1 - Writing 1 - For Students

Writing 1
UNIT 1
SIMPLE SENTENCES
I. CLAUSES, SENTENCES AND FRAGMENTS.
1. Clause: A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate (the verb and
usually other components)
+ Independent Clause: An independent clause is a clause that can stand on its own, by
itself.
It contains all the information necessary to be a complete sentence.
Every independent clause will follow this pattern:
S U B J E C T + V E R B = C O M P L E T E T H OU G H T .
Ex: Jim slept.

She really likes apples.
Gabriel is playing with toys in his room.
+ Dependent Clause: a dependent clause (subordinate clause) is a clause that cannot stand
on its own. It does not express a complete thought.
Every dependent clause will follow this pattern:
S U B O R D I N ATE C O N J U N C T ION + S U B J E C T + V E R B = I N C O M P L E T E T H OU G H T .
Ex: Because I forgot to do my homework

When he comes here tomorrow
2. Sentence: A sentence is a word or a group of words expressing a complete thought.
- Stop!
- Jeremy likes chemistry.
- When Angela visits, we will surprise her with a birthday party.
3. Fragment: A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence. Some fragments are incomplete
because they lack either a subject or a verb, or both. So are dependent clauses.
- Wants to major in chemistry
- Jeremy to major in chemistry
- If you want to go with me
II. SIMPLE SENTENCES
A simple sentence contains one independent clause. The subject or the verb may be compound.
- My dog loves pizza crusts.
- Liz and Sue looked at each other.
- They sang and danced at the party.
- Japan and Germany import oil and export cars.
III. SENTENCE PATTERNS
1. Pattern 1: S+V
- My grandparents live in a small town.
- The meeting will last for at least three hours.
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2. Pattern 2: S+V+C
- Parents are the best teachers for their children.
- Computers have become very useful tools in modern life.
3. Pattern 3: S+V+O
- Students should follow school rules.
- Some people prefer to get up early in the morning.
4. Pattern 4: S + V + I.O + D.O
- Some schools give their students a long summer vacation.
- We should ask ourselves what the most important thing in our lives is.
5. Pattern 5: S+V+O+C
- Good friends make school life happy.
- Watching fun movies allows me to take a break from my busy routine.
PRACTICE
I. Read each group of words. If it is a fragment, write F on the line. If it is a complete
sentence, write S on the line. If it is a question, write Q.
1. Billy Mitchell lives in a big apartment. ________
2. My mother breakfast every morning. ________
3. Is incredibly delicious. ________
4. Does Carol have a car? ________
5. Working the whole night to finish work on time ________
6. When he comes here tomorrow. ________
7. Michael likes classical music. ________
8. Nancy and Jeanine very best friends. ________
9. Because I like it very much. ________
10. I am from Colombia. ________
II. Mark the subject, verb, object, and complement in each sentence as shown in the example
Ex: Scientific technologies have made our lives convenient.
S V O C
1. Laughter improves health by lowering stress hormones.
2. Friends are one of the most important influences on young adults.
3. Our city should build a new library for our children.
4. He wanted to buy a new car.
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5. Every morning, I exercise for half an hour.
6. A happy life requires an optimistic attitude.
7. Some people change their jobs very frequently.
8. I was a child when I lived in a different country.
9. Inexperienced workers earn less money than experienced ones.
10. I could almost not breathe because of the stuffy atmosphere.
11. Many immigrants have a hard time adjusting to a new culture.
12. Our community offers students various after-school activities.
13. Modern apartment buildings are too expensive in my town.
14. Universities give students many opportunities to learn a variety of subjects.
III. Correct the errors in the following sentences. Some sentences have no errors.
1. People should ask the advice of others before move to other cities.
2. It is important for students to studying history and literature.
3. Some people prefer working for a large company to work for a small company.
4. People have different ways spending their time.
5. Children love to watch television, but they dislike to watch informative programs.
6. Working for others means that you should follow their rules.
7. In order to live a healthy life, you need exercising regularly.
8. Experts recommend to take some time to laugh when you get stressed out.
9. Traveling gives us the opportunity of meeting new people.
10. Learning how to spend money is as important as to learn how to save it.
11. The government should spend more money to improve public transportation.
12. People work because needing money to live.
13. She felt unexpressible joy when she managed to pass her driving test at the first attempt.
14. The shop manager didn’t even apologise us for the rude behaviour of his staff.
15. The man you’ve been telling me about is neither rich nor famous, yet everybody enjoys his
company
IV. Put the given words and phrases in the right order
1. the film / very much / I enjoyed / yesterday.
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. the news / listened to / I / carefully.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. well / the man / the piano / played.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. games / played / yesterday / in their room / the children / quietly.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. quietly / the door / he / opened.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. a tree / in the corner of the garden / he / planted.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7 before lunch / the letter / in his office / quickly / he / read.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. this morning / a book / I / from the library / borrowed.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. there / a lot of people / are / at the bus-stop.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. the little boy / an apple / this morning / ate / greedily / in the kitchen.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. from their family / children / social skills / learning / start

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. firsthand experience / as / secondhand experience / is / important / as

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. a lot of / traveling / time and money / around the world / requires
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. are / all of us / responsible / air pollution / for

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15. a novel / my interest / than / stimulates / more / a biography

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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16. people / wear uniforms / tend / when / to behave / they / differently
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. their friends / nowadays / send / during their classes / frequently / text messages / students
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
18. television / by making / has / on our behavior / less active / a negative influence / us
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
19. various needs / should change / school curriculum / to meet / the current / the students’
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
20. all the information / a thorough examination / can be made / after / of / an impartial judgment
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
V. Use the following sets of words and phrases given to write a complete sentence.
Dear Peter,
1. I / be / very surprised / get / letter.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. I / not know / you arrive back / London.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. You / have /good time / New York?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. I look forward / hear / all about it.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5 Thank you / invite / me / dinner next weekend.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. I / be afraid / not able / come / Sunday.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. But I / be / free / following weekend.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Why / you call me / next few days?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Yours,
Mary
VI. Paraphrase each of the sentences below, using the prompts provided.
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Ex: Being in a place where people speak a different language is confusing.
 It is confusing to be in a place where people speak a different language.
1. Parents should spend enough time with their children.
It is necessary for parents………………………………………………
2. This country has many tourist attractions like ski resorts and spas.
………………………………… like ski resorts and spas in this country.
3. The subway is the best way to get around this city.
…………………………………………………………… is the subway.
4. The book I read last week deeply influenced me.
I ………………………………………….. by the book I read last week.
5. The trip motivated me to join a study abroad program.
I …………………………………………………………….. by the trip.
6. Because I am a third-year student in high school, I do not have much free time.
……………………………………., so …………………………………
7. According to a report, teenagers tend to spend more time on the computer than with their parents.
………………………………………………………., according to a report.
8. A single cloud appeared in the sky.
In …………………………………………
9. Many students were severely critical of the proposals for new entrance requirements.
There was ……………………………………………………………………
10. He can wait like everyone else, whoever he is.
No ……………………………………………………………………………
11. Even if you don’t agree to marry me, I’ll still love you.
Whether ……………………………………………………………………..
12. Your house is pleasant to live in.
How …………………………………………………………………………
UNIT 2
COMPOUND SENTENCES
I. COMPOUND SENTENCES
 A compound sentence contains at least TWO simple sentences or independent clauses (each
expresses a complete thought in itself.)
 The clauses in a compound sentence are of equal importance.
 The clauses in a compound sentence may be joined:
1. by coordinators FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET, and SO, generally preceded by a comma.
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- The strike ended, and the men returned to work.
- We knocked on the door, but nobody answered.
- He worked hard indeed, yet he failed in his exam.
- Sue watched TV, so she did not finish her homework.
2. by the semicolon
- John is very intelligent; he’s a good friend, too.
- The body was cold; the man was dead; no tears could bring him back to life.
PRACTICE
I. Read the following sentences. Some of the sentences are compound sentences, and some are
simple sentences. First, identify the type of sentence as S (simple) or C (compound). Then,
if the sentence is compound, insert a comma where necessary.
1. Japan’s flag is red and white and the Canadian flag is also red and white.
2. Japan and Canada have the same two colors in their flags.
3. The weather is bad so the plane cannot take off on time.
4. It is extremely hot in Abu Dhabi during the summer.
5. This map does not include the newly independent countries in Europe or Asia.
6. For less than two hundred dollars, you can buy a round-trip ticket to Boston.
7. The students take a test every Friday but their scores are not very high.
8. January, March, May, July, August, October, and December have thirty-one days.
9. This recipe requires two cups of flour, two cups of sugar, and one cup of milk.
10. Each ring costs sixty dollars so five rings cost three hundred dollars.
11. Some people prefer silver rings but most people prefer gold rings.
12. These silver and gold rings are different in weight and in price.
13. My brother and I went hiking and fishing last weekend.
14. The motorcycle is in the garage and the car is in the driveway.
15. Harry and Darlene went to the picnic yesterday and the party last night.
16. I do not know the answer to the question so I will ask the teacher.
17. There are many great places to visit in this city so you cannot see them all in one day.
18. The main agricultural product from the countries in that area of Central Asia is cotton.
19. A noun is a word like sandwich and a verb is an action word such as eat.
20. Lisana works for a computer company but she does not have a computer engineering degree.
II. Identify and correct 5 mistakes in the following passage.

Eating Out
Some people prefer eating out while others like cooking for themselves better. I think eat out is
more advantageous than cooking for myself for the following reasons. First, it saves me time.
Cooking is also enjoyable, it takes time and effort. I do not have enough time prepare three meals a
day. Also, washing dishes after each meal really bothers me. Second, is true that preparing meals
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takes skill. My cooking never turns out very well. It is better someone else to do it. Therefore, I
prefer eating out because it is more convenient and efficient.
1. Teenagers are more influenced by their peers than their parents.
2. Some documentary films are more entertaining as blockbuster movies.
3. Good communication skills are most necessary quality a leader should develop.
4. The more people have, they want more.
5. Cats are one of intelligent animals that I have ever seen.
6. We can learn both cooperation and competition by playing games with others.
7. Many people enjoy comedy, romantic, or action movies.
8. Indoor activities are usually not as expensive than outdoor activities.
9. A modern apartment building is robust and more convenient than a traditional house.
10. I want to live in a studio near campus, not a dormitory.
11. In order to write a good essay, you should not only know vocabulary and grammar but also have
knowledge.
12. Every person is affected by his environment either directly nor indirectly.
13. Going out anywhere when it’s raining is a bad idea! I’d prefer staying in tonight.
14. The truth is that Peter didn’t believe a word they said about their trip to Peru!
15. Do you think Tyson, who is one of the best professional boxers in the world, is capable to kill a
man in the ring?
IV. Use a comma plus a coordinating conjunction to join the sentences in each cluster.
Ex: a. He hung the picture.
b. The wire was too thin. [, but]
c. It fell off the wall. [, and]
 He hung the picture, but the wire was too thin, and it fell off the wall.
1. a. Manny skated on the pond.

b. Sandy went sledding on the hill.
2. a. You can taste-test the dessert yourself.

b. You can ask me to test it for you.
3. a. He answered the letter late.

b. He had the flu.
4. a. We watched the news on television.

b. We did not see the weather report.
5. a. The neighbors are on vacation.

b. Perhaps they are not answering their door.
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6. a. Allison completed her report on Monday.
b. She practiced her presentation on Tuesday.
7. a. Harry trained for the race.

b. He was a sure winner.
c. He twisted his ankle the weekend before the event
8. a. Grandpa pitched the ball to me.

b. I hit a home run.
9. a. The tree grew tall.

b. She pruned its leaves.
c. It produced no apples.
10. a. Her jewelry must be real.

b. It must be expensive.
c. It shines brilliantly.
11. a. They went to hear the concert.

b. They took some friends along.
12. a. She could go over to her friend’s house.

b. She could talk to her on the phone.
13. a. He especially liked peppers on his pizza.

b. His friends wanted olives.
14. a. We know Kelly arrived early.

b. We saw her in the cafeteria.
15. a. The math problem was not solved by me.

b. It was [not] solved by anyone.
16. a. She could borrow her friend’s blouse.

b. She could try to mend her own.
17. a. The frozen yogurt was good.

b. The toppings were delicious.
c. The cone was soggy.
18. a. Henry shoveled five driveways to earn money.

b. He still didn’t have enough to buy the disc player.
19. a. The play was interesting.

b. The actors were his friends.
c. The play lasted too long.
20. a. The wolves were howling.

b. The sound traveled through the cold air.
c. We were safe in our warm cabin.
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Dear Hamish,
1. I / sorry / not / write / so / long.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. I / work / very hard / school.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. My course / finish / two weeks’ time / and / I / go / Scotland.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. If / enough / money / go / Ireland / as well.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. I think / best / way / practice / English.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Be / possible / stay / you / couple / nights?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. I / promise / not / be / nuisance.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. I / even / some cooking.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Love,
Franz
VI. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one.
1. I can’t see you before eight in the evening.
Eight …………………………………………………………………………………
2. I don’t cook as well as my mother.
My mother……………………………………………………………………………
3. The yellow apples are less expensive than the red ones.
The yellow apples……………………………………………………………………
4. Nowadays I don’t have as much free time as I used to.
I used to have………………………………………………………………………..
5. If you work carefully, you won’t make so many mistakes.
The…………………………………………………………………………………..
6. He didn’t tell me why he’d been late, but I knew.
Although…………………………………………………………………………….
7. Although she talks a lot about going on a diet, she continues to eat a lot of sweets.
However often………………………………………………………………………
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8. In spite of all my money, I still feel very poor.
For all……………………………………………………………………………….
9. Although it may cost a lot, I want you to buy it.
Even…………………………………………………………………………………
10. Although I had a good salary, I was unhappy in my job.
In spite………………………………………………………………………………
11. Would you really want to live in China if you got the chance?
Supposing………………………………………………………………………….
12. They criticised me because I made a simple mistake.
If I hadn’t…………………………………………………………………………..
13. If you hadn’t helped us, we’d be ruined now.
Had it not…………………………………………………………………………..
14. The tiger was attacking the man, so he shot it.
The man wouldn’t…………………………………………………………………
15. If several of our players weren’t ill, we’d probably win the match.
Our team would……………………………………………………………………
16. Take your overcoat because it may get cold in the evening.
Take your overcoat in case ……………………………………………………….
17. I got up early this morning. I didn’t want to be late for the train.
I got up early this morning so as …………………………………………………
18. As he was poor, he couldn’t afford a car.
Being ……………………………………………………………………………..
19. He is so foolish as to believe everything she tells him.
He is ………………………………………………………………………………
20. The cake was too big for us to eat it all.
The cake ………………………………………………………………………….
UNIT 3
COMPLEX SENTENCES
I. COMPLEX SENTENCES
A complex sentence has an independent clause (Main Clause) joined by one or more dependent
clauses (Subordinate Clauses). The Dependent Clause is introduced by a subordinator
(subordinating conjunction) such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative
pronoun such as that, who, or which.
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- Tell John I wish to see him.
- People who are selfish have few friends.
- Time seems to fly when you are happy.
- When he returned to his native village, he found that everything was different.
II. NOTE
When a complex sentence begins with a clause that contains a connecting word, put a
comma at the end of the clause.
- Comma: After she ate dinner, she called her friend.
- No comma: She called her friend after she ate dinner.
PRACTICE
I. Read the following sentences. Some of the sentences are simple, some are compound, and
some are complex. First, identify the type of sentence as S (simple), CD (compound), or CX
(complex). If the sentence is compound or complex, insert a comma if necessary.
1. I am going to go scuba diving next weekend.
2. My father is going to retire next year but my mother is going to continue working.
3. After he came home from the beach Gerardo took a shower.
4. Irene is going to call you when she gets home from work.
5. We are going to go to the mall and the beach next Sunday.
6. Ariel is going to go to college next year but her brother is going to get a job.
7. When the game is over we are going to eat at Harvey’s Grill.
8. How often do you work out at the gym?
9. Leslie and Serena are sisters but they do not get along very well.
10. Billy and his friends went to the hockey game and cheered for their team.
11. If the pilot gets sick during a flight the copilot takes over.
12. The copilot plays an important role in the success of a flight.
13. Myra was making toast when Katie walked into the kitchen, singing loudly.
14. I knew that Joe was in trouble.
15. There’s a man over there smiling at me.
II. Correct the errors in the following sentences. Some sentences have no errors.
1. Mike’s wife was furious for him when she discovered he was cheating on her.
2. The point is that their daughter has never been to United Kingdom before.
3. Do you mean to say a job in this company is synonymous to success?
4. Whatever her child will say, she will always believe it’s true.
5. Hardly had he opened the door when he realised that something is wrong.
6. This place isn’t safe any more and I’d prefer not be here without a gun.
7. If I were you, I wouldn’t go on criticising him for what he did last year.
8. Nowadays, quick access to informations is essential, especially for people who deal with
business issues.
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9. Unless John is told how it really happened, you won’t convince him that Ted isn’t to be trusted.
10. There are a lot of historic buildings in this town which have been renovated soon after World
War II.
11. Persons who smoke cigarettes don’t seem to realise it is a serious hazard to health.
12. The computer is a most useful device for complicated calculations.
13. Everything what is on this table is neither yours nor mine, so don’t touch it, will you?
14. It was very kind of you to inform them in advance that their flight had been cancelled.
15. Only by going for a run regularly can you stay in good shape for a long time to come.
III. Read the following paragraph. It contains 10 mistakes: adjective clauses (1), fragments
(1), word order of adjectives (1), possessive adjectives (1), commas (2), articles (1),
compound sentences (1), and capitalization (2). Find and correct the mistakes.
Visiting a New Country
Many reasons to visit a new country. First, you can see beautiful interesting and distant places.
For example, you can visit a Kremlin and Red Square in moscow. Another reason to travel is to eat
new types of food. If you visit Thailand, you can drink jasmine tea, you can eat coconut-flavored
rice. Finally, you can meet new people which live in these exotic countries. you can talk to people
and learn more about his likes and dislikes. As you can see, traveling to another country is
important for reasons different.
IV. Insert suitable conjunctions in the following gaps. Find a different word for each sentence.
1. Mary works hard ______________ her brother is very lazy.
2. Shall I write him a letter ______________ would you prefer to phone him?
3. The tennis was interrupted ______________ it began to rain.
4. I was surprised to see him at the sports ground _________ he had been injured a few days earlier
5. I didn’t go to work today _______________ I haven’t been feeling well.
6. I haven’t been out for an evening ______________ we went to see Ghandi.
7. I wouldn’t do that ______________ I were you.
8. The sun was shining ______________ it was still raining.
9. She looked at a magazine _______________ she was waiting.
10. The weather wasn’t very nice ______________ we didn’t go walking after all.
11. We stayed until dark ________________ then we went home.
12. They were so poor ________________ they could hardly feed their children.
13. We’ll go to the sea tomorrow _______________ it does not rain.
14. He said I could borrow his car _______________ I wanted.
15. I don’t care _______________ you marry me or not.
V. Combine each cluster into one or more sentences. Combine two or more clusters if you wish
1.1 My favorite place is a room.
1.2 The room is in a house.
1.3 The house belongs to my grandparents. [that]
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2.1 The house has three stories.
2.2 The third story has a corner room. [, and]
2.3 The room has a curved window. [with]
2.4 I can sit on the window seat.

2.5 I can sit in the rocking chair. [or]
2.6 I can look out on an oak tree. [and]
2.7 The tree is enormous.
3.1 There are a lot of books.

3.2 The books are really old books.
3.3 They belong to my grandparents. [that]
3.4 My grandparents were my age. [When]
3.5 They enjoyed these books.
4.1 I found a valentine.

4.2 I found it last summer.
4.3 The valentine was in a book.
4.4 They were married. [Before]
4.5 My grandfather had sent it.
4.6 He had sent it to my grandmother.
5.1 The books smell old.

5.2 The paper is brittle.
5.3 The covers are dull. [, and]
5.4 Some of the stories are interesting. [, but]
6.1 I like the room.

6.2 It is quiet. [because]
6.3 There is a mouse.
6.4 It makes no noise. [, but]
6.5 The mouse is visiting.
6.6 My grandmother doesn’t know about it.
6.7 She ignores it. [Either … or]
7.1 Someone must know who built the model.

7.2 No one will tell me. [, but]
7.3 Maybe I have a relative.
7.4 I don’t know about him! [whom]
VI. Use the following sets of words and phrases given to write a complete sentence.
Dear Sally,
1. I / be / delighted / get / letter this morning.
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. I / have / very clear / memory / Richard. He seem / such / nice / boy.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Congratulations. I hope / you / be / happy together.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Unfortunately / I / not be able / come / wedding.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. At my age / I not think / I find / journey / easy.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. All / same / I love give you / wedding present.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. You / write / tell me / what / you / like / present?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. My thoughts / be / with you both / the big day.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. not forget / send / me / photographs / piece / wedding cake.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
All my love and very best wishes for the future.
Aunt Mary
VII. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one.
1. I’m a poor swimmer, but John is much worse.
John is………………………………………………………………………………
2. My sister didn’t work hard enough to graduate.
My sister worked……………………………………………………………………
3. My car is cheaper than the others.
Mine…………………………………………………………………………………
4. I won’t be able to clean my room in less than twenty minutes.
I will…………………………………………………………………………………
5. If you study more, you will get better grades.
The ………………………………………………………………………………….
6. However rich you are, you cannot buy health.
Even if………………………………………………………………………………
7. Although he loves Joan very much, he isn’t going to marry her.
It doesn’t…………………………………………………………………………….
8. Although he was intelligent, he failed the exam.
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In spite of……………………………………………………………………………
9. However friendly she seems, she is not to be trusted.
Friendly……………………………………………………………………………..
10. We wouldn’t be able to go for a walk, even if the weather was beautiful.
However…………………………………………………………………………….
11. I’ll buy you some grapes next week, provided that the price doesn’t go up.
If…………………………………………………………………………………...
12. You didn’t give me the key, so I couldn’t get in.
If you………………………………………………………………………………
13. She won’t lose weight unless she eats less.
If she………………………………………………………………………………
14. We can put you up for the night if you don’t mind sleeping on the floor.
Provided that………………………………………………………………………
15. He lied before, so I didn’t believe him this time.
If………………………………………………………………………………….
16. There were only three people present, so the lecture couldn’t take place.
There were …………………………………………………………………….
17. The weather was rather cold, so I didn’t really enjoy it.
The weather ……………………………………………………………………
18. We must stop the children smoking.
We must ……………………………………………………………………….
19. I will leave you some money so that you can buy some fruit
I’ll leave some money for ……………………………………………………..
20. I will learn Japanese because at the moment I can’t talk to my new girlfriend, Mitsuko.
I will learn Japanese so ………………………………………………………..
UNIT 4
COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES
I. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES
A compound-complex sentence contains TWO or MORE MAIN CLAUSES and AT LEAST
ONE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
- You say you want to get on; then, work a little harder.
- Shots rang out close by, and almost before I knew what had happened, my friend lay dead.
- A man came here so that he might see you, but you had gone downtown, so he went away.
PRACTICE
16
Writing 1
I. Determine the kind of each of the following sentences. Underline each clause of the
sentence, and then write its name.
Ex: He knows he has been good; therefore, he is very happy. (Compound-Complex)
M.C N.C M.C
1. Fishing isn’t any fun for me unless I catch a fish.
2. He did not talk or laugh; he just merely smiled.
3. Ask no questions, and you will be told no lies.
4. Dad, busy with his monthly report, hardly heard a word we said.
5. At a dangerous speed, the thieves drove the stolen car through the thick traffic.
6. The violinist bowed and smiled while the audience applauded wildly, but he played no encores.
7. I was happy when I heard that he had been appointed chairman of the committee.
8. The student checked his paper carefully; still, he was sure he had made a mistake.
9. If anyone telephones me while I was out, tell him that I have gone to Kiev for the day.
10. I do not know how you regard this action, but I do know what I think of it.
11. The manager returned from his business trip to find a number of problems facing him, all of
them demanding immediate attention.
12. I’d like some advice on this matter, but I don’t think there is anyone here who knows much
about it.
13. The book I am reading is particularly interesting, because it describes the people and places that
I know very well.
14. In the bar of my favourite club, where I often go for a drink, I met a man called Baker who had
been at the same school as I had.
15. I meant to call on you yesterday, but a friend of yours told me he had heard you were not at home.
1. You’re wrong! John does like jogging and play tennis; what’s more, he’s also a keen supporter
of our local football club.
2. Despite I had very little time, I succeeded in finishing that report before the end of January.
3. It seems to me that when she will come we will have to talk about it together.
4. If he had really wanted to pass all his exams last year, he should study much more.
5. When he entered the room, Mike saw three children sitting on the carpet.
6. Her son doesn’t have the faintest idea what will he do after leaving school.
17
Writing 1
7. Did you know that John was interesting in stamp collecting and he had lots of old coins?
8. I must admit that I’m not very fond of jazz, and my sister doesn’t like it too.
9. Monica is very sensitive from nature, and some people can easily hurt her.
10. Since he is quite old, it isn’t at all surprising that he can’t run as fast as you can.
11. He had no more money in the bank, which was strange because he thought he still has at least
500 dollars.
12. He’s always led an active life; that’s why he prefers swimming than playing chess.
13. If we don’t meet this afternoon, we could possibly get in touch for two or three days.
14. None of my friends has such a contagious laughter as John, who usually makes everybody laugh
whenever he starts roaring with laughter himself.
15. Ted went asleep when he was reading his book because it was too boring to read.
16. Driving so carelessly on such a slippery road yesterday, he might have gone into a skid.
17. After three days of intensive trade negotiations, they managed reaching some sort of compromise.
18. Her plane had already taken off when she arrived to the airport.
19. Luckily, John still had some money on him; otherwise we couldn’t pay the bill.
20. It did send shivers down my spine even though I was no stranger to such phenomena.
III. Combine the following pairs of sentences using subordinators. Make the underlined
sentence into the subordinate, or dependent, clause; the logical relationship is given in
brackets.
Ex: Some rodents and birds prey on cockroaches.
Humans are their biggest foes. [contrast]
 Although some rodents and birds prey on cockroaches, humans are their biggest foes.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Cockroaches are a health menace to humans.
They carry viruses and bacteria that cause diseases from hepatitis to salmonella. [effect/cause]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Humans try to defeat the cockroaches.
Cockroaches are very successful at surviving. [contrast]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Cockroaches are smaller than the humans who chase them.
They have extremely fast responses and sensitive receptors. [contrast]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. There is no food.
Cockroaches subsist on glue, paper, and soap. [condition]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. They can’t find glue, paper, or soap.
They can draw on body stores for three months. [condition]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
18
Writing 1
6. Cockroaches are really desperate.
They will turn into cannibals. [condition]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Female Surinam cockroaches produce generation after generation of identical females.
They are able to clone themselves. [effect/cause]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Cockroaches must have their antennae intact.
They function well even with their eyes painted over. [contrast]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Some scientists believe that roaches would survive nuclear war.
Roaches can tolerate much more radiation than humans. [effect/cause]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Scientists have found that cockroaches dehydrate and die.
They are deprived of their protective waterproof coating. [condition]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. People want to keep cockroaches as pets.
They should find a way to destroy their waterproof coating. [condition]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
IV. In the following exercise, first decide how the ideas in the two separate sentences are
logically related; then, choose a subordinator that shows the relationship and use it to join
the two sentences.
Ex: Urban policymakers need to take action.
The number of trees in American cities has decreased by 25 percent in the last 25 years.
 Urban policymakers need to take action because the number of trees in American cities has
decreased by 25 percent in the last 25 years.
1. Fires and diseases have caused American cities to lose trees.

They are not the main cause of tree loss.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Cities experience the most tree loss.
Trees are removed for office buildings, shopping malls, homes, and parking lots.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Some people claim that trees are too messy for urban areas.
A significant body of research shows the benefits of trees to the environment and human health.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Trees clean the environment.
They filter pollutants from the air and water.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Sick people recover faster.
They recuperate around trees.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Children have spent time in nature.
19
Writing 1
They pay more attention.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Research suggests that people want to exercise more.
They are surrounded by greenery.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Some people argue that the government shouldn’t take action.
It needs to solve other problems first, such as urban crime.
9. But studies show that people are less aggressive.

They live near trees.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. City governments begin to sponsor tree-planting for residents.
They will continue to lose trees and their benefits.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Dear Peter,
1. I / feel / very happy / get / letter / after / such / long time.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. It / be / absolutely ages / since / I hear you.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. You like / come / stay / me / countryside?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. You all be / very welcome / you want / visit.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. What about / come / end / next month?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. My wife / miss you both / often speak / you.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Don’t think / children / love / visit / countryside?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Write soon / let / know / when / you / come.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Fondly,
Alan
1. My father couldn’t afford to buy the car.
The car………………………………………………………………………………
2. Miss Ideal is the best teacher they’ve got.
20
Writing 1
They haven’t got…………………………………………………………………….
3. She sings better than anyone else.
She is…………………………………………………………………………………
4. They arrived too late to get a good seat.
They didn’t…………………………………………………………………………..
5. You studied too little to pass the test.
You………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Despite his intelligence, he couldn’t solve the problem.
Intelligent…………………………………………………………………………..
7. Offering her a better-paid job wouldn’t make any difference.
Even if……………………………………………………………………………..
8. It’s no matter whether you arrive late, we will be there waiting for you.
We will be there waiting for you, even……………………………………………
9. Although she is very charming, it is difficult to live with her.
For all………………………………………………………………………………
10. However loud she complains, I pretend not to hear.
Despite her…………………………………………………………………………
11. Supposing you were married, how many children would you like to have?
If ………………………………………………………………………………….
12. I will go only if all my expenses are paid.
I will go providing………………………………………………………………..
13. If you had remembered to take your umbrella, you wouldn’t have got wet.
You forgot………………………………………………………………………...
14. I will go only if all my expenses are paid.
Unless……………………………………………………………………………
15. Your flowers are very weak because of the drought.
Were it not………………………………………………………………………
16. He was absent because of his illness.
The reason ………………………..…………………………………………….
17. He sent her out so that he could get some peace.
He sent her out so ……………………………………………………………...
18. We’re starting early because we want to finish by noon.
We’re starting early in …………………………………………………………
19. I left her my telephone number. Otherwise she might have found it difficult to contact me.
I left her my telephone number in case ………………………………………..
20. I always prepare my lunch in the evening so as not to disturb my room-mate in the morning.
I always prepare my lunch in the evening to avoid …………………………….
21
Writing 1
UNIT 5
REVISION: Joining Sentences with
Coordinators / Subordinators
 When your sentences are clearly focused, you’ll find it much easier to join sentences that are
logically related. In this unit, you will review the seven coordinators. The easiest way to
remember them is to remember the word FANBOYS, which is an acronym, a word made up of
the first letters of the names of the seven coordinators. In the example sentences below, notice
the logical relationships that the coordinators express:
Coordinators Logical Relationships
For: Mary enjoys math, for it is challenging. effect/cause
And: Thu has won several trophies, and she is an honor student addition
Nor: Judy doesn’t work, nor does she want a job. addition of negatives
But: Nabil is pretty good at swimming, but he prefers contrast
gymnastics.
Or: Jaime needs a vacation, or he’ll go crazy. alternative
Yet: Irma doesn’t earn much, yet she spends money like a contrast
millionaire.
So: The coach praised the team excessively, so the players cause/effect
stopped believing him.
 Subordinators are sentence-joining words that, like the coordinators, help us show a variety of
relationships between ideas. Here are the subordinators we use most often:
Subordinator Logical Relationship Example

although, though, contrast Although I am a senior, I have 40
even though, while, more units to take.
whereas
because, since effect/cause School is taking longer because I

have to work.
if condition I can go to the movies if I finish my homework.
unless condition I cannot go to the movies unless I finish my

homework. (Unless I finish means if I
don’t finish.)
before, after, time After I finish my homework, I’ll go to

when, whenever, the movies.
until, as soon as
Joining Words That Show Logical Relationships
22
Writing 1
Relationship Coordinators Subordinators
Addition and
nor
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cause/Effect so
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Effect/Cause for because
since
as
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contrast but although
yet even though
though
while
whereas
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Concession although
even though
though
while
whereas
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alternative or
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Condition if
whether
unless
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time after / before / since
until / while / when
whenever / as soon as
PRACTICE
I. Correct the errors in the following sentences. Some sentences have no errors.
1. All these stories are ambiguous allowing ample room for historics to interpret them.
2. Mike was so musically gifted that he could play a guitar when he was only five.
3. We wouldn’t have such a dilemma now if they had supported rather than criticised us.
4. Mike didn’t even ask if I would like to come over for coffee.
5. While she wrote a letter the lights went out and she had to stop writing.
6. They all knew that it must have costed a lot of money to have that old building renovated.
7. Everything is ready now - so let’s do it, will we?
8. If he had been driving more slowly, that terrible accident would never have happened.
9. In Zakopane, which is the best-known Polish town in the Tatra Mountains, are so many
gift-shops that you will certainly find something nice.
10. Did she really use to spend all her pocket money for fashionable clothes?
23
Writing 1
11. The notice says that it is not allowed to consume alcohol on the premises.
12. My son can’t have broken your window! We were watching TV together when your window
was broken.
13. Fortunately, he could finish it yesterday evening because Ted gave him a helping hand.
14. Mary smiled when she found she was due for promotion so soon.
15. Do you know how long Jim had been waiting before the boss agreed to see him?
16. I am not quite sure but I guess Ted is a law student for about three years now.
17. If you do the same mistakes again, they will never let you work in this company.
18. Instead of drinking so much coffee, I’d rather you will drink more fruit juice.
19. This what I can see here reminds me of the holiday which I spent in China.
20. His advices are always good and if I were you, I would always listen to him.
II. In the following review exercise, you will use coordinators and subordinators to join
sentences and show logical relationships. In some sets, you are asked to join first with a
coordinator and then with a subordinator.
Ex: Many people can’t seem to live without chocolate.
Scientists wonder if chocolate is addictive.
 Many people can’t seem to live without chocolate, so scientists wonder if chocolate is
addictive. (coordinator)
 Scientists wonder if chocolate is addictive, for many people can’t seem to live without it.
(coordinator)
 Because many people can’t seem to live without chocolate, scientists wonder if it is
addictive. (subordinator)
1. There are many delicious kinds of chocolate.

Milk chocolate is the most popular kind in the United States.
a. Use a coordinator: ……………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………
b. Use a subordinator: ………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. The average American consumes ten pounds of chocolate every year.

This number is increasing.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Some of us get hooked on chocolate.

The chemicals in chocolate can help us feel good.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
24
Writing 1
4. Pyrazines in chocolate attract humans.
Pyrazines smell good.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5. The chemical phenylethylamine in chocolate appeals to chocolate lovers.

It gets people out of sad moods.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. People consume carbohydrates, a component of chocolate.

Their moods improve and they feel more alert.
a. Use a subordinator: ………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
7. We can eat chocolate to get all the benefits.

We might gain weight.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. People think that they are addicted to chocolate.

They have two choices.
a. Use a subordinator: ………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. They can quit eating chocolate altogether.

They can try to eat less.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Many people won’t give up their chocolate habit.

They can’t imagine a life without chocolate.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
III. Use the following sets of words and phrases given to write a complete sentence.
25
Writing 1
Dear Mother and Father,
1. You / be pleased / hear that I / meet / London Airport / Mr. and Mrs. Robinson and / son Michael.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Before I arrive it / rain for a week but / Sunday the sun shine / the first time.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Last Tuesday they take me / Buckingham Palace / I see the Changing of the Guard and listen /
the band.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Then we go / Hyde Park / have lunch / a restaurant.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. After we / eat / we go for a walk / see the Serpentine Lake.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. While we / walk / I buy a postcard / I enclose / this letter.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. London have many interesting places / see and I / enjoy / be here very much.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Mr. and Mrs. Robinson and Michael ask me / give / their kind regards.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Love,
Carl
IV. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one.
1. Although he makes a lot of money, he can’t save anything.
However …………………………………………………………………………..
2. Reports say that five people were killed yesterday in Ulster.
According …………………………………………………………………………
3. Though my garden was cheaper than Mary’s, it is bigger and more interesting.
Mary’s garden may ……………………………………………………………….
4. I’d prefer us to go to the cinema.
I’d rather ………………………………………………………………………….
5. We must consider the problem carefully.
Careful ……………………………………………………………………………
6. He didn’t revise for the test, so he failed it.
If ………………………………………………………………………………….
7. The fate of the two soldiers is unknown.
26
Writing 1
It’s a mystery …………………………………………………………………….
8. I wanted to take my dog for a walk but the rain put me off.
I was ……………………………………………………………………………..
9. Barbra Streisand is the singer I admire most of all.
There is ………………………………………………………………………….
10. I’d like the car to have five doors.
I’d like there …………………………………………………………………….
11. Remind me to buy some bread.
Don’t …………………………………………………………………………….
12. He explained to me how to start the car.
He explained to me how one …………………………………………………….
13. I don’t enjoy taking the dog for a walk four times a day.
Taking ……………………………………………………………………………
14. Lobster is a new experience for me.
It’s the ……………………………………………………………………………
15. We all felt tired because of the long journey.
The long journey …………………………………………………………………
16. We reached the station by nightfall.
We arrived ……………………………………………………………………….
17. The instructions say you just add warm milk to the pudding mix.
The pudding mix …………………………………………………………………
18. I don’t find those old films very interesting any more.
I’m no longer …………………………………………………………………….
19. Both of them look the same to me.
I can’t tell ………………………………………………………………………...
20. Smoking is forbidden in this theatre.
You aren’t ……………………………………………………………………….
UNIT 6
NOUN CLAUSES
I. NOUN CLAUSES
 A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Noun clauses are introduced by
subordinating words, such as WHO, WHOSE, WHAT, WHY, WHICH, WHEN, HOW or
subordinating conjunctions, such as IF, WHETHER, and THAT.
27
Writing 1
1. Wh-clauses
- What has been said cannot be reversed.
Subject
- I don’t know who won the prize.
Object
- The important thing is what you do, not what you say.
Complement
2. Whether- / If-clauses
- Whether you have a diploma or not makes a huge difference in a job market.
Subject
- Before buying something with a credit card, you should consider if you can afford it.
Object
- The issue is not whether you can live with others or not.
Complement
3. That-clauses
- That the human brain develops even after puberty was reported by some scholars.
Subject
= It was reported by some scholars that the human brain develops even after puberty.
Formal Subject Real Subject
- Some people argue that children are easily influenced by environmental changes.
Object
- The teacher made it clear that the homework should be submitted by Monday.
Formal Object Real Object
- My concern is that people do not care about others.
Complement
- I support the argument that all students should wear school uniforms.
Apposition
PRACTICE
I. Underline the noun clauses in the following passage
Research shows that a baby’s early experiences influence his brain development. What happens
in the first three years of a baby’s life affects his emotional development and learning abilities for
the rest of his life. It is a well-known fact that talking to infants increases their language ability and
that reading to them is the most important thing parents can do to raise a good reader. Some parents
even think that it’s important to play Mozart to babies and show them famous works of art. It is
known, however, that babies whose parents rarely talk to them or hold them can be damaged for
life. One study shows that kids who hardly play or who aren’t touched very much develop brains 20
to 50 percent smaller than normal.
Educators have known for a long time that kids raised in poverty enter school at a disadvantage.
To prevent a gap between the rich and the poor, they recommend early childhood education. A
recent study at the University of North Carolina followed children from preschool to young
adulthood. The results showed that children who got high quality preschool education from the time
they were infants benefited in later life. In this study, 35 percent of children who had preschool
education graduated from college, compared with only 14 percent of children who did not have
preschool education.
28
Writing 1
While it is important to give babies stimulating activities, experts warn that parents shouldn’t
overstimulate them.
(from Sandra N. Elbam)
1. She must have forgotten to phone Ted, so he didn’t know that we were to meet on Saturday evening.
2. Now when they’ve bought a much better car, they can go to Croatia in July.
3. You should realise that other people might think she is very angry on you about everything.
4. He could have won that fight a few years ago, but he definitely lacked self-confidence.
5. I find it hard to understand why didn’t he want to give me one more chance yesterday.
6. I wish someone had reminded me of buying some sugar when we were all in the shop.
7. Look! I’m not saying you took it, but you might have taken it because nobody was there.
8. Ted is a classical example of laziness – He hardly ever does anything at home.
9. As I’m a little bit confused right now I wouldn’t rather argue the point at the moment.
10. Those gangsters robbed two million dollars from the bank last night and nobody saw them!
11. How does he look like? Is he of average height, short or rather tall?
12. Not only he came late, but he was also completely unprepared and looked as though he had
never seen that kind of task before.
13. Let me tell you one thing! During driving you’d better concentrate on the road!
14. Mike used to relax himself after work by going for a long walk in one of the nearby woods.
15. I do not believe what our future has already been decided.
16. We should decide now that we can do for the next generation.
17. Scientists wonder why we will have another ice age in the future or not.
18. Some people do not realize how much we rely on natural resources.
19. Who are confident in their knowledge do not hesitate to speak in public.
20. There is no room for doubt that modern technology has increased people’s quality of life.
III. Combine each cluster by making sentence b a noun clause and putting it in sentence a in
place of SOMETHING. To form the noun clause, use the word indicated in parentheses.
Ex: a. Nora asked SOMETHING.
b. She could begin sometime. [when]
 Nora asked when she could begin.
1. a. He asked SOMETHING.
b. Pizzas are made some way. [how]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. a. Kenji wondered SOMETHING.
b. He should take a book. [which]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. a. SOMETHING has not been decided.
b. We will meet at someone’s house. [whose]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
29
Writing 1
4. a. The leader asked SOMETHING.
b. Someone could help her. [who]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. a. SOMETHING is puzzling to me.
b. They admire old buttons for a reason. [Why]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. a. Father suggested SOMETHING.
b. Something should be sent. [what]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. a. Luise wondered SOMETHING.
b. The cake would be done sometime. [when]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. a. She asked SOMETHING.
b. The new video was somewhere. [where]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. a. He couldn’t remember SOMETHING.
b. Fruit was in his lunch. [which]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. a. Mother knew SOMETHING.
b. The program was important to Julia. [how]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
IV. Combine each cluster by making sentence b a noun clause that takes the place of
something in sentence a – even when something is the subject of a. (In items 9 and 10 sentence
c becomes a clause that takes the place of something in sentence b.) Use that for statements
and if or whether for indirect questions.
Ex: a. He asked SOMETHING.
b. Is it raining? [whether]
 He asked whether it was raining.
1. a. He expected SOMETHING.
b. His father would fix the recorder. [that]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. a. Sonia asked SOMETHING.
b. Had we a ladder? [if]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. a. SOMETHING was clear.
b. We would be late because of the flat tire. [That]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. a. SOMETHING is plain to see.
b. We need a new car. [That]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. a. Kate said SOMETHING.
30
Writing 1
b. She met you. [no introductory word]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. a. The committee asked SOMETHING.
b. Were they experienced? [whether]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. a. Mother wondered SOMETHING.
b. Would he say what had happened?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. a. I called the store to see SOMETHING.
b. Could the coat be returned?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. a. SOMETHING seems obvious.
b. She should know SOMETHING.
c. Does she have the job?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. a. Waldo wondered SOMETHING.
b. Should he say SOMETHING?
c. He is not going.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Dear Sir,
1. I write / reply / your advertisement / yesterday’s Evening Guardian.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. In it you say / you look / secretary / good typing skills who be fluent / French / English.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. I just complete / two-year bilingual secretarial course / my local college.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. At / end / course I pass all / exams / good marks.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Before I start it / I spend / year / France / living / French family.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. While I be there / I learn / speak French fluently.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. I be very grateful / you send me more information about / job / application form.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. I look forward / hear / you.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Yours faithfully,
31
Writing 1
Janet Waters
1. “Will you open the window, Mary?” she asked.
She asked ……………………………………………………………….
2. Rugby isn’t as popular among boys in Poland as football.
Football …………………………………………………………………
3. If you forget your ID, you cannot go in.
Unless …………………………………………………………………..
4. On the arrival of Aunt Grace I left the house.
The moment …………………………………………………………….
5. There are some biscuits in that box.
That box ………………………………………………………………...
6. On a plane, I never know where to put my luggage.
On a plane, I never know where I am …………………………………..
7. His sister must be dead.
His sister can’t ………………………………………………………….
8. He is thought to be very wise.
People think …………………………………………………………….
9. My daughter started walking when she was nine months old.
My daughter has ………………………………………………………..
10. Twenty thousand tourists visit the salt mine in Wieliczka every month.
By the end of the month ………………………………………………..
11. The steps were so dirty we couldn’t sit on them.
The steps were too dirty ………………………………………………..
12. Peter’s always been easy to get on with.
Peter’s always been an …………………………………………………
13. We refused to listen to his arguments.
We wouldn’t ……………………………………………………………
14. There were some doubts about her age.
We had …………………………………………………………………
15. I wanted to know whose those books were.
“Who …………………………………………………………………..
16. Walking in the mountains is good for your health.
It ……………………………………………………………………….
17. I’d advise you not to listen to his lies.
I wouldn’t ………………………………………………………………
18. I haven’t seen your wife for a long time.
It’s ……………………………………………………………………..
19. I regretted that she didn’t want to marry me.
To my ………………………………………………………………….
32
Writing 1
20. People who smoke in the cinema will be asked to leave.
If you …………………………………………………………………..
UNIT 7
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
I. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
 The adjective clauses are introduced by relative pronouns (WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT),
relative adjective WHOSE, or by relative adverbs (WHEN, WHERE, WHY).
 The adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun; therefore, it follows the noun or pronoun in
some other clause.
- A man who would do that would do anything.
- Here lies one whose name will never be forgotten.
- Is that the girl whom we met yesterday?
- This is the place where we last saw him.
II. NOTE
An adjective clause may be either restrictive or non- restrictive.
 A restrictive (defining) adjective clause is necessary to the meaning of the sentence. It is not
separated from the main clause by commas.
- Any worker who is lazy deserves to lose his job.
 A non-restrictive (non-defining) adjective clause only adds an extra detail. It is not necessary to
the meaning of the sentence and is always separated from the main clause by commas.
- Henry Smith, who is very lazy, will lose his job.
 WHO and WHICH can be used in both restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses, but THAT
can only be used in restrictive relative clauses:
- Air, which we breathe, is made up of many gases (Not: that)
- My father, who met you yesterday, is a farmer. (Not: that)
PRACTICE
I. Read the paragraph and underline the three sentences that have adjective clauses.
A Possible Problem with the Schools
The school district in our city has a problem. The teachers who work in the city’s schools say they
might go on strike. The problem is money. The teachers want to go on strike because they get
salaries that are very low. They say the salaries are not fair, so they want the school officials to raise
teachers’ salaries. There will be an emergency meeting of the school board this evening, and the
public is invited. The teachers hope the people who attend the meeting will agree with them about
the low salaries. Will the teachers go on strike? We are going to learn the answer to this question at
tonight’s meeting.
II. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words: that, whether, who, whose, which, how,
where, or what.
33
Writing 1
1. People think ________ they have vacations to take breaks from their daily routines.
2. It is true ________ most adolescents are rebellious.
3. That is the village ________ I used to live.
4. ________ you are rich or poor does not decide your worth.
5. Scientists have studied ________ can be done to stop global warming.
6. I trust Susan, a friend ________ always takes my side.
7. Many people do not know ________ serious Internet crimes are.
8. I like discussion classes in ________ I can express my opinions.
9. Some moviegoers do not like a movie ________ story is too simple.
10. ________ a good teacher should do is encourage his students to try harder.
11. My parents told me ________ I should not take advantage of others.
12. The question is ________ there is something we can learn from video games or not.
1. It is you which decides your future.
2. Expensive restaurants do not let in people who clothing is untidy.
3. A number of people make online communities which they can make friends.
4. The government should help people who cannot take care of themselves.
5. I would like to build a small house that I can live with my family.
6. You should follow your own rules what guide your behavior.
7. Who are confident in their knowledge do not hesitate to speak in public.
8. Grayna Torbicka is said to be one of the most popular TV speakers in Poland.
9. Mary’s never been a good cooker; in fact, she doesn’t even know how to make a pancake.
10. There is too little time to have a proper lunch now because it is only a ten-minutes break.
11. Very few people know that Ted will come back here in about three and half year.
12. They needn’t have taken a taxi! Our house is only a short walk from the station.
13. The truth is that most of people wouldn’t agree to such an absolutely preposterous plan.
14. I wish I would play the trumpet or any other musical instrument, but I can’t.
15. Even though her face looks familiar for me, her name doesn’t tell me anything.
16. All the developed countries of the West have a high level of living which makes life a lot more
comfortable there.
17. The peoples of Asia are known to have had a more nomadic lifestyle in the past.
18. No one is quite sure whether John got divorced with his wife six years ago.
19. Although I told her what had happened to me, she didn’t feel sympathetic at all.
20. I’m learning Spanish for over two years with very little success so far.
IV. Combine the two sentences into one by using an adjective clause.
1. Go and see the nurse. She will check your blood pressure.
2. That is the nurse. That nurse checked my blood pressure.
3. Penguins are birds. Penguins cannot fly.
4. My aunt is coming to visit us. She lives in London.
34
Writing 1
5. The coat was hanging in the hall. The coat was badly stained.
6. I want the spade. The spade is in the tool shed.
7. I’ll catch the number 52 bus. The number 52 will take me right to the theatre door.
8. The professor of French was a tall thin man. I forget his name.
9. We visited the farm. Robert Burns once lived there.
10. The man is my daughter’s father-in-law. The man won a prize for the best chrysanthemums.
11. The man is my daughter’s father-in-law. They gave the man the prize for the best chrysanthemums.
12. People need their cars. People live in rural areas.
13. The woman understands me best. She is my mother.
14. The park has a lake in it. The park is near our house.
15. This article praises the national heroes. The history books have forgotten them.
16. What was the name of the boy? You borrowed these books from him.
17. I’ll introduce you to the man. His support for the project is essential.
18. The dam is nearly empty. We receive our water supply from it.
19. I put my watch in a certain place. I cannot remember the place.
20. The clerk doesn’t work here any more. You asked about him.
Dear John,
1. I write / cancel our meeting / tennis club / Wednesday 13th.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. As you can see / this notepaper I be still / Madrid.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. I arrive / Monday 4th / expect / return / London / Thursday 7th July.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Things not go according / plan / I have / stay several more days.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. I / meet Mr. Martinez / Tuesday 5th July / visit his factory / inspect / new products.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. However, we not yet reach agreement / prices / delivery dates.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. The contract not sign yet / I must stay until it be.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Despite / difficulties I enjoy visit / Prado museum / eat / excellent restaurants here.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. I phone you / I be back / London.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
35
Writing 1
Yours,
Bob
1. He refuses to help me.
He won’t ……………………………………………………………
2. Surely the theatre isn’t full already!
The theatre ………………………………………………………….
3. It appears that no one noticed my absence.
Apparently ………………………………………………………….
4. I didn’t think much of the film.
I didn’t think the ……………………………………………………
5. It was many years since I had been to the opera.
I …………………………………………………………………….
6. I’m only interested in why he did it..
The only thing ……..……………………………………………….
7. Kate met Bob during a tour of London.
While she …………………………………………………………...
8. She was a blonde last time I saw her.
When I ………………………………………………………………
9. It was at Stalingrad that Hitler was defeated for the first time.
Stalingrad was ………………………………………………………
10. Her eyes were red with crying.
Because ……………………………………………………………..
11. We didn’t realize until later that she was their daughter.
Only later ……………………………………………………………
12. It was the first time I had visited the British Museum.
I ……………………………………………………………………..
13. We didn’t think the meal was very good.
We didn’t think ……………………………………………………..
14. We drank all the wine before they arrived.
By the time ………………………………………………………….
15. It appears that she is single.
She …………………………………………………………………
16. Margaret left me a message.
I had ……………………………………………………………….
17. The students always laugh at him.
He ………………………………………………………………….
18. It’s difficult to answer this question.
36
Writing 1
To ………………………………………………………………….
19. My sister has always been easy to get on with.
Getting …………………………………………………………….
20. Which house do you live in?
Which is …………………………………………………………...
UNIT 8
ADVERB CLAUSES
I. ADVERB CLAUSES
 Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions (WHEN, WHERE, AS,
THOUGH, BECAUSE, IF, etc.)
 The adverb clause modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb in some other clause.
- They fought as heroes do. (modifying the verb FIGHT)
- It’s later than you think. (modifying the adjective LATE)
- He worked so hard that he fell ill. (modifying the adverb HARD)
 There are 9 kinds of Adverb clauses:
1. Adverb clause of TIME
 Introduced by WHEN, WHENEVER, WHILE, AS, AS SOON AS, UNTIL, SINCE, BEFORE,
AFTER, BY THE TIME.
 The future tenses are not used in these clauses.
- I’ll do it when I have time.
- All things are difficult before they are easy.
2. Adverb clause of PLACE
 Introduced by WHERE, WHEREVER, AS FAR AS, AS NEAR AS.
- You may sit where you like
- I’ll follow you as far as you go.
3. Adverb clause of MANNER
 Introduced by AS, AS IF, AS THOUGH.
- Everything was carried out as we had planned
- He behaves as if he were a king.
4. Adverb clause of CAUSE (or REASON)
 Introduced by BECAUSE, SINCE, AS, NOW THAT, SEEING THAT.
- Let’s go to bed, as it is now late.
- Because he was lazy, he lost his job.
5. Adverb clause of RESULT
37
Writing 1
 Introduced by SO THAT, SO ... THAT, SUCH ... THAT.
- He worked so hard that he fell ill.
- Nothing more was heard of him, so that people thought he was dead.
6. Adverb clause of PURPOSE
 Introduced by THAT, SO THAT, IN ORDER THAT, LEST, FOR FEAR (THAT)
- Speak clearly so that they can understand you.
- We worked carefully lest we should make mistakes.
7. Adverb clause of CONCESSION (or CONTRAST)
 Introduced by ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH, HOWEVER (+ Adj / Adverb), NO
MATTER (HOW / WHAT / WHEN), WHATEVER, WHETHER ... OR NOT.
- Though he is poor, he is honest.
- He is never satisfied, no matter how hard I work.
8. Adverb clause of COMPARISON
 Introduced by AS ... AS, -ER ... THAN, MORE ... THAN, LESS ... THAN.
 The Verb or both the Subject and the Verb may be omitted from these clauses.
- She sang less beautifully than I expected.
- He likes you more than (he likes) me.
9. Adverb clause of CONDITION
 Introduced by IF, IF ONLY. IN CASE, SO LONG AS, UNLESS, PROVIDING, PROVIDED,
ON CONDITION THAT.
- We’ll come unless it rains.
- Were he here, he would help me.
II. NOTE
 The same clause may be a noun clause in one sentence, an adjective clause in another, and an
adverb clause in another. This entirely depends on its function in the sentence.
- They stopped where the treasure was hidden without knowing it.
(Adverb clause)
- Where the treasure was hidden is still unknown.
(Noun clause)
- No one has found the place where the treasure was hidden.
(Adjective clause)
PRACTICE
I. Underline the subordinate clauses (or clause) in each of the following sentences and then
write their names and functions.
Ex: Our boss accepted the plan we proposed because he liked it.
- we proposed:  Adj clause, modifying the noun PLAN
- because he liked it:  Adv clause of reason, modifying the verb ACCEPT.
38
Writing 1
1. Have you ever asked your doctor what a disease is?

2. I forgot to tell you the time when I’ll return.
3. That you are in good health again pleases all of us.
4. He tried for a long time before he succeeded.
5. The people who never fail are those who never try.
6. If Jane comes, should we show her the photographs you brought?
7. We were still eighty miles from where we were going.
8. Attracted by the high wages, many people moved to the big cities where they found jobs in
factories.
9. My uncle laughed at me when I ran from a cow that only wanted to be friendly.
10. When I got to the station, I learnt that the train that I had expected to get had left ten minutes
before.
11. Miss Sullivan is annoyed if we come in after the bell, which is hung above the front door, has
rung twice.
12. The day after I arrived, I met a friend whom I had not seen since he moved to the South.
II. Using the appropriate conjunctions, combine the following sentence pairs.
1. People feel satisfied. + They are praised for what they have done.
2. You do not face your problem. + You cannot solve it.
3. Children will be much healthier. + They do not eat fast food.
4. You quit your job. + You should give notice to your employer.
5. Some teachers want their students to attend class. + They get sick.
6. I grew up in a big city. + I did not have many chances to see wildflowers.
7. You live in a foreign country. + You cannot learn its language without making an effort.
8. We all know. + Every human being is destined to die someday.
9. Students attend a summer camp. + They can participate in various outdoor activities.
10. Some people prefer hiking in the mountains. + Others prefer swimming in the sea.
1. Some cities are such dangerous that nobody is seen on the streets after dusk.
2. If it had not been for the Ice Age, the dinosaurs might survive much longer.
3. I wish every student have his own computer at school.
4. While some people wish to work for a big company, others prefer a small company.
5. Unless you are not willing to sacrifice yourself for your children, you should not become a parent.
6. You are recommended to keep the receipt while you buy something.
7. If we could prevent school violence, the juvenile crime rate would be much lower than now.
8. Before you miss your favorite TV show, you can watch it on the Internet.
9. Some parents cannot take care of their children even though they love their children.
10. As long as you move to a foreign country, you will experience cultural differences
11. A computer was one of the most important and revolutionary inventions of the 20th century.
39
Writing 1
12. I suggest running the subway 24 hours a day that people who work at night can use it.
13. Having described her in detail, Mike went on to talk about something else.
14. A lot of politics tend to make promises which they usually forget about soon after they are elected.
15. According to me, there should be more good schools in this town.
16. Mary usually does a lot of homework because her husband hardly ever does anything in the house.
17. Although his theory was difficult and complicated, few people understood it.
18. They had to make a lot of complicated experiments, but in the end they were successful.
19. When Ted said to his wife that he no longer loved her she burst into tears and ran out of the room.
20. Mary stopped to smoke last month and, when you look at her now, she seems to have put on
weight.
IV. Combine each cluster into one or more sentences. Combine two or more clusters if you
wish
1.1 Most summer days are carefree.
1.2 Most summer days are relaxing. [and]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.1 There is no schoolwork.
2.2 There is no summer school. [(...)]
2.3 There is no special wake-up time.
2.4 There are a few jobs to do. [,but]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3.1 The household chores assigned by Mother are done. [After]
3.2 We have free time.
3.3 We might visit the library.
3.4 The library is public.
3.5 We might go to the pool. [or]
3.6 The pool is in the park.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
4.1 We play board games.
4.2 This is usual. [-ly]
4.3 This is on rainy days.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5.1 We don’t have much money. [Because]
5.2 We look for inexpensive activities.
5.3 The history museum is free.
5.4 We like to visit the museum. [that]
5.5 People demonstrate spinning and weaving.
5.6 People volunteer at the museum. [who]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
40
Writing 1
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6.1 We often look for several players.
6.2 These players will make up a team. [to]
6.3 We play volleyball.
6.4 We play baseball. [Either … or]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
7.1 Sometimes we pack a lunch and wander to the river.
7.2 The lunch is sandwiches and apples. [— … —]
7.3 The ducks make us laugh.
7.4 The ducks are paddling in the river.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8.1 A summer day is a day to wear old clothes.
8.2 It is a day to relax.
8.3 It is a day to enjoy life.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Dear Tom and Mary,
1. As you see / address above, / we move house.
2. We move / month ago / James be / holiday.
3. When we last meet / we tell you / we plan / move.
4. At / time we not know exactly when, / where we go to.
5. Our new house be nearer / you live / old one, so we hope / see you more often.
6. This house be brand new, / have / large garden.
7. If you like / come round, just give / ring / we arrange something.
8. We have / party / September 30th but / we like / see you earlier / that if you can manage it.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Best wishes,
41
Writing 1
Rosemary
1. She looks at her photographs for hours.
She spends ……………………………………………………………………
2. The weather isn’t warm enough to go for a walk.
The weather is ………………………………………………………………..
3. We were depressed by the news.
We found …………………………………………………………………….
4. The window opened silently.
Someone ……………………………………………………………………..
5. We managed to escape but we weren’t yet safe.
We managed to escape but we weren’t out ………………………………….
6. I was writing this letter all evening.
I spent ………………………………………………………………………..
7. We aren’t rich enough to go to Florida.
We are ……………………………………………………………………….
8. My daughter’s clothes cost her a lot of money.
My daughter …………………………………………………………………
9. The car is working well.
The car is in …………………………………………………………………
10. My name heads the list of the best students.
My name is at ……………………………………………………………….
11. The wood split in the dry air.
The dry air …………………………………………………………………..
12. After twenty years in prison at last he was free.
After twenty years in prison at last he was at ………………………………
13. Bananas are more expensive than apples.
Apples ………………………………………………………………………
14. He doesn’t want to stay at home tonight.
He doesn’t fancy ……………………………………………………………
15. I spent a month studying for my exam.
I ……………………………………………………………………………..
16. I’m sure that she’s telling lies.
She must ……………………………………………………………………
17.You have very beautiful cats.
What ………………………………………………………………………..
18.You didn’t listen to the instructions, so you don’t know where to go now.
If ……………………………………………………………………………
19. He hardly makes a living, though he works long hours.
He hardly makes a living, in spite of ………………………………………
42
Writing 1
20. Betty could swim better than Mary.
Mary ……………………………………………………………………….
UNIT 9
THE PHRASES
I. PHRASES
 A phrase is a group of related words without a subject and finite verb that is used as a part of a
clause or sentence.
II. THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE.
 As an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun (called an adjective phrase).
- The girl in the red dress is my cousin.
- Nobody likes a person with a bad temper.
- Why ask me, of all the people here, to lead the team?
 As an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb (called an adverb phrase).
- The guests are coming at 5 o’clock.
- Our country is rich in minerals.
- I hope you will work better in future.
III. THE PARTICIPIAL PHRASE
 As an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun (called an adjective phrase)
- The man coming towards us is an engineer
- She listened to him practising the piano.
- Smiling sweetly, the girl took her place.
- Lessons learned easily are soon forgotten.
- Painted bright red, the bicycle looks new.
 The present participle expresses active meaning; the past participle expresses passive meaning.
- The boy eating a banana is my brother.
(who is eating a banana)
- The boy sent to me is very lazy.
(who was sent to me)
 A participial phrase should be placed as close as possible to the word it modifies.
- I saw John sitting at my desk. (John was sitting at my desk.)
- Sitting at my desk, I saw John (I was sitting at my desk.)
 A participial phrase, besides modifying a noun or pronoun, can be used:
1. as an equivalent of an independent clause, indicating an action performed at the same time or
immediately before the action of the finite verb.
- Crowds stood outside the Palace, cheering the President.
(Crowds were standing outside the Palace and they were cheering the President.)
- Opening a drawer, he took out a small wooden box.
(He opened a drawer and took out a small wooden box.)
43
Writing 1
- Somewhat confused, he wondered why they had laughed at him.
(He was somewhat confused and he wondered why they had laughed at him.)
2. as an equivalent of an adverb clause of Time, Cause, Condition, Manner, etc. A preposition or a
conjunctive adverb may introduce a participial phrase in this use.
 Time
- Trembling with excitement, she undid the parcel.
(She undid the parcel while she was trembling with excitement.)
- On hearing the news, she collapsed.
(When she heard the news, she collapsed.)
- After visiting Paris, I went on to Rome.
 Cause
- Feeling hot and dusty, she took a bath.
(Because she felt hot and dusty, she took a bath.)
- Being young, he was easily led by bad people.
- Encouraged by my success, my brother decided to give up drinking.
- Having very little money, they found life hard and dull.
- Having known him, I was very sad to hear of his death.
 Condition
- Left in the sun, the cloth will lose all its colour.
(If the cloth is left in the sun, it will lose all its colour.)
- Even a coward, driven into a corner, would fight.
 Manner
- Open the packet by cutting along the dotted line.
- By keeping quiet, you might save yourself a lot of trouble.
IV. THE GERUND PHRASE
 As a noun to function as the subject of a verb, object of a verb, complement of a verb, object of
a preposition, etc. (called a noun phrase)
- Bill’s getting sacked was a big surprise.
- He proposed setting up a committee.
- His bad habit is talking in class.
- We’re looking forward to seeing you.
V. THE INFINITIVE PHRASE
 As a noun to function as the subject of a verb, object of a verb, complement of a verb, object of
a preposition, etc. (called a noun phrase)
- To swim in the ocean is fun.
- You need to work harder.
- His wish was to become a doctor.
- John’s dream, to win a scholarship, has come true.
 As an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun (called an adjective phrase)
- He gave her permission to leave early.
44
Writing 1
- She was looking for someone to help her.
 As an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb (called an adverb phrase)
- He has gone to see his teacher.
- We are happy to hear of your success.
- He explained how best to cure malaria.
PRACTICE
I. Underline the prepositional, participial, gerund, and infinitive phrases in each sentence
and then state whether they function as noun, adjective, or adverb phrases:
Ex: The boy sitting near me was reading a book about pirate.
(Adj. phrase) (Adj. phrase)
1. Many children with talent performed at the concert for the Red Cross.
2. Paul drove around the block, looking for a parking space.
3. Delayed by a storm, the ship came into port a day late.
4. With growing interest, we listened to the story.
5. Joining clubs is a way of meeting new people.
6. To be successful doesn’t necessarily mean to be wealthy.
7. Alex, looking very unhappy, was leaning against the fence, watching the game.
8. Our neighbours across the road are moving to a house around the corner.
9. Our first job, painting the fence, took all morning.
10. The birds, made bold by hunger, came to the very doorsteps for food.
1. In the exam he was asked five different questions, but he didn’t answer none of them.
2. Young will never understand how hard it is to be old and lonely these days.
3. However people are rich, they always seem to want more and more.
4. Poland has just entered into a new trade agreement with Russia, which will bring us two billion
Euros over the next six years.
5. Had she a nervous breakdown after her husband’s tragic death last month?
6. Mary was at a loss as to what to say when John gave her a bunch of roses and proposed to her.
7. Unless your cousin goes for a diet, she won’t be able to get into this dress any more.
8. It wasn’t until Ted got there that he realised what his boss wanted him to do.
9. To go to the USA and travel for more than a month you should have at least four thousand
dollars; otherwise they will not even let you into the country.
10. You mustn’t eat this soup because it is the only food we have. We can eat out tonight.
11. I can see you’ve just had your hair dyed. They look very beautiful now.
12. It could be more social workers who would take care of the poor in our country.
13. The shop assistant had to make a mistake making out that receipt.
45
Writing 1
14. Ted didn’t want to meet his ex-wife yesterday and asked me to tell her he isn’t in the office
when she came to see him.
15. Strange as it may seem, more I work less money I can save.
16. After getting out of the bus in the heat of an August afternoon, we began the business of going
round some small hotels looking for a room.
17. European Union cannot solve Poland’s economic problems even though we are a member state.
18. While Ted was trying to swim through the river he got cramp in his leg.
19. What was wrong with you? You looked as if you had seen a ghost!
20. John felt much better when he got used to drink some herbal tea in the evening.
III. Join the two clauses or sentences by using participial phrases.
1. The mother smiled happily. She took the baby in her arms.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. She remembered that she had left the key at home, so she came back to get it.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. While I was walking along the street, I saw a terrible accident.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The bridge was destroyed by US bombings. It is being rebuilt now.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Although I had to admit he was right, I did not like it.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. He was trained for two years in the US. He is one of the most skilled workers in the factory.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. We hope to earn some extra money. We raise pigs and chickens.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. The hotel is situated on the coast. It is full of tourists in summer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. After they have finished the training course, they will become specialists in agriculture.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. The Prime Minister stood by the airplane and waved goodbye to everybody at the airport.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
IV. Combine each group of simple sentences into one long one. You may change the order of
the words, if appropriate, but not the sense.
1. I told Jan to hurry. It was getting dark. We had to reach the village before night. The village was
eight kilometers away.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. We could see a few houses higher up. We couldn’t see a path. We decided to climb the rock.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. We reached the top. We saw that the houses were deserted. The houses were old and broken.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Writing 1
4. Port Sudan is an important port. It is on the Red Sea. Sudan produces cotton. The cotton passes
through Port Sudan.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-on-Avon. His plays are known all over the world
wherever English is spoken. He was born about four hundred years ago.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
V. Combine each cluster into one or more sentences. Combine two or more clusters if you wish
1.1 A nightmare is a dream.
1.2 It is frightening.
1.3 Common nightmares involve feeling trapped.
1.4 Common nightmares involve feeling lost [or]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.1 Kevin wrote a paper about a dream.
2.2 Laura wrote a paper about a dream. [Both … and]
2.3 Kevin dreamed he was on a bus.
2.4 He was on the bus at night.
2.5 He thought he was going home.
2.6 The bus traveled through a strange neighborhood. [but]
2.7 The bus stopped. [and]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3.1 Kevin got off the bus. [When]
3.2 He was on a street.
3.3 The street was unfamiliar.
3.4 People stared at him.
3.5 People were on street corners. [who]
3.6 Suddenly Kevin was riding a bicycle.
3.7 This was in his dream.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4.1 He rode to the end of a dark street. [As]
4.2 His bicycle became bent and twisted.
4.3 Kevin was glad.
4.4 He was actually relieved. [— … —]
4.5 He discovered he was awake. [to]
4.6 He was in his own bed.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5.1 The dream of Laura was similar. [‘s]
5.2 She was in a house.
5.3 The house was perched on a cliff.
47
Writing 1
5.4 The owners were away.
5.5 She had come to visit them. [whom]
5.6 She had never been in the house. [Although]
5.7 She felt afraid.
5.8 She decided she would leave. [and, to]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6.1 She could not find a door.
6.2 She could not find any windows. [Not only … but also]
6.3 Laura has been reading too many mysteries.
6.4 She has been watching too many scary movies! [Either … or]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7.1 I heard Kevin and Laura read their papers. [After]
7.2 They read about their bad dreams.
7.3 I realized something. [that]
7.4 My scary dreams seem less frightening.
VI. Use the following sets of words and phrases given to write a complete sentence.
Dear Mrs. Brown,
1. I write / tell / how much I enjoy / few hours I spend / you and your family yesterday evening.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. I be / England since / beginning / October and this be / first invitation to dinner / English family.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. I find / conversation most interesting and I be glad / practice / English.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. I also like / congratulate you / excellent cooking.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. I be very grateful / all / helpful information you give me / courses / English.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. I hope / find / suitable school / next few days.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. You give / best wishes / husband and children?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Thank you again / extremely pleasant evening.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. I look forward / see you next month.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Yours sincerely,
Maria
VII. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one.
48
Writing 1
1. I won’t write this letter in less than twenty minutes.
Writing ………………………………………………………………………..
2. In spite of her beauty, she doesn’t have a boyfriend.
Although ………………………………………………………………………
3. My mother is a better cook than me.
I don’t ………………………………………………………………………...
4. They’ll definitely move out unless anything unexpected comes up.
They’ll definitely move out as ………………………………………………..
5. If you tell her my secret, I’ll never speak to you again.
Tell ……………………………………………………………………………
6. It isn’t really necessary for us to go there together.
We ……………………………………………………………………………
7. He may work hard, but he’ll fail the exam.
However ……………………………………………………………………...
8. Although he makes a lot of money, he cannot save anything.
It doesn’t ……………………………………………………………………..
9. He’ll probably marry Joan.
He’s ………………………………………………………………………….
10. The meat was too salty too eat.
The meat was so ……………………………………………………………..
11. How difficult it is to answer this question!
It’s difficult ………………………………………………………………….
12. The manager is not to be disturbed.
On no account ………………………………………………………………
13. My wife is impossible to please.
To please ……………………………………………………………………
14. Mary’s always been easy to get on with.
How …………………………………………………………………………
15. He’s an extremely dangerous driver.
He …………………………………………………………………………..
16. He cannot be invited here under any circumstances.
Under no circumstances …………………………………………………….
17. I think you shouldn’t go to the party.
Were …………………………………………………………………………
18. I last had flu five years ago.
I haven’t …………………………………………………………………….
19. It’s such a pity you can’t come along.
If only ………………………………………………………………………
20. I eat less and less, yet I gain more and more weight.
The …………………………………………………………………………
49
Writing 1
UNIT 10
PARALLELISM
I. PARALLELISM
 The sentence parts must be parallel; that is, they must have the same grammatical form.
- Junk foods may cause diabetes, heart disease, and obesity.
N N N
- Junk foods may cause you to develop diabetes, to have heart disease, and to gain weight.
Phrase Phrase Phrase
- If you eat junk foods, it is said that you may develop diabetes, that you may have heart disease,
Clause Clause
and that you may gain weight.
Clause
1. Parallelism with Words

- Not every expensive handmade item is both creative and artistic.
Adj Adj
- Trains, buses, and ferries are examples of public transportation.
N N N
- Some work needs to be done not quickly but precisely.
Adv Adv
2. Parallelism with Phrases

- He not only finished his reading assignment but also wrote an essay.
Verb phrase Verb phrase
- They wanted to paint the living room, to lay a new carpet, and to buy a new sofa.
Inf phrase Inf phrase Inf phrase
- Working out, eating organic foods, and taking a rest are the best ways to maintain good health.
Gerund phrase Gerund phrase Gerund phrase
3. Parallelism with Clauses

- When we took our trip, we not only visited Rome, but we also went skiing in Switzerland.
Clause Clause
- The mass media neither gives us the necessary information, nor does it tell us the truth.
Clause Clause
- Either you save money for a rainy day, or you just splurge today.
Clause Clause
PRACTICE
I. Fill in each blank with the correct form of the given word
1. Owing to the Internet, information searches have become _______ and faster. (easy)
2. Smoking heavily and _______ too much are bad habits that will harm your health. (drink)
3. Usually, the speeches of good leaders are either persuasive or _______. (inform)
4. Adventurous people are neither afraid of failure nor _______ about danger. (worry)
5. Living with a stranger is not as enjoyable as _______ with your friend. (live)
6. Some people feel more comfortable when they are alone than _______ are with others. (they)
50
Writing 1
7. We need formal education not only _______ knowledge but also to learn social skills. (gain)
8. The harder you work, _______ you will get to your dream. (close)
9. Some classes are too boring to concentrate or _______ to catch up with. (fast)
10. He is young, intelligent, and _______. (charm)
1. When he was a college student, he learned to play tennis, to golf, and swimming.
2. Do not speak out, but raise your hand.
3. To face adversity, to solve problems, and to overcome difficulties all give one a sense of
satisfaction.
4. We enjoyed the perfect weather and seeing fjords in Norway.
5. Go to Window A, ask for a form, and bring it back to me.
6. Before he died, he had sold his house, wrote a will, and set up a trust fund.
7. Her hobbies are reading, playing the piano, and gardening.
8. Being a homemaker is as difficult as working in an office.
9. After years of dealing with the public, she developed great charm, wit, and confident.
10. On their vacation they enjoyed swimming at the beach, walking through the quaint streets, and
sitting in the picturesque parks.
11. He could not decide whether to get a job or studying.
12. Although he was quick to criticize, he was slow praising his students.
13. The presidential candidate was a man of intellectual strength, moral character, and personal
integrity.
14. The bellhop took my bags to my room, opened the door, and puts them at the foot of the bed.
15. Jogging is more vigorous exercise than to play golf.
16. Going on vacation is more fun than to work in the summer.
17. When they were in Mexico, they saw museums, ruins, and folk dancing.
18. She likes to read, to travel, and to paint.
19. They came out of the building hurriedly, hailed a cab, and jumped into it.
20. Her husband had bought a house, found a job, and chose a school for the children before she
arrived.
III. Combine each cluster into one or more sentences. Combine two or more clusters if you wish
1.1 Kim, Oscar, and I went to the mall last Saturday. [When]
1.2 We had a strange experience.
1.3 We’re still not certain what really happened. [, and]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.1 My sister dropped us off.
2.2 She actually offered to drive us there. [who]
51
Writing 1
2.3 She dropped us off about noon.
2.4 She was probably meeting a friend.
2.5 The friend was Connie. [(...)]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3.1 We took a look around the food court. [After]
3.2 We headed over to the eight-screen theater.
3.3 We passed up three of the movies.
3.4 The movies were not on our list. [that]
3.5 They were not on our list of things to see. [, but]
3.6 We did want to check out Aliens II.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4.1 We can barely come up with enough money.
4.2 This is ordinary. [-ly]
4.3 This is for three tickets plus popcorn.
4.4 We finally managed to find enough loose change. [, but]
4.5 We found it by going through all our pockets.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5.1 We had just stumbled into our seats.
5.2 I noticed this person in front of us. [when]
5.3 I nudged Kim. [and]
5.4 His eyes practically popped out.
5.5 Oscar was too busy to notice.
5.6 Oscar was inhaling his popcorn. [who]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6.1 The person in front of us was an actor.
6.2 He was left over from Aliens I. [Either…, or]
6.3 He was glowing.
6.4 He was shimmering, actually. [(…)]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7.1 Oscar finally noticed this strange figure.
7.2 The figure was sitting in front of us.
7.3 Oscar sat forward.
7.4 He cleared his throat.
52
Writing 1
7.5 He tapped this creature.
7.6 He tapped him on the shoulder.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8.1 I have seen some odd sights.
8.2 I have never seen a person. [, but]
8.3 His face was glowing green. [whose]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9.1 We didn’t stay for the movie.
9.2 Osar thinks we saw an actor.
9.3 Most actors have only two eyes. [, but]
9.4 I have seen actors. [whom]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
IV. Combine each group of sentences into one long sentence. You may change clauses into
phrases and some of the vocabulary, if appropriate, but not the sense. Avoid using AND
and BUT wherever possible.
1. The play was disappointing. It was badly acted and far too long. The costumes, however, were
very good.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. The lead role was played by a strikingly good-looking actor. This maintained the audience’s
interest to some extent. The actor did, nevertheless, have a rather irritating manner.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. He did not arrive until the party was nearly over. The simple reason was that he had fallen
asleep. He had been watching television.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. He made himself a cup of coffee. Then he ate several chocolate biscuits. He stared out of the
window for a while. Afterwards he sat down to work again.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. He died at the age of 91. He left his books to his grandson. He had had an especially close
relationship with him.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Dear Diana,
1. Thank you / much / your letter / arrive / few days ago.
53
Writing 1
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. It / be lovely / hear / you.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. I / be sorry / I not write / such / long time / but I / be very busy.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. As you know / we buy / new house / September.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. It / be / very bad condition / and it need / a lot / work.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. We finish / most / it now / and it look / very nice.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Peter and I / decide / give / house-warming party / May 3rd.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. You think / you / able / come?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Please give me / ring / let / know / you / make it.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. I / really / look forward / see you again.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Love,
Jenny
1. Can I ask you a personal question?

Would you………………………………………………………………………
2. How about going for a walk?
Why……………………………………………………………………………..
3. I’d advise you to study more if you want to pass your exam.
You’d……………………………………………………………………………
4. Too bad we spend so little time together.
I wish……………………………………………………………………………
5. How much do you earn a month, if you don’t mind me asking?
How much do you earn a month, if I……………………………………………
6. Why don’t we have a cup of tea?
Do you feel……………………………………………………………………..
7. I’d advise you to put your money in the bank.
You’d…………………………………………………………………………..
8. He must not be woken up.
He is……………………………………………………………………………
9. Supposing we go to the cinema?
How…………………………………………………………………………….
54
Writing 1
10. I don’t think you should go to the party.
If I………………………………………………………………………………
11. Will you be so kind/good as to close the door?
You wouldn’t…………………………………………………………………..
12. Can I call you Pat?
Would you mind……………………………………………………………….
13. If I were you I wouldn’t trust him so much.
I think…………………………………………………………………………..
14. You are to remember to call me the moment you land in London.
You mustn’t…………………………………………………………………….
15. You wouldn’t mind reading this poem to me, would you?
Will you be……………………………………………………………………..
16. I believe you two haven’t met.
I don’t ………………………………………………………………………….
17. I have worked for the bank for six years.
Six years ……………………………………………………………………….
18. There were six girls ahead of Mary in the line.
Mary was ……………………………………………………………………….
19. We had hardly arrived home when it started to rain.
No sooner ………………………………………………………………………
20. The only way to learn a foreign language is by hard work.
Only by …………………………………………………………………………
UNIT 11
TRANSITION WORDS
In addition to the two categories of joining words you have studied – coordinators and
subordinators – we have another category of words that show logical relationships between ideas –
transition words, such as however and therefore. Unlike coordinators and subordinators, transition
words do not join sentences.
Below is the summary table of the transition words.
Logical relationship Transition words
Addition also, moreover, in addition, furthermore, besides

Cause/effect therefore, thus, as a result, hence, consequently
Comparison similarly, likewise
Contrast however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other
hand, on the contrary
55
Writing 1
Alternative instead, on the other hand
Condition otherwise
Time then, next, afterwards, subsequently, first, second,
third, finally, meanwhile, in the meantime
General to specific for example, for instance
Restatement in other words
Because transition words do not join two sentences, we have to be aware of the correct ways to use
them. We have two choices:
1) We can join two logically related sentences with a semicolon (;) and show the logical
relationship with a transition word:
Many parents and educators are concerned about childhood obesity; therefore, some public
school districts have banned the sale of sodas on school grounds.
2) We can separate the logically related sentences with a period and show the logical relationship
with a transition word:
Many parents and educators are concerned about childhood obesity. Besides promoting good
exercise habits in children, these adults hope to encourage good nutrition at home and at
school.Therefore, they want public school districts to ban the sale of high-calorie sodas on
school grounds.
PRACTICE
I. In this exercise, read the entire passage and then decide what transition word would
effectively show the logical connection between the idea units. Write the transition word you
select in the blank space.
1. Many American public school districts have banned the sale of sodas on school grounds because
they are concerned about the growing epidemic of childhood obesity. But some parents and
educators claim that a ban on soda sales alone won’t be effective because children will still buy
sodas, or other beverages or snacks with high-sugar content, off campus.______________, they
propose that schools provide students with more opportunities for exercise and more information
about nutrition during school hours.
2. Whenever I clean my car, I have to spend a lot of time removing junk that has accumulated
beneath the seats and in the trunk before I can vacuum the interior and clean the leather, plastic,
and metal parts. ______________, I wash and dry the exterior and congratulate myself for a job
well done.
56
Writing 1
3. Some students and teachers are concerned about the discussion of controversial issues in the
classroom. Some students fear that they will be graded on whether or not they agree with the
teacher’s viewpoints, or they are afraid to express a minority opinion or an opinion that isn’t
politically correct. ______________, some teachers are concerned that a student may feel
uncomfortable if the classroom discussion turns to a topic that is taboo in a student’s culture or
religious group. Others worry that the class will go off track and they won’t get around to
covering the course material.
4. Since I have several siblings and only one television, we often battle about which TV program to
watch. Sometimes we take a vote, and the majority gets to enjoy the show of their choice.
______________, the losers wait impatiently until the program is over, often interrupting to
criticize the show.
5. Some people oppose stem cell research if it involves embryonic stem cells that come from
fertilized eggs donated by patients in fertility clinics. These opponents believe that fertilized eggs
are already human life. ______________, scientists can sidestep the controversy surrounding the
use of fertilized eggs by creating embryonic stem cells through merging unfertilized eggs with
other body cells, such as skin cells.
6. Once Madeline decided that she needed to lose weight, she began to make a plan because she
knew that she wouldn’t naturally change her junk-food or couch-potato habits. She knew that
group support would help keep her on track. ______________, she enrolled in a fitness club and
joined Weight Watchers.
II. Fill in the spaces with suitable transition words.
I have always enjoyed traveling. (1) ____________, I do it as often as I can. (2) ____________,
every summer I get away, preferably to another country either in South America or in Europe.
(3) _____________, I don’t always get a chance to leave this country. Sometimes I don’t have
enough money. (4) ___________, I am sometimes too busy to take off a month or two to travel.
(5) ______________, I usually do everything I can to get away. (6) ____________, I will work
55-hour weeks, spend nothing on myself, and go without luxuries such as a car or dining out,
just to save enough money for my trips. (7)____________, I even try to survive on peanut butter
sandwiches or baked potatoes to save money for my plane tickets.
57

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Writing 1

Ex: Jim slept.

Ex: Because I forgot to do my homework

- The meeting will last for at least three hours.

- Parents are the best teachers for their children.

- Computers have become very useful tools in modern life.

- Some people prefer to get up early in the morning.

4. Pattern 4: S + V + I.O + D.O

- Some schools give their students a long summer vacation.

- Good friends make school life happy.

- Watching fun movies allows me to take a break from my busy routine.

2. Friends are one of the most important influences on young adults.

3. Our city should build a new library for our children.

4. He wanted to buy a new car.

6. A happy life requires an optimistic attitude.

7. Some people change their jobs very frequently.

8. I was a child when I lived in a different country.

9. Inexperienced workers earn less money than experienced ones.

10. I could almost not breathe because of the stuffy atmosphere.

11. Many immigrants have a hard time adjusting to a new culture.

12. Our community offers students various after-school activities.

13. Modern apartment buildings are too expensive in my town.

14. Universities give students many opportunities to learn a variety of subjects.

2. the news / listened to / I / carefully.

3. well / the man / the piano / played.

4. games / played / yesterday / in their room / the children / quietly.

5. quietly / the door / he / opened.

6. a tree / in the corner of the garden / he / planted.

7 before lunch / the letter / in his office / quickly / he / read.

8. this morning / a book / I / from the library / borrowed.

9. there / a lot of people / are / at the bus-stop.

11. from their family / children / social skills / learning / start

12. firsthand experience / as / secondhand experience / is / important / as

14. are / all of us / responsible / air pollution / for

15. a novel / my interest / than / stimulates / more / a biography

2. I / not know / you arrive back / London.

3. You / have /good time / New York?

4. I look forward / hear / all about it.

5 Thank you / invite / me / dinner next weekend.

6. I / be afraid / not able / come / Sunday.

7. But I / be / free / following weekend.

8. Why / you call me / next few days?

II. Identify and correct 5 mistakes in the following passage.

1. a. Manny skated on the pond.

2. a. You can taste-test the dessert yourself.

3. a. He answered the letter late.

4. a. We watched the news on television.

5. a. The neighbors are on vacation.

7. a. Harry trained for the race.

8. a. Grandpa pitched the ball to me.

9. a. The tree grew tall.

10. a. Her jewelry must be real.

11. a. They went to hear the concert.

12. a. She could go over to her friend’s house.

13. a. He especially liked peppers on his pizza.

14. a. We know Kelly arrived early.

15. a. The math problem was not solved by me.

16. a. She could borrow her friend’s blouse.

17. a. The frozen yogurt was good.

18. a. Henry shoveled five driveways to earn money.

19. a. The play was interesting.

20. a. The wolves were howling.