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Sources
Sources of wastewater include the following domestic or
household activities:
Pollutants
The composition of wastewater varies widely. This is a partial
list of pollutants that may be contained in wastewater:
Biological pollutants
Quality indicators
Treatment
At a global level, around 80% of wastewater produced is
discharged into the environment untreated, causing
widespread water pollution.[4]:2
Disposal
Industrial wastewater effluent with neutralized pH from tailing runoff in Peru.
Reuse
Treated wastewater can be reused in industry (for example in
cooling towers), in artificial recharge of aquifers, in
agriculture and in the rehabilitation of natural ecosystems
(for example in wetlands). In rarer cases it is also used to
augment drinking water supplies. There are several
technologies used to treat wastewater for reuse. A
combination of these technologies can meet strict treatment
standards and make sure that the processed water is
hygienically safe, meaning free from bacteria and viruses.
The following are some of the typical technologies: Ozonation,
ultrafiltration, aerobic treatment (membrane bioreactor),
forward osmosis, reverse osmosis, advanced oxidation.
Legislation
Australia
Nigeria
United States
The Clean Water Act is the primary federal law in the United
States governing water pollution in surface waters.[10] It is
implemented by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in
collaboration with states, territories, and tribes[11].
Groundwater protection provisions are included in the Safe
Drinking Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act,
and the Superfund act.
See also