Discovery of

Atomic
Structure
-CCCMANOOS-
NAT SCI 1
1ST SEM 2012-2013
The Discovery of Atomic
Structure
Review:

Properties
• Properties • Atoms
• Macroscopic • Explained by • Molecules
observation
looking at the
sub microscopic
Matter level Sub microscopic
level
The Atomic Theory of
Matter
 Democritus (460-370 BC)
 Thought that the material world must be made up
of tiny indivisible particles called the atomos

 Plato and Aristotle

 Formulated the notion that there can be no
ultimately indivisible particles.

 The Atomic View of matter faded

The Atomic Theory of
Matter
 The atomic view re-emerged in Europe (17th
century)
 Scientist tried to study and explain the properties of
gases
 “air is composed of something invisible and in
constant motion”
Dalton’s Postulates

1. Each element is composed of an extremely

small particles called atoms.
Dalton’s Postulates

2. All atoms of a given element are identical to one

another in mass and other properties, but the atoms
of one element are different from the atoms of other
elements.
Dalton’s Postulates

3. The atoms of one element can not be changed

into atoms of different element by chemical
reactions; atoms are neither created nor destroyed
in chemical reactions.
Dalton’s Postulates

4. Compounds are formed when atoms of more

than one element combine; a given compound
always has the same relative number and kind of
atoms.
Chemical Laws

 Law of Definite proportions

 Law of constant composition
 in a given compound, the relative number and
kinds of atoms are constant.

Ex. regardless of the source, water (H2O) always has

2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen.
Chemical Laws

 Law of Multiple Proportions

 If two elements combine to form more than one
compound, the mass of B that can combine with
the given amount of A are in ratio of small whole
numbers.

Ex. Consider a molecule of water (H2O) and a

molecule of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) , both
substances contains hydrogen and oxygen
Chemical Laws

consider the amount and calculate the mass of H

atoms in each substance:

H2O = 2 atoms of H x 1.0078 amu = 2.156 amu

H2O2 = 2 atoms of H x 1.0078 amu = 2.156 amu

Both substance have2.156 amu of H atoms per

molecule therefore the ratio of H atom is 1:1
Chemical Laws

 Consider the amount and calculate the mass of

O atoms for each substance:

H2O = 1 atom of O x 15.9994 amu =

15.9994 amu

H2O2 = 2 atoms of O x 15.9994 amu =

31.9988 amu
Chemical Laws

 Water has 15.9994 amu of oxygen while hydrogen

peroxide has 31.9988 amu of oxygen thereby
having a ratio of 1:2 Oxygen which means that
hydrogen peroxide has twice as much oxygen as
water.
Chemical Laws

 Law of Conservation of Mass

 The total mass of the materials after a chemical
reaction is the same as the total mass present
before the reaction.

Ex.
5 AC2 + 10 B 5 AB2 + 10 C
Discovery of the Atomic
Structure

 Cathode Ray Experiment

 Millikan Oil Drop Experiment
 Study on Radioactivity
 Plum Pudding model
 Thin Gold Foil Experiment
THINGS TO NOTE:

 Atoms are made up of sub atomic particles

 Partly composed of electrically charged and
neutral particles
o ( + ) Protons; p+
o ( - ) Electrons; e-
o ( 0 ) Neutrons ; n0
THINGS TO NOTE:

 Particles with the same charge repel one another,

whereas particles of different charge attract one
another
Plum Pudding Model
 Atom is composed of a uniform
positive charge

 Electrons are embedded randomly

on the positive charge
Rutherford’s Model of the
Atom

 atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1

x 10-10 m
 nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10-3 pm
= 5 x 10-15 m
The Modern View of
Atomic Structure
 The list of particles that make up the atomic nuclei
has grown long and continues to increase.
 Only three subatomic particles are important in
chemical reactions.
 Proton
 Electron
 Neutron
Subatomic Particles

 Proton
 Charge is + 1.602x10-19C / +1
 Electron
 Charge is - 1.602x10-19C / -1
 Neutron
 uncharged

 Every atom has equal number of electrons and

protons, atoms has no net electric charge.
Atomic Mass

 Atoms have extremely small masses

 Expressed in atomic mass unit

1 amu = 1.66054 x10 -24 g

Atomic Mass

 The mass of an atom is mostly due to the mass of

the nucleus.

 The electrons have very small contribution on the

mass

 Mass of the atom does not drastically change

when electrons are removed one by one.
Atomic Number, Mass
Number and Isotopes
 What makes an atom of one element different
from an atom of another element?

A
X
 Subatomic composition
 Number of protons in the nucleus :

Z
 atomic number (Z)
 Number of protons plus neutrons
 Mass number (A)
Atomic Number, Mass
Number and Isotopes
Atoms of a single element may differ in the number of

neutrons
Atomic Number, Mass
Number and Isotopes
Isotope naming:

 1
1H read as hydrogen 1

 12
6C read as carbon 12
Atomic Number, Mass
Number and Isotopes
 Isotopes
 Atoms of the same element (X) with different
numbers of neutrons in the nucleus
Ex.

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 146 C?

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 116 C?

Molecules

 Only noble gases are found in

nature as isolated atoms.
 Most matter is composed of
molecules or ions.

 An assembly of two or more

atoms tightly bound
together.
Molecules

 Molecules are represented by chemical formulas

 A molecule that is made up of two atoms are

called diatomic.
Molecules

 Compounds that are composed of molecules

containing more than one type of atom are
called molecular compounds
Ions

 Particles with net charge

 Formed when an atom or group of atoms has net
positive or negative charge.

Ex.
Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-
OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-
Ions

 Cation
 Ions with positive charge
 Produced if neutral atom gives off one or more
electron

11 protons 11 protons
Na 11 electrons Na+ 10 electrons
Ions

 Anions
 Ions with negative charge
 Produced when a neutral atom recieves one or
more electrons

17 protons 17 protons
Cl 17 electrons Cl- 18 electrons
 Do You Understand Ions?

27 3 +
How many protons and electrons are in 13 Al ?

How many protons and electrons are in 78

34 Se 2- ?

2.5
Ions

 How many electrons are lost or gained in the

atoms?
1.Na+
2.Cl-
3. Ca2+
4. O2-
5. Al3+
Type of Ions

 Monoatomic ions
 Contains only one atom
Ex.
Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-
 Polyatomic ions
 Contains more than one atom
Ex.
OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-
Some Polyatomic Ions

NH4+ ammonium SO42- sulfate

CO32- carbonate SO32- sulfite
- -
HCO3 bicarbonate NO3 nitrate
ClO3- chlorate NO2- nitrite
Cr2O72- dichromate SCN- thiocyanate
2- -
CrO4 chromate OH hydroxide

2.7
 END
• Next: Electronic Structure
of the Atom