CONTENTS

I. Acknowledgement
II. Certificate
III. Aim
IV. Materials Required
V. Theory
VI. Procedure
VII. Observations
VIII. Conclusions
IX. Precautions
X. Protection from corrosion
XI. Bibliography
Acknowledgeme
nt

It is my duty to record my sincere

thanks
and deep sense of gratitude to my
respected teacher Mrs. Anjana
ma’am
for his valued guidance , interest and
constant encouragement for the
fulfillment of the project.
Shivesh mishra
Class- XII (science)
 Introduction
• Corrosion is the gradual destruction
of materials (usually metals) by chemical
reaction with their environment.

• Corrosion is a serious problem of

some metals like iron, zinc, aluminum
and alloys like brass which are commonly
used in day to day life.

• Basically, this means

electrochemical oxidation of metals in
reaction with an oxidant such as oxygen.

•Rusting, the formation of iron oxides,

is a well-known example of
electrochemical corrosion. This type of
damage typically produces oxide(s) or
salt(s) of the original metal.

•Corrosion can also occur in

materials other than metals, such as
ceramics or polymers, although in this
context, the term degradation is more
common.

• Corrosion degrades the useful

properties of materials and structures
including strength, appearance and
permeability to liquids and gases.
 Examples of corrosion

Corrosion of iron corrosion of copper

 Resistance to corrosion
•Some metals are more intrinsically resistant
to corrosion than others .

•There are various ways of protecting metals

from corrosion (oxidation) including painting, hot
dip galvanizing, and combinations of these.
INTRINSIC CHEMISTRY

• Gold nuggets do not naturally corrode, even

on a geological time scale.

• The materials most resistant to corrosion are

those for which corrosion is thermodynamically
unfavorable. Any corrosion products of gold or
platinum tend to decompose spontaneously into
pure metal, which is why these elements can be
found in metallic form on Earth and have long been
valued. More common "base" metals can only be
protected by more temporary means.
Metals resistance to
corrosion
Certificate
Certified that this is the bonafide
work of Shivesh Mishra of class XII of Shree
santan dharma education center. He has
performed these experiments during
academic year 2009-10.
The student’s initiative, cooperativeness &
participation during the practical classes
were excellent. His aesthetic
presentation, visual appeal, expression &
neatness were excellent. His content
accuracy, creativity,
originality & analysis of different
perception were excellent.
Mrs. Anjana ma’am
T.Signature:-
 AIM

To study of the effect of metal

coupling on the rate of corrosion.
Materials required:
Apparatus:

Beakers-15, Iron sheets of 2# size-6,

Aluminum rods of 2# size-6, Brass rods of
2# size-6, Zinc sheets of 2# size-6,
Measuring cylinders, Chemical Balance,
Weight Box.

Chemicals:
Hydrochloric acid and Sodium hydroxide
 Theory
• Corrosion is a serious problem of
some metals like iron, zinc, aluminum and
alloys like brass which are commonly used in
day to day life.
• Apart from reducing the life of articles
made up of these metals or alloys the
chemical substances formed out of
corrosion have serious public health
problems.
• Replacement of machines or their
parts and many other articles in industrial
and public dealing lead to huge expenditure.
 Hence, how to reduce or avoid
corrosion of articles made up of metals or
alloys has been a major subject of study in
the field of chemistry and electro-
chemistry.
THE PROCESS OF RUSTING
OF IRON
 Procedure

1. Mix 9 ml. of conc. HCI with 241 ml. of

water to form 250 ml. of solution.

2. Take this solution in seven different

beakers.

3. Mark each beaker serially from 1 to 7.

4. Take the weights of three iron sheets,

three aluminium rods, three brass rods and
three zinc sheets.
5. Now keep iron sheets, aluminium rods,
zinc sheets and brass rod in separate
beakers

6. Then take iron + brass, iron + aluminium,

iron + zinc, aluminium + zinc and brass +
zinc and keep them in different beakers.

7. Allow the reactions to occur for 24 hours.

8. Note the maximum and minimum
temperatures.

9. Now at the end of reaction take out the

metals and keep them in sun for sometime
so that they get dried up quickly
10. Take the weights of each specimen and
note the difference.

11. Similarly repeat 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 8

steps in a basic solution.
 Observations
These experiments are done under acidic condition
The order of corrosion of
 metal

Result
• The rate of corrosion observed in acidic
medium or the mass consumed during the
corrosion is in the decreasing order from brass to
aluminum. Brass has the highest corrosion rate
while aluminium has the least corrosion rate.

Brass > Iron > Zinc > Aluminium

•When coupling of these metals was done

each couple showed some difference in their
corrosion with respect to each metal kept alone
Iron + Aluminium couple has the highest rate of
corrosion while iron +Zinc couple has the lowest
rate of corrosion. Rate of corrosion of each couple
is in the order of
Iron + Aluminium > Brass + Zinc> Iron + Zinc
 Result
• Rate of corrosion in basic medium is in the
decreasing order from Brass to Aluminium.
The order of rate of corrosion is as below:

Brass > Zinc >Iron > Aluminium

• When these metals were coupled the rate of

corrosion was in the decreasing order from

Brass+ Aluminium > Brass + Zinc > Iron + Aluminium

• Temperature and time of reaction

were constant i.e., temperature was 21° C and time
of reaction was 24 hours.
 Result
• Corrosion is a serious problem of some
metals like iron, zinc, aluminium and alloys like
brass which are commonly used in day to day life.

• Apart from reducing the life of articles

made up of these metals or alloys the chemical
substances formed out of corrosion have serious
public health problems.

• Replacement of machines or their

parts and many other articles in industrial and
public dealing lead to huge expenditure.

• Hence, how to reduce or avoid corrosion

of articles made up of metals or alloys has been a
major subject of study in the field of chemistry and
electro-chemistry.

• The study of the rate of corrosion of different

metals or alloys showed gradual decrease in their
masses in acidic medium. The decrease is in the
order of brass, iron, zinc, aluminium.

•The present experiments are in full

agreement with the well known electro-chemical
reaction. Some of the typical reactions as occur
with iron are illustrated.
 Result
• The reactions at respective electrodes are:
At cathode:
Fe—>Fe2++ 2e- in acid the equilibrium is
HCI —> H+ + Cr.
At anode:
The water which is in equilibrium
H20—> H+ + OH-

• Here the Fe2+ cation will readily take Cl—

and form FeCl3 . While h+ of acid will be reacting
with another H+ of water and will form H2 gas.
While OH. Anion will also react with some of the
iron and will form Fe(OH)3 which is observed in the
form of rust.
CONCLUSION
•Corrosion is a serious problem of some
metals like iron, zinc, aluminium and alloys
like brass which are commonly used in day
to day life.

•Apart from reducing the life of articles

made up of these metals or alloys the chemical
substances formed out of corrosion have serious
public health problems.

•Replacement of machines or their

parts and many other articles in industrial and
public dealing lead to huge expenditure.
•Hence, how to reduce or avoid corrosion
of articles made up of metals or alloys has
been a major subject of study in the field
of chemistry and electro-chemistry.

• The study of the rate of corrosion of

different metals or alloys showed gradual
decrease in their masses in acidic medium.
The decrease is in the order of brass,
iron, zinc, aluminium.

• The present experiments are in full

agreement with the well known electro-
chemical reaction. Some of the typical
reactions as occur with iron are illustrated.

(a) The reactions at respective electrodes

are:
At cathode:

Fe . Fe2+ + 2e.

in acid the equilibrium is

HCl . H+ + Cl

At anode:
The water which is in equilibrium

H2O . H+ + OH.

Here the Fe2+ cation will readily take Cl-

and form FeCl3. While H+ of acid will
be reacting with another H+ of water and
will form H2 gas. While OH. anion will also
react with some of the iron and will form
Fe(OH)3 which is observed in the form of
rust.
(b) The e.m.f of these metals are in the
order of Al:Zn:Fe . The values are

e.m.f
Al .Al3++3e-
Zn .Zn2++2e-
Fe . Fe 2++ 2e-
1.66V
0.76V
0.44V

Brass which is an alloy of zinc and copper

has the e.m.f. 0.42V during the forward
reaction or oxidation reaction. While in
backward reaction the e.m.f. value is .0.42.
This is because during oxidation reaction
the e.m.f values of zinc and copper are
.0.76 and + 0.34, respectively. That is why
the value differs.

(c) In acid there are replaceable H+ ions

which react with metals and H2 gas is
evolved. This is because all the metals
are
highly electronegative in nature. When
these two come in contact they react
very
easily and form stable compounds. Thus
the rate of corrosion is very high.
The rate of corrosion in basic medium is
very less as compared to acidic
medium.
This is shown because of following factors:

(i) Ex: sodium hydroxide .NaOH which is in

equilibrium with Na+ and OH. ions.

NaOH . Na+ + OH When

NaOH comes in contact with water the two

ions immediately dissociate. The hydrates
Na+ ions will take the H+ ion.
The electropositive characters here will be
the main factor in the slow rate of
corrosion.
Na being more electropositive than the
metal mentioned above, most of OH- ions
will be
taken by Na+ when compared to the other
metals i.e., the rate of corrosion is slow
with

Na+ \ Fe2+ || OH\OH-

While H+ + electron = H
H + H = H2 gas.

(ii) The availability of e- is very less for the

conversion of H+ to H2 gas state. That is
why there will not be replaceable ‘H’ ion. If
there is no replaceable H+ ion then the
corrosion will be possible. Hence the rate of
corrosion is very slow.
 Protection from
corrosion

(1) APPLIED COATING

Plating, painting, and the application of enamel
are the most common anti-corrosion treatments.
They work by providing a barrier of corrosion-
resistant material between the damaging
environment and the structural material.

(2) CATHODIC PROTECTION

Cathodic protection (CP) is a technique to control
the corrosion of a metal surface by making that
surface the cathode of an electrochemical cell.
Cathodic protection systems are most commonly
used to protect steel, water, and fuel pipelines and
 tanks; steel pier piles, ships, and offshore oil
platforms.

(3) ANODIC PROTECTION

Anodic protection impresses anodic current on the
structure to be protected (opposite to the Cathodic
protection). It is appropriate for metals that exhibit
passivity (e.g., stainless steel) and suitably small
passive current over a wide range of potentials. It is
used in aggressive environments, e.g., solutions of
sulfuric acid.
Bibliography

1) NCERT text book

2) WIKIPEDIA
3) APC Lab Manual
4) www.icbse.com