Lectured by: Dr.

Cynthia Hipol
Global Warming Sources: Powerpoint presentation, Lecture

Atmosphere and Climate

Weather – short term physical conditions of the atmosphere, always changing

Climate – long term weather pattern in a particular area, has longer effect

Composed of:

 Temperature
 Humidity
 Wind
 Rainfall

Atmosphere – thin layer of gases surrounding the Earth.

Layers of the atmosphere

Thermosphere
 Literally “Heat Sphere”
Temperatures rise continually to beyond 1000°C
Although the measured temperature is very hot, it would
actually feel very cold to us because the total energy of only a
few air molecules residing there would not be enough to
transfer any appreciable heat to our skin.
 Outer layer

Mesosphere
 Coldest layer
Colder than Antartica’s lowest recorded temperature
 Layer where a lot of meteors burn up while entering the
Earth’s atmosphere
From Earth, they are seen as shooting stars

Stratosphere
 Very stable
 Calm layer of the atmosphere
 Used by aircraft
 Contains the ozone layer

Troposphere
 Largest layer
 Lowest layer
 Weather occurs in this layer
 Carbon dioxide is trapped in this layer, forming the basis of
the greenhouse effect and global warming

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 Solar Radiation Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
 Visible light
- Energy waves that we can see as color 1. 49% - Burning fossil fuels
- Pass through the atmosphere 2. 24% - Industrial processes
3. 14% - Deforestation
 Ultraviolet light 4. 13% - Agriculture
- Energy waves that we cannot see
- Cause sun burns and cancer
- Absorbed by ozone in the stratosphere Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector
1. 21.3% - Power stations
 Infrared radiation 2. 16.8% - Industrial processes
- Energy of the sun that we feel as heat 3. 14% - Transportation fuels
- Absorbed by carbon dioxide and water in the 4. 12.5% - Agricultural byproducts
troposphere 5. 11.3% - Fossil fuel retrieval, processing and distribution
6. 10.3% - Residential, commercial and other sources
What cannot be seen can cause harmful effects
7. 10% - Land use and biomass burning
Clear mini glass house 8. 3.4% - Waste disposal and treatment

- Can trap sunlight Carbon Dioxide

- Keeps heat in thus helping plants to grow
1. 29.5% - Power stations
2. 20.6% - Industrial processes
Energy and the Greenhouse Effect 3. 19.2% - Transportation fuels
4. 12.9% - Residential, commercial and other sources
Solar Radiation (Must know!)
5. 9.1% - Land use and biomass burning
Of solar energy reaching outer atmosphere: 6. 8.4% - Fossil fuel retrieval, processing and distribution
 25% reflected Methane
 25% absorbed
 50% reaches Earth’s surface 1. 40% - Agricultural byproducts
2. 29.6% - Fossil fuel retrieval, processing and distribution
3. 18.1% - Water disposal and treatment
Greenhouse Effect (Must know!)
4. 6.6% - Land use and biomass burning
 Infrared energy is trapped by greenhouse gases such as 5. 4.8% - Residential, commercial and other sources
CO2 in the atmosphere
 Normal process that keeps our temperature levels in a Nitrous Oxide
certain range 1. 62% - Agricultural byproducts
 Gases are at unusually high levels due to human activities 2. 26% - Land use and biomass burning
3. 5.9% - Industrial processes
4. 2.3% - Waste disposal and treatment
Greenhouse Gases (Must know!)
5. 1.5% - Residential, commercial and other sources
 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – fossil fuel burning 6. 1.1% - Transportation fuels
Atmospheric levels increasing steadily
 Methane (CH4) – cattle, coal mines
Absorbs more infrared than CO2
 Water Vapor – formed from evaporation
 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – refrigerants and aerosols
(No longer used)
 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) – burning organic material

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 Evidence of Global Warming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Data

 Global surface temperature has increased 0.9°F since

1880.
 The Earth’s surface is currently warming at a rate of
about 0.29°F/decade or 2.9°F/century.
 The eight warmest years on record (since 1880) have all
occurred since 2001.
 Warmest years: 2005, 2010
 Arctic temperatures have increased twice as fast as the
rest of the Earth.

Is Global Warming Human-Caused?

Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now

evident from observations of:

 Increases in global average air and ocean temperatures

 Widespread melting of snow and ice
 Rising global average sea level

Most of the observed increase in global average

th
temperatures since the mid-20 century is very likely due to
the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas
concentrations.

Measuring Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere

 0.0314% - Keeling’s first measurement in March 1958.

 These levels rose steadily over the last 50 years.

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Hurricane Katrina (Nice To Know!)
 Formed over the Atlantic in August 2005
 Crossed Southern Florida as Category 1 hurricane.
 Strengthened very quickly over warm waters of the Gulf
of Mexico
 Made landfall over Louisiana as Category 3 hurricane.
Global Warming and Hurricanes?
 No evidence to link climate change and frequency of
hurricanes and typhoons.
 Studies do show evidence between ocean surface
temperatures and hurricane intensity and duration.
 Duration and strength of hurricanes has increased about
50% over the last 30 years.
 Previous models showed a 5% increase for every 1°C.
Global Warming Effects on Poles
 99% of sheet ice – in Antartica and Greenland
 Ice is melting worldwide, but especially quickly at the
poles.
 As a result:
 Ocean levels have risen about 3mm/yr in 10 yrs.
 Adelle penguin population is down to 1/3 its normal
level.
 Multiple populations of polar bears are declining.
Global Warming Effects on Glaciers
 1% of sheet ice – in temperate (non-polar) regions but
these are close in proximity to human populations
 Himalayan Glaciers – sources of Asia’s biggest rivers. It is
the biggest single source of water for the entire Southern
Asia.
Muir and Riggs Glaciers
The distance to the visible Riggs glacier in 2004 is ~3km.
During this time, the Muir Glacier retreated more than 20km.
Effects on the Hydrologic Cycle
 Surface temperatures are measurable increasing. This
effects the water cycle:
 Higher rate of evaporation (land, sea, both)
 Warmer atmosphere is capable of holding more
water vapor.
 Higher likelihood of heavy precipitation (both rain and
snow) weather events.
 Ocean temperatures are also increasing.
Solutions to Global Warming
Prevention
1. Cut fossil fuel use (esp. coal)
2. Shift from coal to natural gas
3. Improve energy efficiency
4. Shift to renewable energy resources
5. Transfer energy efficiency and renewable energy
technologies to developing countries.
6. Reduce deforestation.
7. Use more sustainable agriculture.
8. Limit urban sprawl.
9. Reduce poverty.
10. Slow population growth.
Cleanup
1. Remove CO2 from smokestack and vehicle emissions.
2. Store or sequester CO2 by planting trees.
3. Sequester CO2 deep underground.
4. Sequester CO2 in soil by using no-till cultivation and
taking crop land out of production.
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5. Sequester CO2 in the deep ocean. Immediate and Direct Risks
6. Repair leaky natural gas pipelines and facilities.
Health impacts of heat waves, extreme weather events and
7. Use feeds that reduce CH4 emissions by belching cows.
altered air quality.

Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health

European Heat Wave of 2003

It’s undeniable that temperatures are getting hotter with the

Climate Change Effects:
rate of warming having continued to accelerate over the past
 Temperature 30 years. In the US, 2006 was the hottest year on record.
 Sea level
1) As average global temperatures continue to rise, heat
 Precipitation waves are expected to become more intense, more frequent
and longer lasting.
Heat Morbidity/ Mortality
Storms, Coastal Flooding Morbidity/ Mortality/ 2) The European Heat Wave of 2003 is one of the more tragic
Displacement* and frightening examples of what may become more
Vector Biology** Infectious Diseases common as a result of global warming. According to
Air Pollutants Respiratory Diseases estimates from the journal Eurosurveillance (published by the
Food Supply Malnutrition European Centers for Disease Prevention and Control),
Civil Conflict Morbidity/ Mortality/ approximately 22,000 people died across the UK, France,
Displacement Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain.
*Displacement – relocate/ transfer to safe areas
**Vector Biology – Malaria, Dengue, Schistosomiasis 3) Other mortality estimates are even higher – Paul Epstein
has estimated that the number of deaths during the 2003
heat wave could be as high as 35, 000.
Health Benefits
4) Though it is impossible to attribute a specific heat wave to
Milder Winters global warming, the effect of global warming on the
probability of occurrence of a heat wave can be determined.
 May reduce deaths from influenza or CVD in some In the case of the European heat wave of 2003, a group of
temperature countries scientists publishing in the journal Nature estimated with a
 Mosquito populations may recede in areas that become greater than 90% confidence level that human influence on
more arid climate more than doubled the probability of its occurrence.

5) According to an analysis by the Center for Health and the

Negative Effects (Must, Must Know!)
 Progressive changes in average climatic conditions
 Changes in regional weather patterns or their stability
 Unpredictable weather (sudden cold, hot, wet or dry
spells) and extreme weather events (ex. heat waves,
floods and droughts)
 Affect human health through mechanisms that may be
direct and indirect, immediate and delayed.
Example:
Direct – Heat can cause death because of changes in
respiration
Indirect – Heat can cause destruction of food yields thus
causing malnutrition.
Global Environment at Harvard Medical School, a heat wave
of similar magnitude is to occur in the US, heat-related deaths
would surge to more than 5x the current average.
Human body’s capacity to cope with increased thermal stress
is exceeded, risks of homeostatic failure.
Susceptible population
 Older people
 With cardiovascular disease
 With chronic respiratory disease
 Poor
 Uneducated
 Isolated

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Heat Wave of August 2003: 35,000-50,000 extra deaths over
a 2 week period
In November 2011, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) with a scenario of continuing high emissions it
 Frequency of heat waves will increase in most regions
 Heavy precipitation will occur more often
 Wind speed of tropical cyclones will increase.
Greater absolute burden of adverse health impact from heat
waves will be in the general community but workers in
various heat exposed workplaces, both outdoors and indoors
(if unventilated) are particularly vulnerable.
Indirect Risks
Changes and disruptions to ecological and biophysical
systems
 Affecting food yields
 Production of aeroallergens (spores and pollens)
 Bacterial growth rates, the range and activity of disease
vectors (such as mosquitoes)
 Water flows and quality
Rising temperatures reduce the solubility of gases (such as O2)
in water: oxygen concentration at saturations falls 10% with a
3°C increase.
Adverse impacts of acidification (caused by increased uptake
of CO2 from the atmosphere) on the:
 Vitality of the marine food web base
 Reduce fish stock density
Crop and livestock yields are more sensitive to changes in
climatic conditions:
Yields are impaired by relatively small changes in growing
season temperatures.
Rising temperatures affect rice production.
General relationship of temperature and photosynthesis
A 1°C increase reduces global cereal grain crop yields by 6-
10%. So, a rise of 2°C could mean 12-20% fall in global
production. [Note: This estimate is higher than most others.]
Human Health and Agriculture
A good part of the world and its countries rely on agriculture
as their main source of income and of food. (Ex. North)
In a first scenario, precipitation is expected to increase due to
global warming. Many crops will receive too much water and
will be drowned as fields flood due to projected rise of 40cm
in sea level.
Amount of evaporation is expected to increase due to global
warming, thus more crops will die due to lack of water.
This change could mean death. In fact, the projected number
of starving people worldwide is expected to be 40-300
million people in addition to the 600 million already
projected to be starving in 2060.
Coconut farms incurred losses totaling P1.52 billion. The
Leyte province alone represented P960.48 million covering
41,662 hectares of farms.
Nice To Know!
Yolanda affected 77,719 hectares of rice land, claiming 147,
357 metric tons (MT) of palay worth P2.38 billion.
According to the DA, Eastern Visayas accounted for the
biggest production loss in rice valued at P1.82 billion.
Health impairment – ultimate manifestation of reduced
yields
 Hunger to undernutrition to child stunting
 Susceptibility to infectious diseases
 Impaired adult health and strength
 Premature death
Climate induced falls in crop yield
 Effects for the poor in terms of spiraling food prices
 Food prices are likely to stay high and volatile during the
next few years because of factors including rising
demand and a likely increased frequency of extreme
weather events. (↓ supply - ↑ demand - ↑ prices)
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Changes in climatic conditions will affect many climate-
sensitive infectious diseases via:
 Influences on pathogen maturation and multiplication on
vector organism density and behavior (ex. Mosquito)
 On aspects of human behavior that amplify risks of
infection (Ex. Crowding and Displacement)
Changes in the distribution and life cycle of vector
organisms will also occur, as with those of their transmitted
pathogens.
 Changes in malaria, schistosomiasis is to be expected, as
well as in dengue fever and infections by other
arboviruses.
 Geographical distribution and timing of such changes are
difficult to predict:
 A short term increase in temperature and rainfall
associated with the 1997-98 El Niño caused
Plasmodium falciparum malaria epidemics in Kenya
but reduced malaria transmission in Tanzania.
 Malarial zones have apparently extended to higher
altitude in Western Kenyan highlands.
 The Schistomiasis water snail survival zone has
extended north in Eastern China.
Infectious Diseases
 Cholera – parasitic disease which can cause death from
dehydration as it causes excessive diarrhea.
 Dengue fever – transmitted by mosquitoes and causes
fever, joint and muscle pain and headaches.
 Malaria – affect 45% of the world’s population today but
if global warming continues at the rate that it is
progressing, that number could change to be 60% of the
world’s population.
Dengue’s Principal Vector: female Aedes aegypti mosquito.
Infected mosquito remains infective for life.
Indonesia: reported dengue cases doubled in 2007 vs. 2005.
Effects of temperature rise on Dengue transmission (Must
Know!)
 Shorten viral incubation period in mosquito
 Shorten breeding cycle of mosquito
 Increase frequency of mosquito feeding
 More efficient transmission of dengue virus from
mosquito to human
Global rise in dengue cases reported annually to WHO,
1955-2005 (Take Note!)
One thousand-fold increase
Dengue Hemorrhagic Syndrome – with bleeding
 Schisotosomiasis/ Bilharziasis/ Snail Fever – tropical
disease caused by infestation with schisotosomes,
widespread in rural areas of Africa, Asia and Latin
America through use of contaminated water and
characterized by infection and gradual destruction of the
tissues of the kidneys, liver and other organs.
Potential Impact of Climate Change on Schistosomiasis
Transmission in China
Recent data suggest that schistosomiasis is re-emerging in
some settings that had previously reached the successful
disease control criteria of either transmission control or
transmission interruption. Along with other reasons, climate
change and ecologic transformations have been suggested as
the underlying causes.
Increased water contamination (both particulate and
microbial, including from sewage effluent)
Gains in temperature and changes in rainfall and humidity
may extend and intensify exposure to allergenic pollen and
spores from plants such as ragweed.
Deferred and diffuse risks – prolonged effect
 Those associated with rural to urban displacement and
the mental health consequences of droughts in failing
rural communities.
 In Australia, following a severe weather event, as many
as one in five people will suffer debilitating effects of
extreme stress, emotional injury and despair which can
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 linger for months or even years, affecting community
wellbeing and the capacity of people to work.
 Children in particular are vulnerable to pre-disaster
anxiety and post-trauma illness. It may lead to long term
insecurity and anxiety in young people including chronic
neurohormonal changes that affect long term disease
processes.
Risks associated with conflicts and environmental refugee
flows
 Disease, starvation, drought, loss of habitat, loss of
natural resources and economic impacts are powerful
drivers.
 Local wars in Africa in recent decades have peaked
during very hot and dry years, in association with
reduced food yields.
Impact of Global Warming on Wellbeing: A Psychological Review
Dr. MD. Intekhab-Ur-Rahman
Reader
University Department of Psychology
B.N. Mandal University
Madhepura-Bihar
PIN-852113
Introduction
Global climate change is fundamentally a biophysical
phenomenon. However, the recent and accelerating warming
of the Earth’s climate is largely attributable to human activity
and its impacts are mediated by psychological and social
processes and can be limited primarily by human activity.
Report of American Psychological Association
This APA task force report describes how psychology can help
better understand the causes and consequences of climate
change and can contribute to humanity’s response to the
continuing process of global climate change.
Global warming is associated with mental health risks
 Heat waves contribute to more alcohol and substance
abuse.
 Just an increase of 1°F (0.5°C) seems to increase the risk
of violent behavior, especially in warm climates and the
inner city.
 Food and water shortages threaten our basic sense of
security and therefore are associated with increase in
posttraumatic stress disorder and other mental health
problems.
 The chronic drought is causing a new and dangerous
variation of grief, solastalgia, which is a kind of distress
about environmental losses in one’s homeland.
 Perceptions of poor air quality results in increased
anxiety, especially in children, along with increased
family violence.
 When viewed in the totality of its impacts, global
warming creates the potential for large scale human
conflict, as a result of displace from climate-scarred lands
and/or disputes over increasingly scarce resources.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Many children may show the signs and symptoms of PTSD
immediately after the disaster. Few children develop the full
disorder.
Signs and symptoms of PTSD include:
 Recurrent re-experiencing of the traumatic event
through play, nightmares or flashbacks.
 Increased irritability
 Poor concentration
 Regression to younger development stages
 Strong startle reaction
 Lack of interest in previously enjoyed activities
 Sense of hopeless future
Resources for providing mental healthcare related to global
warming
 For general mental healthcare in most countries,
insurance and resources are inadequate compared with
general healthcare. (P500 per poor family)
 Disaster response teams are prepared for responding to
acute disasters, but not to the more chronic and slowly
developing mental health problems related to global
warming.
 Even with adequate resources, people with mental illness
often receive inadequate care.
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Health sector should play a central role  Improved surveillance
o Risk indicators (mosquito numbers, aeroallergen
 Communicate the health risks of global heating
concentration)
 Collaborate with other partners.
o Health outcomes (infectious disease outbreaks,
 Promote, lead and evaluate a range of adaptive
rural suicide rates, seasonal asthma peaks)
strategies.
 Appropriate workforce training and mid-career
 Protecting the health and safety of the most vulnerable
development
sectors of populations.
 Globally, increase financial contributions by high income
countries to low income countries and a freer flow of Note: Please refer to the ppts for the graphs and illustrations.
information and technologies between countries. Do not depend on this transcription alone. Thank you!

Achieving Sustainability: Citizens or Society or Global “I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.” –
Governance? Philippians 4:13
 Individual citizen/ consumer actions can solve ~5% of
problem. (But useful contribution and good for
engagement)

 Large scale (global) environmental changes need large-

scale (governmental) policy changes


rd
Need a cultural transformation (3 Industrial Revolution,
Sustainability Transition)

Climate Change and Health:

Main Types of Advantage Strategies

 Public education and awareness

 Early-alert systems: Heat waves, Other impending
weather extremes, Infectious disease outbreaks
 Community-based neighborhood support/ watch
schemes
 Climate-proofed housing design and cooler urban layout
 Disaster preparedness including health-system ‘surge’
capacity
 Enhanced infectious disease control programs (vaccines,
vector control, case detection, treatment)

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 Deadliest Cyclones

Rank Storm Dates of Impact Deaths

1 Haiyan/ Yolanda 2013 2013, November 7-8 5, 235
2 Thelma/ Uring 1991 1991, November 4-7 5,101-8,000
3 Bopha/ Pablo 2012 2012, December 2-9 1,901
4 Angela Typhoon 1867, September 22 1,800
5 Winnie 2004 2004, November 27-30 1,593
6 October 1987 Typhoon 1897, October 7 1,500
7 Ike/ Nitang 1984 1984, September 3-6 1,492
8 Fengshen/ Frank 2008 2008, June 20-23 1,410
9 Durian/ Reming 2006 2006, November 29 – December 1 1,399
10 Washi/ Sendong 2011 2011, December 16-17 1.268

Most Destructive Typhoons

Rank Names Dates of Impact PHP

1 Bopha/ Pablo 2012, December 2-9 42.2B
2 Parma/ Pepeng 2009, October 2-10 27.3B
3 Haiyan/ Yolanda 2013, November 7-8 22.5B
4 Nesat/ Pedring 2011, September 26-28 15B
5 Fengshen/ Frank 2008, June 20-23 13.5B
6 Ketsana/ Ondoy 2009, September 25-27 11B
7 Mike/ Ruping 1990, November 10-14 10.8B
8 Angela/ Rosing 1995, October 30 – November 4 10.8B
9 Flo/ Kadiang 1993, October 2-6 8.75B
10 Megi/ Juan 2010, October 18-21 8.32B

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