The Exploratory Research of Ilocano Culture and Heritage for the

Mother Tongue Based-Multilingual Education

Abstract
The implementation of the MTB-MLE provides a new strategic direction to enrich the
Ilocano language with the national perspectives of the Filipino culture. The dilemma of the
social science researchers is to conduct extensive research in the identification of relevant topics
in Mother Language Education for the K-12 program in the elementary education. Given by the
international conference theme of “Panagtagikua : Our Right to our Languages, Our Right to
Emancipatory Education”, it is expected in this study to provide strategic technique or approach
to conduct an exploratory research on Ilocano culture. It also provides topics extensive
information in the enrichment of particular research topic in Ilocano culture and heritage
through the descriptive analysis, phenomenological study, social researches, qualitative and
quantitative researches.
This is to provide the information about the conduct of the exploratory researches that
will be utilized for the elementary education as instructional materials for the implementation of
the MTB-MLE. Furthermore, it expounds the exploratory method of researches on sociological
and anthropological approach in the study of Ilocano culture and heritage. This serves as the
research tool in the reproductions of instructional materials in Aralin Panlipunan and
Makabayan as a conduit in the implementation of the MTB-MLE. It is also a benchmark for
exploratory researches in the conduct of multidisciplinary approach as to the complementation
of the other researchers in the conduct of study along Ilokano culture and society.
The exploratory research was utilized to identify Ilocano usage along the culture and heritage of
the Amianan as defined in the Aralin Panlipunan and Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao in support of the
MTB-MLE of DepEd Order No, 74. S,2009 and DepEd Order No. 31, s.2012 for the K-12
program. The first part of the study ( exploratory research) was conducted to identify the Ilocano
terms on the personal philosophy (inner and outer value of self as presented in Edukasyon sa
Pagpapakatao) and the study utilized the use of 40 key informants (elementary school teachers,
local journalists, broadcasters and academe) who were expert and fluent in the Ilocano
language. This was followed by the evaluation of the contextual acceptability to the elementary
school teacher (54 respondents) who taught the MTB-MLE .

The research studies of MTB-MLE confirm and validate the Ilocano terminology as
adopted for the personal philosophy and virtue ethics of inner and outer self as provided in the
K-12 program for the Aralin Panlipunan and Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao. The result of the
study provides the instructional materials for the elementary school teachers for the K-12
program in two subjects : Aralin Panlipunan and Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao.
Based on the findings on the profile of the respondents , in the Phase 1 of the study
the profile of the 40 key informants in conducting the exploratory research of Ilocano culture is
distributed as follows: there are 21 key informants who are local journalists ( 10 percent),
Ilocano translators ( 7.50 percent), local broadcasters ( 7.50 percent), local folk translators
(12.50 percent) , retired teachers ( 15 percent). The remaining 19 key informants and resource
persons (MTB-MLE practitioners) are secondary school teachers (12.50 percent), elementary
school teachers (25.00 percent) and college professors/instructors ( 10.00 percent). They are
residing different places in 1st district of Ilocos Sur with majority of them living in Vigan City (
37.50 percent) and Caoayan (20percent). Most of them are below 25 years old for those MTB-
MLE practitioners while the local journalists, folk translators, retired teachers and broadcasters
are at above 45 years old ( 32.50 percent). On the other hand the respondents’ profile in the
descriptive analysis based on exploratory research for the MTB-MLE( Phase 2) shows that majority of
the position of the respondents ( Elementary School Teachers) are Teacher 1 ( 51.85 percent) and
Teacher 2 ( 25.92 percent) who have training in MTB-MLE in the Department of Education. Most of them
are residing in Magsingal ( 31.48 percent) , San Juan ( 25.92 percent), and Vigan City (18.58 percent)
with ages below 25 ( X-38.89 percent) and range 25-29 ( 24.07 percent).
 In the utilization of the exploratory research for the personal philosophy and virtue
Ethics of the “Naimbag A Nakem” has given at least three ideas based on their
phenomenological experiences of the key informants : (1) kinaimbag iti tao ken ammona iti
agrespeto ti padana nga tao ; (2) Nasayaat nga tumulong ken sumaranay iti makasapol ( 9.09
percent) ; (3) Ammona iti agbuteng ti dios, saan nga agpanunot, agsao, wenno agaramid iti
maikontra iti dios ken kagimongan. ( 87.88 percent)
Interestingly, this exploratory research presents the contextual acceptability of the
understanding in the concept of “Naimbag A Nakem” on the following : (a) It is admirable for
an Ilocano to learn and practice being humble and respectful to others specially to have fear in
God (X- 4.29) ; (b) Clean thought that follows well mannered action and deeds. A person with
“naimbag a nakem” has not to think, speak and act against the teaching of the Lord and
fellowmen (X- 3.62); (c) A positive view of the person’s life.This a good character. Willing to
help during hard time. Compassionate. ( X- 4.33); and (d) A righteous character that extend help
to those who are in need. ( X-3.76)
In defining the personal philosophy in the subject Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao and
Arailin Panlipunan through the Exploratory Research of Loob for MTB-MLE on the Ilocano
culture for Panagtagikua shows that the general view of Kagandahang Loob and Mabuting Loob
have very highly accepted the Ilocano translations of kagandahang loob as kinasayat ti ugali
(X- 4.77) and kinaimbag ti nakem (X-4.54). Similarly, the mabuting loob has a very highly
accepted translation( X- 4.86) as nasayaat a tao ( as suggested by key informant).The Ilocano
terms for kinasayat ti ugali ,and kinaimbag ti nakem for mabuting loob and nasayaat a tao for
kagandahang loob responds to the development of pagpapakatao that is now included in the K-
12 program for Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao.
On the inner and outer view of self in lakas ng loob , maluwag ang loob,
mapagkaloob, saloobin, tapat na kalooban , the exploratory research of the key informants
have very highly accepted the Ilocano translations of lakas ng loob as kinatured (X- 4.75) ;
maluwag ang loob as nalag-an ti rikna (X- 4.54); mapagkaloob as managpabor ( X-4.78) ;
saloobin as karirikna ( X- 4.69);and tapat na loob as napudno a rikna (X-4.67).

On the Ilocano philosophy relevant to “Nakem” and “Loob” for the “Panatagikua” on
the Ilocano Culture and Virtue Ethics in the utilization of the subjects Aralin Panlipunan and
Eduskayong sa Pagpapakatao for MTB-MLE: (1) the Exploratory Research of “ Loob, Buot and
Nakem” for the MTB-MLE in Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao and Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12
Program provides the instructional materials as to the meaning and information about “
Naimbag A Nakem”: (2)the Exploratory Research of “ Kagandahang Loob and Mabuting Loob”
for the MTB-MLE in Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao and Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12 Program
that explains the kinasayat ti ugali and nasayaat a tao. It presents the moral and ethical
standards of a person in abiding the key concepts of dignity and integrity; and (3) the
Exploratory Research of “Lakas ng Loob , Maluwag ang Loob, Mapagkaloob, Saloobin, at
Tapat na kalooban” for the MTB-MLE in Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao and Aralin Panlipunan
for the K-12 Program . The Ilocano trasnlations for (a) Kinatured as lakas ng loob (X-4.75); (b)
Nalag-an ti rikna as maluwag ang loob ( X- 4.54); (c) Managparabor as mapagkaloob( X-4.78) ;
(d) Karirikna as saloobin ( X- 4.69) and (e) Napudno a Karirikna as tapat na kalooban (X-
4.67).

Based on the findings the conclusion are drawn in this study :

On the profile of the respondents, the Phase 1 of the study has 40 key informants in
conducting the exploratory research of Ilocano culture who are local journalists, Ilocano
translators , local broadcasters , local folk translators ,and retired teachers . The MTB-MLE
practitioners are secondary school teachers , elementary school teachers and college professors
/instructors . They are residing different places in 1st district of Ilocos Sur with majority of them
living in Vigan City and Caoayan. Most of them are below 25 years old for those MTB-MLE
practitioners while the local journalists, folk translators, retired teachers and broadcasters are
at above 45 years old . On the other hand the respondents’ profile in the descriptive analysis
based on exploratory research for the MTB-MLE( Phase 2) shows that majority of the position
of the respondents ( Elementary School Teachers) are Teacher 1 and Teacher 2 who have
training in MTB-MLE in the Department of Education. Most of them are residing in Magsingal ,
San Juan, and Vigan City with ages below 25 and range 25-29.
On the utilization of exploratory research on MTB-MLE of the universal usage of the
personal philosophy of “Loob, Buot and Nakem” on the cultural concept of “Naimbag A Nakem
“ for the Panagtagikua as applied to Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao in the curricula as provided
in DepEd Order No, 74. S,2009 and DepEd Order No. 31, s.2012). In this exploratory research,
the contextual acceptability of the meaning of “Naimbag A Nakem” as presented in this study : A
person knows to have fear in God, he has not to think, speak and act against the teaching of the
lord and fellowmen.The essence of the Naimbag A Nakem in relation to the implementation of
the K-12 program in the Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao is provided in : self –worth (particularly
conscience); harmony with other people; love of country and global solidarity with emphasis on
love of God and preference for good in : (1) Ispiritwalidad at Pamamanpalataya sa Diyos; and
(2) Pagmamahal, Katarungan at Katatagan. The Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12 program
introduces the essence of Naimbag A Nakem in the comprehensive ideas of the Ilocano term
kapututan as to ethical and moral values of the Filipino in the cultural history of the Ilocanos
In defining the personal philosophy in the subject Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao and
Arailin Panlipunan through the Exploratory Research of Loob for MTB-MLE on the Ilocano
culture for Panagtagikua. In the exploratory research on the general view of kagandahang loob
and mabuting loob,, the key informants translations have very highly accepted the
kagandahang loob as kinasayat ti ugali and kinaimbag ti nakem . It is the personal quality of
the inner self that characterizes by generosity, integrity and dignity. The self worth of the term
dictates by the good character and deeds that produces a positive response to pagkamaka-
diyos sa kabutihan.Similarly, the mabuting loob has a very highly accepted translation as
nasayaat a tao ( as suggested by key informant). It follows the same path of kinasayat ti ugali
( kagandahang loob) as a personal quality of highly standard ethical and moral values. It must
be noted that deviation takes form in inner self as mabuting loob as to the characteristics that
transcend to nasaayat a tao .
These Ilocano terms responds to the development of Pagpapakatao that is now included
in the K-12 program for Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao along : (1) Self worth : konsensya
( conscience); pagpipigil sa sarili ( self-control); pagiging tapat; disciplinang pansarili, and
pagmamahal sa katotohanan; (2) Harmony with other people :pagdama at pag-unawa;
paggalang;kabutihan (kindness); pagkamatapat (sincerity);pagkabukas-palad (generosity);
pagkakawanggawa (charity); pagmamalasakit at pagmamahal sa kapwa; at katarungan ;(3)
Love of country and global solidarity : pagmamahal at kabutihan; pagkamasunurin;
kapayapaan at katarungan;pagpapakumbaba; paggalang sa karapatan;at pagmalasakit para sa
kabutihan ng nakakarami; and (4) Love of God and preference for good in :ispiritwalidad at
pamamanpalataya sa diyos; pagmamahal, katarungan and katatagan .The Aralin Panlipunan for
the K-12 program provides information as to the ideal culture of righteous fellowmen including
the positive values of the Ilocanos transcribes from the ethical and moral practices of the
Filipino .
The inner and outer view of self concludes that (1) Kinatured (lakas ng loob) focuses on the
inner- self on the basis of personal action about the principled beliefs . The kinatured acts in
what is ethical and morally right to act even there is a strong social forces to follow what might
be unethical and immoral in society;(2) Nalag-an ti rikna ( maluwag ang loob) responds to the
inner –self assessment to someone that may conform a particular personal and ethical values in
the process of social interaction; (3) Managparabor (mapagkaloob) emphasizes the inner-self as
to the personal value for the affection of other by giving something what you have. The personal
characteristics of managparador as provided in the idea of generosity, charity, kindness, open-
handedness, and big-heartedness. (4) Karirikna ( saloobin) provides the assessment of oneself as
to the inner thought a given situation. The personal characteristics in the dealing with feeling,
sentiment, and emotion provide the idea of karikrikna; (5) Napudno a Karirikna( tapat na
kalooban) is the personal development in relation to sincerity ,loyalty trustworthiness in the
inner self. Love of God and Preference for Good including the understanding of conscience.

On the Ilocano philosophy relevant to “Nakem” and “Loob” for the “Panatagikua” on the
Ilocano Culture and Virtue Ethics in the utilization of the subjects Aralin Panlipunan and
Eduskayong sa Pagpapakatao for MTB-MLE. The Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao, describes the
characteristics and concept regarding this term along the component on love of god and
preference of goodness. While Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12 program introduces the essence
of Naimbag A Nakem in the comprehensive ideas of the Ilocano term kapututan as to ethical and
moral values of the Filipino in the cultural history of the Ilocanos. This can be studied in the
Pre-Spanish period to identify the real values and culture of the Filipino.It is applicable to all
concepts and components of Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao as the Ilocano terms imply the
kinasayat ti ugali, kinaimbag ti nakem for mabuting loob and nasayaat a tao for kagandahang
loob that respond to the development of Pagpapakatao .In Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12
program, it provides information as to the ideal culture of righteous fellowmen including the
positive values of the Ilocanos transcribes from the ethical and moral practices of the Filipino.

On the recommendations of the study, (1) The State Universities and Colleges and the
Higher Education Institutions should conducted extension programs ( through the interplay of
research and extension function) on Mother Tongue- Based Multilingual Education to the
Department of Education for the Elementary and Secondary School Teacher in the K-12
program to implement DepEd Order No. 74, s. 2009, DepEd Order No. 31, s. 2012; (2) The
social science researchers and faculty members in the SUCs and HEIs should conduct similar
social research studies in a multi-disciplinary approach to provide instructional materials in
MTB-MLE for the K-12 programs; (3) The MTB-MLE should have research agenda and tool
(such as exploratory and descriptive research) to be disseminated to the concerned stakeholders
to enhance the instructional materials in the different subjects of the K-12 program.(4) There
should be a followed study of the “ Loob ,Buot, Nakem” to further validate and strengthen the
result of the study until the institutionalization of the MTB-MLE with the support of the SUCs
and HEIs.; (5) The academe should be encouraged to the innovative approach in conducting
exploratory and descriptive researches to further strengthen the knowledge-based documents for
the Ilocano Culture and Philosophy and eventually integrated on the inter-disciplinary and
multidisciplinary approach in the liberal education for the SUCs and HEI.

I. INTRODUCTION
It is interesting to note that the Nakem International has been providing support of the
MTB-MLE under the Deped Order No. 74, s. 2009 and Deped Order No. 31, . 2012) in relation
to theme “ Panagtagikua : Our Rights to our Languages, Our Rights to Emancipatory Education”
within vision of the founder Aurelio S. Agcaoli on the prominence of “ NAKEM” in the national
dialog :

“While we are not aware of a disconnect between NAKEM and GUMIL

(and by extension, the staff of BANNAWAG), I would like to encourage a close
working relationship between the two, especially insofar as becoming an active
partner with the Department of Education’s efforts to implement MTB-MLE
(Deped Order No. 74, s. 2009, Deped Order No. 31, s. 2012) by proactively
seeing to it that there’s an abundance of professionally written learning
materials in Ilokano — this to perpetuate the prominence of “NAKEM” in the
national dialog, perhaps an enduring byword in our lexicon, and make it an even
more relevant force to reckon with in Ilocandia and all the far reaches of
Amianan. We just happen to believe that we need this joint effort for the overall
good.” http://mlephil.wordpress.com/2012/09/14/nakem-intl-confab-slated-for-
dec-5-7-2012/. (Multilingual Philippines by Aurelio S. Agcaoili)
 In the State Universities and Colleges (including Higher Education Institutions), the main
contribution on the MTB-MLE is the social intellectualization through exploratory and social
research of Ilocano culture in support of the Fundamental Requirements for a Strong Mother
Tongue-Based Education (MLE) under DepEd Order No. 74, s. 2009 in relation to the “the
lessons and findings of various local initiatives and international studies in basic education have
validated the superiority of the use of the learner’s mother tongue or first language in improving
learning outcomes and promoting Education for All (EFA).” Likewise, the Policy Guidelines on
the Implementation of Grades 1 to 10 of the K to 12 under DepEd Order No. 31, s. 2012, the schools
are challenged to implement the guidelines in creative and innovative ways, for the curriculum can be
localized without compromising the philosophy of total learner development.

The academic bases for the study of the Ilocano Culture as reflective by the Exploratory
Research for the Mother Tongue Based-Multilingual Education in the Department of Education
under the support of DepEd Order No, 74. S,2009 and DepEd Order No. 31, s.2012 are the
following : (1) The MTB-MLE concepts in Aralin Panlipunan of the Pagpapahalaga ng Sarili
at Kultura for in the K - 12 program of the Department of Education; and (2)The MTB-MLE
concepts in Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao . This is based on the curricular content Ang
bahagyang konseptual ng ng edukasyon sa pagpapakatao ay batay sa pilosopiyang personalismo
tungkol sa pagkatao at sa Virtue Ethics, pilosipiya ng personalismo, an gating mga ugnayan ay
lagi sa pagpapakatao.

The legacy of the NAKEM Conference in support of DepEd Order No, 74. S,2009 and
DepEd Order No. 31, s.2012. is the exploratory research that captivated within the MTB-MLE
along the varied social and cultural concepts in Aralin Panlipunan and Edukasyon sa
Pagkapapakatao in relation to Ilocano culture and heritage. The elementary school teachers will
have the idea to conduct exploratory research and including the Ilokano translations for sciences
in the K-12 program .

II. OBJECTIVES
The general objective of the study is to benchmark the utilization of the exploratory research
on the MTB-MLE on Ilocano Culture and Heritage in support of the Deped Order No, 74.
S,2009 and Deped Order No. 31, s.2012 for the subject Aralin Panlipunan and Edukasyong sa
Pagpapakatao for the K-12 program. The specific objectives are :
1. To provide the profile of the respondents who are key informants ,Ilocano translators, and
MTBE-MLE practitioners for the development of the exploratory research.

2. To identity the utilization of exploratory research on MTB-MLE of the universal usage of

the personal philosophy of “Loob, Buot and Nakem” on the cultural concept of
“Naimbag A Nakem “ for the Panagtagikua as applied to Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao.

3. To. define the personal philosophy in the subject Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao and
Arailin Panlipunan through the Exploratory Research of Loob for MTB-MLE on the
Ilocano culture for Panagtagikua.
3.1. The general view of kagandahang loob and mabuting loob
3.2. The inner and outer view of self in lakas ng loob , maluwag ang loob, mapagkaloob,
saloobin, tapat na kalooban

4. To synthesize the Ilocano culture relevant to “Nakem” and “Loob” for the
“panatagikua” on the Ilocano Culture and Virtue Ethics in the utilization of the subjects
Aralin Panlipunan and Eduskayong sa Pagpapakatao for MTBE-MLE.
 III. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Exploratory research is a methodological approach that is primarily concerned with

discovery and with generating or building theory. In pure sense, all research is exploratory. In the
social sciences research is wedded to the notion of exploration and the researcher as explorer. In
this context exploration might be thought of as a perspective a state of mind, a special personal
orientation ( Stebbin ,2001) toward approaching and carrying out social inquiry.
According to Jupp (2005) the distinctive feature of the exploratory research is the seminal
description of the lifestyle of the social scientist as explorer is a rich and detailed account of how
to do exploratory status. The exploratory researcher does not approach their project according to
any set of formula. She/he will be flexible and pragmatic yet will engage in a broad and thorough
form of research. Those engaged in exploratory research are concerned with development of
theory from data in a process of continuous discovery. Those engaged in exploratory research are
concerned with the development of theory from data in a process of continuous discovery.
Thus, exploratory research to what Glaser and Straus (1967) appeal for in the “Discovery
of Grounded Theory” that is a rhetoric of regeneration (1967), where exploration simply as
investigation, which as investigation, which is rather too general a meaning for exploratory
research in social science, and from exploration as innovation, which is in contrast, rather too
narrow and focused . Instead, exploration constitutes a distinct form of discovery.
Finally, exploratory research as exploration for discovery is perhaps, the most appropriate
sense of exploration to convey here senses are referred to above-investigative and innovative.
( Jupp,2005) Relative to the implementation of the MTB-MLE, the Exploratory Research for the
Mother Tongue Based-Multilingual Education in the Department of Education under the
support of DepEd Order No, 74. S,2009 and DepEd Order No. 31, s.2012 that is applied K-12
program on Edukasyong sa Pagpapahalaga and Makabayan.
We can relate this MTB-MLE in personal philosophy. virtues ethics and culture
( relevant to the subjects Makabayan and Edukasyong sa Pagpapahalaga) along the scope of
Filipino Philosophy as expounded by Mercado (2005) that “if there are no written sources on
Filipino philosophy, how can one research or the subject ? In my opinion, one source is
language because language reflects a world view. I inferred elements of Filipino Philosophy
from linguistic structure” The example of Mercado (2005) as he explained on the tentative
philosophy by inferring from words “ in clustering the usages of “sarili” (self), found out that
“sarili” means not only self but also connotes freedom or independence and alludes to private
property ( Mercado,1994). Sarili is wider than loob. As self, sarili exercises itself in personal
freedom. This self, furthermore, is extended to the consciousness of others, the world , and the
environment. ( Mercado ,2005).

Since harmony is the essence of Filipino philosophy, the ethical man is one whose body,
soul, and spirit are in harmony. An evil man's spirit is not in tune with his body and soul. The
idea of integral harmony is seen in the concept of pagbabalikloob (conversion), which literally
means returning to the original goodness of one's kalooban. The philosophy of the spirit is
therefore related to the philosophy of loob ( Mercado, 1991)

In connection to this study, the utilization of exploratory research on MTB-MLE

provides the academic bases along the universal usage of the personal philosophy of “Loob,
Buot and Nakem” on the cultural concept of Panagtagikua for the Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao.
The word “Naimbag” and “Nakem” explore its Ilocano concept of “ Naimbag A Nakem” on its
contextual acceptability to the key informants and respondents.

The second part discusses the Filipino Personality and Value System as reflected in the
Ilocano Culture to be utilized in the Aralin Panlipunan and Edukasyong Pagpapakatao in the
personal philosophy of the varied terms for “Loob” such as : (1) lakas ng loob ; (2) maluwag
ang loob ; (3) kagandahan loob; (4) mapagkaloob ; (5) saloobin; (6) tapat na kalooban; (7)
kagandahang loob ; and (8) mabuting loob. In addition to this the Filipino Value System provides
the comprehensive understanding of pamantayan, asal, diwa and halaga on its relevance to the
value ethics of the Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao for the K-12 program.

These are the related literature to confine with the investigation of the Exploratory
Research on the Mother Tongue Based – Multilingual Education as reflected in the
Pagpapahalaga ng Sarili and Pilosophiya personal ( for Aralin Panlipunan and Edukasyong sa
Pagpapakatao in the curricula as provided in Deped Order No, 74. S,2009 and Deped Order No.
31, s.2012).

IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The exploratory research was utilized to identify Ilocano usage along the Ilocano
culture and heritage as defined in the Aralin Panlipunan and Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao in
support of the MTB-MLE of DepEd Order No, 74. S,2009 and DepEd Order No. 31, s.2012 for
the K-12 program

Phase 1: The first study in the exploratory research was conducted to identify the Ilocano
terms on the personal philosophy (inner and outer value of self as presented in Edukasyon sa
Pagpapakatao) and the study utilized the use of 40 key informants (elementary school teachers,
local journalists, broadcasters and academe) who were expert and fluent in the Ilocano language.

Phase 2 : The second study was the result of the exploratory research was utilized to
assess the contextual acceptability to the elementary school teacher who taught the MTB-MLE
.The descriptive research evaluates the result of the exploratory research through the contextual
acceptability along the following numerical and descriptive interpretation :
4.21-5.00 Very Highly Acceptable
3.41-4.20 Highly Acceptable
2.61-3.40 Acceptable
1.81- 2.60 Fairly Acceptable
1.00-1.80 Not Acceptable

There are 54 respondents to evaluate the result of the exploratory study on the Ilocano
culture and heritage through the personal philosophy ( virtue ethics) and culture as provided in
the Aralin Panlipunan and Edukasyon Pagpapakatao for the MTB-MLE in the K-12 program.
The research studies of MTB-MLE confirms and validates the Ilocano terminology as
adopted for the personal philosophy and virtue ethics of inner and outer self as provide in the
K-12 program for the Aralin Panlipunan and Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao. The result of the
study provides the instructional materials for the elementary school teachers for the K-12
program in two subjects : Aralin Panlipunan and Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao.

V. Results and Discussions on the Exploratory Research of Ilocano Culture and Heritage
A. Profile of the Respondents who are key informants, Ilocano translators, and teachers
and practitioners and resource persons for the development of the exploratory research
and descriptive research in the MTB-MLE
The first study in the exploratory research was conducted to identify the Ilocano terms
on the personal philosophy (inner and outer value of self as presented in Edukasyon sa
Pagpapakatao) and the study utilized the use of 40 key informants (elementary school teachers,
local journalists, broadcasters and academe) who were expert and fluent in the Ilokano
language.The second study was the result of the exploratory research was utilized to assess the
contextual acceptability to the 54 elementary school teachers who taught the MTB-MLE .The
descriptive research evaluates the result of the exploratory research through the contextual
acceptability of the Ilocano terminology.
Table 1
Key Informant Profile in the Exploratory Research ( Phase1)
 Key Informants ( profession/designation) Number Percent
1.Local Journalists 4 10.00
2.Ilocano Translators 3 7.50
3. Local Broadcasters 3 7.50
4. Local Folk Translators 5 12.50
5.Retired Teachers 6 15.00
6.MTBE-MLE Practitioners
6.1 Secondary School Teachers 5 12.50
6.2 Elementary School Teachers 10 25.00
6.3 College Instructors/Professors 4 10.00
TOTAL 40 100.00
Residence ( Municipality)
1. Sinait 1 2.50
2. Cabugao 1 2.50
3. San Juan 3 7.50
4. Sto.Domingo 4 10.00
5. Magsingal 4 10.00
6. Vigan City 15 37.50
7. Caoayan 8 20.00
8. Bantay 3 7.50
9. Sta. Catalina 1 2.50
TOTAL 40 100
Age
Above 45 13 32.50
40-44 3 7.50
35-39 4 10.00
30-34 2 5.00
25-29 4 10.00
Below 25 14 35.00
TOTAL 40 100

Table 1 shows the profile of the 40 key informants in conducting the exploratory research
of Ilocano culture on profession, residence (municipality) and age. The 21 key informants are
local journalists ( 10 percent), Ilocano translators ( 7.50 percent), local broadcasters ( 7.50
percent), local folk translators (12.50 percent) , retired teachers ( 15 percent). The remaining 19
key informants and resource persons (MTB-MLE practitioners) are school secondary school
teachers (12.50 percent), elementary school teachers (25.00 percent) and college
professors/instructors ( 10.00 percent). They are residing different places in 1st district of Ilocos
Sur with majority of them living in Vigan City ( 37.50 percent) and Caoayan (20percent). Most
of them are below 25 years old for those MTB-MLE practitioners while the local journalists,
folk translators, retired teachers and broadcasters are at above 45 years old ( 32.50 percent)
Table 2
Respondents’ Profile in the Descriptive Analysis Based on Exploratory Research
for the MTB-MLE( Phase 2)

Designation/Position in the Elementary School Number Percent

Principal 3 5.56
Head Teacher 5 9.26
Master Teacher 4 7.41
Teacher 2 14 25.92
Teacher1 28 51.85
TOTAL 54 100
Residence ( Municipality)
 1. San Juan 14 25.92
2. Magsingal 17 31.48
3. Bantay 5 9.26
4. Caoayan 3 5.56
5. Vigan City 10 18.52
6. Sta. Catalina 5 9.26
TOTAL 54 100
Age
Above 45 4 7.41
40-44 2 3.70
35-39 9 16.67
30-34 5 9.26
25-29 13 24.07
Below 25 21 38.89
TOTAL 54 100

Table 2 presents the respondents’ profile in the descriptive analysis based on exploratory
research for the MTB-MLE( Phase 2). Majority of the position of the respondents ( Elementary
School Teachers) are Teacher 1 ( 51.85 percent) and Teacher 2 ( 25.92 percent) who have
training in MTB-MLE in the Department of Education. Most of them are residing in Magsingal
( 31.48 percent) , San Juan ( 25.92 percent), and Vigan City (18.58 percent) with ages below 25
( X-38.89 percent) and range 25-29 ( 24.07 percent).

B. The utilization of exploratory research on MTB-MLE of the universal usage of the

personal philosophy of “Loob, Buot and Nakem” on the cultural concept of “Naimbag A
Nakem “ for the Panagtagikua as applied to Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao in the
curricula as provided in DepEd Order No, 74. S,2009 and DepEd Order No. 31, s.2012).
The Filipino word of Loob can mean the intellect, the will, the emotions and the ethical,
Loob (or Buot in Cebuano and Nakem in Ilocano) shows that the Filipino as individual looks on
himself as a whole, Conscious of his freedom, proud of his human dignity.The term “imbag”
connotes a positive view of being that embodies the impression of goodness which is
synonymous with integrity, dignity, respect and decency.
Table 3
The Utilization of the Exploratory Research for the Personal Philosophy and
Virtue Ethics of the “Naimbag A Nakem”

Phase 1 Phase 2 Acceptability

Exploratory Descriptive of the terms
The Description on the Exploratory Research of “ Naimbag A Research Analysis Based for the MTE-
Nakem” ( 40 Key on Exploratory MLE
Informants) Research
( with 54 EST)
1.Nasayat nga sursuro ti maysa nga Ilocano kas koma 18 4.29 Very Highly
kinaimbag, kinapakimbaba ken ammona ti agrespeto ti Acceptable
padana nga tao, nadayaw ken ammona ti agbuteng ti dios. (
It is admirable for an Ilocano to learn and practice being
humble and respectful to others specially to have fear in
God)
2.Nadalus a panagpanpanunot a buyugan ti nadayaw a 10 3.62 Highly
panagsasao ken kasta met a buyugan kadagiti naimbag nga Acceptable
aramid.Ti tao nga addaan “naimbag a nakem” ket saan nga
agpanunot, agsao, wenno agaramid iti maikontra iti dios ken
kagimongan.( Clean thought that follows well mannered
action and deeds. A person with “naimbag a nakem” has not
to think, speak and act against the teaching of the Lord and
fellowmen).

3.Positibo a pangrukodam iti kinatao. Daytoy tay nasayaat 8 4.33 Very Highly
nga ugali.Mannakitulong aglalo no tiempo ti rigat. Acceptable
Tumulong a dina ur-urayen ti subalitna. Agubbog iti ayat iti
pusona.Manangaasi. Mannakisinnaranay. ( A positive view
of the person’s life.This a good character. Willing to help
during hard time. Compassionate.

4. Naimbag a kababalin nga tumulong iti makasapol iti 6 3.42 Highly

tulong mo. ( A righteous character that extend help to those Acceptable
who are in need).

It must be noted that the definition of “ Naimbag A Nakem” is presented in the

exploratory research of the Filipino Philosophy of Loob, Buot and Nakem by Leonardo
Mercado. The 40 key informants who are local journalists , academe and experts in the Ilocano
language have given their definition as further evaluated by the 54 elementary school teachers
who are involved in the MTB-MLE for the K-12 program.These are the meanings of “Naimbag
A Nakem” that the MTB-MLE can be utilized in the subject Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao
( Virtue Ethics and Personal Philosophy about “Loob”) and Aralin Panlipunan in the study of
Ilocano Culture ( Based on ideas of “Loob” and “Nakem”).

Based on the exploratory research, the meaning of “Naimbag A Nakem” has given
at least three ideas based on their phenomenological experiences of the key informants : (1)
kinaimbag iti tao ken ammona iti agrespeto ti padana nga tao ; (2) Nasayaat nga tumulong ken
sumaranay iti makasapol ( 9.09 percent) ; (3) Ammona iti agbuteng ti dios, saan nga agpanunot,
agsao, wenno agaramid iti maikontra iti dios ken kagimongan. ( 87.88 percent)

In this exploratory research, the contextual acceptability of the meaning of “Naimbag

A Nakem” as presented in this study : A person knows to have fear in God, he has not to think,
speak and act against the teaching of the lord and fellowmen.

Interestingly, this exploratory research presents the contextual acceptability of the

understanding in the concept of “Naimbag A Nakem” on the following :

1. It is admirable for an Ilocano to learn and practice being humble and respectful to others
specially to have fear in God (X- 4.29)
2. Clean thought that follows well mannered action and deeds. A person with “naimbag a
nakem” has not to think, speak and act against the teaching of the Lord and fellowmen
(X- 3.62)

3. A positive view of the person’s life.This a good character. Willing to help during hard
time. Compassionate. ( X- 4.33)

4. A righteous character that extend help to those who are in need. ( X-3.76)

In the descriptive research presented in the International Research Colloqium at the

Bicol University entitled “ The Phenomenological Account of the “ Naimbag A Nakem” Along
Sociological, Anthropological and Behavioral Approach of the Society” the findings revealed
that the term “ Naimbag A Nakem” constitutes the following Ilocano Culture ( as also reflective
in the exploratory research) on:
 1) The value-laden experience accentuates the essence of being along the social and
cognitive development with the realm of kapututan on its ethical values of life. This
is within the character and conscience of human beings have been gradually
transformed from the familial value and education for the our ancestors.

2) It construed to point out that Ilocanos’ ethical meaning of life is connected with
spiritual belief of god. It is also reflected in the inter-personal view as the character
and conscience on what is being applied about the spiritual and ethical application on
the underlying context on the concept of “agbuteng ti dios.”

The essence of the Naimbag A Nakem in relation to the implementation of the K-12
program in the Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao is provided in : self –worth (particularly
conscience); harmony with other people; love of country and global solidarity with emphasis on
love of God and preference for good in :

1. Ispiritwalidad at Pamamanpalataya sa Diyos.

2. Pagmamahal, Katarungan at Katatagan

The Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12 program introduces the essence of Naimbag A Nakem in
the comprehensive ideas of the Ilokano term kapututan as to ethical and moral values of the
Filipino in the cultural history of the Ilokanos.

C. Defining the Personal philosophy in the subject Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao and

Arailin Panlipunan through the Exploratory Research of Loob for MTB-MLE on the
Ilocano culture for Panagtagikua.

The cultural concept of loob on the manifestation of personal appreciation and thoughts
in the inner and external dimensions of self. These are descriptive analysis on the personal
philosophy of term “loob ”in the contextual view of this exploratory research based on the
interpretation of the key 40 informants and 54 elementary school teachers who are MTE-MLE
practitioners.

1. The General View of Kagandahang Loob and Mabuting Loob

The personal philosophy of kagandahang loob and mabuting loob transcribes the ethical
and moral view about self as it explores the research analysis of K-12 program for Edukasyong
sa Pagpapakatao along : self worth ; harmony with other people; love of country and global
solidarity; and love of god and preference for good. The Aralin Palipunan components describes
ethical and moral practices of the Filipinos relevant to the cultural ideals of the ancestors.

Table 5.
The Personal Philosophy of Kagandahang Loob and Mabuting Loob
The Description and Translation on Phase 1: Phase 2: Acceptability
the Exploratory Research of Exploratory Descriptive of the terms
Kagandahang Loob and Mabuting Research Analysis for the MTE-
Loob Based on MLE
( 40 Key Exploratory
Informants) Research
KAGANDAHANG LOOB
1.Kinasayat ti ugali 16 4.77 VHA
2.Kinaimbag ti nakem 10 4.54 VHA
3.Nasayaat a Sursuro 4 4.46 VHA
MABUTING LOOB
 1.Nasayaat a tao 54 4.86 VHA
2.Kinaimbag 6 4.72 VHA
3.Nalaing a tao 4 4.23 VHA

In the exploratory research, the key informants translations have very highly accepted
the kagandahang loob as kinasayat ti ugali (X- 4.77) and kinaimbag ti nakem (X-4.54). It is the
personal quality of the inner self that characterizes by generosity, integrity and dignity. The self
worth of the term dictates by the good character and deeds that produces a positive response to
pagkamaka-diyos sa kabutihan.

Similarly, the mabuting loob has a very highly accepted translation( X- 4.86) as nasayaat
a tao ( as suggested by key informant). It follows the same path of kinasayat ti ugali (
kagandahang loob) as a personal quality of highly standard ethical and moral values. It must be
noted that deviation takes form in inner self as mabuting loob as to the characteristics that
transcend to nasaayat a tao .

The Ilocano terms for kinasayat ti ugali ( X- 4.77), kinaimbag ti nakem ( X- 4.54) for
mabuting loob and nasayaat a tao for kagandahang loob responds to the development of
pagpapakatao that is now included in the K-12 program for Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao along :

1. Self worth : konsensya ( conscience); pagpipigil sa sarili ( self-control); pagiging tapat;

disciplinang pansarili, and pagmamahal sa katotohanan.

2. Harmony with other people :pagdama at pag-unawa; paggalang;kabutihan (kindness);

pagkamatapat (sincerity);pagkabukas-palad (generosity); pagkakawanggawa (charity);
pagmamalasakit at pagmamahal sa kapwa; at katarungan

3. Love of country and global solidarity : pagmamahal at kabutihan; pagkamasunurin;

kapayapaan at katarungan;pagpapakumbaba; paggalang sa karapatan;at pagmalasakit
para sa kabutihan ng nakakarami.

4. Love of God and preference for good in :ispiritwalidad at pamamanpalataya sa diyos;

pagmamahal, katarungan and katatagan

The Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12 program provides information as to the ideal culture
of righteous fellowmen including the positive values of the Ilocanos transcribes from the ethical
and moral practices of the Filipino .

2. The inner and outer view of self in lakas ng loob , maluwag ang loob, mapagkaloob,
saloobin, and tapat na kalooban

Table 6
The Personal Philosophy of Inner and Outer View of Self in Lakas ng Loob,
Maluwag, Mapagkaloob, Saloobin and Tapat na Kalooban

The Description and Phase 1: Phase 2: Acceptability

Translation on the Exploratory Exploratory Descriptive of the terms
Research Research Analysis for the MTE-
Based on MLE
( 40 Key Exploratory
Informants) Research
A.LAKAS NG LOOB
1.Kinatured 28 4.75 VHA
2.Napigsa a Pakinakem 22 3.66 HA
 3.Kinatibker ti rikna 8 3.60 HA
4.Tured Pakinakem 6 4.07 HA
B.MALUWAG ANG LOOB
1. Nalag-an ti rikna 14 4.54 VHA
2.Mannakaawat 8 4.37 VHA
D.MAPAGKALOOB
1.Managparabor 30 4.78 VHA
2.Manangited 8 4.10 H
3.Managisagot 6 4.71 VHA
4. Manikapagrikna 2 3.20 HA
E. SALOOBIN
1.Karirikna 38 4.69 VHA
2.Nakem 8 4.57 VHA
F. TAPAT NA KALOOBAN
1.Napudno a rikna 14 4.67 VHA
2.Nadalus a panagpuspuso 6 4.45 VHA

In the exploratory research, the key informants translations have very highly accepted
the Ilocano translations of lakas ng loob as kinatured (X- 4.75) ; maluwag ang loob as nalag-an
ti rikna (X- 4.54); mapagkaloob as managpabor ( X-4.78) ; saloobin as karirikna ( X- 4.69);and
tapat na loob as napudno a rikna (X-4.67).

Kinatured (lakas ng loob: X-4.75)) focuses on the inner- self on the basis of personal
action about the principled beliefs . The kinatured acts in what is ethical and morally right to act
even there is a strong social forces to follow what might be unethical and immoral in society.
The principled –action must accept the possible consequences, retaliations and sanctions as a
result of social group pressures in not conforming their acts and deeds to advance their interest
and motive basically on power, authority ,and influence in the society. It has the personal
characteristics on the inner force of self on principled-action as courage, valor, gallantry and
bravery.

Nalag-an ti rikna ( maluwag ang loob: X- 4.54) responds to the inner –self assessment to
someone that may conform a particular personal and ethical values in the process of social
interaction . This takes form on unconscious impression to like someone that results to
unexplainable charisma of others .The assessment of nalag-an ti rikna to someone is attributed to
the personal appearance in the belief that this person is good, moral and ethical. It has previous
knowledge about the personal and professional background as a principled person that can be
trusted and support the ideas and philosophy of life.

Managparabor (mapagkaloob: X-4.78) emphasizes the inner-self as to the personal value

for the affection of other by giving something what you have. The personal characteristics of
managparador as provided in the idea of generosity, charity, kindness, open-handedness, and
big-heartedness. These are the objective truth on the personal value of principled-actions for the
concept of managparabor. The inter-subjective analysis of managparador emphasizes the
personal value to give something to someone to show bounteousness and wealth . It transcends
the personal beliefs of sharing someone’s wealth as a sign to material success that may lead to
the social recognition on the basis of power, authority and influence in the society.

Karirikna ( saloobin: X- 4.69) provides the assessment of oneself as to the inner thought
a given situation. The personal characteristics in the dealing with feeling, sentiment, and
emotion provide the idea of karikrikna. This positive feeling, sentiment and emotion when the
social interaction is favourable to the recognition or appreciation of oneself in a given situation.
 However, the karikrikna turns into disappointment and frustrations when deviant feedback that
may be affected by the ego and personal esteem in the process of social interaction.

Napudno a Karirikna (tapat na kalooban:X- 4.67)- It is the personal development in

relation to sincerity ,loyalty trustworthiness in the inner self. Love of God and Preference for
Good including the understanding of conscience. The objective essence of napudno a karirikna
deals with personal goodness of a person such as loyalty, trustworthiness and sincerity. I is also
the genuine public service in politics including the commitment and trust in doing the work in
particular occupation or profession.

D. The Ilocano philosophy relevant to “Nakem” and “Loob” for the “panatagikua” on
the Ilocano Culture and Virtue Ethics in the utilization of the subjects Aralin
Panlipunan and Eduskayong sa Pagpapakatao for MTB-MLE.

The Ilocano philosophy relevant to the study of Nakem and Loob for Panagtagikua on the
Ilocano culture and virtue ethics discusses the exploratory research the following three areas
that is applicable in Aralin Panlipunan and Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao for the MTBE-MLE
are : (1) the concept and meaning of Naimbag A Nakem as ingrained in the study of “Loob,
Buot and Nakem” in the Filipino Philosophy. (2) the general view of Kagandahang Loob and
Mabuting Loob; and (3) the inner and outer view of self in “Lakas ng Loob , Maluwag ang
Loob, Mapagkaloob, Saloobin, at Tapat na kalooban”.

Table 7
The Exploratory Research of “ Loob, Buot and Nakem” for the MTB-MLE in Edukasyon
sa Pagpapakatao and Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12 Program

Exploratory Research of “Loob, Buot Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao for the Aralin Panlipunan for the K-
and Nakem” for the MTB-MLE K-12 Program 12 Program

Concept of “Naimbag A Nakem”
A person knows to have fear in God,
he has not to think, speak and act against
the teaching of the lord and fellowmen.
The Filipino word of Loob can
mean the intellect, the will, the emotions
and the ethical, Loob (or Buot in
Cebuano and Nakem in Ilocano) shows
that the Filipino as individual looks on
himself as a whole, Conscious of his
freedom, proud of his human dignity.
The term “imbag” connotes a positive
view of being that embodies the
impression of goodness which is
synonymous with integrity, dignity,
respect and decency.
1.Virtue Ethics and Personal The Aralin Panlipunan
Philosophy about “loob” and Love of for the K-12 program
God and Preference of Goodness( introduces the essence of
Ispiritwalidad at Pamamanpalataya Naimbag A Nakem in the
sa Diyos; (b)Pagmamahal, Katarungan comprehensive ideas of the
at Katatagan. Ilocano term kapututan as to
ethical and moral values of
The Characteristics and Concepts of the Filipino in the cultural
“Naimbag A Nakem” history of the Ilocanos
1. It is admirable for an Ilocano to learn
and practice being humble and
respectful to others specially to have
fear in God .
2.Clean thought that follows well
mannered action and deeds. A person
with “Naimbag a Nakem” has not to
think, speak and act against the
teaching of the Lord and fellowmen .

3.A positive view of the person’s

life.This a good character. Willing to
help during hard time. Compassionate.
 4.A righteous character that extend
help to those who are in need.

Table 7 discusses the Exploratory Research of “ Loob, Buot and Nakem” for the MTB-
MLE in Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao and Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12 Program provides the
instructional materials as to the meaning and information about “ Naimbag A Nakem.” In the
Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao, describes the characteristics and concept regarding this term along
the component on love of god and preference of goodness.

While Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12 program introduces the essence of Naimbag A
Nakem in the comprehensive ideas of the Ilocano term kapututan as to ethical and moral values
of the Filipino in the cultural history of the Ilocanos. This can be studied in the Pre-Spanish
period to identify the real values and culture of the Filipino.

Table 8
The Exploratory Research of “ Kagandahang Loob and Mabuting Loob” for the MTB-MLE in
Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao and Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12 Program

Exploratory Research of “Kagandahang Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao for the Aralin Panlipunan for the K-
Loob and Mabuting Loob” for the K-12 Program 12 Program
MTB-MLE

Kagandahang Loob and Mabuting

Loob The Ilocano terms for kinasayat ti The Aralin Panlipunan for
ugali, kinaimbag ti nakem for mabuting the K-12 program provides
1. Kinasayat ti ugali (Kagandahang loob and nasayaat a tao for information as to the ideal
Loob) kagandahang loob responds to the culture of righteous
development of pagpapakatao that is fellowmen including the
It is the personal quality of the now included in the K-12 program for positive values of the
inner self that characterizes by Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao along : Ilocanos transcribes from the
generosity, integrity and dignity. The ethical and moral practices of
self worth of the term dictates by the 1. Self worth : konsensya ( conscience); the Filipino
good character and deeds that produces pagpipigil sa sarili ( self-control);
a positive response to pagkamaka-diyos pagiging tapat; disciplinang pansarili,
sa kabutihan. and pagmamahal sa katotohanan.

2.Nasayaat a tao ( Mabuting Loob) 2. Harmony with other people

:pagdama at pag-unawa;
It follows the same path of kinasayat paggalang;kabutihan (kindness);
ti ugali ( kagandahang loob) as a pagkamatapat (sincerity);pagkabukas-
personal quality of highly standard palad (generosity); pagkakawanggawa
ethical and moral values. It must be (charity); pagmamalasakit at
noted that deviation takes form in inner pagmamahal sa kapwa; at katarungan
self as mabuting loob as to the
characteristics that transcend to 3.Love of country and global solidarity
nasaayat a tao . : pagmamahal at kabutihan;
pagkamasunurin; kapayapaan at
katarungan;pagpapakumbaba;
paggalang sa karapatan;at
pagmalasakit para sa kabutihan ng
nakakarami.

4.Love of God and preference for good

 in :ispiritwalidad at pamamanpalataya
sa diyos; pagmamahal, katarungan and
katatagan

Table 8 expounds the Exploratory Research of “ Kagandahang Loob and Mabuting

Loob” for the MTB-MLE in Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao and Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12
Program that explains the kinasayat ti ugali and nasayaat a tao. It presents the moral and ethical
standards of a person in abiding the key concepts of dignity and integrity.

It is applicable to all concepts and components of Eduskasyong sa Pagpapakatao as the

Ilocano terms imply the kinasayat ti ugali, kinaimbag ti nakem for mabuting loob and nasayaat
a tao for kagandahang loob that respond to the development of pagpapakatao .In Aralin
Panlipunan for the K-12 program, it provides information as to the ideal culture of righteous
fellowmen including the positive values of the Ilocanos transcribes from the ethical and moral
practices of the Filipino.

The Exploratory Research of “Lakas ng Loob , Maluwag ang Loob, Mapagkaloob,
Saloobin, at Tapat na kalooban” for the MTB-MLE in Edukasyon sa
Pagpapakatao and Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12 Program
Exploratory Research of “Lakas ng
Loob , Maluwag ang Loob,
Mapagkaloob, Saloobin, at Tapat na
kalooban” for the MTB-MLE
Kinatured (lakas ng loob) focuses on
the inner- self on the basis of personal
action about the principled beliefs . The
kinatured acts in what is ethical and
morally right to act even there is a
strong social forces to follow what
might be unethical and immoral in
society.
Nalag-an ti rikna ( maluwag ang loob) The harmony of people and love of
responds to the inner –self assessment to God including preference for good
someone that may conform a particular
personal and ethical values in the
process of social interaction .
Managparabor (mapagkaloob:
X-4.78) emphasizes the inner-self as to
the personal value for the affection of
other by giving something what you
have
Table 9
Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao for the Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12
K-12 Program Program
It has the personal characteristics on Politika, Kultura at Pamayanan
the inner force of self on principled-
action as courage, valor, gallantry and The principled –action must
bravery.
The assessment of nalag-an ti rikna
to someone is attributed to the personal
appearance in the belief that this
person is good, moral and ethical.
The personal characteristics of
managparador as provided in the idea
of generosity, charity, kindness, open-
handedness, and big-heartedness.
These are the objective truth on the
personal value of principled-actions
for the concept of managparabor.
Pag-aaral ng Pamahalaam,
accept the possible
consequences, retaliations and
sanctions as a result of social
group pressures in not
conforming their acts and deeds
to advance their interest and
motive basically on power,
authority ,and influence in the
society.
Pag-Aaral ng
Pamahalaan,Politika, Kultura at
Pamayanan
This takes form on
unconscious impression to like
someone that results to
unexplainable charisma of others
. It has previous knowledge
about the personal and
professional background as a
principled person that can be
trusted and support the ideas and
philosophy of life.
Pag-Aaral ng
Pamahalaan,Politika, Kultura at
Pamayanan
The inter-subjective analysis
of managparador emphasizes
the personal value to give
something to someone to show
bounteousness and wealth . It
transcends the personal beliefs of
sharing someone’s wealth as a
sign to material success that may
lead to the social recognition on
the basis of power, authority and
influence in the society.
 Karirikna ( saloobin) provides
the assessment of oneself as to the inner
thought a given situation. The personal
characteristics in the dealing with
feeling, sentiment, and emotion provide
the idea of karikrikna.
The objective essence of karirikna is and Recognition
the love (pagmamahal), self-esteem
and the preference for good and love of
god.
Social Status Material Wealth
This positive feeling,
sentiment and emotion when the
social interaction is favourable to
the recognition or appreciation
of oneself in a given situation.
However, the karikrikna turns
into disappointment and
frustrations when deviant
feedback that may be affected
by the ego and personal esteem
in the process of social
interaction.

Napudno a Karirikna (Tapat na Love of God and Preference for Good The genuine public service in
Kalooban)- It is the personal including the understanding of politics including the
development in relation to sincerity conscience. commitment and trust in doing
,loyalty trustworthiness in the inner self. The objective essence of loyalty, the work in particular occupation
trustworthiness and sincerity. or profession.

V.FINDINGS

A. Profile of the Respondents who are key informants, Ilocano translators, and
teachers and practitioners and resource persons for the development of the
exploratory research and descriptive research in the MTB-MLE

In the Phase 1 of the study, the profile of the 40 key informants in conducting the
exploratory research of Ilocano culture there are 21 key informants are local journalists ( 10
percent), Ilocano translators ( 7.50 percent), local broadcasters (7.50 percent), local folk
translators (12.50 percent) , retired teachers ( 15 percent). The remaining 19 key informants
and resource persons (MTB-MLE practitioners) are secondary school teachers (12.50
percent), elementary school teachers (25.00 percent) and college professors/instructors
( 10.00 percent). They are residing different places in 1st district of Ilocos Sur with majority
of them living in Vigan City ( 37.50 percent) and Caoayan (20percent). Most of them are
below 25 years old for those MTB-MLE practitioners while the local journalists, folk
translators, retired teachers and broadcasters are at above 45 years old ( 32.50 percent).

On the other hand the respondents’ profile in the descriptive analysis based on
exploratory research for the MTB-MLE( Phase 2). Majority of the position of the
respondents (Elementary School Teachers) are Teacher 1 ( 51.85 percent) and Teacher 2
( 25.92 percent) who have training in MTB-MLE in the Department of Education. Most of
them are residing in Magsingal ( 31.48 percent) , San Juan ( 25.92 percent), and Vigan
City (18.58 percent) with ages below 25 ( X-38.89 percent) and range 25-29 ( 24.07
percent).
B.The utilization of exploratory research on MTB-MLE of the universal usage of the
personal philosophy of “Loob, Buot and Nakem” on the cultural concept of “Naimbag A
Nakem “ for the Panagtagikua as applied to Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao in the
curricula as provided in Deped Order No, 74. S,2009 and Deped Order No. 31, s.2012).

In the utilization of the exploratory Research for the Personal Philosophy and Virtue
Ethics of the “Naimbag A Nakem” has given at least three ideas based on their
phenomenological experiences of the key informants : (1) kinaimbag iti tao ken ammona iti
agrespeto ti padana nga tao ; (2) Nasayaat nga tumulong ken sumaranay iti makasapol ( 9.09
percent) ; (3) Ammona iti agbuteng ti dios, saan nga agpanunot, agsao, wenno agaramid iti
maikontra iti dios ken kagimongan. ( 87.88 percent)

Interestingly, this exploratory research presents the contextual acceptability of the

understanding in the concept of “Naimbag A Nakem” on the following : (a) It is admirable for
an Ilocano to learn and practice being humble and respectful to others specially to have fear in
God (X- 4.29) ; (b) Clean thought that follows well mannered action and deeds. A person with
“naimbag a nakem” has not to think, speak and act against the teaching of the Lord and
fellowmen (X- 3.62); (c) A positive view of the person’s life.This a good character. Willing to
help during hard time. Compassionate. ( X- 4.33); and (d) A righteous character that extend help
to those who are in need. ( X-3.76)

C. Defining the personal philosophy in the subject Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao

and Arailin Panlipunan through the Exploratory Research of Loob for MTB-
MLE on the Ilocano culture for Panagtagikua.

1. The General View of Kagandahang Loob and Mabuting Loob

In the exploratory research, the key informants translations have very highly accepted
the kagandahang loob as kinasayat ti ugali (X- 4.77) and kinaimbag ti nakem (X-4.54).
Similarly, the mabuting loob has a very highly accepted translation( X- 4.86) as nasayaat a tao (
as suggested by key informant). The Ilocano terms for kinasayat ti ugali ,and kinaimbag ti
nakem for mabuting loob and nasayaat a tao for kagandahang loob responds to the
development of pagpapakatao that is now included in the K-12 program for Edukasyong sa
Pagpapakatao.

2. The inner and outer view of self in “lakas ng loob , maluwag ang loob,
mapagkaloob, saloobin,at tapat na kalooban”

In the exploratory research, the key informants translations have very highly accepted
the Ilocano translations of lakas ng loob as kinatured (X- 4.75) ; maluwag ang loob as nalag-an
ti rikna (X- 4.54); mapagkaloob as managpabor ( X-4.78) ; saloobin as karirikna ( X- 4.69);and
tapat na loob as napudno a rikna (X-4.67).

D.The Ilocano philosophy relevant to “Nakem” and “Loob” for the “Panatagikua” on
the Ilocano Culture and Virtue Ethics in the utilization of the subjects Aralin
Panlipunan and Eduskayong sa Pagpapakatao for MTB-MLE.

1. The Exploratory Research of “ Loob, Buot and Nakem” for the MTB-MLE in
Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao and Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12 Program provides
the instructional materials as to the meaning and information about “ Naimbag A
Nakem.”
 2. The Exploratory Research of “ Kagandahang Loob and Mabuting Loob” for the
MTB-MLE in Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao and Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12
Program that explains the kinasayat ti ugali and nasayaat a tao. It presents the moral
and ethical standards of a person in abiding the key concepts of dignity and integrity.

3. The Exploratory Research of “Lakas ng Loob , Maluwag ang Loob, Mapagkaloob,

Saloobin, at Tapat na Kalooban” for the MTB-MLE in Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao
and Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12 Program . The Ilocano trasnlations for (a)
Kinatured as lakas ng loob (X-4.75); (b) Nalag-an ti rikna as maluwag ang loob ( X-
4.54); (c) Managparabor as mapagkaloob( X-4.78) ; (d) Karirikna as saloobin ( X-
4.69) and (e) Napudno a Karirikna as tapat na kalooban (X- 4.67).

VI.CONCLUSIONS

A. Profile of the respondents who are key informants, Ilocano translators, and
teachers and practitioners and resource persons for the development of the
exploratory research and descriptive research in the MTB-MLE

In the Phase 1 of the study, the 40 key informants in conducting the exploratory
research of Ilocano culture there are local journalists, Ilocano translators , local
broadcasters , local folk translators ,and retired teachers . The MTB-MLE practitioners
are secondary school teachers , elementary school teachers and college professors
/instructors . They are residing different places in 1st district of Ilocos Sur with majority
of them living in Vigan City and Caoayan. Most of them are below 25 years old for those
MTBE-MLE practitioners while the local journalists, folk translators, retired teachers and
broadcasters are at above 45 years old .

On the otherhand the respondents’ profile in the descriptive analysis based on

exploratory research for the MTB-MLE( Phase 2). Majority of the position of the
respondents ( Elementary School Teachers) are Teacher 1 and Teacher 2 who have
training in MTB-MLE in the Department of Education. Most of them are residing in
Magsingal , San Juan, and Vigan City with ages below 25 and range 25-29.

B. The utilization of exploratory research on MTB-MLE of the universal usage of the

personal philosophy of “Loob, Buot and Nakem” on the cultural concept of
“Naimbag A Nakem “ for the Panagtagikua as applied to Edukasyong sa
Pagpapakatao in the curricula as provided in Deped Order No, 74. S,2009 and
Deped Order No. 31, s.2012).

In this exploratory research, the contextual acceptability of the meaning of “Naimbag A

Nakem” as presented in this study : A person knows to have fear in God, he has not to think,
speak and act against the teaching of the lord and fellowmen

The essence of the Naimbag A Nakem in relation to the implementation of the K-12
program in the Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao is provided in : self–worth (particularly
conscience); harmony with other people; love of country and global solidarity with emphasis on
love of God and preference for good in : (1) ispiritwalidad at pamamanpalataya sa diyos; and
(2) pagmamahal, katarungan at katatagan. The Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12 program
introduces the essence of Naimbag A Nakem in the comprehensive ideas of the Ilocano term
kapututan as to ethical and moral values of the Filipino in the cultural history of the Ilocanos.
 C. To. define the personal philosophy in the subject Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao and
Arailin Panlipunan through the Exploratory Research of Loob for MTB-MLE on
the Ilocano culture for Panagtagikua.

a. The General View of Kagandahang Loob and Mabuting Loob

In the exploratory research, the key informants translations have very highly accepted
the kagandahang loob as kinasayat ti ugali and kinaimbag ti nakem . It is the personal quality
of the inner self that characterizes by generosity, integrity and dignity. The self worth of the term
dictates by the good character and deeds that produces a positive response to pagkamaka-diyos
sa kabutihan.Similarly, the mabuting loob has a very highly accepted translation as nasayaat a
tao ( as suggested by key informant). It follows the same path of kinasayat ti ugali
( kagandahang loob) as a personal quality of highly standard ethical and moral values. It must be
noted that deviation takes form in inner self as mabuting loob as to the characteristics that
transcend to nasaayat a tao .

These Ilocano terms responds to the development of pagpapakatao that is now included
in the K-12 program for Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao along : (1) Self worth : konsensya
( conscience); pagpipigil sa sarili ( self-control); pagiging tapat; disciplinang pansarili, and
pagmamahal sa katotohanan; (2) Harmony with other people :pagdama at pag-unawa;
paggalang;kabutihan (kindness); pagkamatapat (sincerity);pagkabukas-palad (generosity);
pagkakawanggawa (charity); pagmamalasakit at pagmamahal sa kapwa; at katarungan ;(3)
Love of country and global solidarity : pagmamahal at kabutihan; pagkamasunurin; kapayapaan
at katarungan;pagpapakumbaba; paggalang sa karapatan;at pagmalasakit para sa kabutihan
ng nakakarami; and (4) Love of God and preference for good in :ispiritwalidad at
pamamanpalataya sa diyos; pagmamahal, katarungan and katatagan .The Aralin Panlipunan for
the K-12 program provides information as to the ideal culture of righteous fellowmen including
the positive values of the Ilocanos transcribes from the ethical and moral practices of the Filipino
.

b. The inner and outer view of self in lakas ng loob , maluwag ang loob,
mapagkaloob, saloobin, tapat na kalooban

The inner and outer view of self concludes that (1) Kinatured (lakas ng loob) focuses on the
inner- self on the basis of personal action about the principled beliefs . The kinatured acts in
what is ethical and morally right to act even there is a strong social forces to follow what might
be unethical and immoral in society;(2) Nalag-an ti rikna ( maluwag ang loob) responds to the
inner –self assessment to someone that may conform a particular personal and ethical values in
the process of social interaction; (3) Managparabor (mapagkaloob) emphasizes the inner-self as
to the personal value for the affection of other by giving something what you have. The personal
characteristics of managparador as provided in the idea of generosity, charity, kindness, open-
handedness, and big-heartedness. (4) Karirikna ( saloobin) provides the assessment of oneself as
to the inner thought a given situation. The personal characteristics in the dealing with feeling,
sentiment, and emotion provide the idea of karikrikna; (5) Napudno a Karirikna( tapat na
kalooban) is the personal development in relation to sincerity ,loyalty trustworthiness in the
inner self. Love of God and Preference for Good including the understanding of conscience.

E. The Ilocano philosophy relevant to “Nakem” and “Loob” for the “panatagikua” on
the Ilocano Culture and Virtue Ethics in the utilization of the subjects Aralin
Panlipunan and Eduskayong sa Pagpapakatao for MTB-MLE.

1. In the Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao, it describes the characteristics and concept regarding

this term along the component on love of god and preference of goodness. While Aralin
Panlipunan for the K-12 program introduces the essence of Naimbag A Nakem in the
 comprehensive ideas of the Ilocano term kapututan as to ethical and moral values of the
Filipino in the cultural history of the Ilocanos. This can be studied in the Pre-Spanish
period to identify the real values and culture of the Filipino.

2. It is applicable to all concepts and components of Edukasyong sa Pagpapakatao as the

Ilocano terms imply the kinasayat ti ugali, kinaimbag ti nakem for mabuting loob and
nasayaat a tao for kagandahang loob that respond to the development of pagpapakatao
.In Aralin Panlipunan for the K-12 program, it provides information as to the ideal culture
of righteous fellowmen including the positive values of the Ilocanos transcribes from the
ethical and moral practices of the Filipino.

VII.RECOMMENDATIONS

1. The State Universities and Colleges and the Higher Education Institutions should
conducted extension programs ( through the interplay of research and extension function)
on Mother Tongue- Based Multilingual Education to the Department of Education for the
Elementary and Secondary School Teacher in the K-12 program to implement DepEd
Order No. 74, s. 2009, DepEd Order No. 31, s. 2012.

2. The social science researchers and faculty members in the SUCs and HEIs should conduct
similar social research studies in a multi-disciplinary approach to provide instructional
materials in MTE-MLE for the K-12 programs.

3. The MTE-MLE should have research agenda and tool (such as exploratory and
descriptive research) to be disseminated to the concerned stakeholders fo enhance the
instructional materials in the different subjects of the K-12 program.

4. There should be a followed study of the “ Loob ,Buot, Nakem” to further validate and
strengthen the result of the study until the institutionalization of the MTE-MLE with the
support of the SUCs and HEIs.

5. The academe should be encouraged to conduct exploratory and descriptive researches to

further strengthen the knowledge-based documents for the Ilocano Culture and Philosophy
and eventually integrated on the inter-disciplinary and multidisciplinary approach in the
liberal education for the SUCs and HEI.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Gerning, John (2001) Social Science Methodology: A Criteria Framework. Cambridge
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Glaser B.G. and Strauss A.I. (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for
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Mercado, Leonardo (2005) Essays on Filipino Philosophy. Manila. Logos Publication

Mercado N. Leonardo (1991) Soul and Spirit in Filipino Thought. Philippine Studies.Quzon
City. Ateneo De Manila University Vol.39, no. 3 :287-302

Stebbins, Robert (2001) Exploratory Research in Social Sciences. Qualitative Research

Methods Series 48. A Sage University Paper. Sage Publication