_ qgegrere someone 2° warm como eT nem was ce 4 ew son te te i tt my ee Sone wa os Gn a «gs: 0 i ot bp ie in Pies Bie at te 33 1 Shu gat se comms tne Goan steal ote ee Im 1 ee ann wey i gn eta i round Improvement Techniques Ooaacee eae ae ae ee heron (oi anos has. 1, 2.00, 3.62) 4 5a 6 (9.7. (0) F The geotechnical engineers design foundation and other stractres onthe ground afer investigation ofthe ype of sil its characteristics and is exten. If he sil is good ata shallow depth below the ground safes, Statiow foundations, such as footings and rai, are generally most economical. However if the soil just telow the ground surface isnot good but a song stratum exists ata great depth, deep foundation, such as ile wes an caison, are resuied. Deep foundations are quite expensive and ae ost effective only in he fot even ata great depth, and ii not pracical to construct even deep foundations. In such cats, various Sertds of ground improvement can be used 10 improve the ground conditions. Although the ground Eprovemet techniques are also gute expensive, yt they may prove tobe cos elective i many cates, "The main obese ofthe ground improvement iso impnve he characteristics ofthe si a hee, sally consis of increasing the shear susnath and decreasing the compressibility of he soil $0, that the fig pct oe et de me of OS Tail on i ae rediced. ‘Somnetiies, e aim isto decrease the permeability ofthe soil B runways, embankment, cath dams, ec. Sometimes, they are als used for ground improvement for shallow foundation. This chapter discusses various techniques of ground improvement mainly for foundwons "Ground improvement is a rapidly developing field because good sites for construction ae becoming limited day by day. The geotechnical engineer has the challenge of construction of foundation a the ses itch were previously considered unstable and unaceptable. Most ofthese techniques were developed in 332. IMPROVEMENT OF COHESIVE SOILS ‘Cohesive soils such ag soft clay have I required to reduce the void ratio and the water content to inctease water content. Ground improvement is to reduce the void ratio and the strength so that te bearing capocity is {nureased and the compressibility 1s decreased. The following methods are commonly used in practice 1. Precompression 2 Sand drains 3, Wick drains 4. Stone columns Ths above methods are briefly discussed i the following sectionsin a soil deposit the length of the desinage path is decreased. Water flows hecizontally © the sand CConsequenly. the time required to achieve a certin degree of consolidation is considerably reduced, ‘A sand drain is consricted by driving 2 casing (or a hollow mandrel) ito the ground and thea filling the ng with a suitably graded sand. The casing is then gradually withdrawn leaving the sand inthe ground. A er of such drains ace installed. The typical design parameters are asunder {) Radius of sand dain = 02 0 03 m. (}) Spacing of sand drains = 210 5 m {Depth of su drains in exibankment Fig. 332 shows the sand drain installed in tion. A sand blanket with a thickness of 0.6 1m is placed over the top ofall the sand SURCHARGE st connect them. On the sand blanket, a OUND !MPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES surcharge fill & kept on De picpe of precompresson can be explained wih the hep of comoltion theory Josue in Chapter 12 {te effect of lating. Uhleding and loading ofthe soils exlained wa the ep of Fig 321 Ee. cove Sieaec mone $10 38 m+ siti Te oe CO meus dedeees |” reload is placed. The surcharge load is Ne ower ihe vod ratio when te sis relondd ts observed peal inthe form ofthe damped sol Doe ‘ine eae Os cad a meg ne Toad, the consolidation of the cay ‘ouch fe than the deere" Be void ratio dung 4 ft occurs. The drainage occus in the SAND OFAN initial loading fiom Ato zontal ‘and. vertical dictions, The sand yo ring precompresion, whee the surcharge fil is : Fis accelerate the process of dispation of lied othe virgin soi in the Fld, the si follows ess pore water creled by the suchage {he inal loating curve AB. When the scars fils Fe st ps he ate of consolidation is considenbly | >ETHSETENTS TET ‘emoved, unloading ocus along BEC. When the foundation i construed onthe precompresed $3 aed ner ‘Sometimes the sand dein ae provided in Fe u2 ‘lating cea al he cave CED he dvs in th vid ato ng laig i eon rly than tat inthe vgn si in init oan. The soil properties se alo impeoved. The compressibi oli decreased. Ts selement ofthe stutre wi Be Uscreased. Moreover, the shat steagh of is increased and ence the bearing apacity of the soi is improved. Infact. the precomprssed sol s a8 over ed soi =a Advantages of precompresson method. 1 The method is quite sggole and convenient. The conventional canhmoving equipment can be ‘for raising the surcharge fil. ee 2. Te method is inexpensive if he si permanent embankments consructed for highways, canals, et. directly without tbe surcharge fil, Thus fe expense of the suchare fil i save. ‘Sand drains have been used in practic for along time. The main disadvantage of sand drains i that bey quite expensive. Recently new methods have been developed to reduce cost of consruton. ical engineers have recently 3 Precorpression ensures uniforms oped wick drains (also Surcharge Fitt |phomogenciies and weak spots. led band drains). (setter ae ‘Wik drains are prefabricated Header dain 4. The progress of consolidation of the soil can be easily monitored by intl lates and pieaometers. ae ——eeer 4 4 OF TWted plastic ribbons Disadvantages overed by geosyntbetic_mem- |. The main disadvantage of the precomps cldaion is rd erm sogetims runing into sve year. I the construction of the situ cant be delayed that ater metodo constuction se lope 2 Te mein ei # apes aude se of cosine sucha le isin he congested area be med canst Be wed cof, 3 The method is expensive if sulble mae for sucha fix nt easily ave a lowcost Lila . SAND DRAINS As already mentioned, the main, disadvantage of the precompression inethod disCussed in the last section is that i kes very long time, Various atempts have been made 10 ace 4 oF installation ofthe wick dai epost, oes commonly wed. Te wick din is held So te yet em mm ear eng pce rt er ek ee as ee Me tery of sid ead be cue in S120 Bene te pve ad |i wick rai ly oi Rey Semen al mises ha ben eps ea Fe 333 expensive than the sand drains, they have almost replaced the sand drains in modern constuction.& SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION eager of wick drains See aoe ie 7. The wick drains have the following advantages over sand drains: ee is qi easy and convenient. The equipment wedi small. Dil sy & required 1 mae holes ine clay deposit 2 The dainage i good. Once the pore water enters the wick dns, thee is il esitance (ig. 3355 a). As the water comes fof the lower jet, it creates_a 3. The wick drains also increase the emsile strength of the clay deposit to sori extent ‘quick condition ahah 4, The wick drains are less expensive than sand drains. “Vibroflot, Because of the quick rar stg ion the shear stengh of Be STONE COLUMNS ee “2 “Ground improvement in case of soft clays can be achieved by installing stone columns in ik 7s marcel nt posted e Kig ee tks it stones) of ize 6 0 40 mm. z O° For making a olen the sil deposi. a. ibs is used (se See. 14.14). vib cons clinical tbe, about 2 to 3 m long and 300 10 300 rm in lame, ited with esa he Boom ad he tp. A ring ccentc mas inside the Vbrofo causes a hrzotal ibestory ‘motion. The ibrofo is sunk int the cay deposit sing the lower water jes. The hole should extend upto fir statu telow ‘The gravel is then filled imo the le and densified by vibofo a iis taken out Ths a stone column is fomed (Fg 334). The required numberof stone columns are corsiuced S own weight "When be desired pth has been reached, the vibrator is ctvated. The vibrofe then vibrates ly and causes the compaction of sol in he aresion wp SSA ees &, » ® ‘Afr the compaction of te soi ae: Inthe lateral condition, he water rom Fie lower jet is transfered tothe top jet and the pressure is rece so that it hes just enough force to cary Bk sand poured at the top ofthe ote to the btm ofthe hole (Fig, 33.56). Addins sand is copped into he space (crater) around the iota. ~~ By rising te vibrolt in sages an simlaneousy backfiling the hole with sand, the ene depth of eee oe tine hanes peel bere 15.3 Sane cones Te filled with compared sand (Pig. 33.5 c). RepSaing the proces at a number oT poinison the pepe ae ee peer ia rena Peana ae tne vol spon compacted: To(Spacng af the oles usualy Ket beineog2 10 3 ‘Sone columns at as vertical dais like sand drains. Consequently, the rate of consolidation is incre : cece ba bat ticity ‘Besides woking a din, he soe columes reinforce the sf clay depos because the sf fais apne aa can Te ae a secelet Haat Sah sire . fibrofiotation is a type of vibrocompaction because compaction is done with the help of vibration. futher metod of vixconpaction is te tea probe mea discussed i the fllowing scica, Vio Tar in 8 RCC: column). Bessa theses ofthe sone columns every lange as copared oat clay, a lage cols. Tat Nearing capac [compaction methods are, however, effective only when the silt content in the cohesionless soil is ess than ; 12-15 percent and the clay content is less than 3 percent. ono te a Nereas ‘settlements are reduced. P ms, TERRA PROBE METHOD Gy! tEArd ep pote metho viboloton sa tectiqe of vrosmgacon of cxesonles sls ee Se. are not effective for thick deposits of highly organic clays and sis, 14415) fhe ter probe consists of an open ended pipe about(75 cm) i diameter. It is provided with 3 “agbratory pile diver ats “The vibratory ple diver whet Fetiated ives vertical vibrations to the Ey icra Tt poes down ino the sand. After i has reached the desired depth the tera probe i gradually ‘337, IMPROVEMENT OF COHESIONLESS SOILS CCofesionlss sails when in lose condition with Neale es than 10, have alow shear strength, talsed upward while the vibratory driver continues to operate. Thus, the sil within and around the probe is F sense. it repeated a umber of loans a th st. The Spacing of he ls wally eae ths beating cay av. Wada of lowes eam be dc of oncom fer too (5 “The mBtha can be used upto aCeph of 3m) The method is ideal or te compaction ofaturaed neat we Gln mat el eee improvement can be achieved By inducing strong vibrations in the ground to densify the sil. Thus relative density (oc density index) of the sand is increased. Consequently, the N-value and the capacity is increased. ‘A number of methods have been developed to density the cohesionles sis. The following methods ‘commonly used in practice. eu ae ies eee Sees 4, Compaction by blasts ‘method but is Tess effective. As the terra probe method does not require backfilling of sand, it can even be ioe ‘These methods are briefly discused in the following sections: Vee aN cae aa eae re ence later Ia the a pete meted, he sone of nunc cory Sle hn tt inh vvoiouon mae wd erate dna ec chianc Gacacial namic compaction i also known as dynamic consolidation, teary tamping or pounding. In this nti a ay Weigh aod 7 30 Tmnes (wh mat Wo 50 Mg) dope on gro ro 8 ety weigh Seat Fo $0 vue as