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GUIDES
Gazetted
30 June 2014
Task Team: B:04
Supported by:
Document tracking
Version Date Name
Discussion draft 3.0 17 March 2014 Deon Steyn
Proposal V 2 , front pages updated 22 May 2014 Peta de Jager
Proposal V2 Formatting 4 July 2014 Sheldon Bole
Gazetted 30 June 2014 National Health Act,2003(Act
no.61 of 2003)
INFORMATION NOTES
Acknowledgements also to Janine Smit the editor, Sheldon Bole, Claire du Trevou, Kumirai Tichaona
and Mokete Mokete
PHOTOGRAPHS:
Lead Laundry & Catering (Pty) Ltd
Denise Sheard (photographs in Figure 5)
LAYOUT PLANS:
Lead Laundry & Catering (Pty) Ltd
Department of Health
CO-AUTHORS:
Chriss Fourie (initial draft)
LEAP ARCHITECTS
Steve de Kock
PrEng
Private consultant
AUTHOR:
Deon Steyn
MArch | MBA
PrArch | PrCPM
Recommended
Recommended
Recommended
Recommended
CROSS-CUTTING
ISSUES
Essential
Essential
Essential
Essential
Adult Inpatient Administration x Generic room Integrated x
Services and Related Requirements Infrastructure
Services Planning
Clinical and General x Hospital Design x Briefing Manual x
Specialised Hospital Principles
Diagnostic Support
Laboratory Services
Guidelines
Mental Health Catering Building Engineering x Space Guidelines x
Services for Services
Hospitals
Adult Critical Laundry and Environment and x Cost Guidelines x
Care Linen Sustainability
Department
Emergency Hospital Materials and x Procurement x
Centres Mortuary Finishes
Services
Maternity Care Nursing Future Healthcare x Commissioning x
Facilities Education Environments Health Facilities
Institutions
Adult Oncology Health Facility Healthcare Maintenance x
Facilities Residential Technology
Outpatient Central Sterile Inclusive Decommissioning
Facilities Service Environments
Department
Paediatrics and Training and Infection Prevention x Capacity
Neonatal Resource and Control Development
Facilities Centre
Pharmacy Waste x Information x
Disposal Technology and
Infrastructure
Primary Regulations
Healthcare
Facilities
Diagnostic
Radiology
Adult Physical
Rehabilitation
Adult Post-acute
Services
Facilities for
Surgical
Procedures
TB Services
Colours Legend
Consultants
Administrators
Related documents
2.1. Location
Linen processing may be done at any of the following sites, depending on the operational policy:
• Within the hospital facility, or on the hospital site, also referred to as ‘on-premises laundries’
(OPLs)
• Off-site by relevant health authority, also referred to as ‘regional laundries’
• Off-site by commercial laundries (not discussed in this document).
The main elements in OPLs and regional laundries are similar, but the main difference is one of scale
and automation. A continuous batch washer (CBW) would mostly be found in regional laundries, often
serving a number of hospitals in its vicinity. Individual washer-extractors, tumble-dryers and dry-
ironers are the key components in smaller OPLs.
This document primarily addresses OPLs.
The decision regarding the location of the laundry should include the following considerations
(Boutek, 1995):
• Proximity to the boiler house, if steam supply is available, to minimise distribution losses
• Ease of access to the hospital’s main corridors and internal transport routes
• Access to the principal hospital service roads and public roads
• Delivery areas to allow sufficient space to ensure that vehicles can manoeuvre and park easily
at the reception and dispatch bays
• Consultation with the local authorities about any proposed schemes that might have some
bearing on future transport requirements
• The noise factor of the facility and its impact on nearby patient care departments.
3. Functional requirements
2.5. Receiving
Each facility, whether on the premises or not, should have a secure linen distribution centre with
facilities for storage and exchange of clean and soiled linen. This allows for appropriate patient care.
2.9. Tumble-drying
This process entails reducing the moisture content level of washing until it is suitable for ironing,
either through a flatwork ironing process, where more moisture is removed, or in ironing presses as a
finishing process prior to folding.
Inspection, ironing and folding
The finishing process of ironing and/or folding linen ensures that the linen remains clean after it is
extracted from the washer. After ironing (before folding linen used in theatres or sterile packs), the
linen is inspected for damage and cleanliness and is repaired where applicable.
Folding can be done by machine, but it is done manually in most cases. The use of a folding stand helps
with this labour-intensive operation.
Repairs
If, during inspection before or after the laundry process, it is found that items require repair, these are
sent to the repair section after drying, and prior to packaging and storing. On-site repairs are normally
done with sewing machines located in a sewing area adjacent the packing and storage areas. Once
repaired, the items can be folded, stored and dispatched.
Packaging and storage
Packaging and storage must maintain the clean state of the linen for delivery. The linen should be
wrapped in fluid-resistant, securely sealed plastic bags or placed unwrapped into fluid-resistant
covered carts or hampers.
Wrapped linen may be stored in open racks in the laundry, provided the integrity of bundled and
wrapped linen is not compromised. Unwrapped clean linen must be stored in a designated, controlled-
access, clean storage area, with a closed door at all times.
Delivery of clean linen
OPL delivery
The linen is issued to the unit or department for use and is transported in trolleys.
TRANSPORT - TRANSPORT -
SOILED LINEN INFECTED LINEN
ON-PREMISE LAUNDRY AND LINEN FACILITY
SORTING &
SLUICING
WEIGHING
HYDRO-
DRYING
EXTRACTION
IRONING &
FOLDING
PRESSING
REPAIRS
HOSPITAL SERVED BY
REGIONAL LAUNDRY
CLEAN
DIRTY LINEN LINEN
HOLDING STORE
LOADING BAY
PRODUCTION AREA
REGIONAL LAUNDRY
2. Equipment
Equipment is categorised into the following types:
• Washer-extractors
• Tumble-dryers
• Ironing machines (flat and pressing machines)
• Other items.
Washing equipment
Washer-extractors can be provided as single- or double-door designs. Double-door designs allow for
physical separation between the dirty loading section and the clean washing removal section of the
machine.
There are three generic types of industrial washing machines:
• Sluice machines
• Washer-extractors
• CBW machines.
Sluice machines
Sluice machines are similar to washer-extractors, but are provided with larger sized perforations in
the drum to allow for the removal of larger items, typically encountered with soiled linen.
Sluicing can either take place at ward level before linen is sent to the laundry or during the sorting
phase in the laundry itself.
Washer-extractors
Washer-extractors are similar to domestic washer-extractor machines. These currently generally have
a high speed and high G-force. The higher the G-force the machine can achieve, the more efficient the
moisture extraction. There are two typical types of washer-extractors used in OPLs: conventional front
loader washer-extractors, and barrier washer-extractors, for use where loading and unloading of the
machine is physically separated as a means of infection control. The end user should help determine
whether the latter should be used, and selection and installation should be done in conjunction with
equipment suppliers.
Where structural constraints exist, high-speed soft-mount machines with inverter control of rotational
speeds should be considered. These machines are spring mounted with shock absorbers and are
capable of operating at G-forces of between 280 G and 400 G. They are more expensive, but they
provide increased output, increased fabric life, more efficient operation, and do not require special
bases and foundations.
2.1. Tumble-dryers
Tumble-dryers are heated with gas, steam or electricity. They should typically be big enough to
produce an output of 20% more than that of the washer-extractors. Tumble-dryers must be
microprocessor controlled and equipped with the means to control the residual moisture of the
washing to suit the particular fabric, as well as over-drying protection. Over-drying protection
PHOTOGRAPH 3: TUMBLE-DRYERS
Flatwork ironers
Ironing machines for flatwork such as sheets and pillow cases differ considerably. They can be divided
into two broad groups:
The table above is based on an average of two pieces of laundry that weigh 1 kg, which is considered
conservative, because 2.5 pieces generally weigh 1 kg.
The hourly output available from equipment, based on a laundry operating a standard 40-hour
working week (five days at eight hours per day) is 0.025 kg per hour (1/40).
The output for a maternity hospital is 42 x 0.025 kg = 1.05 kg per hour per bed.
The output for a community hospital is 26 x 0.025 kg = 0.65 kg per hour per bed.
Having established the maximum dry weight of items to be processed per hour, a choice has to be
made regarding the type of washing machines to be used, which largely determines the size and layout
of the laundry.
The choice of washing machine(s) will depend on:
• The dry weight of items to be processed per hour
• The total cost (both capital and running) of the equipment, energy (electricity and steam),
water and building
• The availability and cost of labour.
Washer-extractors are exclusively used in small (up to 100 beds), medium (up to 400 beds) and many
large (600 and more beds) laundries because they are more cost-effective in terms of capital outlay,
labour, water and energy. It must be remembered that this is an arbitrary figure and case studies
should be prepared for each case, taking into account all the factors mentioned above.
When selecting equipment, the following basic guidelines are considered important:
3.1. WASHER-EXTRACTORS
The key factors in determining the number and/or size of washer-extractors are:
• Output expressed in kg/hour
• Loading factor of the machine or number of loads completed per hour
• Water supply – pressure and temperature.
Hourly output of washer-extractors
The methods for determining the required hourly output per bed in kg/hour as per examples below:
Example 1:
Assume laundry operates eight hours a day for five days a week = 40 hours per week.
Example 2:
A 250-bed community hospital, with a laundry that will operate a five-day week will require
the following washer-extractor capacity:
250 beds x 26 kg washing per week (community hospital average – see Table 1) per bed x
0.025 kg washer output per hour per bed / 1.1 (assumed washer loading factor) loads per hour
= 147 kg total washer-extractor load.
Assuming that there is one 18 kg capacity (small) machine for jobbing purposes and employing
the principle of multiple medium-sized machines as discussed above, this will result in a typical
selection of three units with a capacity of 43 kg or two units with a capacity of 64 kg, as well as
the 18 kg jobbing machine.
The capacity of the washer-extractors will determine the capacities of downstream equipment
such as tumble-dryers and ironing machines.
3.2. Tumble-dryers
The percentage of items requiring tumble-drying could vary considerably, depending on the type of
washer used and the fabric to be laundered. The number and size of the tumble-dryers required must
be established by the launderer and the equipment supplier.
Selection of tumble-dryer capacity should be 20% to 25% higher than the high-speed washer-extractor
capacity feeding the tumble-dryer.
4.1. Discussion
The size of a laundry is based on the equipment that it accommodates, which is based on the expected
load of a hospital. As a broad-based vantage point, the size of a laundry could be determined, based on
existing facilities with similar capacity.
Table 2 lists some OPLs in the Western Cape deemed to be adequately sized. See Annexure A for a
complete list of Western Cape laundry information. Based on this data, the IUSS measurement team of
the CSIR calculated the gross laundry area per kilogram per annum as per the linear graph in Table 3
and the laundry area per hospital bed, as per Table 4.
TABLE 3: ADEQUATELY SIZED OPLS IN THE WESTERN CAPE
laundry
LAUNDRY nr of beds kg/annum
floor area
Beaufort West 57 62000 275
Vredendal 75 62000 280
Riversdale 50 49500 230
Citrusdal 34 30000 300
Murraysburg 14 6000 115
Linear curve with a 10% deviation to both sides, indicating the acceptable range for laundry floor area
for the various sizes of community hospitals.
Based on the information above, the following table can be compiled for proposed new laundries for
community hospitals of the given sizes:
TABLE 6: COMMUNITY HOSPITAL: NUMBER OF BEDS AND APPROXIMATE SIZE OF LAUNDRY
The information in Table 5 is an indication of the laundry size only. A more detailed analysis based on
anticipated or actual loads of the hospital will be required during the design stage.
Table 6 provides a comparison of estimated space requirements for a 200- and a 500-bed community
hospital.
NOTES
1. The above areas are to be used for preliminary space calculations only
2. Based on on-premise laundry, operating 40 hours per week
3. Actual areas to be based on end user requirements and equipment selected
4. Based on laundry requirements for community hospital (1kg/hour/bed).
5. To be adapted to suit for other classifications
1.1. Function
• This is the area where all soiled linen is received via chutes or trolleys from the main corridors
of user departments throughout the hospital
• It primarily has a regional laundry function, although, depending on the design, this could also
be applicable to OPLs.
1.2. Requirements
• There should be facilities for offloading soiled linen. These may take the form of an unloading
dock or chute as dictated by the site of the building
• Offloading bays need not be enclosed, but should be roofed against inclement weather
• The floor should be impervious, non-slip and adequately drained so that it can be washed
frequently
• If soiled linen is returned on the clean linen trolleys, it is essential that the trolleys be
disinfected before re-use
• Washing that arrives too late for processing on the same day can be offloaded in the sorting
area, if the space is available. Otherwise, offloading bays should be enclosed and lockable
• Access pathways to the laundry must be large enough to bring the equipment through for
installation, replacement and maintenance
• Natural lighting should be maximised.
1.4. Services
• Artificial lighting
• Telephone point
• Cold-water supply
• Mechanical extract ventilation – 15 air changes per hour
• Space heating
• Drainage.
2.1. Function
• Area where all soiled linen is received via chutes or trolleys from the main corridors of user
departments throughout the hospital.
2.4. Services
• Telephones
• Data points
• Power outlets for computer points, computer, fax and printer
• Access control to outside door
• Artificial lighting
• Cold-water supply for washing
• Mechanical extract ventilation – 15 air changes per hour
• Space heating.
3.1. Function
• Heavily soiled linen is rinsed either by hand or in sluice machines and waste is discarded in
suitable containers.
• Contaminated waste items are stored for collection and transportation to the respective
disposal areas. This task should preferably be done at ward level, as laundry staff members are
not trained to identify contaminated waste items.
3.4. Services
• Artificial lighting
• Hot- and cold-water supply
• Drainage discharge to sewer
• Extract ventilation – 15 air changes per hour
• Space heating.
4.1. Function
Washing and drying activities.
4.2. Requirements
• The washer-extractors are normally arranged against a perimeter wall and the drain-off is
discharged into a floor drain channel, which is covered by a grate
• If required, cold and hot water storage tanks are situated above the washer-extractors. Supply
injectors are usually located on the side of the machines
• The supply injectors and maintenance activities need a space of at least 600 mm between
washer-extractors, adjacent walls and the rear of machines. The space required should be
checked with the supplier of the machines. The proper positioning of washer-extractors is
essential for production efficiency. Washer-extractor static and dynamic loads must be
evaluated by a structural engineer
• Dryers must be vented directly to the outside of the building and these should preferably be
located next to an external wall. Dryers can be placed side by side or in a separate room that is
well ventilated at the back. Dryers generate the most heat of all the equipment in the laundry
4.4. Services
• Artificial lighting
• Power supply to equipment
• Compressed air (if required for equipment)
• Steam supply and condensate return (if applicable)
• Mechanical extract ventilation – 10 air changes per hour
• Cold-water supply
• Hot-water supply from central hot-water source
• Water reclaim storage tank (above or below surface bed) with necessary transfer pump and
pipe work for water reclamation – if not incorporated in washer-extractors
• Floor drain channels with discharge to sewer.
5.1. Function
The size and type of institution served by the laundry will determine the size and locality of the repair
section.
5.2. Requirements
• When the repair of worn items is done in the laundry, the repair section or sewing room
should be sited in the vicinity of the flatwork ironers as it is here that the examination of the
greater percentage of work is most readily carried out
• Where a group linen store adjoins the laundry, the repair section usually forms part of that
area
• Natural lighting should be maximised.
5.4. Services
• Sufficient plug points for equipment power to the packing tables and sewing machines should
be suspended from the ceiling
• Artificial lighting
• Mechanical supply ventilation, incorporating controllable spot cooling of occupants if feasible
– five air changes per hour
• Space heating.
6.1. Function
This area is used to iron and fold linen after washing and drying.
6.2. Requirements
• Folding tables must be made of stainless steel and clean so that linen can be folded without
damage or contamination
• The ironing area will consist of flatbed ironer(s) and presses. The flatbed ironers take up
considerable space. The number of ironers and the number of rollers per ironer will be
determined by the load. The layout of these machines will be determined by the space
available and in consultation with the manufacturers
• Laundry requiring flat ironing is generally taken directly from the washer-extractors to
flatwork ironers. In some cases where a rapid throughput is required, the items from the
washers may have to be preconditioned through a tumble-dryer to a 30–40% moisture
retention before flat ironing
• The dry-ironers with a return-feed mechanism are usually placed near a perimeter wall, but
the multiroller heated-bed ironers are free standing and require considerably more space
• The amount and size of ironers will depend on the amount of flatwork ironing required
• Through-feed heated-bed ironers can be fitted with automatic folders, but if this facility is not
provided, space for tables for the folding of the linen must be provided
• The number and type of presses will be determined by the nature of the institution that is
served by the laundry
• The layout of these machines will be determined by the available space and in consultation
with the manufacturers
• Hospital ward items are dealt with mainly by flat ironing (sheets and pillow cases) or drying
(towels, cotton blankets, etc.) and are then reassembled according to type or destination, prior
to being packed for dispatch
• If a group linen store is provided next to the laundry, ward items will be transferred to the
group linen store racks immediately after being ironed or dried. If there is no group linen
store, the reassembly and packing of the clean items will be undertaken in the packing
department
• Natural lighting should be maximised.
6.4. Services
• Sufficient plug points for equipment power to the packing tables should be suspended from
the ceiling
• Artificial lighting
• Power supply to machines – from overhead
• Exhaust ventilation directly from flatbed ironing equipment
• Mechanical supply ventilation with spot cooling to operators if feasible – five air changes per
hour
• Compressed air supply from overhead, to equipment requirements
• Steam supply and condensate return, if applicable
• Space heating.
7.1. Function
• Linen is stacked and wrapped.
7.2. Requirements
• The packing and dispatch area should be equipped with sub-sorting racks, shelving and
packing tables or benches
• The type of container used for the return of clean linen and the mode of transportation will
determine the type of loading installation or equipment necessary to facilitate loading and
dispatch
• The trend in South African provincial hospitals seems to be towards square bags made of
either canvas or woven plastic, with sealing flaps that can be easily washed and dried before
reuse
• Natural lighting should be maximised.
7.4. Services
• Data point(s)
• Artificial lighting
• Mechanical supply ventilation – five air changes per hour
• Space heating.
8.1. Function
Storage of linen
8.2. Requirements
• Positive air pressure supply with respect to surrounding areas
• Vision panels in doors and walls
• Protection from direct sunlight
• Adequate and appropriate stainless steel slatted shelving in a clean environment
• Adequate and appropriate mobile storage systems and trolleys.
8.4. Services
• Artificial lighting
• Mechanical ventilation – positive air supply, filtered to standard G4 (EU4) – two to five air
changes per hour.
9. Dispatch DESK
9.1. Function
• Distribution of linen to the various user departments
• Loading of items on trolleys
• Logging of dispatched deliveries.
9.2. Requirements
• Clean folded linen would be packed into cleaned laundry carts or bags for dispatch to the
various in-house destinations.
9.4. Services
• Artificial lighting
• Power supply to switched socket outlets
• IT and data point
• Telephone point
• Space heating.
10.1. Function
• A space for administration or management
• The need for administrative offices will depend on the size of the laundry
• Making and receiving phone calls
• Writing reports
• Access and print data from a computer
• Unit management
• Shift handover meetings
• Staff management
• Recordkeeping and storage.
10.2. Requirements
• The office should be lockable
• Supervision over production area.
10.4. Services
• IT and data connections
• Artificial lighting
• Electrical points
• Telephone point
• Air conditioning (split type unit).
11.1. Function
• Staff restroom
• Kitchenette
• Female change room
• Male change room
• Cleaner room
• Washing material store
• Sundry storerooms
• Plant rooms.
1. Structural
The design of the structure should consider the weight and vibration index of heavy equipment, such
as washer-extractors and large-capacity tumble-dryers. The laundry should preferably be at ground
level for easy access for equipment and to avoid vibration through the building.
Where structural strength of the building is a concern, only high-speed soft-mount washer-extractors
should be considered. These machines are designed to operate at high G-forces (280 G to 400 G) and
are equipped with inverter speed control on motor drives and suitable shock absorbers to absorb
dynamic loads.
The production area of the laundry should have a clear floor area free of structural elements. This will
avoid obstructions in the work flow and restrictions in the location of the plant.
The clear headroom required would depend on the type of washer-extractor chosen, but generally, a
minimum of 2.4 m clear headroom would be adequate for smaller laundries. Clear headroom of 4 m is
considered suitable for the main working area. This should, however, be checked with the suppliers of
the equipment. If large washer-extractors are to be used with overhead water supply tanks, floor-to-
ceiling height must be established with the equipment supplier.
2. Finishes
2.1. Floors
Floors should be impervious, non-slip in wet areas, easily cleaned and robust enough to allow
equipment to be moved over them without lifting or cracking. In the washing areas and areas where
release of water may be occasionally unavoidable, floors should be adequately drained.
2.2. Walls
Wall surfaces should be easy to clean and bumper rail protection and corner protection is needed to
prevent trolley damage.
4. Mechanical
4.5. Steam
The use of steam in modern OPLs should only be considered if a reliable, adequate, long-term steam
supply is already available at the site.
The design of the steam supply (flow rate and pressure) and condensate return systems should
consider the equipment suppliers’ requirements.
Steam should be supplied in sufficient quantities and the level of dryness should suit the laundry
equipment. This can be achieved by proper reticulation design, condensate trapping and removal, and
the control of steam pressures.
5. Electrical
6. Civil
7.2. Communications
Communications should be managed in accordance with the policy adopted by the particular laundry
management.
pieces/
HOSPITAL Beds Pieces pa Comments
bed/day
ACADEMIC
Groote Schuur 945 3 319 000 9.6
Red Cross 290 837 000 7.9
Tygerberg 1384 3 329 000 6.6
Average 2619 7 485 000 7.8
REGIONAL
Eben Donges 269 1 027 000 10.5
George 266 709 000 7.3
Mowbray Maternity 205 855 000 11.4 Maternity Hospital
Paarl 301 1 032 000 9.4
Somerset 334 665 000 5.5
Average 1375 4 288 000 8.5
DISTRICT
Beaufort West 57 110 000 5.3
Caledon 50 80 000 4.4
Ceres 86 163 000 5.2
Citrusdal 34 60 022 4.8
Clanwilliam 48 94 000 5.4
Eerste Rivier 124 308 000 6.8
False Bay 65 165 000 7.0
G F Jooste 184 655 000 9.8 High trauma load
Helderberg 162 347 000 5.9
Hermanus 47 80 000 4.7
Karl Bremer 282 827 000 8.0
Khayelitsha
Knysna 90 200 000 6.1
Ladismith 30 50 000 4.6
Laignsburg 20 28 700 3.9
LAPA Munnik 10 10 000 2.7
Mitchell's Plain
Montagu 40 72 708 5.0
Mossel Bay 90 216 000 6.6
Murraysburg 14 12 000 2.3
Otto Du Plessis 30 58 000 5.3
Oudtshoorn 123 226 000 5.0
Prince Albert 29 25 000 2.4
Radie Kotze 31 45 000 4.0
Riversdale 50 99 000 5.4
Robertson 46 101 000 6.0
Stellenbosch 85 342 000 11.0
Swartland 85 155 000 5.0
Swellendam 51 72 000 3.9
Uniondale 13 27 000 5.7
Victoria 158 592 000 10.3 High trauma load
Vredenburg 71 160 000 6.2
Vredendal 75 178 000 6.5
Wesfleur 31 33 000 2.9
Average 2311 5 591 430 6.6
TB
Brewelskloof 199 184 000 2.5
Brooklyn Chest 349 232 000 1.8
DP Marais 260 99 000 1.0
Harry Comay 80 45 000 1.5
Malmesbury ID 55 16 000 0.8
Sonstraal 90 25 000 0.8
Average 1033 601 000 1.6
PSYCHIATRIC
Alexandra 300 610 000 5.6 High % incontinent
Lentegeur 740 1 279 000 4.7 High % incontinent
Stikland 318 300 000 2.6
Valkenberg 340 184 000 1.5
Average 1698 2 373 000 3.8
Information is provided by Mr Andy Cunninghame, Chief Engineer at the Western Cape Department of
Health.