nine ethnic African minorities
in a South Carolina church prayer meeting.

Despite the group’s obvious racism, its mainstream political connections run deep. And they’re not
entirely a thing of the past. But far more damning has been the support the GOP has given to the CCC
over the years.

The head of the CCC has donated $65,0000 to Republican candidates, including presidential aspirants
Ted Cruz, Rand Paul and Rick Santorum.

In 2013, scandal erupted in South Carolina when it was reported that Roan Garcia-Quintana, a Tea Party
activist and longtime national and state GOP political operative, was a lifetime member and board
member of the CCC. Garcia-Quintana had been named to the steering committee for Gov. Nikki Haley’s
re-election campaign.

The white nationalist Kyle Rogers, who operates the CCC website, was a member of the GOP executive
committee in Dorchester County, South Carolina, as recently as 2013.

That’s long after the CCC became known publicly as a white supremacist group.

In 2004, it was revealed that no fewer than 38 politicians who were still in office, the vast majority of
them Republicans, had attended CCC events in the previous four years. The roster included Mississippi
Governor Haley Barbour, who had earlier served as chair of the Republican National Committee, and 23
Mississippi state legislators.

In 2003, former Mississippi governor Haley Barbour spoke at a CCC rally to raise money for white-only
academies. Kay Cobb, then a Mississippi Supreme Court presiding justice, also attended that rally.
South Carolina state treasurer Grady Patterson, a Democrat, was photographed with the CCC’s state chair
in his office, and the group claimed to have played a “significant role” in his re-election.

Mississippi Representative Gary Chism spoke at multiple CCC meetings from 2001-2003. Former
Representative Jack Gadd has been identified as a member of the CCC.
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Another national figure, Senator Roger Wicker, was a Congressman when he spoke at a Council event in
Byhalia, Mississippi in 2000. Present at that rally was CCC CEO Gordon Baum and President Tom
Dover. In the same year, US representative Joey Fillingane, now a state senator, attended a CCC “Save
Our Heritage Rally”.

A report in the Miami Herald in 1999 shocked political observers when it was revealed that 17
Mississippi lawmakers had attended Council events between 1997 and 1998. In the mid- to late-1990s,
the group boasted of having 34 members who were in the Mississippi legislature and had powerful
Republican Party allies, including then-Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott of Mississippi.

Recently, the Council ceased to publish the names of its speakers and attendees to protect the identities of
the politicians it associates with. But it has continued to tease events with state leaders, including an
unnamed Mississippi Supreme Court Justice.7,8

See Also:

White Supremacist Participation in Mainstream Politics


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQI87KLYS0g

Map of United States Hate Groups


http://247wallst.com/special-report/2015/07/09/10-states-with-the-most-hate-groups/

-------
1 Gelling, Peter. “White Americans are the biggest terror threat in the United States”. Global Post. 24.6.2015. Retrieved
26.6.2015 from http://www.globalpost.com/article/6592741/2015/06/24/white-americans-are-biggest-terror-threat-united-states
2 “Homegrown Extremism 2001-2015”. New America – Security Data. Retrieved 26.6.2015 from
http://securitydata.newamerica.net/extremists/analysis.html
3 Federal Bureau of Investigation Counterterrorism Division. “White Supremacist Infiltration of Law Enforcement”. Federal
Bureau of Investigation Intelligence Assessment. 17.10.2006. Retrieved 21.6.2015 from
http://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/402521/doc-26-white-supremacist-infiltration.pdf
4 Hankes, Keegan. “Anniston Police Department Has Two Hate Group Members on the Force”. Southern Poverty Law Center.
17.6.2015. Retrieved 26.6.2015 from http://www.splcenter.org/blog/2015/06/17/anniston-police-department-has-two-hate-group-
members-on-the-force/
5 Shipps, Joan. “Alabama city suspends police officers for being members of white supremacist group”. Raw Story. 17.6.2015.
Retrieved 26.6.2015 from http://www.rawstory.com/2015/06/alabama-city-wont-fire-white-supremacist-cops-even-if-they-join-
the-kkk/
6 Shipps, Joan. “UPDATED: Alabama cop fired after links to white supremacist group are revealed”. Raw Story. 19.6.2015.
Retrieved 26.6.2015 from http://www.rawstory.com/2015/06/revealed-alabama-city-officials-knew-about-white-supremacist-
cop-for-years-but-did-nothing/
7 Cohen, Richard. “Dylann Roof, the Charleston Murders and Hate in the Mainstream”. Southern Poverty Law Center.
23.6.2015. Retrieved 26.3.2015 from http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/news/dylann-roof-the-charleston-murders-and-hate-
in-the-mainstream
8 Pittman, Ashton. “Report: Many Mississippi politicians tied to group that radicalized Dylann Roof”. Deep South Daily. 20
June 2015. Retrieved 26.6.2015 from http://www.deepsouthdaily.com/2015/06/many-mississippi-politicians-tied-to-group-that-
radicalized-dylann-roof.html
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

White Supremacist Group Members Have Military Training, with Official Complicity

Scout snipers in the Marine Corps shown with a flag bearing an "SS" similar in design to one used in Germany by the SS, a
paramilitary force that operated under the Nazi party. (Marine Corps Times)

Summary: There are over 100 active white supremacist gangs operating in the United States1. They
recruit military personnel and veterans, encourage military enrollment, and have veterans in their
leadership, all in preparation for a “race war”. The military and civilian government refuse to take
action, perhaps due to flagging enlistment numbers.

-------
1 National Gang Intelligence Center. ‘Appendix A. Gangs by State’ – “2011 National Gang Threat Assessment – Emerging
Trends”. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2011. Retrieved 6.7.2015 from https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/2011-
national-gang-threat-assessment/2011-national-gang-threat-assessment#APPENDIXA
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Overview- Military Training Is Found Throughout the White Supremacist Movement

The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation reports with “high confidence” that military experience
is found throughout the white supremacist extremist movement as the result of recruitment campaigns by
extremist groups and self-recruitment by veterans sympathetic to white supremacist causes. Extremist
leaders seek to recruit members with military experience in order to exploit their discipline, knowledge of
firearms, explosives, and tactical skills and access to weapons and intelligence.

Although individuals with military backgrounds constitute a small percentage of white supremacist
extremists, they frequently occupy leadership roles within extremist groups and their involvement has the
potential to reinvigorate an extremist movement suffering from loss of leadership and in-fighting during
the post- 9/11 period.

Looking ahead, current and former military personnel belonging to white supremacist extremist
organizations who experience frustration at the inability of these organizations to achieve their goals may
choose to found new, more operationally minded and operationally capable groups. The military training
veterans bring to the movement and their potential to pass this training on to others can increase the
ability of lone offenders to carry out violence from the movement’s fringes.

Military experience—ranging from failure at basic training to success in special operations forces—is
found throughout the white supremacist extremist movement. FBI reporting indicates extremist leaders
have historically favored recruiting active and former military personnel for their knowledge of firearms,
explosives, and tactical skills and their access to weapons and intelligence in preparation for an
anticipated war against the federal government, Jews, and people of color. FBI cases also document
instances of active duty military personnel having volunteered their professional resources to white
supremacist causes.

The prestige which the extremist movement bestows upon members with military experience grants them
the potential for influence beyond their numbers. Most extremist groups have some members with
military experience, and those with military experience often hold positions of authority within the groups
to which they belong.1

In a 2006 report, the National Gang Intelligence Center, which operates under the DOJ and integrates
gang intelligence across agencies, noted: “various white supremacist groups have been documented on
military installations both domestically and internationally.” Neo-Nazis “stretch across all branches of
service, they are linking up across the branches once they’re inside, and they are hard-core,” Department
of Defense gang detective Scott Barfield told the Southern Poverty Law Center.

Case Studies

Charles Wilson, spokesman for the National Socialist Movement, one of the top neo-Nazi groups in
America, was frank about his attempts to populate the US armed forces with extremists: “We do
encourage [our members] to sign up for the military. We can use the training to secure the resistance to
our government. Every one of them takes a pact of secrecy ... Our military doesn’t agree with our political
beliefs, they are not supposed to be in the military, but they’re there, in ever greater numbers.” He
claimed to have 190 members serving.

Says Dennis Mahon, a white supremacist who was sentenced to sentenced to 40 years for a bomb attack
that injured a black city official in Phoenix, “They are so desperate at the moment; they are going to let
you in with a small swastika. If you are an obvious racist and shoot niggers and queers you might find it
difficult, but generally you are fine.
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

“The soldiers learn from unconventional warfare in Iraq and they realize that they can use that type of
warfare in America, and it’s impossible to stop. I tell people to learn as much as you can to improve
munitions capabilities, patrolling; I want them to learn sniping and explosives, the Green Berets.”

Government Indifference and Complicity

Despite the risk these Army-trained extremists pose, there has been much opposition to acknowledging
that the military has a problem, let alone doing something to fix it.

When the Department of Homeland Security warned in 2009 that disenchanted veterans wooed by white
supremacist movements could lead to the “potential emergence of terrorist groups or lone wolf extremists
capable of carrying out violent attacks”, the report was lambasted by right-wing politicians and
commentators. Michelle Malkin called it “one of the most embarrassingly shoddy pieces of propaganda
I’d ever read” and “anti-military bigotry”.

I know a number of analysts who researched radicalized US vets who went quiet after they were victims
of similar smear campaigns. The senior analyst on homegrown terrorism who authored the report, Daryl
Johnson, was put out to pasture by his employer. He now works as a consultant. Johnson has since
warned of the “growing threat” from far-right radicals with military training. “My greatest fear is that
domestic extremists ... will [carry] out a mass-casualty attack. That is what keeps me up at night,” he
said.2

-------
1 Federal Bureau of Investigation Counterterrorism Division. “White Supremacist Recruitment of Military Personnel since
9/11”. Federal Bureau of Investigation Intelligence Assessment. 7 July 2008. Retrieved 5.7.2015 from http://cryptome.org/spy-
whites.pdf
2 Kennard, Matt. “White supremacists want a race war. They must not fight America's wars”. The Guardian. 29 June 2015.
Retrieved 5.7.2015 from http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/29/white-supremacists-race-war-america-
military-dylann-roof
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Causal Link between Racism and Increased Mortality Rates among Ethnic African Minorities

Father and relatives of slain unarmed ethnic African teenager at funeral

-------
Summary:

Discrimination does not necessarily mean persecution but if discrimination has vast and serious
consequences, this could be considered as persecution.1

Experiencing discrimination has been shown to have both acute and long-term effects on the body. Being
discriminated against changes the biometrics that indicate stress and personal reports of stress (anxiety,
depression, and anger). Bad health outcomes are the result.

-------
1 “Basic concepts and definitions”. Útlendinastofnun-Directorate of Immigration. http://utl.is/index.php/en/basic-concepts-
and-definitions
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Black people who live in areas with the highest levels of racism have higher mortality rates.

That’s the takeaway from a new study published David Chae, an assistant professor of epidemiology and
biostatistics at the University of Maryland School of Public Health, and a team of co-authors. Chae and
his team determined how racist a geographic area was by how frequently people in that area used the n-
word in Google searches between 2004 and 2007. Chae said this method is particularly effective because
people don’t self-censor in their own homes. Because most people are wary of appearing racist to
outsiders, most studies that measure racism have to figure out clever ways to trick people into answering
questions that researchers use to try to glean levels of racism.

Areas that had the most searches that included the n-word had the highest mortality rates among African-
Americans. The correlation held up even when the researchers adjusted for the size of the Black
population and for the fact that Black people have higher poverty rates and suffer more from chronic
diseases. The study was published in the scientific journal PLOS ONE.

The study found that living in an area characterized by a one standard deviation greater proportion of
racist Google searches is associated with an 8.2 percent increase in the all-cause mortality rate among
Blacks. This amounts to more than 30,000 deaths every year among Black people across the country.
After the researchers adjusted for socioeconomic factors like education and income, the mortality rate
increase dropped to 5.7 percent, which is still significant. The researchers pointed out that the greater
levels of poverty and lower levels of education of many Black residents in an area “are also influenced by
racial prejudice and discrimination and therefore could be on the causal pathway.”

The researchers also found that an area’s racism was statistically significant even after controlling for
white mortality rates, meaning it could go far in explaining Black-white disparities in mortality.

Chae and his team found strong correlations between an area’s racism and incidences of heart disease,
cancer and stroke, which are all leading causes of death among the Black population.

“As a source of stress experienced across the life-course, racism contributes to ‘weathering’ or
accelerated declines in health across biological systems caused by the mobilization of resources to meet
environmental demands, thus potentially impacting a range of health outcomes,” the researchers wrote.
“For example, experimentally manipulated experiences of discrimination have been associated with
cardiovascular reactivity, particularly in response to scenarios that were motivationally ambiguous. We
found robust associations between area racism and heart disease, cancer, and stroke, leading causes of
death among Blacks. Racial disparities in mortality from these diseases may be influenced by racism
through biobehavioral channels engaged in the threat response. As a source of chronic psychosocial
stress, repeated racism may result in a heighted pro-inflammatory state that can have particularly
detrimental consequences for the etiology and progression of cardiovascular and other immune disorders.
Studies on discrimination have found evidence for adverse consequences for hypertension,
atherosclerosis, and their inflammatory mediators. A recent study found that racism-related factors may
also be associated with accelerated aging at the cellular level.”

Pervasive racism is “a social toxin that, over time, leads to premature mortality,” Chae told The
Huffington Post. “Racism gets under the skin and becomes embodied. It chips away at you.”

Chae compared racism to an environmental hazard like pollution.1


Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

-------
1 Chiles, Nick. “Racism Kills: New Study Finds Startling Connection Between Black Death Rates And Racism Levels Across the
US”. Atlanta Blackstar. 30.4.2015. Retrieved 6.7.2015 from http://atlantablackstar.com/2015/04/30/racism-kills-new-study-
finds-startling-connection-between-black-death-rates-and-racism-levels-across-the-us/
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

The Denial of a Humane Existence Damages Psychological Health of Ethnic African Americans

-------
Summary: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other mental health disorders in ethnic African
Americans are linked to trauma from racism and violence.
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Daily exposure to racism takes a psychological toll on those who are exposed to it, causing PTSD, or
post-traumatic stress disorder, which lingers even after the events have subsided, according to a number
of reports.

The Mayo Clinic defines PTSD as “a mental health condition that’s triggered by a terrifying event —
either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety,
as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event.” The condition is associated with rape and torture
victims, prisoners placed in solitary confinement, survivors of car accidents, soldiers who have
experienced war, and those who have suffered through genocide.

Linda Goler Blount, president and CEO of the Black Women’s Health Imperative, wrote that watching
repeated acts of violence is a source of stress and trauma in Black women. “Research has shown that
stress and trauma from racially motivated events create reactions in Black women that are similar to post-
traumatic stress disorder,” Blount said. “These reactions include depression, lack of sleep, anger and an
inability to get thoughts about what happened out of one’s mind.”

“The short-term and long-term impact of the stress that racial violence places on Black women is well-
documented,” she added. “Allostatic load, the technical term for the physiological consequences of
chronic exposure to stress, is at the heart of a number of adverse health effects that disproportionately
impact black women, including increased cortisol levels, higher rates of obesity/overweight and higher
rates of low birth weight babies. This stress essentially weathers and ages the body, and can lead to
premature mortality.” Blount maintains we must ensure Black women have the ability and right to raise
their children in a healthy environment. It is about upholding health and wellness for Black women, and a
matter of reproductive justice, she suggests.

Monica T. Williams, director of the Center for Mental Health Disparities at the University of Louisville,
echoes Blount’s concerns. Williams told NPR that many Black Americans experience what mental health
professionals call “race-based trauma.”

“We hear in the news about African-Americans being shot in a church, and this brings up all sorts of other
things and experiences,” Williams said. “Maybe that specific thing has never happened to us. But maybe
we’ve had uncles or aunts who have experienced things like this, or we know people in our community
[who have], and their stories have been passed down. So we have this whole cultural knowledge of these
sorts of events happening, which then sort of primes us for this type of traumatization.”

In addition, microaggressions, or routine slights such as Black people being followed by security guards
in a department store, or a white woman clutching her purse in an elevator when a Black man enters, can
trigger stress. In some cases, the trauma is created when victims feel helpless to stop it, or believe the
discrimination is persistent.

Race-based trauma has a profound effect on Black people, and studies suggest trauma is intergenerational
and inherited, with memories passed along through the DNA. For example, as reported in the BBC in
2005, a study in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism found that pregnant women who
experienced the 9/11 World Trade Center attacks passed on biological signs of stress to their babies. The
children, when tested at a year old, had low levels of the stress hormone cortisol, as did the mothers—a
sign of PTSD. Another study from Columbia University revealed that a third of New York schoolchildren
suffered mental disorders following the World Trade Center bombings. Further, in the six months
following the terror attacks, a quarter experienced at least one of six anxiety disorders.

For populations that have experienced years and even centuries of trauma, the implications are both
disconcerting and illuminating. Black people were kidnapped and thrown in the bowels of slave ships,
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

millions not making it through the Middle Passage, and for those who did, they emerged on the other side,
finding themselves in a regime of forced labor and torture.1

Only 50 % of ethnic African youth expect to live past 35!


Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

According to the American Sociological Association, the high pessimism of black communities can be
explained, in part, by experiences of police brutality.

"In terms of our explanation for the pessimistic attitudes of particular groups... We're attributing this to
structural disadvantages, exposure to neighborhood poverty and family poverty, exposure to violence,"
co-author Tara Warner said. "We also discuss in the paper experiences with the criminal justice system,
experiences or expectations with police violence." [author’s emphasis]

In light of recent incidents of black men, women, and children being threatened or killed in racially
motivated mass shootings or police violence, young ethnic Africans fear for their lives to a greater degree
than their ethnic European peers.2

-------
1 Love, David. “PTSD and Mental Health Disorders in Black People Linked to Trauma From Racism and Violence”. Atlanta
Blackstar. 3.7.2015. Retrieved 6.7.2015 from http://atlantablackstar.com/2015/07/03/ptsd-and-mental-health-disorders-in-black-
people-linked-to-trauma-from-racism-and-violence/
2 Warner, Tara & Brian Swisher. “Adolescent Survival Expectations: Variations by Race, Ethnicity, and Nativity.” American
Sociological Association: Journal of Health and Social Behavior 1-17. Retrieved from
http://www.asanet.org/journals/JHSB/DEC15JHSBFeature.pdf via Barksdale, Aaron. “Half Of Young Black Americans Don’t
Expect To Live Through Their 30s” Huffington Post. 18.11.2015. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/half-of-
young-black-americans-dont-expect-to-live-through-their-30s_564b9a8ae4b045bf3df1817a
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

I fear for my life. I cannot go home. I cannot stay where I have been living- as a migrant worker in Saudi
Arabia, where bombs and attacks against foreigners occur almost weekly.

There is no hope for justice, no chance of change. How can there be when the Supreme Court has ruled
that police have no constitutional duty to protect people1, and ethnic Africans have no right to defend
themselves2? How can there be when an unarmed ethnic African American man can be charged with
assault when police shoot at him, miss and hit innocent bystanders3?

The targeted slaughter of ethnic African Americans is conducted by state actors with sanction from the
highest levels of government. On the other hand, not even the families of ethnic African members of the
government are safe4.

Because police killings is such a vast and multi-faceted topic, I have omitted other aspects of persecution
of ethnic Africans in America. However, there is an established pattern of arresting, jailing, and
convicting people for no other reason than their skin color. This is all too common in my home state5,
though it is a nation-wide trend extending back to the inception of the United States. In other words, I
could be arrested for a crime that is being committed now even though I am sitting here typing.
Systematic profiling6 by police and willful deception by prosecutors to ensure convictions7 have been
uncovered, yet victims await justice and release from prison.

For its ethnic Africans, America is not a beacon of freedom, but a flashing siren, not a promise of life,
liberty and the pursuit of happiness, but a daily threat of death, wrongful imprisonment and the fear of
these.

1 Greenhouse, Linda. “Justices Rule Police Do Not Have a Constitutional Duty to Protect Someone.” New York Times.
28.062005. Retrieved 27.10.2015 from http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/28/politics/justices-rule-police-do-not-have-a-
constitutional-duty-to-protect-someone.html
2 Ackermanna, Nicole, Melody S. Goodmana, Keon Gilbert, Cassandra Arroyo-Johnsona & Marcello Paganoc. “Race, law, and
health: Examination of ‘Stand Your Ground’ and defendant convictions in Florida.” Social Science & Medicine 142: 194–201.
10.2015. Retrieved 20.11.2015 from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953615300642
3 McKinley, James Jr. “Unarmed Man Is Charged With Wounding Bystanders Shot by Police Near Times Square.” New York
Times. 04.12.2013. Retrieved 20.11.2015 from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/05/nyregion/unarmed-man-is-charged-with-
wounding-bystanders-shot-by-police-near-times-square.html
4 Garcia, Arturo. “Minneapolis cop caught pointing weapon at Rep. Keith Ellison’s unarmed son”. Raw Story. 19.11.2015.
Retrieved 20.11.2015 from http://www.rawstory.com/2015/11/minneapolis-cop-caught-pointing-rifle-at-rep-keith-ellisons-
unarmed-son/
5 “The Heat is On A Texas Town After the Arrests of 40 Blacks”, New York Times, October 7, 2000; “Massive Drug Sweep
Divides Texas Town”, Washington Post, January 22, 2001; “Arrests by a Drug Task Force in Texas Comes Under Fire”, New
York Times, April 4, 2001; “Police Officer Admits Role in Drug Trafficking”, Austin American-Statesman, August 30, 2001;
“Sheetrock Scandal Hits Dallas Police”, Washington Post, January 18, 2002; “Dallas Sniffs Police Scandal”, Seattle Times,
January 20, 2002. Referenced in https://www.drugpolicy.org/docUploads/police_corruption_report.pdf
6 Adcock, Clifton, Ben Fenwick and Joey Stipek . “Most police seizures of cash come from blacks, Hispanics.” The Norman
Transcript. 18.10.2015. http://www.normantranscript.com/news/oklahoma/most-police-seizures-of-cash-come-from-blacks-
hispanics/article_d3c791a1-6fbb-5f92-8c24-674b90ba5e56.html
7 Balko, Radley. “New Orleans’s persistent prosecutor problem.” Washington Post. 27.10.15.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-watch/wp/2015/10/27/new-orleanss-persistent-prosecutor-problem/
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Appendix I
Excerpts from the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees

CHAPTER I- GENERAL PROVISIONS


Article 1- DEFINITION OF THE TERM "REFUGEE"

the term "refugee" shall apply to any person who: owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted
for reasons of race, religion, nationality or political opinion, is outside the country of his
nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear or for reasons other than personal convenience, is
unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and
being outside the country of his former habitual residence, is unable or, owing to such fear or for
reasons other than personal convenience, is unwilling to return to it

CHAPTER IV
The Conference adopted unanimously the following recommendations:
B
"THE CONFERENCE,
"CONSIDERING that the unity of the family, the natural and fundamental group unit of society,
is an essential right of the refugee, and that such unity is constantly threatened, and
"NOTING with satisfaction that, according to the official commentary of the ad hoc Committee
on Statelessness and Related Problems (E/1618, p. 40) the rights granted to a refugee are
extended to members of his family,
"RECOMMENDS Governments to take the necessary measures for the
protection of the refugee's family, especially with a view to :
"(1) Ensuring that the unity of the refugee's family is maintained particularly in cases where the
head of the family has fulfilled the necessary conditions for admission to a particular country ;
"(2) The protection of refugees who are minors, in particular unaccompanied children and girls,
with special reference to guardianship and adoption."

CHAPTER IV
The Conference adopted unanimously the following recommendations :
C
"THE CONFERENCE,
"CONSIDERING that, in the moral, legal and material spheres, refugees need the help of suitable
welfare services, especially that of appropriate non-governmental organizations;
"RECOMMENDS Governments and intergovernmental bodies to facilitate, encourage and
sustain the efforts of properly qualified organizations."

D
"THE CONFERENCE,
"CONSIDERING that many persons still leave their country of origin for reasons of persecution
and are entitled to special protection on account of their position,
"RECOMMENDS that Governments continue to receive refugees in their territories and that they
act in concert in a true spirit of international cooperation in order that these refugees may find
asylum and the possibility of resettlement."

CHAPTER V- ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES


Article 34- NATURALIZATION
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

The Contracting States shall as far as possible facilitate the assimilation and naturalization of
refugees. They shall in particular make every effort to expedite naturalization proceedings and to
reduce as far as possible the charges and costs of such proceedings.

CHAPTER I- GENERAL PROVISIONS


Article 2- GENERAL OBLIGATIONS
Every refugee has duties to the country in which he finds himself, which require in particular that
he conform to its laws and regulations as well as to measures taken for the maintenance of public
order.

-------
UN General Assembly, Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 189, p.
137, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3be01b964.html [accessed 6 July 2015]
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

Appendix II
Excerpts from Útlendingastofnun Directorate of Immigration Basic Concepts and Definitions

Who has the right to asylum or international protection?

According to Article 44, paragraph 1, of the Act on Foreigners, which reflects the contents of the United
Nations Refugee Convention (UNHCR), a person who is subject to persecution in his/her own country
because of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion has the
right to asylum as a refugee in Iceland.

Article 44, paragraph 1, of the Act on Foreigners reads as follows:

For the purposes of this Act, a refugee is a foreign national who is not in his/her own country due
to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of
a particular social group or political opinion, and cannot or is unwilling to, owing to such fear,
avail him-/herself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being
outside the country of his/her former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or,
owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it, cf. Point A of Art. 1 of the international
Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951 and Protocol to the
Convention of 31 January 1967. The requirements to be considered a refugee are prescribed in
more detail in Art. 44 a.

The spouse of a refugee or his/her partner and his/her children under the age of 18, who are neither
married nor in formal cohabitation, also have the right to asylum unless special reasons oppose this.

According to Article 12 f of the Act on Foreigners, a residence permit may be granted an applicant, who
is not considered as being a refugee on humanitarian grounds provided there are compelling reasons to do
so, for example, serious illness or difficult general circumstances in his/her own country.

Article 12 f, paragraphs 1 and 2, read as follows:

A foreign national may be granted a temporary residence permit even though he/she does not
fulfil all the requirements of Art. 11, if there are pressing humanitarian reasons for so doing or
due to his/her special connection with the country.

A temporary residence permit may be granted on the basis of humanitarian reasons if a foreign national
can demonstrate an urgent need for protection, e.g. for health reasons, or due to the difficult social
circumstances of the person concerned or due to difficult general circumstances in the person's home state
or in a country to which he/she would be sent, or due to other events for which he/she cannot rightly be
held responsible. Special consideration shall be given to cases where children are involved and a decision
taken with a view to what is best for the child.

The general rules on family reunification apply to those who receive residence permits on humanitarian
grounds.

About Persecution
Article 44 a of the Act on Foreigners has further guidelines on what is meant by persecution, as there
exists no single clear definition of the word persecution. The manual of the Office of the United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees says that it may be concluded from the United Nations Refugee
Convention that if a person‘s life or freedom is threatened because of race, religion, nationality, political
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

opinions or because of membership of a certain social group this is certainly persecution. Other serious
human rights violations for the same reasons would also be considered as being persecution, however, it
depends on the circumstances at any given time whether other actions that are based on prejudice can be
called persecution.

Discrimination does not necessarily mean persecution but if discrimination has vast and serious
consequences, this could be considered as persecution.

-------
“Basic concepts and definitions”. Útlendingastofnun Directorate of Immigration. http://utl.is/index.php/en/basic-concepts-and-
definitions. Retrieved 04.09.2015.
Systematic Killing of ethnic African minorities in America by State Actors

APPENDIX III
Multimedia

United Nations Human Rights Council, 22nd Session of the Universal Periodic Review, USA Review, 11
May 2015
http://webtv.un.org/watch/usa-review-22nd-session-of-universal-periodic-review/4229106421001

FBI Report: White Supremacist Infiltration of Police Departments


http://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/402521/doc-26-white-supremacist-infiltration.pdf

Video: What 16 Months of Police Killings Looks Like


http://www.vocativ.com/news/190536/what-16-months-of-police-killings-in-the-u-s-looks-like/

The NAACP's Legal Defense Fund’s naming of 76 men and women who were killed in police custody, a
sampling of those killed since the 1999 death of Amadou Diallo in New York.
http://gawker.com/unarmed-people-of-color-killed-by-police-1999-2014-1666672349

“2012 Annual Report on the Extrajudicial Killings of 313 ethnic Africans (“African-
Americans”/”Blacks”) by Police, Security Guards and Vigilantes.”
https://mxgm.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Operation-Ghetto-Storm.pdf

Tables showing the lethal terrorist incidents in the United States since 9/11
http://securitydata.newamerica.net/extremists/deadly-attacks.html

Nine Police Officers Tackle and Beat Ethnic African American American Child for Jaywalking, Stockton
California, 16 September 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Dk6bXdBdVs

A police officer in Fairfax County, Virginia has been caught on tape apparently using a stun gun on a man
who was not resisting arrest. 3 October 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCIX76N3Y-s

http://www.myfoxchicago.com/story/29592057/investigator-ipra-police-shooting-reports-bias

http://countercurrentnews.com/2015/07/what-happened-to-sandra-bland-investigation/

https://video-mad1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/hvideo-xap1/v/t42.1790-
2/10689091_364522153672826_132799246_n.mp4?rl=655&vabr=364&oh=1e65e4add867b81f3e8aad31
0ddde74c&oe=55B7E626

http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/aug/04/alabama-police-officer-murder-black-man-self-
defense

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/janelle-monae-cut-off_55cdff7fe4b07addcb42acdb

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