PHYSICS

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 Dual Nature of
Matter and Radiation
AIEEE Syllabus
Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s
observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation; particle nature of light.
10
CHAPTER
Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer
experiment

WAVE NATURE OF PARTICLES THIS CHAPTER

COVERS :
The following points should be kept in mind :
1. Any particle in motion can act like a wave.  Wave nature of
particles
h h h
2. Wavelength of a particle     .
mv p 2mEk  X-Rays
where p = mv is momentum of particle  Photoelectric Effect
Ek = kinetic energy.
 Lenard’s
3. For an electron accelerated through V volts.
Observation
h 12.27 150
E k  eV     Å or  Å  Compton Effect
2meV V V
 Devission & Germer
0.286
4. For a proton accelerated through V volts,   Å Experiment
V

0.101
5. For an -particle accelerated through V volts,   Å
V
6. For an electron revolving in nth orbit of Bohr’s Hydrogen atom,
nh h 2r
mvr  ,   .
2 mv n
7. An electron microscope uses wave nature of electron. Limit of resolution
of such microscope is proportional to de Broglie wavelength of the
electron.
8. Velocity Selector : It works on the principle that in a region of crossed
electric and magnetic fields, a charged particle moves undeflected if

velocity of charge satisfies E   v  B . 
E
or v 
B
× × × (B)

× × v ×

E
× × ×
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9. Mass Spectrograph : Mass can be measured by measuring the radius of circular path.

× × × × B
2mv
× × × × l  2r 
qB
× × × × lqB
m
q, n 2v
m l

X-RAYS
X-rays were discovered by the German physicist W.C. Roentgen in 1895. When highly energetic electrons are
made to strike a metal target electromagnetic radiations comes out. A large part of this radiation has wavelength
of the order of 1 Å and is known as X-rays.
Device used to produce X-rays is called X-ray tube or X-ray machine.

Induction coil

Glass chamber

Water

Filament Target
X-rays
Variation of intensity (I) of X-rays with wavelength  :
Intensity (I)

K
K

 min wavelength ( )

Important points related to the above curve :

1. At certain sharply defined wavelength, the intensity of X-rays is very large as marked K and K. These
are known as characteristic X-rays.
2. At other wavelengths intensity varies continuously. These are known as continuous X-rays.
3. Minimum wav elength or cut of f wav elength or threshold wav elength of continuous X-rays,
hc 12400 Å
 min   , where V is in volts.
eV V
4. The minimum wavelength does not depend on the material of target. It depends only on the accelerating
potential.
5. Continuous X-rays are due to continuous loss of energy of electrons striking the target through successive
collisions.
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 Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation IIT - JEE/NEET

6. Characteristic X-rays are due to the transition of electrons from higher energy level to the vacant space
present in the lower energy level.

hc
7. Wavelength of K,   (transition from L to K )
E K  EL

hc
8. Wavelength of K,   (transition from M to K )
E K  EM

Soft X-rays : These have low frequency, high wavelength and low penetrating power.
Hard X-rays : These have high frequency, low wavelength and high penetrating power.
Increasing the potential difference between filament and target, harder X-rays are obtained.
Intensity of X-rays is increased by increasing the number of electrons emitted per second by increasing the
potential difference across the filament terminals.
Moseley’s law : Applicable to characteristic X-rays.

Mathematically v  a(Z  b) a & b are Moseley’s constants and.

Z in atomic number of the target atom.

Bragg’s Law : 2d sin = n
where,  = wavelength of X-ray.
d = separation between crystal planes.
 = angle between X-ray beam and crystal plane.

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
The emission of electrons from a metallic surface when illuminated with light of appropriate wavelength
(or frequency) is known as photoelectric effect. It was discovered by Hertz in 1887.

Einstein’s Theory of Photoelectric Effect

Light of frequency
Light of frequency v consists of stream of packets or quanta of  and intensity I
energy E = h. These are called photons.
Cathode Anode
In the process of photoemission, a single photon gives up all its
energy to a single electron. As a result, the electron is ejected e
instantaneously. Photoelectrons
A
Work Function () : It is the minimum energy of photon required
to liberate an electron from a metal surface. V

Threshold Frequency (0) : The frequency of incident radiation

below which photoelectric effect does not take place. h0 = . Potential divider
Stopping Potential (V0) : The smallest magnitude of anode
potential which just stops the photocurrent is called the stopping
potential.
If the stopping potential is V0 then eV0 = KEmax.
The following important points should be kept in mind :
1. The kinetic energy of photoelectrons varies between zero to KEmax.
2. If  ( > 0) is frequency of incident photon, h0 is work function then h – h0 = KEmax. This is Einstein’s
photoelectric equation. Here h is Planck’s constant.
3. Efficiency of photoelectric emission is less than 1%.

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Graphs for Photoelectric Effect (Lenard’s Observations)

Photo current
V0 I2
Metal 1 Metal 2 I1

Stopping I2 > I1
potential Slope = h/e v = constant

 V0
0 0 Frequency Stopping potential
0 >  0

Photo current Photo current

2 > 1

2
1

I
Stopping potential Intensity

COMPTON EFFECT
The phenomenon of increase of wavelength of X-ray photon after getting scattered by a free electron, is known
as compton effect. This is also a proof of particle nature of light.
 = angle of scattering
 –  =  = compton shift.
h Scattered
  [1  cos ] and c is speed of light where m 0 is X-rays 
m0 c
restmass of an electron Incident 
h X-ray photon
= compton wavelength Carbon target
m0 c (Wavelength  )
 is maximum when  = 180°

Note :A free electron cannot completely absorb a photon, while a loosely bound electron in metals can
completely absorb a photon.

Davisson and Germer Experiment

Davisson and Germer studied electron diffraction from a nickel crystal. This experiment verify the wave nature
of matter and de Broglie Hypothesis.



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