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Chapter Eight
Chiller
8.1Introduction
There are a variety of water chiller types. Most commonly, they are
absorption, centrifugal, helical rotary, and scroll. Some reciprocating chillers are
also available. Chillers can be either air-cooled or water-cooled. Major vapor-
compression chiller components include an evaporator, compressor(s),
condenser, and expansion device(s) (Figure 1). This manual discusses the
chiller’s evaporator and condenser and their relationship to the chilled-water
system.
Water chillers are used in a variety of air conditioning and process cooling
applications. They cool water that is subsequently transported by pumps and
University of Kufa – College of Engineering
Air Conditioning Engineering Department / 4 th Year
By M.Sc.: Hyder M. Abdul Hussein
Equipment Technology – Chapter Eight – Chiller
pipes. The water passes through the tubes of coils to cool air in an air
conditioning system, or it can provide cooling for a manufacturing or industrial
process. Systems that employ water chillers are commonly called chilled water
systems.
When designing a chilled-water system, one of the first issues that must be
addressed is to determine which type of water chiller to use. This period
discusses the primary differences in chiller types.
Loads, often satisfied by coils, that transfer heat from air to water.
Chilled-water distribution pumps and pipes that send chilled water to the
loads.
difference. In the case of the two-way valve, all flow in the coil circuit is
throttled. No water is bypassed. Consequently, a system using two-way valves is
a variable-flow chilled-water system. The temperature of the water leaving the
coil is not diluted by bypass water so at part-load conditions, the system return-
water temperature is higher than with three-way valve control.
may be a clock and ambient lockout switch to enable and disable the chilled-
water system. If only one chiller is used, a system that varies the flow rate
through the chiller can be quite simple to operate. Minimum and maximum
flows and maximum rate of change for the flow would still need to be addressed
(see ―Variable- Primary-Flow Systems‖ on page 55). As systems get larger, the
owner may require more redundancy, leading them to install multiple chillers.
Some designers use 200 tons as the maximum job size for a single chiller. When
there is more than one chiller, there are many more system control decisions to
be made including:
enabling the second chiller,
turning the second chiller off, and
failure recovery.
Two-chiller plants require higher system control intelligence than single
chiller plants.
8.12 System Configurations (Parallel or series)
Parallel configurations are more common than series configurations. In
chiller systems with an even number of chillers, there are advantages to putting
them into a series configuration, especially if low or variable water flow is
desired. This offers the benefits of better system efficiency and higher capacity
because the upstream chiller produces water at a warmer temperature. Series
chillers should not be applied with low system ΔTs, because the maximum flow
through the chillers may be reached.
University of Kufa – College of Engineering
Air Conditioning Engineering Department / 4 th Year
By M.Sc.: Hyder M. Abdul Hussein
Equipment Technology – Chapter Eight – Chiller
Large chilled-water systems with six or more chillers (Figure 10) have
different challenges than smaller systems. Examples of these types of systems
University of Kufa – College of Engineering
Air Conditioning Engineering Department / 4 th Year
By M.Sc.: Hyder M. Abdul Hussein
Equipment Technology – Chapter Eight – Chiller