Barson & Rolfe - Correlations Between KIC & Charpy V-Notch PDF

J. M. Barsom 1 and S. T.
Rolfe 2
Correlations Between and Charpy

V-Notch Test Results in the
Transition-Temperature Range
REFERENCE: Barsom, J. M. and Rolfe, S. T., "Correlations Between

Kio and Charpy V-Notch Test Results in t h e Transition-Tempera-
ture R a n g e , " Impact Testing of Metals, ASTM ~STP466, American Society
for Testing and Materials, 1970, pp. 281-302.
ABSTRACT: Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact-test results are used widely
in various toughness specifications even though the energy absorption
values cannot be related directly to structural design. Conversely, KIo, the
plane-strain stress-intensity factor at onset of unstable crack growth, can
be related to structural design, but KIc test results usually are not used in
toughness specifications. To the designer, however, KIo values are more
useful than CVN values. An investigation, therefore, was conducted to deter-
mine whether correlations could be developed between KIo and CVN test
results in the transition-temperature range to assist both the materials engi-
neer and the structural designer.
The results showed that various correlations do exist between Kxc and
CVN test results in the transition-temperature range. Static KI~ values were
correlated with the energy absorptions determined with slow-bend fatigue-
cracked CVN specimens, and dynamic K:o values were correlated with the
energy absorptions determined with dynamic fatigue-cracked CVN speci-
mens. Empirical correlations also were developed between the results of
slow-bend KIo tests and the results of standard CVN impact tests for the
transition-temperature region as well as the upper-shelf region. Furthermore,
the results show that slow-bend and impact CVN data can be used to predict
the effects of dynamic loading on KIo values.
In general, the results of this investigation have shown that correlations
between Kxo and CVN test results do exist, and that these correlations can be
used to estimate KI~ values as well as the effect of loading rate on KIo from
CVN test results.
KEY WORDS: steels, slow-bend KI~, dynamic Kz~, impact tests, transition
fatigue (materials), transition temperature, strain rate, evaluation, tests
One of t h e m o s t w i d e l y u s e d t o u g h n e s s t e s t s in s p e c i f i c a t i o n s is t h e
C h a r p y V - n o t c h ( C V N ) i m p a c t t e s t . T h u s , t o u g h n e s s r e q u i r e m e n t s for
1 Senior research engineer, Applied Research Laboratory, U.S. Steel Corp., Monroe-
ville, Pa. 15146. Personal member ASTM.
Formerly, division chief, Applied Research Laboratory, U.S. Steel Corp., Monroe-
ville, Pa. 15146; presently, professor of civil engineering, University of Kansas,
Lawrence,
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all Kans. 66044.
rights reserved); Personal
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282 IMPACT TESTING OF METALS
steels often are defined in terms of the CVN energy absorption (in ft'lb)
required at a given temperature. The required energy absorption is
selected usually on the basis of correlations with service experience,
such as the 15-ft.lb criterion established on the basis of results from
extensive studies of World War II ship failures [1].3 However, in most
structural applications, service failures are so infrequent (fortunately)
that correlations with laboratory-test results cannot be developed. Fur-
thermore, CVN energy absorption cannot be'related directly to structural
design, and thus changes in materials, design, or operating conditions
may require new correlations.
Conversely, vMues of Kxo, the plane-strain stress-intensity factor at on-
set of unstable crack growth, can be used in design applications because
these values are measured in terms of the allowable stress level for a given
flaw size. However, tests to measure Kic are difficult to conduct, and at
present, K~c values are not used widely in toughness specification.
If correlations between Kio and CVN test results could be'established,
these correlations could be used to estimate KI~ values from CVN test
results. Conversely, the designer could use fracture-mechanics concepts
to develop stress--flaw-size relations for various structural applications
and then use K,,-CVN correlations to select toughness levels for structural
steels. Previous work [~] has shown that a KIc-CVN correlation does
exist for steels having yield strengths greater than 110 ksi when tested
at -t-80 F, a temperature at which full-shear behavior occurs. In addition,
studies of the transition-temperature behavior of ASTM A517 Grade F
steel [3] have shown that K~o and CVN values correlated in the transition-
temperature range for that steel.
To determine whether a general K~o-CVN correlation exists for a range
of structural steels, various KIr and CVN tests were conducted on nine
such steels having yield strengths in the range 40 to 250 ksi. Tests were
The italic numbers in brackets refer to the list of references appended to this
paper.
TABLE 1--Chemical composition of steels investigated (check analysis), percent.

Steel C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo Co V Ti
A36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,24 0.94 0.009 0.015 NDa ND ND ND ND ND ND

ABS-C . . . . . . . . . . . 0,20 0.50 0.009 0.016 0.23 0.02 0.07 0.01 ND ND ND
A302-B . . . . . . . . . . 0.19 1.40 0.017 0.014 0.16 0,03 0.07 0.49 ND ND ND
HY-80 ........... 0.16 0.28 0.011 0.016 0.22 2,26 1.46 0.30 ND 0.005 0.005
A 5 1 7 - F b. . . . . . . . . . 0,17 0.78 0.012 0.017 0.23 0,88 0.56 0.42 ND 0.036 ND
HY-130 .......... 0.11 0.85 0.009 0.007 0.23 4.91 0.58 0.58 ND 0.050 ND
10Ni-Cr-Mo-Co... 0.12 0.094 0.003 0.007 0.03 9.88 2.09 1.05 7.96 ND 0.007
18Ni(180) . . . . . . . . 0.003 0.02 0.003 0.007 0.005 17.90 ND" 2.96 7.73 ND 0.20
18Ni(250) . . . . . . . . 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.004 0.003 17.10 ND 4.65 7.00 ND 0.50
6 N D - not determined.
b B = 0.0033, C u ffi 0.26,
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Mar 9 14:23:29 EST 2018
Universidad Nacional De Colombia (Universidad Nacional De Colombia) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
BARSOM AND ROLFE ON TRANSITION-TEMPERATURERANGE 283
TABLE 2--Longitudinal mechanical properties of steels investigated.
Charpy
Yield V-Notch
Strength Elonga- Energy
(0.2 % Tensile tion in Reduction Absorption
offset), Strength, 1 In., of Area, at -~80 F,
Steel ksi ksi % % ft.lb
A36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 71 36 67 26
ABS-C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 63 36 67 87
A302-B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 88 26 67 61
ttY-80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 99 25 75 116
A517-F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 129 19 65 47
HY-130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 143 20 71 98
10Ni-Cr-Mo-Co . . . . . . . . 191 209 17 72 71
18Ni(180) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 189 14 66 55
18Ni(250) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 258 11 52 21
conducted on slow-bend and dynamic Krc specimens, on slow-bend and

dynamic standard CVN specimens, and on slow-bend and dynamic
fatigue-cracked C V N specimens, in the temperature range - 3 2 0 to
~-80 F. I n addition, the results of dynamic Kic tests previously reported
were analyzed for some of these same steels [4] to establish correlations
and to determine whether the effect of loading rate on the KIr test results
could be predicted by using C V N test results.
The present report describes the results of these tests and presents
various correlations between KI~ and C V N test results in the transition-
temperature region.
Materials and Experimental Work
Materials
The compositions of the nine steels studied in this investigation are
presented in Table 1, and the tensile properties are presented in Table 2.
Test Specimens
Fatigue-Cracked Ktc Bend Specimens.--Slow-bend fatigue-cracked
Kic specimens were prepared in accordance with the A S T M Proposed
Recommended Practice. 4 The long axis of the specimen was oriented in
the final rolling direction of the plate, and the axis of the fatigue crack was
"Proposed Recommended Practice for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness Testing
of High-Strength Metallic Material Using a Fatigue-Cracked Bend Specimen." 1968
Book of ASTM Standards, Part 31, pp. 1018-1033.
284 IMPACTTESTING OF METALS
01RECTIONS IN PLATE
RD~ROLLING DIRECTION
i --PLATE TPIICKNESS
b m
P/2
A o
V FATIGUE
CRACK
RD
P B
L,
FIG. l--Fatigue-cracked slow-bend K1, specimen.
SECTION A - A
oriented in the thickness direction of the plate, Fig. 1. All Kxo and CVN
test specimens were machined from 1-in.-thiek plates.
CVN Specimens.--Conventional ASTM Standard A 370-68, Type A,
CVN specimens 5 were tested. The orientations of the long axis of the
specimens and of the axis of the notches were the same as those used for
the Kzo specimens. In addition, to study the effects of notch acuity,
standard CVN specimens were fatigue-cracked from 0.01 to 0.09 in.
below the notch root.
Experimental Procedure
K~o Bend Tests of Fatigue-Cracked Specimens.--Fatigue-cracked KIr
specimens were tested in three-point bending with a ratio of loading span,
S, to specimen width, W, equal to 4.0. The specimens were fatigue
cracked at room temperature at maximum nominal stress levels equal to
or less than 25 percent of the room-temperature 0.2 percent offset yield
strength.
The Kzo tests were conducted in the temperature range - 3 2 0 to
-{-80 F in accordance with the ASTSI Proposed Recommended Practice. 4
The stress-intensity factor, Kz, was calculated by using the equation
6MaZn
Kz = Y ~ . ....................... (1)
BW~
"Standard Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials,"
E 23-66, 1968 Book of A S T M Standards, Part 31.
BARSOM AND ROLFE ON TRANSITION-TEMPERATURE RANGE 285
where:
M = applied bending moment,
a = crack length,
B = specimen thickness,
W = specimen width, and
Y ---/(a/W) as given in Ref 5 and footnote 4.
CVN Slow-Bend Tests---Slow-bend CVN tests of standard and fatigue-
cracked specimens were conducted at temperatures between - 3 2 0 and
-k200 F. The tests were performed at a crosshead speed equal to 0.025
in./min. The energy absorption, lateral expansion, and fibrous fracture
were measured as functions of temperature.
CVN Impact Tests--Impact tests were conducted at various tempera-
tures on both standard and fatigue-cracked CVN specimens. The energy
absorption, lateral expansion, and fibrous fracture were measured as
functions of temperature.
Results and Discussion
General
Previous work has shown [3] that a transition in plane-strain KIo
behavior occurs for A517-F steel in the same temperature range as that
FIG. 2--Favtographs o] Kz. specimens at various temperatures.

defined by slow-bend CVN test results. Furthermore, a fractographic

analysis showed that the different regions in the transition-temperature
range could be related to changes in the microscopic mode of fracture at
the crack tip in either type of test specimen. That is, at the low end of the
transition-temperature range the mode of fracture was cleavage, and at
the upper end the fracture mode was ductile tear, Fig. 2. In the transition-
temperature region, a gradual change in fracture mode occurred in both
the K~o and the CVN test specimens. These results indicate that empirical
correlations between Kzc and CVN test values in the transition-tem-
perature range may be possible provided that the various differences
between the two types of tests (such as loading rate and notch acuity)
can be accounted for.
Although relations betweerL Kz~ and CVN test results cannot be pre-
dicted theoretically, some conceptual basis for such relations can be
advanced. Clausing [6] showed that the state of stress at fracture initiation
in the CVN impact specimen is plane strain, which is the state of stress in
a K~r specimen. Furthermore, Hollomon [7] has shown that for the dimen-
sions used in the CVN specimen, the maximum possible lateral stress is
obtained, indicating a condition approaching maximum constraint.
Recently, tests by Gross ~ oa CVN specimens of various thicknesses
showed that the transition temperature for a standard CVN specimen is
6See p. 21.
FT-LB
~ " SHIFT
j F IN UPPER-
j r SHELF
LEVEL
SLOW-BEND~ - ......
TE..ERATORE / / -,.PACT . . . . . .
IN / / I
TRANSI
SHIFT
TIO~N-,
TEMPERATURE( \
/ I
RANGE ..) ~//~ / / /f
/ \ / / (EHER~LE~EL,T
~ ~__~1~ ~ WHICH TEMPERATURE
TEST TEMPERATURE
FIG. 3--Schematic representation of shift in CVN transition temperature and upper-
shelf level due to strain rate.
identical with the transition t e m p e r a t u r e for a C V N specimen of twice

the standard width. These observations, combined with Barsom and
Rolfe's [3] conclusion t h a t the effect of t e m p e r a t u r e on C V N and KI~
values is the same, suggest t h a t it should be possible to establish empirical
correlations beeween KIr and C V N energy adsorption.
Comparison of Slow-Bend and Impact C V N Test Results
Shoemaker and Rolfe [4] have d e m o n s t r a t e d the effect of loading rate

on the KIr of seven structural steels. To investigate the effect of loading
rate on the C V N behavior of these same steels, C V N specimens were
tested in three-point slow-bend and standard i m p a c t loading. T h e
general effect of a slow loading rate (compared with standard i m p a c t
loading rates for C V N specimens) is to shift the C V N curve to the left
and to lower the upper-shelf values. This behavior is shown schematically
in Fig. 3.
For low-strength steels the rate of change of absorbed energy as a
function of t e m p e r a t u r e is greater in the i m p a c t test t h a n in the slow-
bend tests. Thus the magnitude of the t e m p e r a t u r e shift caused by high-
strain-rate testing should be measured, at the same energy level, from the
onset of the dynamic t e m p e r a t u r e transition to the onset of the transition
on the static curve as shown in Fig. 3. This onset of the dynamic t e m -
perature transition is defined arbitrarily by the intersection of t a n g e n t
lines drawn from the lower shelf level and the transition region, Fig. 3.
T h e onset of dynamic transition is chosen as a reference point from
which to measure strain-rate effects because this point is located in the
TABLE 3--Shift a in transition temperature and upper-shelf CVN values .for steels
investigated.
Shift in
Transition Shift in Upper-
Temperature, Shelf Value,
Steel deg F ft.lb
A36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -160 --15

ABS-C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 140 --40
A302-B . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- 130 --28
HY-80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --80 --32
A517-F . . . . . . . . . . . . . -60 --8
HY-130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 --28
10Ni-Cr-Mo-V . . . . . . . 0 --36
18Ni(180) . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0
18Ni(250) . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0
a Shift is measured from the CVN impact curve to the CVN slow-bend curve
(see Fig. 3).
energy-absorption region where a change in the microscopic mode of

fracture starts to occur at the initial crack front for both static and
dynamic testing [3]. Also, because the onset of static temperature transi-
tion occurs at a lower temperature than that marking the onset of
dynamic temperature transition and because the static upper energy-
absorption shelf is usually of lower magnitude than that measured in the
dynamic test, the static and dynamic energy-absorption curves usually
intersect. Thus, measurements of the temperature shift at temperatures
above that defined by the onset of dynamic temperature transition may
underestimate the magnitude of the shift. Below this reference tempera-
ture, the slopes with respect to the temperature axis of both the static
and the dynamic CVN energy curves become very small; consequently,
it is difficult to measure the magnitude of the shift between the two curves
in the lower shelf region.
Slow-bend and impact CVN test results for the nine steels having yield
strengths in the range 40 to 250 ksi are presented in Appendix Figs. 15
through 23. The shifts in the transition temperature and in the upper-
-160
-14(
~. - 1 2 0
w"
n*
I-
<
" -I00
uJ
:E
bd
~ -60
z
I,-
~ -40
-21t I I I Q I Qr I I0 I
0 40 BO 120 160 200 Z40 280
Y I E L D STRENGTH. ks1
FIG. 4---E.ffect of yield strength on shift in transition temperature between impact and
slow-bend CVN tests.
BARSOMAND ROLFEON TRANSITION-TEMPERATURE
RANGE 289
I I I I I I I I
I00 0 ACTUALSLOW-BENDKIr TEST RESULTS(REF 4)
80 i
PREDICTEDSLOW-BENDoK I "9~ ' / /J / T E M P ~ F T 9-140F

"~ 60 I
4OI /~
/
20~- o.~. ~'~ o
o
/
-550 -SO0
I
~
I
-250
~ R
-200
I
E
-150
I
F
-I00
I
-SO
I
41
I
0
I
50
TEST TEMPERATURE,F
FIG. 5--UseofCVN~stresul~toprediclthe effeaof~ading rate onK~for ABS-C
s~el.
shelf energy absorption (defined in Fig. 3) are summarized in Table 3.

The shifts in the upper-shelf value appear to be random; however, as
shown in Fig. 4, the shifts in the transition temperature are related to
yield strength. As expected, the greatest shifts in transition temperature
occurred for the low-strength steels and decreased with increasing yield
strength up to strength levels of about 120 ksi. Above about 120 ksi, no
shift in transition temperature was observed.
A similar shift in KI~ behavior as a function of loading rate has been
observed by Shoemaker and Rolfe [4]. To determine whether the shift
in CVN test values as a function of loading rate could be used to predict
the effect of loading rate on Kzo behavior, the dynamic Kz~ test results
were shifted by an amount equal to the CVN transition-temperature
shifts for six of the nine steels (in Table 3) and compared with the actual
slow-bend Kxo test results, Figs. 5 through 10. In general, the measured
values agreed quite well with the predicted values. It should be empha-
sized that a prediction can be made either from slow-bend KIo values to
dynamic values or vice versa. Because the dynamic K~o curves were
better defined [4], the present prediction was from dynamic Kzo values
to slow-bend K~ values. Because dynamic KI~ tests are extremely difficult
to conduct and analyze, the presently developed prediction procedure
should be quite useful in obtaining a first-order approximation of the
I I I [ I 1' I i
I00 o ACTUAL SLOW-BEND KI9 TEST RESULTS (REF 4)
80--
. 60 /TEMPERAT~I30 F
PREDICTED ~ 0
:r SLOW-BEND K~ ~ 0 ~
40 " ~ I
o I I I I I [ [ i
-3BO -~00 -ZSO -ZOO -,50 -~00 -50 0 SO
TEST TEMPERATURE, F
FIG. 6--Use of CVN test results to predict the effect of loading rate on Ki, for ASO2-B
steel.
I I I I I 1 ( 1
120
I00
PREDICTED- , ~
-- SLOW'SEND ~ ,~
-- 0 L j DYNAMIC KI9 (REF 4)

60
~'-TEMPERATURE SHIFT" -80 F
4O
0 ACTUAL SLOW-BEND Kzc TEST RESULTS (REF 4)
20 I I I L I I I l
-350 -SO0 -2BO -200 -150 -I00 -50 0 50
TEST TEMPERATURE, F
FIG. T--Use of CVN test results to predict the effect of loading rate on Kt, for HY-8~
steel.
100t I r I I I / I / I I
.o J/
......... 0.,8o /\ DYNAMICKIr
SLOW-SENDKic~ O~ / .....
6o o X~%//- o y
(~/ J ~ TEMPERATURE SHIFT'-BOP
40 ~ ~
0 ACTUALSLOW-BENDKzr TEST
20 RESULTS (REF 4)
o I I I I I I I I
-3so -~oo -2so -zoo -)so -mo -so o 50
TEST TEMPERATURE,F
FIG. 8--Use of CVN test results to predict the effect of loading rate o n Kit for A517-F
steel.
I ) t I I I I t
120
lOG PREDICTED- x
SLOW-BEND \ ,,~
~==o__.8C
. KZr 0 ~ ~_DYNAMICKzr (REF4)
6C NO TEMPERATURESHIFT
40 -
0 ACTUALSLOW-BENDKXc TEST
RESULTS (REF 4)
zo I I I I I I I I
-sso -300 -250 -200 -)so -ioo -so 0 50
TEST TEMPERATURE,F
FIG. 9 - - U s e o f C V N t e s t results to predict the effect of loading rate on KzcforHY-130
steel.
I I L L I I I I
0
lOG ~,,I,0o~"
PREDICTED~.
SLOW'BEND ~ . /
KI9
o o
N IC
60
NO TEMPERATURE SHIFT
40
2o
o ACTUAL SLOW-BEND KZ= TEST
RESULTS (REF 41
I I I I [ I 1 I
-$5o -3oo -z,~o -zoo -tso -Ioo -so o 5o
TEST TEMPERATURE, F
FIG. l(N-Use of CVN test res~/t~ to predict the effect of loading rate o n Kzcfor 18Ni-
(~50) maraging steel,
effects of loading rate on the K~ behavior of steels by adjusting experi-

mentally obtained slow-bend K~o values.
Correlations Between K~c and C V N Test Results

As previously described, the onset of the temperature transition for
slow-bend and dynamic K~ data occurs at about the same temperatures
as the onset of temperature transition for slow-bend and impact CVN
data, respectively. Consequently, an attempt was made to correlate the
magnitude of the CVN energy absorption with the magnitude of the
respective Kx~ value at the corresponding temperatures. To attain such a
correlation, the effects of both notch acuity and strain rate should be
considered. Thus, the energy-absorption data obtained with slow-bend
fatigue-cracked CVN specimens were compared with data obtained with
slow-bend K~ specimens. In addition, the energy-absorption data ob-
tained with dynamic fatigue-cracked CVN specimens were compared
with data obtained with dynamic Kit specimens. These test results are
presented in Fig. 11 for three of the steels investigated and show that an
empirical correlation apparently exists in which the relation between
slow-bend KIo and slow-bend CVN test results is the same as the relation
between dynamic KI~ and impact CVN test results. This observation is
not unexpected because it already has been shown that high-strain-rate
testing causes an identical shift along the temperature axis for the CVN
BARSOM AND ROLFE O N TRANSITION-TEMPERATURE RANGE 293
data and the K~ data. Thus, for the particular loading rates used, the
correspondence between any two points on the curves representing the
results obtained with fatigue-cracked slow-bend CVN and KIo specimens
is unaltered by dynamic testing.
In the present work, KIr values have been shown to correlate with
CVN test values: (1) when the test results for slow-bend KI~ specimens
are related to the test results for slow-bend fatigue-cracked CVN speci-
mens and (2) when the test results for dynamic K~o specimens are related
to the test results for fatigue-cracked CVN impact specimens. However,
the most widely used tests are the slow-bend KI~ test and the standard
CVN impact test. These two test specimens have different notch acuities
and are conducted at different loading rates. Nonetheless, because even
approximate correlations would be useful to the materials engineer, test
results for these specimens were compared in two regions--the upper
shelf, in which loading rate would be relatively unimportant, and the
transition-temperature region, in which many structural steels are used.
These two regions are shown schematically in Fig. 12.
The upper-shelf KIo-CVN correlation shown in Fig. 13 was developed
empirically [2,8] from results obtained on eleven steels having yield
strengths in the range 110 to 246 ksi, Table 4. The KI~ values ranged from
87 to 246 ksi V~m., and the CVN impact values ranged from 16 to 89 ft lb.
SO0 I I I I I I I I
STEEL SLOW-BEND DYNAMIC

ABS-C o 9
:E ASO2-B A 9
Z ASI7-F D 9
<[
o
z
t~
m
io,
i&
,c I 0 r
7
o
0
I
9 ,~.~ o
d
9 & D
ist, , I I I I I l
5 IO 15 20 Z5 30 35 40 45
CVN ENERGY ABSORPTION. f t - l b
FIG. ll---Correlation between Kt~ and CVN test results for slow-bend and dynamic
loading.
294 I M P A C T TESTING O F METALS
TABLE 4--Longitudinal mechanical properties of ~teels investigated for

room-temperature K1c-CVN correlation.
Charpy
Yield V-Notch
Strength Elonga- Energy
(0.2 % Tensile tion in Reduction Absorption
Steel a n d M e i t i n g offset), Strength, 1 In., of Area, a t + 8 0 F, gir
Practice 6 ksi ksi % % ft'lb ksi
A517-F, A M . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 121 20.0 66.0 62 170

4147, A M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 154 15.0 49.0 26 109
HY-130, A M . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 159 20.0 68.4 89 246
4130, A M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 167 14.0 49.2 23 100
12Ni-5Cr-3Mo, A M . . . . . . 175 181 14.0 62.2 32 130
12Ni-SCr-3Mo, V I M . . . . . . 183 101 15.0 61.2 60 220
12Ni-5Cr-3Mo, V I M . . . . . 186 192 17.0 67.1 65 226
18Ni-8Co-3Mo
(200 Grade), A M . . . . . . 193 200 12.5 48.4 25 105
18Ni-8Co-3Mo
(200 Grade), A M . . . . . . 190 196 12.0 53.7 25 112
18Ni-8Co-3Mo
(100 Grade), V I M . . . . . 187 105 15.0 65.7 49 160
18Ni-8Co-3Mo
(250 Grade), V I M . . . . . 246 257 11.5 53.9 16 87
A M signifies electric-furnace air-melted; V I M signifies v a c u u m - i n d u c t i o n - m e l t e d .
ROOM-TEMPERATURE TRANSITION-TEMPERATURE
CORRELATION CORRELATION
[cry 9 ks1 )
ItJ
I-
o
z
>
u
z
)-
n.
~J
z
$
o
m
T E S T TEMPERATURE ~ T E S T TEMPERATURE ',.

FIG. 12--Schemalic representation of regions of Kz~-CVN correlations.
TESTS CONDUCTEDAT .1"80F

VM -- VACUUM-MELTED
AM - AIR-MELTED
ALL DATA FROM REF 2
3.(--
HY-150 A M /
O ASIT-F (AM)
2.0
qJr 12Ni VM
. ~ 9 - 4 - 2 5 VM
r e " 9 leNi (180) VM
~ e 4147 AM
~/'" I2NJAM
,j/~ 4130 AM
/;~lSNi (,80)AM
e l 18NI(250) VM
o.,' o!2 o!3 o!, J o .', o '. ,
CVN/O'y, f I-fb/ksi
FIG. 13--Re~ztion between K~c and CVN values in the upper-shelf region.
The transition-temperature Kz~-CVN correlation was developed empi-

rically for five 7 structural steels having r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e yield strengths
in the range 39 to 246 ksi, Table 5. These steels were ABS-C, A302~B,
A517-F, HY-130, and 18Ni(250). T h e slow-bend K~c tests for these steels
were conducted in the transition region and satisfied the A S T M
C o m m i t t e e E-24 requirements for KIr testing. ~ I n addition, KIr test
results on various rotor steels [9] were included in the analysis. T h e
results are presented in Fig. 14, and a preliminary correlation b a n d is
shown.
I t should be emphasized t h a t the correlations presented in Figs. 13 and
14 between slow-bend K~r and standard C V N i m p a c t - t e s t results are
empirical. Because of differences in loading rate and notch acuity, no
theoretical justification for the correlations currently exists. However,
as mentioned previously, various investigations [6,7] 8 have shown t h a t
7 The other four steels listed in Table 1 were not used in developing this correlation
because the transition temperatures of three of the steels (HY-80, 10Ni-Cr-Mo-Co,
and 18Ni(180)) were so low that Kzc tests could not be conducted on 1-in.-thick plates
by using conventional test procedures; the fourth steel (A36) was added later in the
program, and Kic tests have not been conducted.
TABLE 5--Longitudinal mechanical properties of steels investigated for

low-temperature Kz~-CVN correlation.
Yield Charpy V-Notch

Strength E n e r g y Absorption,
(0.2 % Tensile Elonga- Reduction ft.lb
offset), Strength, tion in of Ares,
Steel ksi ksi 1 In., % % .-t-80 F 0 F --80 F
ABS-C .......... 39 63 36.0 66.8 87 19 3

A302-B . . . . . . . . . 56 88 26.0 67.0 61 21 7
A517-F . . . . . . . . . 118 129 19.0 65.4 47 32 14
HY-130 ......... 137 143 20.0 70.9 98 I06 99
18Ni(250) ...... 246 258 10.5 51.8 21 14 14
I I I I I I ]
N
0 A 5 1 7 - F STEEL " Ni-Cr-Mo-V STEELS
a A302- B STEEL Cr-Mo-V STEELS
"IT ABS - C STEEL Ni-Mo-V STEELS
o HY-150 STEEL ~DATA FROM REF 9
V 18Nit2SO) STEEL
KzcZ
-~- 9 2 (CVN)3~=
- .,,-/],,
i~oo- / p //>-
"40G
- o -
ZOO -- ~
~ I I I t 1 I
o ~o 20 30 ~o so 6o 70
ABSORBED ENERGY IN CVN IMPACT TEST AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES, ft-lb
FIG. 14--Relation between Kz~ and CVN value8 in the transition-temperature region.
BARSOM AND ROLFE ON TRANSITION-TEMPERATURERANGE 297
for the particular geometry of the CVN test specimen, maximum con-
straint exists at the tip of the notch. Thus, it is not unreasonable to
expect that the state of stress in the CVN and KI~ test specimens is
similar.
Although difficult to establish at the present time, the effect of notch
acuity appears to be merely to change the energy level obtained with the
standard CVN specimen compared with that obtained with the fatigue-
cracked CVN specimen [10]. 6 Thus, a change in notch acuity for the CVN
specimens (by fatigue cracking) should affect only the slope of the
correlation lines. In the upper-shelf correlation, the loading rate is rela-
tively unimportant, and thus the correlation line is quite good, Fig. 13.
In the transition-temperature correlation, the loading rate is quite
important, as evidenced by the scatter in the correlation line, Fig. 14.
Nonetheless, the correlations shown in Figs. 13 and 14 should be useful to
the materials engineer in estimating slow-bend K~ values from CVN
impact-test results.
Summary
To develop general correlations between KIo test results and CVN test
results, the fracture behavior of nine structural steels with yield strengths
in the range 40 to 250 ksi was investigated. The results may be sum-
marized as follows:
1. In CVN tests, higher transition temperatures and higher upper-
shelf values were obtained with impact specimens than with slow-bend
specimens. The shift in transition temperature decreased with increasing
yield strength.
2. The dynamic K~c behavior of various steels was predicted from static
K~c data by adjusting the latter data along the temperature axis by the
same amount that the static CVN energy values were shifted by impact
testing. Thus, slow-bend and impact CVN data can be used to predict
the effects of dynamic loading on K~r values.
3. Static K~r values were correlated with the energy absorptions deter-
mined with slow-bend fatigue-cracked CVN specimens, and dynamic Kzo
values were correlated with the energy absorptions determined with
dynamic fatigue-cracked CVN specimens.
4. KIo values for steels ranging in yield strength from 40 to 250 ksi
were correlated with energy-absorption values obtained in CVN impact
tests, both in the upper-shelf region and in the transition-temperature
region.
In general, the results of this investigation have shown that correla-
tions between KI, and CVN test results do exist, and that these correla-
tions can be used to estimate Kxr values as well as the effect of loading
rate on Kic from CVN test results.
29B IMI'ACTI"ESTINGOF METALS
APPENDIX
~" i ' '~ f " ~ " ~ ' " -~ i
o SLOW-BEND
50
Q IMPACT o ~ '~
s 40
n.
~ ~o
a
I0
oY ....... -----~ "B''=-'"-'--
09~~ I 9 I I I , .I I . .ft..
=200 -~so -ioo -so o so ~oo ~so ~oo
TESTTEMPERATURE,F
FIG. 15---Slow-bend and impact CVN tesl result8 for A86 8reel.
i 1 I i I I 'F "-
I00 o SLOW-BEND ~~I

n IMPACT
- sc
>:
m
~d
~ 6c 0 0"0 r~Q~: ~ ...
.i1
2,C j~ _
-~'30 B-~oo-- -zoo -~oo -15o -Ioo -5o o 5o I00

TEST TEMPERATURE, F
FIG. 16---Slow-bend and impacL CVN teat result8 for ABS-C stud.
BARSOM AND ROLFE O N TRANSITION-TEMPERATURE RANGE 299
s
.-,
IO0
80
I
0
0
SLOW-BEND
IMPACT
I I I I I
t)
[ l
o
t
:1 ~
).
o~
bJ
o
0
~ 4o
20
1 I I I I I I I
-200 -150 -IO0 -50 O SO IO0 150 200
TEST TEMPERATURE, F
FIG. 17--~low-bend and impact CVN test results for A30~-B steel.
I I [ I I I ! !
0 SLOW-BENO
200
o IMPACT
, 160
)-
o: o o
t~
0 o
120
o
~d
o~
0 D
0
~ so ~ 0 0 0 0 ~ 0
4C
I
-350 -300 -250 -200 -150 -IO0 -50 O 5o
TEST TEMPEMATURE, F
FIG. 18--Slow-bend and impact CVN test results for HY-80 steel.
I [ I I I I ~'~'H
~ I ~
o
5(1 0
T 40
>.
/
re
Z
~J 30
W
m
0
~ 2o
I0
o l [ I I I [ I
-3so -~oo -aso -2oo -I~o -lOO -5o o 5O
TEST TEMPERATURE, F
F I G . 19--Slow-bend and impact CVN test resulfs for A517-F steel.
I [ I I I I I I
Q
I{N) 0 SLOW-BEND / ~ t 3
O IMPACT ~ o
Ja
T 80
= C
>:
bl o l o-
~ 6o
~ 4o
,q o
~176
20
rs
I I t I I I [ I
-~so -3oo -z~o -zoo -iso -ioo -so o so
TEST TEMPERATURE, F
F I G . 20---Slow-bend and impact CVN~st resul~forHY-130 steel.
BARSOM AND ROLFE ON TRANSfflONITEMPERATURE RANGE 301
! I I I I I I
0 SLOW- BEND
200 o IMPACT
160
[] 13
i
' o "
i20
_ o.~...~ e 1
8
o g o
~ SO
40
I I I I I I I
-350 -300 -250 -200 -IBO -I00 -50 0 50
TEST TEMPERATURE, F
FIG. 2l--Slow-bend and impact CVN test results for lONi-Cr-Mo-Co steel.
r t t I 1 F I t
0 SLOW-SEND
[] IMPACT
IOO
.Q
T 80
,7-
>:
g
w
~ so B o o2
mD 0 0
O oo[] 0
o
0 0
~ 4o B []o
20
I , I I I I I I I
-350 -300 -250 -200 -150 -I00 -SO 0 SO
TEST TEMPERATURE, F
FIG. 22--Slow-bend and impact CVN test results for 18Ni(180) steel.
I I I I I [ 1 I
0 SLOW-SEND
SO D IMPACT
.a
. 40
w
9 30
~ ao
no o ~ 8
0 Q 0
B
o
IO
I I I I I L I L t
-500 -250 -200 -150 -I00 -50 0 SO I00
TEST TEMPERATURE, F
FIG. 23--S~w-bend and impact CVN ~st resul~ for 18Ni(~50) ~teel.
References
[1] Williams, M. L., "Analysis of Brittle Behavior in Ship P|ates," Ship Structure
Committee Report, Serial No. NBS-5, 7 Feb. 1955 (also included in Effect of
Temperature on the Brittle Behavior of Metals with Particular Reference to Low
Temperature, ASTM STP 158, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1954,
pp. 11-44).
[~1 Rolfe, S. T. and Gensamer, M., "Fracture-Toughness Requirements for Steels,"
AD 835 923L, 20 Sept. 1968 (available from Defense Documentation Center).
[3] Barsom, J. M. and Rolfe, S. T., "KIr Transition-Temperature Behavior of
A517-F Steel," AD 846 124L, 29 Nov. 1968 (available from Defense Documenta-
tion Center).
[4] Shoemaker, A. K. and Rolfe, S. T., "The Static and Dynamic Low-Temperature
Crack-Toughness Performance of Seven Structural Steels," AD 846 126L,
29 Nov. 1968 (available from Defense Documentation Center.)
[5] Brown, W. F., Jr., and Srawley, J. E., Plane Strain Crack Toughness Testing of
High-Strength Metallic Malerials, ASTM STP 410, American Society for Testing
and Materials, 1967.
[61 Clausing, D. P., "Effect of Plane-Strain Sensitivity on the Charpy Toughness of
Structural Steels," AD 836 314L, 15 May 1968 (available from Defense Docu-
mentation Center).
[7] Hollomon, J. H., "The Notched-Bar Impact Test," Transactions, American
Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol. 158, 1944,
pp. 310-322.
[8] Rolfe, S. T. and Novak, S. R., "Slow-Bend Kxo Testing of Medium-Strength
High-Toughness Steels," AD 817 373L, 1 Aug. 1967 (available from Defense
Documentation Center).
[9] Greenberg, H. D., Wessel, E. T., and Pryle, W. H., "Fracture Toughness of
Turbine-Generator Rotor Forgings," presented at the Second National Sym-
posium on Fracture Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., 17-19, June
1968.
[10] Burdekin, M. A., "Initiation of Brittle Fracture in Structural Steels," The
Copyright by ASTM British Welding
Int'l (all rights Journal,
reserved); Fri Vol.EST
Mar 9 14:23:29 14,2018
No. 12, 1967, pp. 649-659.

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J. M. Barsom 1 and S. T.

Correlations Between and Charpy

REFERENCE: Barsom, J. M. and Rolfe, S. T., "Correlations Between

TABLE 1--Chemical composition of steels investigated (check analysis), percent.

A36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,24 0.94 0.009 0.015 NDa ND ND ND ND ND ND

TABLE 2--Longitudinal mechanical properties of steels investigated.

conducted on slow-bend and dynamic Krc specimens, on slow-bend and

Materials and Experimental Work

Results and Discussion

FIG. 2--Favtographs o] Kz. specimens at various temperatures.

defined by slow-bend CVN test results. Furthermore, a fractographic

identical with the transition t e m p e r a t u r e for a C V N specimen of twice

Comparison of Slow-Bend and Impact C V N Test Results

Shoemaker and Rolfe [4] have d e m o n s t r a t e d the effect of loading rate

A36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -160 --15

energy-absorption region where a change in the microscopic mode of

I00 0 ACTUALSLOW-BENDKIr TEST RESULTS(REF 4)

PREDICTEDSLOW-BENDoK I "9~ ' / /J / T E M P ~ F T 9-140F

shelf energy absorption (defined in Fig. 3) are summarized in Table 3.

I00 o ACTUAL SLOW-BEND KI9 TEST RESULTS (REF 4)

-- 0 L j DYNAMIC KI9 (REF 4)

~'-TEMPERATURE SHIFT" -80 F

effects of loading rate on the K~ behavior of steels by adjusting experi-

Correlations Between K~c and C V N Test Results

STEEL SLOW-BEND DYNAMIC

CVN ENERGY ABSORPTION. f t - l b

TABLE 4--Longitudinal mechanical properties of ~teels investigated for

A517-F, A M . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 121 20.0 66.0 62 170

A M signifies electric-furnace air-melted; V I M signifies v a c u u m - i n d u c t i o n - m e l t e d .

T E S T TEMPERATURE ~ T E S T TEMPERATURE ',.

TESTS CONDUCTEDAT .1"80F

The transition-temperature Kz~-CVN correlation was developed empi-

TABLE 5--Longitudinal mechanical properties of steels investigated for

Yield Charpy V-Notch

ABS-C .......... 39 63 36.0 66.8 87 19 3

~" i ' '~ f " ~ " ~ ' " -~ i

I00 o SLOW-BEND ~~I

-~'30 B-~oo-- -zoo -~oo -15o -Ioo -5o o 5o I00

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