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Historical Background Division of Acoustics
In the second quarter of the twentieth century, Aero acoustics
acousticians began to assemble the accurate data that Architectural acoustics
would make acoustics and engineering science. Bioacoustics
Biomedical acoustics
Before electronic equipment was invented, the student
Environment noise
of acoustics lacked both the means to produce specific
Psychoacoustics
sounds and the methods to measure the strength of the
Physiological acoustics
sounds that were produced.
Physical acoustics
Up until this time, the designer of a theatre could learn Speech communication
about acoustics only by observing other theatres and Structural acoustics
speculating about which features were responsible for Transduction
their successes or failure. Musical acoustics
Underwater acoustics
Countless myths arose to account for the mysterious
Nonlinear acoustics
acoustics of many great room
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Applications Applications
Melbourne Theater JS Bach Chamber
Company Music Hall
Ashton Raggatt
McDougal
Architecture Zaha Hadid
Architects
Applications Applications
Aula Magna, Cultural Center of
Universidad Central
de Venezuela The Philippines
Carlos Raul
Villanueva Leandro V. Locsin
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Sound Theory: Nature of Sound Sound Theory: Nature of Sound
What is the difference between sound and noise? Sound, a manifestation of vibration, travels in wave
patterns through solids, liquids and gases
The distinction between “sound” and “noise” is a The waves, caused by vibration of the molecules,
subjective one – sound is desirable, noise is not. follow sine functions, characterized by the amplitude
and wavelength also known as frequency
- For Airborne Sound, the medium is air The longer the wavelength, the lower the
- For Structure Borne Sound, the medium is frequency
building materials such as concrete, steel, wood,
glass or combinations of all these.
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Sound Theory: Nature of Sound Sound Theory: Nature of Sound
To find the wavelength of sound in air at a specific Important points in Sound Velocity;
frequency by the following equation; The sound waves can travel from source of origin
V = velocity or wavelength in Feet by air in different directions and these sound waves
F = Frequency in Hz set the ear drum to vibrate then the vibrating ear
D = distance of sound feet per
drum translate by the brain into sound sensation of
second (1130 ft/sec)
Velocity of Sound – the speed at which the sound hearing.
travels. It primarily depends on the elasticity and In humans, hearing takes place whenever vibrations
density of the medium, In air at normal temperature of frequencies from 20 – 20,000 hertz reach the
and atmospheric pressure the velocity of sound is inner ear. The hertz (Hz) is a unit of frequency
approximately 1130 feet per second at 20ºF equaling one vibration or cycle per second.
Sound may travel at 16,000 ft/s along steel pipes and When the sound waves are periodic, regular and
duct walls. long continued, they produce pleasing effect of
Speed of sound in concrete is about 12,000 ft/s. sound and this sound is also called audible sound.
When the sound waves are non periodic, irregular Sound travels at 1130 Feet per second at normal
and very short duration, it produce displeasing room temperature
effect of sound and this is also called audible noise.
Sound waves are longitudinal waves and they can Light travels at 299,792,458 meters per second,
move backward and forward along a line in the which is roughly 974,325,489 Feet per second (974
direction of in which sound is traveling. Million Feet per second!!)
The velocity of sound depends upon nature and
temperature of medium through which it travels.
The velocity of sound can be measured by feet per
second in Fahrenheit.
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Radio Signals: AM & FM Sound Propagation
When sound is generated in a place, it can move or
spread in all direction by air is called as propagation
of sound. Sound can propagate from origin to in all
directions like a person blowing up a balloon with his
mouth.
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Sound Propagation Sound Propagation
Diffraction of Sound – the bending of sound waves Hearing Sensitivity – The ability of understanding
due to obstacles. Sound diffraction causes decreasing or listening of sound. The hearing of sound depends
of frequency, loudness, pitch. on a persons ear drum, intensity of sound, the type of
Ex. You bought a concert ticket, upon entering the sound tone, distance between the source and the
concert hall your seat is behind a huge pillar. after listener, climatic conditions. A healthy young person is
starting the film you cannot hear a clear voice due to capable of hearing sound from 20 – 20,000 Hz. The
the obstacle in between you and the music source extent of hearing sensitivity for an individual depends
and because of this the sound wave can bent around on many factors like age, sex, ethnicity (character of
the pillar before reaching you. person), previous exposure to high noise etc.
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Sound Propagation Sound Propagation
Amplitude or Volume – Amplitude is the
Quality or Timber – It is the quality of musical characteristics of sound waves that human perceive as
note. It is one of the important characters of the volume. The amplitude corresponds to the distance
sound that allows the ear to differentiate between that air molecules move back and forth as a sound
tones produced by different instruments when the wave passes through them. as the amount of motion
sound waves are identical in amplitude or frequency. in the molecules increased, they strike the ear drum
with progressively greater force. This causes the ear
Ex. If a person played a violin, second person played to perceive a louder sound. This comparison of
piano and third person a tuning fork, all at the same samples at low, medium, and high amplitudes
volume, the tones are identical in frequency and demonstrate the change in sound caused by altering
amplitude, but different in quality. From these three amplitude. These three waves have the same
sources, the simplest tone is produced by the tuning frequency, and so should sound the same except for a
fork. perceptible volume difference.
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Bels and Decibels Sound Power and Intensity
A Bel turns out to be a rather large unit, so for convenience it
is divided into 10 subunits called Decibels (dB). Levels in
decibels are computed as follows:
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Sound Pressure for known sounds Decibel Levels
0 dB – the softest sound a person can hear with
normal hearing
10 dB – normal Breathing / anechoic chamber
20 dB – whispering at 5 feet
30 dB – Soft whispering / Quiet Auditorium
40 dB – limit for Comfortable Hearing
50 dB – Rainfall / Light Traffic
60 dB – Normal Conversation
70 dB – Department Store / Noisy Office
90 dB – Heavy Traffic at 5 Feet
110 dB – Shouting in ear
120 dB – Rock Concert /Thunder/Threshold of
discomfort hearing
130 dB – Jack Hammer at 5 Feet / Threshold of Pain
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