ADMIN LAW

ASSIGNMENT – Jan 18

Not a ll ca bin et mem ber s, how ev er, are su bje ct to c o nfir mat ion of th e
Com mi ss ion on App oin tme nts . Ac cor din g t o t he Co m mis si on of Se c. Leo nc io E va sc o, Jr.
Ap poi ntm ent s we bs ite , t he fo llo w ing ne ed con fir mat i on in order to a ssu me Cab in et Se cre tar y
the ir p ost s:
Se c. S al vad or S. Pan el o
1. Ex ec uti ve Sec ret ary – Se c . Sal va dor Med ia lde a Ch ief P res id ent ia l L ega l C oun sel
2. Se cre tary of Agra ria n Ref orm – Sec . Joh n Ca stri ci o nes (Of fi cer -
in - Char ge) Se c. Fran ci s N. Tol ent in o
3. Se cre tary of Agr ic ult ure – Se c. E mma nue l P iño l Off ic e o f t he P ol iti ca l Ad vi ser
4. Se cre tary of Bud get an d M anag eme nt – Se c. B en jam i n D io kno Se c. A bdu ll ah D. Ma ma - O
5. Se cre tary of Edu ca tio n – Se c. Leo nor B rio ne s Off ic e o f t he Pr es ide nt ial Ad vi ser on O ver sea s F il ip i no Wor ker s
6. Se cre tary of Ener gy – S ec . Alf on so Cu si
7. Se cre tary of En vir onme nt and Na tura l Re so urce s – Se c. Ro y Us ec. Arth ur I .Ta baq uero
Cim atu Off ic e o f t he Pr es ide nt i al Ad vi ser on Mi li tar y Af fai rs
8. Se cre tary of F i nan ce – S e c. Car lo s Dom ing ue z
9. Se cre tary of F or ei gn Af fa ir s – S ec . Al an P eter C ay et ano Se c. Jo se Mar ia N ico med e s F. H erna nde z
10. Se cre tary of H ea lth – S ec. F ran ci sc o Q . Duq ue III Off ic e o f t he Pr es ide nt ial Ad vi ser for Sou ther n Ta ga log
11. Se cre tary of J us ti c e – Se c . Vit al ian o Ag uirr e I I
12. Se cre tary of L abor an d E mplo ym ent – S ec. Si lv estr e II I Be ll o Se c. Ra mon P. Ja ci nto
13. Se cre tary of N at ion al D efe nse – Se c. D el fin Lor en za na Off ic e o f t he Pr es ide nt ial Ad vi ser on E co nom ic Aff ai rs a nd Inf orma ti on
14. Se cre tary of Pub li c Wo rk s and H igh wa ys – S ec. Mar k V il lar Tech nol og y Com mun ic ati o ns
15. Se cre tary of Sc ien ce an d T ech nol og y – Sec . F ortu n ato De la P eña
16. Se cre tary of So cia l We lf ar e an d De vel opm ent – U se c. Em man ue l Cha irm an Da nny L im
Ley co ( Of fi cer - in- Cha rge) MMD A
17. Se cre tary of t he Int erio r a nd L oc al Go ver nme nt – U Se c. E duar do
Añ o ( Off ic er - i n- C harg e) Juri sd ic ti on
18. Se cre tary of T ra de and In dus try – Se c. R amo n L ope z
19. Se cre tary of T ra ns por t ati o n – S ec. Arth ur T uga de The Pre si den t of the P hi li ppi nes s hal l app oi nt the fo llo w ing su bj ect to
20. Se cre tary of T o uri sm – Se c. Wa nda T eo con firm at ion by th e Com mi ss ion on A pp oin tme nt s:
21. Com mi ss ion on H igh er Ed uca tio n – C ha irma n Pa tri ci a L icu ana n
(res ign ed thi s we ek) 1. H ead s of E xe cut iv e Dep artm ent s
22. Dir ect or Gen era l o f t he Na tio nal Eco nom ic an d De ve l opme nt 2. Amb as sad ors , o ther P ubl ic M ini st ers an d Con sul s
Au thor it y – D ire ct or - G ener al Er nes to P ern ia 3. O ffi cer s of the A rme d For ce s fr om the ran k of Co lon el or Na va l
23. Dep art m ent of In form at ion and C omm uni ca tio ns Te c hno log y – Cap ta in
Se c. Ro do lfo Sal al ima 4. R egu lar Me mber s o f the J udi ci al an d Bar C oun ci l
5. C ha irma n a nd Co m mis si oner s of the C iv il Ser vi ce Com mi ss ion
Se c. S al vad or M ed ial de a 6. C ha irma n a nd Co m mis si oner s of the C omm is sio n o n El ec ti ons
Ex ec uti ve Sec ret ary 7. C ha irma n a nd Co m mis si oner s of the C omm is sio n o n Au di t
8. Me mber s of the R eg ion al and C on sul tat i ve Co mmi ss ion s
Se c. Ch ri sto pher La wre nc e ' Bo ng' G o
Off ic e o f t he S pec ia l A ss is tant to th e Pre si den t At tac hed ag en ci es
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ADMIN LAW
ASSIGNMENT – Jan 18
Au thor it y o f t he Free port Are a o f Ba taa n ( AF A B)
Ba se s Con ver si on and D e vel opm ent Aut hor ity ( BC D A)
Cag ay an Sp e c ia l Ec ono mi c Z o ne ( C S EZ )
Com mi ss ion on Fi li pin os O vers ea s ( CF O)
Com mi ss ion on H igh er Ed uca tio n ( CH E D)
Com mi ss ion on H uma n Rig hts (C H R)
Com mi ss ion on th e F il ipi n o La ngu age
Cu ltur al Ce nte r o f t he P hi l ipp ine s ( C C P)
Dan gero us Dr ug s Bo ard ( DD B)
Rea di ng as sig nme nt for Ja nuar y 1 8, 201 8
A. Conc ept/ Defi n itio n o f Ad m in ist r ativ e La w
Ad m in ist rat ive La w i s p a rt o f o r b elo n g s to t he f i eld of publ ic law .
Pu b l ic la w i s def ined as th at b ran ch o f la w whic h gove rn s rel ation s
b etwe en go ve rnm en t an d its su b j ects . It in clud es const itution al la w,
cr im ina l l aw and inte rn at io n al la w.
B ro ad d efin ition of a d m i n ist rat ive la w - I t ref er s t o all la ws that
reg u lat e o r cont rol th e a d m in ist r ativ e o rg a n iz atio n of the ex ecut ive ,
leg is lat ive and judi cia l b ran ch es o f g o ve rn m ent.
T h e e nt i re go ve rnm en t i s vast an d h u g e . Co n sid e r :
1. The Of fic e o f t h e P re sid e n t h as 22 se c reta r ies r ep re senti ng
the 2 2 dep a rtm en t s o f th e ex ecu t ive , 9 othe r exe c utive s su ch
as th e p re sid en t ial l eg al ad vis e r an d pol itic al adv ise r, 9
attach ed ag en c ies li ke th e MM D A , P re side ntia l Co m m iss ion on
Vi sitin g Fo rc es Ag re em e n t an d Offi ce o f the P res identi al
Advi se r f or th e p ea ce p r o cess an d 32 othe r ex ec utive offic es
like the P hil ip p in e Sp o rt s Co m m is sio n.
2. The DOJ has 10 att ach e d ag en cie s to it n am el y th e N BI ,
Bu reau of Im m ig ra tio n a n d D ep o rtati o n, Bu re au o f
Co r rect ions , Pa ro l e a n d P ro b at io n s Adm ini st ratio n, PC GG ,
P AO, Off ice of Alt e rnati v e D isput e Reso lution , O GC C, O SG
and Land R egi st ration A uthor ity.
3. The DOF has 9 attac hed agenc ies such as the B I R, Bu re au of
Custom s, Bu re au of T rea sur y an d In su ranc e Com m issi on.
4. The Depa rtm ent of T rans port ation and Com m un ic ation h as 20
attach ed ag enc ies such as th e LT O, LTF R B, MA RI NA , CA A P,
MRT, Phil ippin e Coast G uard , To ll Regu lato r y Bo ard , L RTA
and Ma nil a Int e rnati onal Ai rpo rt Autho r ity.
T h e o rgan iz ationa l s tr uct ure of a dep a rtm ent , bu r eau o r agen cy
would cons ist o f the fol l owing: Adm inis tr ation , L egal, Op e ratio ns,
Financ e and Plan ning se ctions .
The P res ident ex e rci ses adm ini st rati ve cont rol ov er al l em p loy ees
of the exe cuti ve b r anch f rom th e d epa rtm ent s ec r eta ry t o the
lowl iest cl e rk.( D OCT RI N E OF QU ALI FI ED POL ITI C AL AG E NC Y as
enunci ated in th e c ase o f Ca rp io vs. E xec utiv e Se cr eta ry) .
Na r row def initi on of adm inist ra tiv e l aw - It is th at part of law
which gov er ns th e o rga n izat ion, functi ons and p r ocedu re s of
adm ini st rati ve agen cie s of the g ove rnm ent to wh i ch qua si -
legis lat ive pow e rs ar e d e legat ed and qua si - ju dic i al po we rs a re
gran ted and th e e xtent a nd m anne r to whic h su ch agen cie s a re
subje ct to cont rol by cou rts .
1. B road and g ene ra l de fini tion:
“It r efe rs to a ll la ws th at r egula te o r cont rol the a dm inist r ativ e
orga niz ation and ope rat i ons of t he go ve rnm e nt in cluding the
legis lat ive , jud ici al and constitu tiona l co m m is si ons.”
[Re ad pag es 1 to 57 of the boo k Ad mi ni stra ti ve La w by He ctor M. D e
Leon , Jr., 201 6 e di tio n)]
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ADMIN LAW
ASSIGNMENT – Jan 18
2. Unde rst andin g h o w e ach b ran ch o f g o v er nm ent w ork s within
the cont ext o f Ad m in ist r ative L a w:
T he E xec ut ive Bran ch , h o w it wor ks :
Ca se #1: CIT IZ EN J. A NT O NI O M. C A R PI O, p etiti on er , v s. T H E
E X EC UTI V E SE C R ET A R Y, T H E S E CR ET A R Y OF L O CAL
GO V E RNM E NT S, TH E SE CR ET A R Y OF N AT IO NAL D EF EN S E, and TH E
NAT IO N AL T R EA S U RE R, re sp o n d en t s. 199 2 (do ct r ine of qual ifi ed
p o liti cal agen cy):
F ACT S: In 1 990 , Rep u b l i c A ct No . 69 75 / “A N AC T E ST A BL I SH IN G T H E
P HIL IP P IN E N AT IO N AL P OLI C E UN D E R A R EO RG A NIZ E D D EP A RTM E NT
OF T H E I NT E RIO R A N D L OC AL G O V ER NM E NT , A N D F OR OT H ER
P UR P O SE S ” w as pa ss ed.
DIL G
P NP – Na Po lC om
An ton io Ca rpi o, as a mem ber o f t he ba, c it iz en and t axp ater , a ssa iled the
co n stitu tiona lity of t he s aid la w at the SC a s h e a v erred th at it o nly
in te rfe re s with the co n t r o l p o w e r o f th e p r esid ent . H e a dv anc es th e
vie w tha t R A 6 975 w eak en ed th e N atio n al Po lic e C om m iss ion
(NA P OL COM) by lim itin g its p o we r “to ad m in ist rat ive cont rol ” o ve r
th e PN P th us , “ cont ro l ” r em ain ed w ith th e Dep ar t m ent Se cr eta ry un der
who m b oth th e N PC an d t h e PN P we re pla ce d; tha t t he sy ste m o f l etting
lo cal ex ecut ive s ch o o se lo cal p o l ice h ea d s also u nder m ine the powe r
o f th e p r esid ent.
IS S U E: Wh eth er th e P res i d en t ab d ica ted / r en o unc e d its cont rol pow e r
o ve r th e PN P and N P C b y vir tue of R A 69 75?
H EL D: N O, the P r esid en t h ave n o t ab d ic ated / r eno unced its cont rol
p o we r o ve r th e P N P an d N PC b y vi rtu e o f R A 6 975 . TH E PR E SI D E NT
H AS C O NTR OL P O W ER S OV E R T H E E X E CUT I V E B R AN C H OF T HE
GO V E RNM E NT; D O CT R IN E OF QU A LIF I E D P OLIT IC AL AG E NC Y — It i s a
fund ame nta ll y ac cep ted pr inc ip le in C ons ti tut io nal L aw tha t t he Pr es ide nt
has co ntro l of al l e xe cut iv e de part men ts , b urea us , a nd o ff ice s. As the
P re sident ca nnot b e e xp ected to e xe rc ise his con trol pow e rs all at
the s am e t im e and in p er son, h e w ill ha ve to de le gate som e o f t hem to
his Cab inet m em be r s, wh o i n t urn and b y hi s aut ho rit y, cont rol the
bure aus and o the r off ice s unde r thei r resp ecti ve jur isdi ction s in the
execu tiv e dep a rtm ent .
PL A C EM E NT O F NA P OL C OM A ND PH ILI P PI N E N AT IO NA L P OLI C E ( P N P)
UN D E R T H E DE P A RTM E N T OF T H E IN T E RI O R AN D LO CA L
GO V E RNM E NT, M E RE LY AN A DM IN IS TR ATI V E R E ALI GN ME NT th at
wou ld bolst e r a sy stem o f coo rdin ation and coope rat ion am ong th e
citi zen ry , lo cal ex ecut ive s and the integ r ated la w enfo rcem ent
agenc ies and p ubli c s afe ty ag enci es cre ate d u nder the a ss a il ed A ct , t he
funding of the P N P b eing in l a rge pa rt subsid iz ed by the nati onal
gove rnm ent .
NAT IO N AL POL IC E FO R C E; A DMI NI ST E R ED A N D C ONT RO LL ED B Y
NAT IO N AL POL IC E C OM MI SS IO N; L O CAL E XE C U TIV E S A CT ONL Y A S
R EP R E S E NTAT I VE S OF N A POL CO M . — T he nat io na l p ol ice fo rce s hal l
be a dmi ni st ered an d con tr oll ed by a nat ion al po li ce comm is si on as at an y
rate, an d in fa ct, th e Ac t i n qu es tio n a deq uat el y pro vid es for
admi ni str ati on and c ontr ol at the c omm is sio n le vel . We agr ee, th at "t here
is n o usu rp ation of th e p owe r of c ont ro l of the N A POL CO M u nder
Se ct ion 51 be ca use un der thi s ver y s ame pro vi si on, i t i s cle ar tha t t he
local ex ecut ive s a r e onl y acti ng a s rep r esent ati ve s of th e
NA P OLC OM . As s uch dep uties , the y a r e an sw e rabl e to th e NA P OL COM
for t hei r act ions in th e e xe rci s e of the i r func tion s un der tha t se cti on.
Thus , u nle s s c oun term and ed b y the N A P OL COM , th ei r a cts a re val id a nd
binding as act s of t he N A POL CO M . " I t i s si gni fi ca nt t o n ote th at the
loc al of fi cia ls , as N A PO LC OM r epre se nta ti ves , wi ll c hoo se the of fi cer s
con cer n ed fro m a l ist of e l igi bl es ( th ose w ho mee t t h e ge nera l
qua lif ic at ion s f or app oin tm ent to the PN P) to be re co mmen ded by PN P
off ic ial s. The s ame ho ld in g i s tr ue w ith re spe ct to th e c ont ent ion on th e
opera ti ona l sup erv is io n a n d c ontr ol ex erc is ed by th e loc a l of fi cia ls . T hes e
off ic ial s wo uld s imp ly be a cti ng as repr es ent ati ve s of the C omm is si on.
3
ADMIN LAW
ASSIGNMENT – Jan 18
DO E S N OT F AL L UN D ER T H E COM M AN D ER - I N- C HI EF P O W ER S OF T H E
P RE S ID E NT; R E A S ON AN D CO N S EQ U EN C E T H E RE OF. — It thu s
bec ome s a ll to o a ppa ren t t hen tha t t he pro vi si on her ein as sa il ed pre ci sel y
giv es mu sc le to and en for ces th e pr op os iti on tha t t h e na ti ona l p ol ic e
forc e d oes n ot fal l und er t he Com man der - in- Ch ief p ower s of the
Pre si den t. T hi s is ne ce ssa ril y s o si nce th e p ol ic e f or ce, no t b ein g
int egra ted w it h t he m il it ar y, is no t a par t o f t he Ar m ed Fo rce s of the
Ph il ipp in es . —— —— A s a civi lian ag en cy o f th e go ve rnm ent , it
p ro p er ly com e s w ith in , a n d is su b j ect to , th e exe r cise by the
P re sident of th e po we r o f exe cu ti ve co n t ro l . Con s eque nt ly, Se cti on 12
doe s not const itute ab d i cat io n o f c o m m an d er - in - chief pow er s . It
sim pl y pr ov ide s for the t ra n sitio n p e rio d o r p ro ces s du ring wh ich th e
n atio na l po lic e w ou ld g r ad u al ly assu m e th e c ivi li an funct ion of
safeg u a rding the in te rn a l se cu rity o f th e Sta te. U nder th is in st anc e,
the P r esid ent, to rep eat, ab d ic ates n o th in g o f h is wa r po we rs .
[ju st in ca se . . .]
T H E P RE S ID E NT, A S C O MMA ND E R - I N- C HI EF , I S NOT A M EM B ER OF
T H E AR ME D FO RC E S . — T he Pre si den t, as C omm a nder - in- Ch ief , i s not a
memb er o f t he Ar med F or c es. H e re mai ns a ci vi li an who se du tie s und er
the Co mma nder - in- Ch ie f p rovi si on "r epre sen t o nl y a part of the or gan ic
dut ies i mpo sed up on hi m. Al l hi s o ther fu nc tio ns are cle arl y ci vi l in
natur e. " Hi s p os it ion a s a ci vi lia n Com man der - in- Ch i ef is co ns ist ent w it h,
and a t es tam ent to , t he co nst itu ti ona l p rin ci pl e t hat " ci vi lia n a uth ori ty i s,
at a ll t ime s, su prem e o ver the mi li tar y. " ( Art ic le II , S ect ion 3, 19 87
Con st itu ti on.)
IN VO LV E M ENT OF C IV IL S ER V IC E C OMM I SS IO N U ND E R SC O R ES IT S
CI VIL IA N C HA R ACT E R . — As re gard s t he as ser tio n i nvo lv in g t he Ci v il
Ser vi ce C omm is sio n, su ff i ce it to sa y t hat th e que st i oned pro vi s ion s,
wh ich rea d: " Se c. 31 . App oin tmen t o f P N P Off ic ers and Mem ber s. T he
Ap poi ntm ent of th e o ff ic er s a nd m emb ers of th e P N P sh al l b e e ffe cte d in
the fo llo w ing ma nner : a .) Po li ce Of fi cer I t o Se n i or Po li ce Of fi cer I V.
Ap poi nte d b y the PN P reg i ona l d ire ctor fo r re gio na l pers onn el or by the
Ch ief of th e PN P for na ti o nal he adq uart ers per so nn el and at tes ted b y t he
Ci vi l Ser vi ce C omm is si on; b.) In spe ct or t o Su peri nte nden t — Ap poi nt ed
by the C hie f o f t h e P N P, a s re com men ded b y t hei r i mmed iat e sup eri ors,
and att es ted by th e Ci vi l S ervi ce C omm is si on; c. ) Se nior Sup erin te nde nt
to Dep ut y Dire ct or - G ener a l — App oi nte d b y the P res ide nt upo n
reco mmen da tio n o f t he Ch ief of th e PN P , wi th prop er end ors eme nt by the
Cha irm an of the C iv il Serv ice C omm is si on . . . . Se c. 32. Exa mi nat ion s for
Po li cem en. Th e Ci vi l Ser vi ce Com mi ss ion s ha ll adm i nis ter the q ual if yi ng
entra nc e e xam in ati on s f or pol ic eme n o n t he bas is of the st and ard s s et by
the N A PO LC OM. " pre ci se l y u nder sc ore the c iv il ia n c hara cter of th e
nat ion al po li ce for ce, an d wi ll un dou bte dl y pr ofe ss io nal iz e t he sam e.
NAT IO N AL POL IC E C OM MI SS IO N ( N A POL CO M); E X ER CI S E S
A PP EL LAT E J UR IS DI CT I ON TH R U RE GI ON AL A P P ELL AT E BO A RD S . —
Pur su ant to th e Ac t, the C ommi ss io n e xer ci se s a ppe lla te jur is di ct ion , t hru
the r eg ion al ap pel la te boa rds, ov er dec is io ns of bo th the PL E B a nd the
sai d m ay ors. Th is i s s o u n der Se ct ion 20 (c). Fur ther more, i t i s the
Com mi ss ion w hi ch sh al l i s sue th e i mp leme nt ing gu id eli ne s a nd
proc edur es to be ad opt ed by the P L E B f or t he co ndu ct of it s h ear ing s,
and it ma y a ss ig n NA P OL COM he ari ng off ic ers to a ct as le gal c ons ul tan ts
of t he P L EB s.
P EO PL E ' S L A W E NFO RC EM E NT BO A RD S ( PL EB); P UR P O SE FO R IT S
CR E ATI ON . — A s a di sc ip lin ary bo ard pri mar il y c rea ted to hear a nd
dec id e c it ize n' s com pla in t s a gai ns t err in g o ffi cer s a nd m emb ers of th e
P NP , t he es tab li sh men t o f P L EB s in ev ery c ity an d muni ci pa li ty wo ul d a ll
the more he lp pro fe ss ion al ize th e p ol ic e f orc e.
S P EC IAL O V E R SI GHT C O MMITT E E; S OL E F UN CT I ON TH E R EOF . — Th e
Sp ec ial O v er si ght C omm itt ee is si mp ly an ad ho c / tr ans itor y bod y,
est abl is hed an d t as ke d s ol ely w it h p lan ni ng and o ver see ing th e imme di ate
"tra ns fer, mer ger and /or a bsor pti on " int o t he De part ment of th e I nter ior
and Lo cal G ove rnm ent s o f the " in vo lve d a gen ci es ." —— — A s a n a d h oc
bod y, it s c rea tio n a nd the fun cti on s i t e xer ci se s, de c ide dl y d o n ot
con st itu te an enc roa chm e nt a nd in di mi nut ion of th e po wer of co ntro l
wh ich pro per ly be lon gs to the Pr es ide nt. Wha t i s mor e, n o e xe cut iv e
depar tme nt, bu rea u or of fi ce is pl ac e d und er t he co n trol or aut hor it y o f
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ADMIN LAW
ASSIGNMENT – Jan 18
the com mi tte e.
CO N STIT UTI ON AL C ON S T RU CT I O N; E V ER Y PR E S UM PTI ON I ND UL G ED
IN F A VO R OF C ON ST IT U T IO NAL IT Y .
IN D EP E N D ENT C O NST IT UT I ON AL C OMMI S S IO N S; N OT UN D ER T HE
CO NT ROL OF TH E C HI EF E X E CUT I V E. — Un der the Co ns tit ut ion , t here
are t he so - ca ll ed ind ep end ent Co ns tit ut ion al Co mm is sio ns , n ame ly : Th e
Ci vi l Ser vi ce C omm is si on, Co mmi ss io n o n Au dit , a n d th e Com mi ss ion on
El ec tio ns ( Art ic le I X - A, Se cti on 1). A s the se Co mm is sio ns per form v ita l
gov ernm ent al fun ct io ns, th ey hav e t o b e p rot ect ed fr om e xte rna l
inf lue nc es and po l iti ca l pr ess ure s. He nc e, the y were mad e c on st itu tio na l
bod ies , ind epe nde nt of an d no t u nder a ny dep artm e nt o f t he go vern men t.
Cert ai nl y, the y are not un der t he co ntro l of the Pres ide nt.
T he Con st itu ti on al so cre a ted a n in dep end ent of fi ce cal le d t he
"C omm is si on on Hum an R i ght s." ( Art ic le X III , Se ct io n 17 [1]) . Ho we ver,
thi s Com mi ss ion i s n ot on the sam e le vel a s t he Co n sti tut io nal
Com mi ss ion s u nde r Art ic le I X, alt hou gh it i s ind epe n dent l ik e t he lat ter
Com mi ss ion s. It st il l had t o be c ons ti tut ed thru Ex ec uti ve Ord er No. 16 3
(date d M ay 5, 19 87).
In con tras t, Ar ti cl e X VI , S ect ion 6 the reo f, m ere ly m anda te s t he sta tut ory
crea tio n o f a n ati ona l pol i ce com mi ss ion th at w il l a d min ist er and co ntr ol
the nat io nal po li ce for ce t o b e e sta bl ish ed th ereu nd er. T hi s c omm is si on
is, for ob v iou s re as on s, no t i n t he sam e cat egor y as the in dep end ent
Con st itu ti ona l Com mi ss ion s o f Art ic le I X a nd the ot h er c ons ti tut io nal ly
crea ted in de pen den t O ff ic e, n ame ly , t he Co mmi ss io n on H uma n Rig ht s.
* * * * Sect ion 3 1, Ch ap te r 1 0, Bo o k II I o f t h e Re vis e d Adm inist r ativ e
Co d e of 1 987 - Se c. 31. C o n tin u in g Au t h o rity of th e Pr es ident to
Reo rg an iz e hi s Offic e. - T h e P res id en t , su b jec t to the po lic y in the
Ex ecu ti ve Offi ce an d in o rd e r to a ch i eve sim p lic it y, e cono m y and
effic ienc y, shal l h ave co n tin u in g au th o ri ty to reo rgan iz e the
adm ini st rati ve st ructu r e of the Offi ce o f the P res i dent. Fo r thi s
purpo se, he m ay tak e an y of th e fo llow ing acti on s:
(1) R est ru ctu re t he inte r nal o rg aniz ation of th e O ffice of th e
P re sid ent P rope r, inc ludi ng the im m ed iate Off ice s , the
P re sident ial Spec ial A ssi stants /Ad vis e rs S ystem and the Co m m on
staff Supp or t Sys tem , by abol ishing , c onsol idat in g or m e rg ing
units th e reof o r t ran sfe r r ing func tions f rom on e u nit to anothe r;
(2) T ran sfe r any f unctio n unde r th e Offic e of the P re sident to any
othe r D epa rtm en t o r Ag e ncy a s wel l a s t ran sfe r f unctions to th e
Offic e of the P r esid ent f r om othe r Dep a rtm ent s an d Ag enci es; and
(3) T ran sfe r any agen cy unde r the Off ice of th e P re siden t to any
othe r dep a r tm ent o r ag e ncy a s wel l a s t ran sfe r a genci es to the
Offic e of the P r esid ent f r om othe r d epa rtm ents or agen cie s.
3. Spe cifi c/ Cou rs e def init io n: “I t m ean s tha t p art of l aw wh ic h
gov erns th e orga ni zat io n, fun cti on s a nd pro ced ure s of
admi ni str ati ve ag en cie s of g o vern men t t o whi ch qu a si - leg is la ti ve
pow ers an d q ua si - jud ic ia l pow ers are gra nt ed, an d t he e xt ent an d
mann er t o wh ich s uch a ge nci es are s ubj ec t t o c ont ro l b y t he
cour ts. ”
4. Defi nition of an ad m ini st rat ive age ncy - An ad min i stra ti ve
agen cy i s a bo dy of go ver nmen t c rea ted by th e leg is lat ure and
char ged w ith t he sup erv is i on a nd r egu la ti on of a p art icu lar are a o f
con cern . F or e xam pl e, the In sura nce C omm is si on wh ich reg ul ate s
the in sura nc e b us ine ss , t h e Ener gy R egu lat ory Boar d w hi ch
regu lat es th e p ow er a nd e nerg y b us ine ss an d t he Ho usi ng and
Land U se R egu lat ory Boar d w hi ch r egu la te s t he hou sin g b us ine ss .
Thes e a gen ci es ex erc is e s ome si gn ifi ca nt com bi nat io n of
exe cut iv e, le gi sl ati ve an d jud ic ia l p ow ers .
5. C reat ion of adm inist r ativ e age nci es (ho w and why ) - The la w
which c re ated adm in ist ra tive agen cie s, th e ru les and
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ADMIN LAW
ASSIGNMENT – Jan 18
regu lat ions p ro m u lg at ed b y th em , an d the body of deci sion s
that the y h ave f ro m ti m e to tim e ren d e r ed i n the a djudic ation
of ca ses b ro u g h t b efo re th em n o w co n stitut e th e bulk of
adm ini st rati ve la w .
Quas i - l egi slat ive f u n ctio n s :
As a rul e, la ws aff ectin g rig h ts o r a n y law f or th at m atte r
sh o u ld b e p ass ed o n ly b y Co n g r es s. Qu as i - l egis l ative m e ans th e
au th o rity to m ake /p ro m u l g ate ru les an d r eg u la tion s that affe ct lega l
rig h t s. S uch ru les an d r e g u latio n s h ave th e f or ce of la w an d a re
b in d ing on the publ ic.
Quas i - j udic ial fu n ctio n s:
As a rul e, o nly co u rts o f law h av e th e au tho rit y to dec ide
co n t rove r sie s that aff ect in d i vid u a l rig h ts. Qu asi - judi cia l auth or ity
m ean s 1) th e po we r to e x er cis e ju d g m en t an d d isc ret ion 2) the pow e r
to h ea r and d ete rm in e o r to a sce rt ain f acts and d ecide 3) the p owe r to
m ake bindin g o rde r s an d ju d g m en ts 4) th e p o we r to affe ct th e
p er so na l o r p rop e rty r ig h ts o f p r ivat e p er so n s 5) the po we r t o
exam i ne witn ess es, co m p el th e att en d an ce o f w it nesse s a nd l itig ate
an d 6) the powe r to en fo rc e d e cis io n s an d im pos e pen alti es.
Or ig in and gr owth o f ad m in ist r ativ e l aw -
As m ode rn life bec o m es m o re co m p lex , th e a re as of gove rnm ent
reg u lat ions also in cr ea s e wh ich in tu rn cau sed a m ultipl icat ion of
g o ve rnm ent funct io n s , n eces sita tin g an en o rm ou s exp ans ion of
p u b lic adm i nist r atio n . A n d so th e l eg i slatu r e ha d to c re ate m o re and
m o re adm inist r ativ e b o d i es, b o a rd s o r t rib u n als s pecia li zed in th ese
p art icu la r f ield s a ssig n e d to th e m to wh i ch th e l e gisla tu re and th e
co u r ts we re found n o t to b e e q u ip p e d to ad m in ist er p rope rl y an d
effic ientl y. T he g ro wth in th e n u m b e r o f ad m i nist r ative ag enci es h as
re su lte d into the dev elo p m en t an d g ro wt h o f adm i nist rat ive la w a s
wel l.
Ca se #2: P AN G A SI NA N T R AN S P ORT ATI O N CO. , IN C ., pe tit ione r, vs .
TH E P UBL IC SE R VI C E C OMMI S S IO N, r espond ent Adm in ist rat ive
agenc ies a re no rm al ly lo cated in th e e xe cutiv e b r anch of gov er nm ent
ar e a r e usu all y ch a rged with t he d ay to da y det ai ls of gove rn ing.
Agen cie s a re c re ated an d ass igned spe cif ic t ask s by the legi slat ur e.
[G. R. No. 47 065 . Ju ne 26, 194 0.]
FACT S: Th e p eti ti oner ha s b een en gag ed for the pa st tw ent y year s in
th4e bu si ne ss of tra nsp ort ing pa ss eng ers in Pan ga si nan and Tar la c,
some ti mes i n Nue va E ci ja and Z amb al es, b y m ean s of m otor v ehi cl es
kno wn as T PU bu se s, in a ccor dan ce w it h t he term s and co ndi ti ons of th e
cert if ica te s in pub li c con v eni enc e is sue d i n it s f avor by th e f ormer Pub li c
Ut il ity C omm is si on.
Au gus t 2 6, 19 39 - pet it ion e r fi led w it h t he P S C a n ap pli ca tio n f or
auth ori zat io n t o o pen te n add iti ona l ne w Bro ck wa y t ruck s, on th e gr oun d
that th ey w ere nee ded to c ompl y wi th th e t erms an d con dit io ns of it s
exi st ing c ert ifi ca tes an d a s a res ul t o f t he app li ca tio n of th e Ei ght H our
Labor La w .
As th ey no t a gree to th e t wo ne w con dit io ns thu s in corp orat ed in it s
exi st ing c ert ifi ca tes , t he p eti tio ner fi le d o n O ct ober 9, 1 939 a mot io n
for r eco ns ide rat ion w hi ch wa s d eni ed by th e Pu bl ic Ser vi ce
Com mi ss ion on N ove mbe r 14, 193 9.
This c ourt , a fte r h ea ri ng , r ender a de ci si on dec lar in g se ct ion 1 of
Com mon we alt h A ct No . 4 5 4 un co nst it uti ona l and v oi d; t hat , if thi s cou rt
sho uld be of th e o pi ni on t hat se ct ion 1 of Co mmo nw eal th A ct No . 4 54 is
con st itu tio na l, a d ec is ion be re nde red de cl ari ng tha t the pro vi s io n s
there of are no t a ppl ic ab le to val id an d s ub si st ing cer tif ic ate s is sue d
prior to J une 8, 19 39.
R ES P O ND E NT’ S A RG UM E NT: Und er the fi rst pa ragr aph of the s ect io n
15 o f Ac t No. 14 6, as am e nded , n o p ub li c s erv ic e ca n op erat e wi tho ut a
cert if ica te of pu bl ic co nve nie nce or cer ti fi cat e o f co nve nie nc e a nd pub li c
nec es sit y to the ef fe ct tha t th e o pera ti on of sa id ser vi ce and th e
auth ori zat io n t o d o b us ine ss w il l pr omo te "p ubl ic i nt eres ts in a prop er
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ADMIN LAW
ASSIGNMENT – Jan 18
and su ita bl e m ann er. " Und er th e sec on d p aragr aph , one of the
con dit io ns wh ic h t he P ub li c Ser vi ce Co mmi ss io n m a y pr es cri be for the
is sua nce of th e cert if ic ate pro vid ed for in th e f ir st p aragr aph i s t hat " the
serv ic e can be a cqu ire d b y t he Com mon we al th of th e Phi li pp ine s or b y
any in str ume nta li ty th ereo f up on pa yme nt of th e co st pri ce of it s use fu l
equ ipme nt , l es s re as ona bl e de pre cia ti on, " a c on dit io n w hi ch is v irt ual ly a
rest ate men t o f t he pri nc ipl e a lrea dy emb od ied th e C ons tit ut ion , s ec ti on 6
of Art ic le X II, w hi ch pro vi d es at "th e St ate ma y, in th e i nter est o f
nat ion al we lf are and de fen se, es tab li sh an d o pera te i ndu stri es an d
mean s o f t ran spo rta tio n a nd comm un ica ti on, an d, u pon pa yme nt of ju st
comp en sat io n, tran sf er t o pub li c o wn ers hip ut il it ie s d ot her pri va te
enter pri se s t o b e o per ate d by th e G ov ernm ent ."
An oth er con dit io n whi ch th e C omm is si on may pr es cri be, and w hi ch
is as sa ile d b y the pe ti tio n er, is tha t t he cer ti fi cat e " sha ll be va li d
onl y f or a d efi ni te per iod o f t ime. " A s t her e i s a re la ti on b et wee n
the fir st an d s ec ond par ag raph s o f s ai d sec ti on 15, t he t wo
prov is i o ns mus t b e r ead a nd int erpre ted to get her .
IS S U E: Wh eth er o r n ot P S C can im po se sa id con di ti ons . I f s o, wo ul dn’ t
thi s p ow er o f t he P S C co n sti tut e u ndu e d el ega ti on o f po wer s?
H EL D:
- Th e t heor y of the se p arat ion of po wer s is de si g ned by it s
orig ina tor s t o sec ure ac ti o n an d a t t he
same t ime to for es tal l ove r ac tio n wh ic h n ece ss ari ly resu lt s
from und ue co nce ntr ati on of p ow ers , a nd ther eb y o b tai n
eff ic ien cy an d pr ev ent de s pot ism .
- The "ru le of la w" w as es ta bli sh ed wh ic h n arro ws th e range of
gov ernm ent al ac tio n and make s it su bj ect to c ontr ol by cer ta in
leg al de vi ces
- Th e ma x im o f d el ega t us non po tes t d el egar i or del ega te
pote st as non po te st de leg ari,
- The d ec is io n a ppe ale d f ro m i s h ereb y r ev erse d and the
cas e re man ded to th e Pu b li c Ser vi ce Co mmi s sio n f or
furth er proc ee din gs in a cc ordan ce w ith l aw an d t hi s
dec is ion , wi tho ut an y pr on oun ceme nt reg ard ing co st s.
6. Types of ad m ini st rati ve agenc ies ( regul ato ry, p re venti ve,
se rvi ce, etc .):
a. Thos e c rea ted to fu nct io n in si tua tio ns w here in th e g over nme nt is
offer in g s ome gr atu it y, gra nt or s pec ia l pri vi leg e. ( E x ampl es :
Ph il ipp in e Ve tera ns A dm in istr at ion ( P VA ), G SI S, S S S, P ub li c
At torn ey ’s Of fi ce, Ph il ipp i ne M edi ca l Car e Comm is s i on, et c)
b. Thos e s et up to fu nct io n i n s itu at ion s whe rei n t he g over nme nt is
see ki ng to carr y o n cert ai n fu nc tio ns of th e g ov ernm ent.
(E xamp le s: B ure au of Int e rnal R eve nue ( BI R), B ure a u of C us tom s,
Bur eau of Im mig rat ion , L a nd Reg is trat io n Au thor it y and mos t
admi ni str ati ve ag en cie s)
c. Thos e s et up to fu nct io n i n s itu at ion s whe rei n t he g over nme nt is
perfo rmi ng som e b us in es s ser vi ce for th e p ubl i c. ( E x ampl es :
Ph il ipp in e Po sta l Cor pora t ion , Ph il ipp in e Nat ion al R ail wa ys ,
Metro po lit an W ater wor ks a nd Se wer age Aut hor ity , G over nme nt
Tele pho ne S ys tem , Nat ion al E lec tri fi cat io n Adm in is tr ati on,
Nat io nal Foo d Au tho rit y, N ati ona l Hou si ng A uth ori ty , etc)
d. Thos e s et up to fu nct io n i n s itu at ion s whe rei n t he g over nme nt is
see ki ng to r egu la te bus in e sse s aff ect ed w ith pu bl ic i ntere st .
(E xamp le s: In su ra nc e Co mmi ss ion , Bur eau of Air T rans port at ion ,
Land Tra nsp ort ati on F ran c his in g a nd Re gul ato ry B oa rd (LTF R B),
En erg y Reg ula tor y Bo ard, Bur eau of Mi ne s a nd Ge o - Sc ie nce s,
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ADMIN LAW
ASSIGNMENT – Jan 18

Nat io nal Te le comm un ica ti ons C omm is sio n, Ho us in g and Lan d Us e

Reg ul ator y Bo ard (H LU R B ), et c)
e. Thos e s et up to fu nct io n i n s itu at ion s whe rei n t he g over nme nt is
see ki ng und er t he po li c p o wer to reg ula te pri va te bu sin es se s a nd
ind iv idu al s. (E xa mpl es : Se curi ti es an d Ex cha ng e Co mmi ss ion
(S E C), Mov ie an d T e le vi si on Re vie w and C la ss if ic ati on Bo ard
( M TR C B), Ga mes an d Am u seme nt B oard (G A B) , Dan gerou s Dru gs
Bo ard ( D D B), B urea u o f T r ade Re gu lat ion an d Con su mer
Pro te cti on ( BT R C P), et c.)
f. Thos e a gen ci es se t u p t o f unc tio n in si tua ti ons w her ein th e
gov ernm ent i s s ee ki ng to adj ust i ndi vi dua l co ntro ver sie s bec a u se
of some s tron g soc ia l pol i cy in vo lve d. (E xa mpl es : N ati ona l L abo r
Re lat ion s Com mi ss io n ( NL RC) , Em plo ye es Co mpe ns ati on
Com mi ss ion ( EC C), Soc ia l S ecu rit y Com mi ss ion , Se curi ti es an d
Ex ch ang e Com mi ss ion ( SE C), De par tmen t o f Agr ari a n R efor m
(D AR) , Com mi ss ion on Au dit , e tc)