Weaponry of The NZDF

WEAPONRY OF THE NEW ZEALAND ARMY
CREATED BY ARMOURER MEMBERS IN

TIMOR LESTE DEFENSE FORCE
F-FDTL
Steyr AUG
Steyr AUG A1 with 508 mm (20.0 in) barrel
Type Bullpup assault rifle

Carbine
Light machine gun
Squad automatic weapon
Submachine gun
Place of origin Austria
Service history
In service 1978–present [1]
Used by See Users
Wars See Conflicts
Production history
Designer Horst Wesp

Karl Wagner
Karl Möser
Designed 1977
Manufacturer Steyr Mannlicher

Thales Australia, Lithgow Facility
SME Ordnance
Produced  1978–present (Standard) [1]
 1988–present (Para) [1]
 2004–present (A3)
 2007–present (A3 SF)
Variants See Variants
Specifications
Mass  3.6 kg (7.9 lb) (Standard)

 3.3 kg (7.3 lb) (Carbine)
 3.2 kg (7.1 lb) (Subcarbine)
 3.9 kg (8.6 lb) (HBAR)
 3.3 kg (7.3 lb) (Para) [1]
Length  790 mm (31.1 in) (Standard) [1]
 690 mm (27.2 in) (Carbine)

 630 mm (24.8 in) (Subcarbine)
 900 mm (35.4 in) (HBAR)
 665 mm (26.2 in) (Para) [1]
Barrel length  508 mm (20.0 in) (Standard) [1]
 407 mm (16.0 in) (Carbine)

 350 mm (13.8 in) (Subcarbine)
 621 mm (24.4 in) (HBAR)
 420 mm (16.5 in) (Para) [1]
Cartridge  5.56×45mm NATO [1]
 9×19mm Parabellum [1]
 300 BLK [2]
Action Gas-operated, rotating bolt
Rate of fire 680–750 RPM [3]
Muzzle velocity Standard rifle: 970 m/s (3,182 ft/s)
Effective firing range 300 metres (980 ft)
Maximum firing range 2,700 metres (8,900 ft)
Feed system  5.56×45mm NATO: 30-, 42-round

detachable box magazine, [1]
 9×19mm Parabellum: 25-, 32-round

detachable MPi 69 box magazine [1]
Sights Swarovski 1.5× telescopic sight,

emergency battle sights, and Picatinny rail
for various optics
The Steyr AUG (Armee-Universal-Gewehr—"universal army rifle") is an Austrian 5.56×45mm
NATO bullpupassault rifle, designed in the 1960s by Steyr-Daimler-Puch and now manufactured
by Steyr MannlicherGmbH & Co KG.
It was adopted by the Austrian Army as the StG 77(Sturmgewehr 77) in 1978, where it replaced
[4]
the 7.62×51mm NATO StG 58 automatic rifle (a licence-built FN FAL). In production since
[5]
1978, it is the standard small arm of the Austrian Bundesheer and various national police units.
Its variants have also been adopted by the armed forces of dozens of countries.
Design details
The Steyr AUG is a selective-fire, bullpup weapon with a conventional gas-piston-
operated action that fires from a closed bolt. It is designed as a Modular Weapon System that
[6]
could be quickly configured as a rifle, a carbine, a sniper rifle, a sub-machine gun and even
an open-bolt squad automatic weapon. The AUG employs a very high level of advanced firearms
technology and is made with the extensive use of polymers and aluminum components. It is
chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge and has the standard 1:9 rifling twist that will
stabilize both SS109/M855 and M193 rounds. Some nations including Australia, Ireland and
New Zealand use a version with a 1:7 twist optimized for the SS109 NATO round. The SMG
versions are chambered for 9mm Parabellum. The AUG consists of six interchangeable
assemblies: the barrel, receiver with integrated telescopic sight or Picatinny rail, bolt carrier
assembly, trigger mechanism, stockand magazine. [6]
Operating mechanism
The AUG has a rotating bolt that features 7 radial locking lugs and is unlocked by means of a pin
on the bolt body and a recessed camming guide machined into the bolt carrier. The bolt carrier
itself is guided by two guide rods brazed to it and these rods run inside steel bearings in the
receiver. The guide rods are hollow and contain the return springs. The bolt also contains a claw
extractor that forms the eighth locking lug and a spring-loaded "bump"-type casing ejector.
The gas cylinder is offset to the right side of the barrel and works with one of the two guide rods.
The AUG uses a short-stroke piston system where the right guide rod serves as the action rod,
transmitting the rearward motion of the gas-driven piston to the bolt carrier. The left-hand rod
provides retracting handle pressure when connected by the forward assist and can also be utilized
as a reamer to remove fouling in the gas cylinder. The firearm uses a 3-position gas valve. The
first setting, marked with a small dot, is used for normal operation. The second setting, illustrated
with a large dot, indicates fouled conditions. The third, "GR" closed position is used to
launch rifle grenades (of the non-bullet trap type).
The AUG is hammer-fired and the firing mechanism is contained in the rear of the stock, near
the butt, covered by a synthetic rubber shoulder plate. The hammer group is made entirely of
plastics except for the springs and pins and is contained in an open-topped plastic box which lies
between the magazine and the buttplate. During firing the recoiling bolt group travels over the
top of it, resetting the hammer. Since the trigger is located some distance away, it transmits its
energy through a sear lever which passes by the side of the magazine. The firing pin is operated
by a plastic hammer under pressure from a coil spring.
Steyr AUG with a German KCB-77 M1 bayonet.
Steyr AUG with a loaded 30-round magazine.
The Steyr AUG's telescopic sight picture. Note the backup iron sights on top of it.
Features
The AUG comes standard with four magazines, a muzzle cap, spare bolt for left-handed
shooters, blank-firing adaptor, cleaning kit, sling and either an American M7 or German KCB-77
M1 bayonet.
Muzzle devices and barrel lengths

A three-pronged, open-type flash suppressors were used on the 350 mm (13.8 in), 407 mm
(16.0 in) and 508 mm (20.0 in) length barrels, whereas the 621 mm (24.4 in) light machine gun
barrel received a closed-type ported muzzle device (combination flash suppressor and
compensator) and an integral, lightweight folding bipod. The flash suppressors are screwed to
the muzzle and internally threaded to take a blank-firing attachment.
Trigger
The AUG features an Spz-kr type progressive trigger (pulling the trigger halfway produces semi-
automatic fire, pulling the trigger all the way to the rear produces fully automatic fire) and a
safety mechanism (cross-bolt, button type), located immediately above the hand grip. In its [6]
"safe" position (white dot) the trigger is mechanically disabled; pressing the safety button to the
left exposes a red dot and indicates the weapon is ready to fire. Some versions have an ALO or
"automatic lockout", a small projection at the base of the trigger. This was first included on the
Irish Defence Forces variant of the rifle, and soon after, the Australian Defence Forces variant. In
the exposed position the ALO stops the trigger being squeezed past the semi-automatic position.
If needed, the ALO can be pushed up to permit automatic fire. [7]
Ammunition feeding
The AUG is fed from a translucent, double-column box magazines(molded from a high-strength
polymer) with a 30-round capacity and an empty weight of 130 g (4.6 oz). The light machine
gunversion of the AUG uses an extended 42-round magazine. An Argentine variant of the FN
FAL chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge and known as the FALMP III Type 2 also uses
the same magazine.
Sights
The AUG has a 1.5× telescopic sight that is integrated with the receiver casting and is made
by Swarovski Optik. It contains a simple black ring reticle with a basic rangefinder that is
[6]
designed so that at 300 m (984.3 ft) a 180 cm (5ft 11in) tall man-size target will completely fill
it, giving the shooter an accurate method of estimating range. The sight cannot be set to a
specific range but can be adjusted for windage and elevation for an initial zero and is designed to
be calibrated for 300 m. So when it is set, aiming at the center of a target will produce a hit at all
ranges out to 300 m. It also has a backup iron sight with a rear notch and front blade, cast into
the top of the aluminium optical sight housing, used in case of failure or damage to the primary
optical sight. The sight is also equipped with a set of three illuminated dots (one on the front
blade and two at the rear) for use in low-level lighting conditions. In order to mount a wide range
of optics and accessories, a receiver with a NATO-standard Picatinny rail and detachable
carrying handle was also developed and introduced in December 1997.
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Engineering
Austrian soldiers equipped with the standard-length Steyr AUG.
Austrian soldiers train with the Steyr AUG A3 SF.
The quick-change barrel used in the AUG is cold hammer-forged by GFM-GmbH

of Steyr Austria for increased precision and durability, its bore, chamber and certain components
of the gas system are chrome-plated. The standard rifle-length barrel features 6 right-hand
grooves and a rifling twist rate of 228 mm (1:9 in). An external sleeve is shrunk on to the barrel
and carries the gas port and cylinder, gas valve and forward grip hinge jaw. There is a short
cylinder which contains a piston and its associated return spring. The barrel locks into a steel
insert inside the receiver through a system of eight lugs arranged around the chamber end and is
equipped with a folding, vertical grip that helps to pivot and withdraw the barrel during barrel
changes. The most compact of the barrels has a fixed vertical grip.
The receiver housing is a steel-reinforced aluminium extrusion finished with a baked enamel
coating. It holds the steel bearings for the barrel lugs and the guide rods. The non-reciprocating
[6]
plastic cocking handle works in a slot on the left side of the receiver and is connected to the bolt
carrier's left guide rod. The cocking handle has a forward assist feature—alternatively called a
"silent cocking device"—used for pushing the bolt shut without recocking the rifle. A bolt[6][8]
hold-open device locks the bolt carrier assembly back after the last round has been fired. The [8]
newer AUG A3s possess a bolt release button, prior to this development all AUGs and the USR
required the cocking handle being retracted to release the bolt group after a new magazine has
been inserted. Older versions of the AUG can be upgraded to use the newer A3 stock and in turn
the button release; however, it requires they also upgrade other key parts as well including the
hammer pack.
The rifle's stock is made from fibreglass-reinforced polyamide 66. At the forward end is the
pistol grip with an enlarged forward trigger guard completely enclosing the firing hand that
allows the rifle to be operated with winter gloves. The trigger is hung permanently on the pistol
[6]
grip, together with its two operating rods which run in guides past the magazine housing. Behind
that is the locking catch for the stock group. Pressing this to the right will separate the receiver
and stock. The magazine catch is behind the housing, on the underside of the stock. Above the
housing are the two ejector openings, one of which is always covered by a removable strip of
plastic. The rear of the stock forms the actual shoulder rest which contains the hammer unit and
the end of the bolt path. The butt is closed by an endplate which is held in place by the rear sling
swivel. This swivel is attached to a pin which pushes in across the butt and secures the plate.
There is a cavity under the buttplate that holds a cleaning kit.
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Modularity
Austrian versions
Steyr AUGs with green and black stocks, different type of Picatinny rail receivers and different sights.
Steyr AUG A1 with a 40 mm AG36 grenade launcher.

The Irish Army peacekeepers in Lebanon armed with the Steyr AUG fitted with bayonets.
The New Zealand Army with the F88 on a military live fire scenario exercise.
Stock
While the AUG is not fully ambidextrous, it can still be configured to be use for left- or right-
handed operators by changing the bolt with one that has the extractor and ejector on the
appropriate side, and moving the blanking plate to cover the ejection port not in use. However,
there exists also a right-hand-only stock that allows for the use of M16 type STANAG
magazines. [9][10]
Receivers
The AUG's receiver may also be changed from the standard model with a carrying handle and
built-in 1.5× optical sight, to the "T" model receiver which has a universal scope mount to
[11]
allow for the use of a variety of scopes and sights. The rifle also has several different types of
[11]
receivers with Picatinny rails. It has proven to be an effective sniper or designated marksman
[12]
rifle when configured with the 621 mm (24.4 in) light machine gun barrel, the universal scope
mount fitted with a Kahles ZF69 6×42 optical sight and the semi-auto-only trigger group.
Firing mechanism
The AUG's firing mechanism may also be changed at will, into a variety of configurations,
including semi-auto and full-auto, semi-auto and three-round-burst, semi-auto-only, or any other
combination that the user may desire. It may also be converted into an open-bolt full-auto-only
[11]
mode of fire, which allows for improved cooling and eliminates cook off problems when the
AUG is used as a light machine gun or squad automatic weapon. [11]
Barrels
All AUGs are equipped with quick detachable barrels; including compact 350 mm (13.8 in)
barrels, 407 mm (16.0 in) carbine barrels, 508 mm (20.0 in) standard rifle-length barrels and
621 mm (24.4 in) light machine gun barrels. Rifles equipped with 508 mm (20.0 in) pattern
[6]
barrels produced for military purposes are also equipped with bayonet lugs. The 407 mm
(16.0 in) and 508 mm (20.0 in) barrels are capable of launching NATO STANAG type 22 mm
rifle grenades from their integral flash hiders without the use of an adapter. AUG barrels can also
mount 40 mm M203 or AG36 grenade launchers. Steyr also offers 508 mm (20.0 in) barrel
configurations fitted with a fixed, post front-sight used on the standard rifle version with
aperture iron sights.
Carbine, Caliber 5.56 mm, M4
Colt M4 Modular Weapon System Carbine with RAS, M68 CCO and
a GPS-02 grip pod
Type Selective-fire carbine
Place of origin United States
Service history
In service 1994–present
Used by See Users below
Wars Colombian conflict [citation needed]
Moro conflict
Burundian Civil War [1]
Kosovo War
War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
Iraq War
Syrian Civil War[2]
2013 Lahad Datu standoff [3]
Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) [2]
Battle of Marawi [4]
Production history
Designed 1984–1993
Manufacturer See Manufacturers below
Unit cost $700 (avg. cost) [5]
Produced 1993–present
Variants M4A1
Mark 18 Mod 0 CQBR
Specifications
Mass 6.5 lb (2.9 kg) empty

7.49 lb (3.40 kg) with 30 rounds
Length 33 in (840 mm) (stockextended)

29.75 in (756 mm) (stock retracted)
Barrel length 14.5 in (370 mm)
Cartridge 5.56×45mm NATO
Caliber 5.56 mm (.223 in)
Action Gas-operated, rotating bolt(Direct

impingement)
Rate of fire 700–950 round/min cyclic [6]
Muzzle velocity 2,970 ft/s (910 m/s) (M855A1round) [7]
Effective firing range 500 m (550 yd) [8]
Feed system 30-round box magazine or other STANAG

magazines. Magazines with different
capacities also available.
Sights Iron sights or various optics
The M4 carbine is a shorter and lighter variant of the M16A2assault rifle. The M4 is
a 5.56×45mm NATO, air-cooled, direct impingement gas-operated, magazine-fed carbine. It has
a 14.5 in (370 mm) barrel and a telescoping stock.
The M4 carbine is extensively used by the United States Armed Forces and is largely replacing
the M16 rifle in United States Army and United States Marine Corps combat units as the
primary infantry weapon and service rifle.
[9][10]
The M4 is also capable of mounting the M203 and M320grenade launchers. The distinctive step
in its barrel is for mounting the M203 with the standard hardware. The M4has semi-
automatic and three-round burst firing modes (like the M16A2 and M16A4), while
the M4A1 has semi-automatic and fully automatic firing modes (like the M16A1 and M16A3).
History
Following the adoption of the M16 rifle, carbine variants were also adopted for close quarters
operations. The CAR-15family of weapons served through the Vietnam War. However, these
rifles had design issues, as "the barrel length was halved" to 10 inches, which "upset the
ballistics", reducing its range and accuracy and leading "to considerable muzzle flash and blast,
so that a large flash suppressor had to be fitted". "Nevertheless, as a short-range weapon it is
[11]
quite adequate and thus, [despite] its caliber, [the XM177 'Commando'] is classed as a
submachine gun." In 1984, Colt began work on a new carbine design called
[11]
the XM4 combining the best features of the Colt Commando and later the M16A2 rifles.
In 1984, the first model was made, and it was tested in May 1985. The first models had an upper
receiver with an A1 sight, and were given a shorter 11.5-inch barrel, but later ones were given a
longer 14.5-inch barrel for the bayonet and the M203 Grenade Launcher. The second model was
made in May 1986, and it was tested from May 1986 though May 1987; at the time it had an A2
Upper Sight, and it had the M16A2's 1:7 inch rifle twist, to use the heavier 62-grain M855
rounds. The extended barrel improved the XM4's ballistics, reduced muzzle blast and gave the
XM4 the ability to mount a bayonet and the M203 grenade launcher. The XM4 was also given
the cartridge deflector, as well as other minor refinements. In May 1991, the XM4 was
[citation needed]
renamed to the M4, and Colt made a manual.

The M4 was officially accepted into service by the U.S. military in 1994, and first saw action in
the hands of U.S. troops deployed to Kosovo in 1999 in support of the NATO-
led KFOR peacekeeping force. It would subsequently be used heavily by U.S. forces during
the Global War on Terrorism, including Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi
Freedom. In the U.S. Army, the M4 had largely replaced M16A2s as the primary weapon of
forward deployed personnel by 2005. The M4 carbine also replaced most submachine guns and
[12]
selected handguns in U.S. military service, as it fires more effective rifle ammunition that offers
[12]
superior stopping power and is better able to penetrate modern body armor. [citation needed]
A U.S. Army 82nd Airborne soldier holds an M4 carbine in Vitina, Kosovo in January 2000 during the NATO-
led KFOR mission, the first operational use of the M4 by U.S. troops.
The United States Marine Corps has ordered its officers (up to the rankof Lieutenant Colonel)
and staff non-commissioned officers to carry the M4 carbine instead of the M9 handgun. This is [13]
in keeping with the Marine Corps doctrine, "Every Marine a rifleman". The Marine Corps,
however, chose the full-sized M16A4 over the M4 as its standard infantry rifle. United States
Navy corpsmen E5 and below are also issued M4s instead of the M9. While ordinary riflemen
[14]
in the Marine Corps were armed with M16A4s, M4s were fielded by troops in positions where a
full-length rifle would be too bulky, including vehicle operators and fireteam and squad leaders.
As of 2013, the U.S. Marine Corps had 80,000 M4 carbines in their inventory. [15][16]
By July 2015, major Marine Corps commands were endorsing switching to the M4 over the
M16A4 as the standard infantry rifle, just as the Army had done. This is because of the carbine's
lighter weight, compact length, and ability to address modern combat situations that happen
mostly within close quarters; if a squad needs to engage at longer ranges, the M27 IAR can be
used as a designated marksman rifle. Approval of the change would move the M16 to support
personnel, while armories already had the 17,000 M4s in the inventory needed to outfit all
infantrymen who needed one. In October 2015, Commandant Robert Neller formally approved
[17]
of making the M4 carbine the primary weapon for all infantry battalions, security forces, and
supporting schools in the U.S. Marine Corps. The switch was to begin in early 2016 and be
completed by September 2016. In December 2017, the Marine Corps revealed a decision to
[18]
equip every Marine in an infantry squad with the M27, replacing the M4 in that part of the
service. MARSOC will retain the M4, as its shorter barrel is more suited to how they operate in
[19]
confined spaces.[20]
Improved M4
On 1 July 2009, the U.S. Army took complete ownership of the M4 design. This allowed [21]
companies other than Colt to compete with their own M4 designs. The Army planned on fielding
the last of its M4 requirement in 2010. On 30 October 2009, Army weapons officials proposed
[21]
a series of changes to the M4 to Congress. Requested changes included an electronic round

counter that records the number of shots fired, a heavier barrel, and possibly replacing the direct
impingement system with a gas piston system.
The benefits of this, however, have come under scrutiny from both the military and civilian
firearms community. According to a PDF detailing the M4 Carbine improvement plans
[22][23]
released by PEO Soldier, the direct impingement system would be replaced only after reviews
were done comparing the direct impingement system to commercial gas piston operating system
to find out and use the best available operating system in the U.S. Army's improved M4A1. [24]
In September 2010, the Army announced it would buy 12,000 M4A1s from Colt Firearms by the
end of 2010, and would order 25,000 more M4A1s by early 2011. The service branch planned to
buy 12,000 M4A1 conversion kits in early 2011. In late 2011, the Army bought 65,000 more
conversion kits. From there the Army had to decide if it would upgrade all of its M4s. [25]
On 21 April 2012, the U.S. Army announced to begin purchasing over 120,000 M4A1 carbines
to start reequipping front line units from the original M4 to the new M4A1 version. The first
24,000 were to be made by Remington Arms Company. Remington was to produce the M4A1s
from mid-2013 to mid-2014. After completion of that contract, it was to be between Colt and
[26]
Remington to produce over 100,000 more M4A1s for the U.S. Army. Because of efforts from
Colt to sue the Army to force them not to use Remington to produce M4s, the Army reworked
the original solicitation for new M4A1s to avoid legal issues from Colt. On 16 November 2012,
[27]
Colt's protest of Remington receiving the M4A1 production contract was dismissed. Instead of [28]
the contract being re-awarded to Remington, the Army awarded the contract for 120,000 M4A1
carbines worth $77 million to FN Herstalon 22 February 2013. The order is expected to be
[29][30]
completed by 2018. [31]

Army upgrades
The M4 product improvement program (PIP) is the effort by the U.S. Army to modernize its
inventory of M4 service rifles. Phase I consists of converting and replacing regular M4s with the
M4A1 version. This variant of the rifle is fully automatic and has a heavier barrel, and is given
ambidextrous fire controls. Phase II of the PIP explored developing a new bolt carrier. 11
designs were submitted. The competition was scheduled to conclude in summer 2013, but ended
in April 2012. Over six months of testing revealed that the current bolt carrier assembly
outperformed the competing designs, especially in the areas of reliability, durability, and high-
temp and low-temp tests. Phase II also includes a competition for a free-floating forward rail
assembly. The Army may award contracts to up to three finalists in early 2013, with the selection
of a final winner in early 2014. If the Army determines that the winning rail system should be
procured, delivery of new rail is anticipated by the summer of 2014. [32]
In March 2015, the Army launched a market survey to see what the small-arms industry could
offer to further enhance the M4A1 to an "M4A1+" standard. Several upgrade options include an
extended forward rail that will allow for a free-floated barrel for improved accuracy with a low-
profile gas block that would do away with the traditional triangular fixed front sight, removable
front and rear flip-up back-up iron sights, a coyote tan or "neutral color" rail for reduced visual
detection, a more effective flash suppressor/muzzle brake, an improved charging handle, and a
new single-stage trigger module. In June 2016, the M4A1+ was canceled after reviewing the
[33]
offerings and determining that there were no major upgrades currently offered. [34]
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Design
M4 with M68 Close Combat Optic and AN/PAQ-4
The M4 and its variants fire 5.56×45mm NATO (and .223 Remington) ammunition, and are gas-
operated, magazine-fed, selective fire firearmswith either a multi-position telescoping stock or a
fixed A2 or LE tactical stock.[35]
The M4 is a shorter and lighter variant of the M16A2 rifle, with 80% parts commonality. The [36]
M4 is similar to much earlier compact M16 versions, such as the 1960s-era XM177 family.
Some of those visual similarities are obvious in both weapons.
The M4 with the newer, redesigned telescoping stock
As with many carbines, the M4 is handy and more convenient to carry than a full-length rifle.
The price is slightly inferior ballistic performance compared to the full-size M16, with its 5.5"
(14 cm) longer barrel. This becomes most apparent at ranges of 200 yards (180 m) and beyond.
While the M4's maneuverability makes it a candidate for non-infantrytroops (vehicle crews,
clerks and staff officers), it also makes it ideal for close quarters battle (CQB). The M4, along
with the M16A4, have mostly replaced the M16A2 in the Army and Marines. The U.S. Air
Force, for example, has transitioned completely to the M4 for Security Forces squadrons, while
other armed personnel retain the M16A2. The US Navy uses M4A1s for Special Operations and
vehicle crews.
Some features of the M4 and M4A1 compared to a full-length M16-series rifle include:
 Compact size
 Shortened barrel 14.5 in (370 mm), which includes the shorter carbine gas system.
 Telescoping buttstock
However, there have been some criticisms of the carbine, such as lower muzzle velocities and
louder report due to the shorter barrel, additional stress on parts because of the shorter gas
system, and a tendency to overheat faster than the M16A2.
Accessories
An M4A1 just after firing, with an ejected case in mid-air; the M203 and M68 CCO are attached.
Like all the variants of the M16, the M4 and the M4A1 can be fitted with many accessories, such
as night vision devices, suppressors, laser pointers, telescopic sights, bipods, either
the M203 or M320 grenade launchers, the M26 MASS shotgun, forward hand grips, and
anything else compatible with a MIL-STD-1913 Picatinny rail.
Other common accessories include the AN/PEQ-2, AN/PEQ-15 multi-mode laser, AN/PEQ-
16 Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight (ACOG), and M68 CCO. EOTech holographic weapon
sights are part of the SOPMOD II package. Visible and IR (infrared) lights of various
manufacturers are also commonly attached using various mounting methods. As with all versions
of the M16, the M4 accepts a blank-firing attachment (BFA) for training purposes.
In January 2017, a USMC unit deployed with suppressors mounted to every infantry M4 service
weapon. Exercises showed that having all weapons suppressed improved squad communication
and surprise during engagements; disadvantages included additional heat and weight, increased
maintenance, and the greater cost of equipping so many troops with the attachment.[37]
Feedramps
M4 feedramps are extended from the barrel extension into the upper receiver. This can help
alleviate feeding problems that may occur as a result of the increased pressure of the shortened
gas system of the M4. This problem is primarily seen in full-auto applications.
SOPMOD Block I
SOPMOD (Special Operations Peculiar Modification) Block I
U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) developed the Special Operations Peculiar
Modification (SOPMOD) Block I kit for the carbines used by units under its jurisdiction. The kit
features an M4A1, a Rail Interface System (RIS) handguard developed by Knight's Armament
Company, a shortened quick-detachable M203 grenade launcher and leaf sight, a KAC sound
suppressor, a KAC back-up rear sight, an Insight Technologies AN/PEQ-2A
visible laser/infrared designator, along with Trijicon's ACOG TA-01NSN model and Reflex
sights, and a night vision sight. This kit was designed to be configurable (modular) for various
missions, and the kit is currently in service with special operations units.
SOPMOD Block II
M4A1 SOPMOD Block II in Afghanistan 2012
A second-generation SOPMOD kit (now known as SOPMOD II) includes innovative optics,
such as the Elcan Specter DR, Trijicon's ACOG TA01 ECOS model, and the Eotech 553. Block
II uses the RIS II rails manufactured by Daniel Defense in both a 9.5 and 12.5 length.
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Variants
Further information on M4 carbine variants: List of Colt AR-15 & M16 rifle variants
Except for the very first delivery order, all U.S. military-issue M4 and M4A1 carbines possess a
flat-top NATOM1913-specification (Picatinny) rail on top of the receiver for attachment of
optical sights and other aiming devices—Trijicon TA01 and TA31 Advanced Combat Optical
Gunsights (ACOG), EOTech 550 series holographic sights, and Aimpoint M68 Close Combat
Optic (M68 CCO) being the favorite choices—and a detachable rail-mounted carrying handle.
Standards are the Colt Model 920 (M4) and 921 (M4A1).
Variants of the carbine built by different manufacturers are also in service with many other
foreign special forces units, such as the Australian Special Air Service Regiment (SASR). While
the SASR uses weapons of essentially the same pattern built by Colt for export (Colt uses
different models to separate weapons for the U.S. military and those for commercial/export
purposes), the British SAS uses a variant on the basic theme, the Colt
Canada(formerly Diemaco) C8SFW.
M4 MWS (Modular Weapon System)
M4 MWS (Modular Weapon System) shown with various accessories including M203 grenade launcher, RIS
foregrip, removable carry handle/rear sight assembly, AN/PEQ-4 laser system, M68 CCO reflex sight, and
the AN/PVS-4 night vision optics
Colt Model 925 carbines were tested and fitted with the Knight's Armament Corporation (KAC)
M4 RAS under the designation M4E2, but this designation appears to have been scrapped in
favor of mounting this system to existing carbines without changing the designation. The U.S.
Army Field Manual specifies for the Army that adding the Rail Adapter System (RAS) turns the
weapon into the M4 MWS or Modular Weapon System.
M4A1
M4A1 with TA01NSN ACOG 4×32 optical sight
The M4A1 carbine is a fully automatic variant of the basic M4 carbine intended for special
operations use. The M4A1 was introduced in May 1991, and was in service in 1994. The M4A1
has a "S-1-F" (safe/semi-automatic/fully automatic) trigger group, while the M4 has a "S-1-3"
(safe/semi-automatic/3-round burst) trigger group. The M4A1 is used by almost all U.S special
operation units including, but not limited to, Marine Force Recon, Army Rangers, Army Special
Forces, Navy SEALs, United States Air Force Pararescue and Air Force Combat Control Teams.
It has a maximum effective range of about 500 to 600 meters (550–660 yd). The fully automatic
[8]
trigger gives a more consistent trigger pull, which leads to better accuracy. According to Mark
[38]
A. Westrom, owner of ArmaLite, Inc., automatic fire is better for clearing rooms than burst fire.
[39]
In the last few years, M4A1 carbines have been refitted or received straight from the factory with
barrels with a thicker profile under the handguard. This is for a variety of reasons such as heat
dissipation during full-auto, and accuracy as a byproduct of barrel weight. These heavier barrel
weapons are also fitted with a heavier buffer known as the H2. Out of three sliding weights
inside the buffer, the H2 possesses two tungsten weights and one steel weight, versus the
standard H buffer, which uses one tungsten weight and two steel weights. These weapons,
known by Colt as the Model 921HB (for Heavy Barrel), have also been designated M4A1, and
as far as the government is concerned the M4A1 represents both the 921 and 921HB.
Conversion of M4s to the M4A1 began in 2014, the start of all U.S. Army forces being equipped
with the automatic variant. Though in service with special forces, combat in Afghanistan
[40]
showed the need for providing automatic suppression fires during fire and movement for regular
soldiers. The 101st Airborne Division began fielding new-built M4A1s in 2012, and the U.S. 1st
Infantry Division became the first unit to convert their M4s to M4A1-standard in May 2014.
Upgrades included a heavier barrel to better dissipate heat from sustained automatic firing, which
also helps the rifles use the M855A1 EPR that has higher proof pressures and puts more strain on
barrels. The full-auto trigger group has a more consistent trigger pull, whereas the burst group's
pull varies on where the fire control group is set, resulting in more predictable and better
accuracy on semi-automatic fire. Another addition is an ambidextrous selector lever for easier
use with left-handed shooters. The M4-M4A1 conversion only increases weapon weight from
7.46 lb (3.38 kg) to 7.74 lb (3.51 kg), counting a back-up iron sight, forward pistol grip, empty
magazine, and sling. Each carbine upgrade costs $240 per rifle, for a total cost of $120 million
for half a million conversions. Three conversions can be done per day to equip a brigade combat
team per week, with all M4A1 conversions to be completed by 2019. [41][42]
Mark 18 CQBR
An M4A1 with a Close Quarter Battle Receiver. The barrel length is 10.3 inches.
Main article: Close Quarters Battle Receiver

The Mk 18 Close Quarters Battle Receiver is an M4A1 with a 10.3-inch barrel upper
receiver. Current contractors for the Mark 18 are Colt and Lewis Machine & Tool (LMT) NSN
[43]
1005-01-527-2288.
Enhanced M4
For the Individual Carbine competition, Colt submitted their Enhanced M4 design, also known
as the Colt Advanced Piston Carbine (APC). The weapon has a suppression-ready fluted barrel,
which is lighter and cools better than previous M4 barrels. It is claimed to have "markedly
better" accuracy. To improve reliability, Colt used an articulating link piston (ALP), which
"reduces the inherent stress in the piston stroke by allowing for deflection and thermal
expansion". In traditional gas piston operating systems, the force of the piston striking the bolt
[44]
carrier can push the bolt carrier downwards and into the wall of the buffer tube, leading to
accelerated wear and even chipped metal. This is known as carrier tilt. The ALP allows the
operating rod to wiggle to correct for the downward pressure on the bolt and transfers the force
straight backwards in line with the bore and buffer assembly, eliminating the carrier tilt. This
relieves stress on parts and helps to increase accuracy. The Individual Carbine competition was
[45]
canceled before a winning weapon was chosen. [38]
Colt Commando
Though Colt has focused its attention on carbines with 14.5-inch barrels and rifles with 20-inch
barrels, Colt continues to make carbines with 11.5-inch barrels, which it calls Commandos. The
Colt Model 733, is their first design, and it was made in 1987. It was referred to as the M16A2
Commando, and later the M4 Commando. Unlike the XM177, the Colt Commando was a shorter
variant of the M16A2. Originally, Commandos were assembled from whatever spare parts are
available, so Model 733 Commandos could have A1-style upper receivers with case deflectors or
A2-style upper receivers, and M16A1-profile 1:7 or M16A2-profile 1:7 barrels. Depending on
the specific models, Commandos may have had three-position fire control groups (safe/semi-
automatic/three-round burst), or four-position having both full-automatic and burst. The modern
Model 933 has a "flattop" receiver, with a removable carrying handle and a MIL-STD-1913
Picatinny rail, with semi-automatic and automatic fire. The Model 935 Commando has the
features of the Model 933, but has three-round burst fire instead of automatic. Though originally
called the M16A2 Commando, Colt markets them as the M4 Commando around 1995.
Armwest LLC M4
In 2014, American firearms designer Jim Sullivan provided a video interview regarding his
contributions to the M16/M4 family of rifles when working for Armalite. A noted critic of the
M4, he illustrates the deficiencies found in the rifle in its current configuration. In the video, he
demonstrates his "Arm West LLC modified M4", with enhancements he believes necessary to
rectify the issues with the weapon. Proprietary issues aside, the weapon is said to borrow features
in his prior development, the Ultimax. Sullivan has stated (without exact details as to how) the
weapon can fire from the closed bolt in semi-automatic and switch to open bolt when firing in
fully automatic, improving accuracy. The weight of the cyclic components of the gun has been
doubled (while retaining the weapon's weight at less than 8 pounds). Compared to the standard
M4, which in automatic fires 750-950 rounds a minute, the rate of fire of the Arm West M4 is
heavily reduced both to save ammunition and reduce barrel wear. The reduced rate also renders
the weapon more controllable and accurate in automatic firing. [46]
RBP
Performance
A U.S. Navy sailor fires an M4 carbine from the warship USS Vella Gulf.
The M4 carbine has been used for close quarters operations where the M16 would be too long
and bulky to use effectively. It has been a compact, light, customizable, and accurate weapon.
This has come at the cost of reliability and maintainability. Failure to maintain the M4 causes
malfunctions. This became apparent as it saw continued use in the sandy environments
of Iraq and Afghanistan. Despite this, in post-combat surveys, 94 percent of soldiers rated the
[47]
M4 as an effective weapons system. [48]
Early feedback
By late 2002, 89 percent of U.S. troops reported they were confident with the M4, but they had a
range of problems. 34 percent of users said the handguards rattled and became excessively hot
when firing, and 15 percent had trouble zeroing the M68 Close Combat Optic. 35 percent added
barber brushes and 24 percent added dental picks to their cleaning kits. There were many
malfunctions, including 20 percent of users experiencing a double feed, 15 percent experiencing
feeding jams, and 13 percent saying that feeding problems were due to magazines. 20 percent of
users were dissatisfied with weapon maintenance. Some had trouble locking the magazine into
the weapon and having to chamber a round in order to lock the magazine. Soldiers also asked for
a larger round to be able to kill targets with one shot. New optics and handguards made usage of
the M4 easier, and good weapon maintenance reduced the number of misfeeds. [49]
2006 CNA report

In December 2006, the Center for Naval Analyses released a report on U.S. small arms in
combat. The CNA conducted surveys on 2,608 troops returning from combat in Iraq and
Afghanistan over the past 12 months. Only troops who fired their weapons at enemy targets were
allowed to participate. 917 troops were armed with M4 Carbines, making up 35 percent of the
survey. 89 percent of M4 users (816 troops) reported they were satisfied with the weapon. 90
percent (825 troops) were satisfied with handling qualities such as handguards, size, and weight.
M4 users had the highest levels of satisfaction with weapon performance, including 94 percent
(862 troops) with accuracy, 92 percent (844 troops) with range, and 93 percent (853 troops) with
rate of fire. Only 19 percent of M4 users (174 troops) reported a stoppage, and 82 percent of
those that experienced a stoppage said it had little impact on their ability to clear the stoppage
and re-engage their target. 53 percent of the M4 users (486 troops) never experienced failures of
their magazines to feed. 81 percent (743 troops) did not need their rifles repaired while in theater.
80 percent (734 troops) were confident in the M4's reliability, defined as level of soldier
confidence their weapon will fire without malfunction, and 83 percent (761 troops) were
confident in its durability, defined as level of soldier confidence their weapon will not break or
need repair. Both factors were attributed to high levels of soldiers performing their own
maintenance. 54 percent of M4 users offered recommendations for improvements. 20 percent of
requests were for greater bullet lethality, and 10 percent was better quality magazines, as well as
other minor recommendations. Some M16 users expressed their desire to be issued the
M4. Some issues have been addressed with the issuing of the improved STANAG magazine in
[50]
March 2009, and the M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round in June 2010.
[51][52] [53]
2007 dust test

In the fall 2007, the Army tested the M4 against three other carbines in "sandstorm conditions"
at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: the Heckler & Koch XM8, Fabrique Nationale de
Herstal SOF Combat Assault Rifle(SCAR) and the Heckler & Koch HK416. Ten of each type of
rifle were used to fire 6,000 rounds each, for a total of 60,000 rounds per rifle type. The M4
[54]
suffered far more stoppages than its competitors: 882 stoppages, 19 requiring an armorer to fix.
The XM8 had the fewest stoppages, 116 minor stoppages and 11 major ones, followed by the FN
SCAR with 226 stoppages and the HK416 with 233. [55][56]
Despite 863 minor stoppages—termed "class one" stoppages, which require 10 seconds or less to
clear, or "class two" stoppages, which require more than ten seconds to clear—the M4
functioned well, with over 98 percent of the 60,000 total rounds firing without a problem. The
Army said it planned to improve the M4 with a new cold-hammer-forged barrel to give longer
life and more reliable magazines to reduce the stoppages. Magazine failures caused 239 of the
M4's 882 failures. Army officials said the new magazines could be combat-ready by spring if
testing went well. The Army began issuing an improved STANAG magazine in March 2009.
[57] [51][52]
According to the Army, the M4 only suffered 296 stoppages, and said that the high number
reported could be attributed to discrepancies in the scoring process. The Army testing command
stated that, if the number of stoppages caused by a broken part met some threshold, they would
be eliminated from the final report pending redesign of the part. Colt also claimed that the testing
conditions were unfair to the M4, as the M4s used in the test were normal guns from active
inventory, with remaining service life varying randomly. Further, the trial M4s had burst-mode
fire groups, which are more complicated and prone to failure than the fully automatic fire groups
the other manufacturers presented for testing. [58]
There were three extreme dust tests performed in 2007. The 2nd Summer 2007 results showed a
large difference from the later fall test with the M4 having 148 class 1 stoppages due to rifle
malfunctions and 148 class 1 stoppages due to magazine stoppages. The full-size M16 rifle had
61 stoppages during the same extreme dust test. [59]
Reliability
In early 2010, two journalists from the New York Times spent three months with soldiers and
Marines in Afghanistan. While there, they questioned around 100 infantrymen about the
reliability of their M4 Carbines, as well as the M16 rifle. Troops did not report to be suffering
reliability problems with their rifles. While only 100 troops were asked, they fought at least a
dozen intense engagements in Helmand Province, where the ground is covered in fine powdered
sand (called "moon dust" by troops) that can stick to firearms. Weapons were often dusty, wet,
and covered in mud. Intense firefights lasted hours with several magazines being expended. Only
one soldier reported a jam when his M16 was covered in mud after climbing out of a canal. The
weapon was cleared and resumed firing with the next chambered round. Furthermore, a Marine
Chief Warrant Officer reported that there were no issues with his battalion's 700 M4s and 350
M16s. [60]
The reliability of the M4 has increased as the design was upgraded. In 1990, the M4 was
required to fire 600 mean rounds between stoppages using M855 ammunition. In 2013, the
current M4A1 version can fire 1,691 mean rounds between stoppages
using M855A1 ammunition. [61]
During the 2009 Marine Corps Infantry Automatic Rifle testing, the Colt IAR displayed a MRBS
of CLASS I/II Stoppages of 952 rounds, with a MRBEFF of Class III Stoppages of 60,000
rounds. [62]
Gas piston
An array of firearms accessory makers have offered gas piston conversion kits for the M4. The
claimed benefits include less needed lubrication for the bolt carrier group to run reliably and
reduced fouling. The argument against it is increased weight and reduced accuracy.
[63]
The
[citation needed]
Enhanced M4 uses an articulating link piston operating system.

Complicating the Army search for higher reliability in the M4 is a number of observations of M4
gas piston alternatives that suffer unintended design problems. The first is that many of the gas
piston modifications for the M4 isolate the piston so that piston jams or related malfunction
require the entire weapon be disassembled, such disassembly cannot be performed by the end
user and requires a qualified armorer to perform out of field, whereas almost any malfunction
with the direct-impingement system can be fixed by the end user in field. The second is that gas
piston alternatives use an off-axis operation of the piston that can introduce carrier tilt, whereby
the bolt carrier fails to enter the buffer tube at a straight angle, resulting in part wearing. This can
also tilt the bolt during extraction, leading to increased bolt lug failures. The third is that the use
of a sound suppressor results in hot gases entering the chamber, regardless of a direct-gas
impingement or gas piston design choice. The gas piston system may also cause the firearm to
become proprietary to the manufacturer, making modifications and changes with parts from
other manufacturers difficult. [23][64]
MARS-L
Modular Assault Rifle System - Light (MARS-L)
Type Service rifle
Service history
In service 2015-Present
Used by  Royal New Zealand Navy

 New Zealand Army
 Royal New Zealand Air Force
Production history
Manufacturer Lewis Machine & Tool
Specifications
Mass 3.3kg (empty)
Length  914 mm (36.0 in)

("Maximum")
Feed system 5.56×45mm NATO: 30-round detachable box

magazine
On 12 August 2015, the New Zealand Ministry of Defenceannounced that it would be replacing
the current Steyr AUG 5.56×45mm rifle for all branches of the New Zealand Defence Force with
a product from LMT, later revealed to be their CQB16 version of the AR-15. A tender was
[15]
released from May to November 2014. LMT was one of eight companies that submitted rifles for
trials that took place between March and June 2015. Two versions with 406 mm (16.0 in) and
457 mm (18.0 in) barrels were delivered, firing heavy 77 gr (5.0 g) ammunition. With the
selection of the CQB16, the NZDF switched from fielding a Steyr AUG bullpup rifle to one with
a traditional layout, as well as a direct gas impingement operating system over a gas-piston
system likely offered by competing entrants.
The NZD $59 million contract was for 9040 rifles to equip all three branches of the New Zealand
Defence Force. The rifle was designated by the Defence Force as the MARS-L (Modular Assault
Rifle System-Light). [16][17]
The weapons were delivered in May 2017 and soldiers of 1RNZIR were the first to begin
training with it at Waiouru Military Camp on 15 June 2017. [18]
In September 2018 it was reported that some of the rifles had experienced breakages, including
130 with cracks around the bolt, and that all 9040 rifles had had their firing pins replaced under
warranty.[19]
RBP
Enhanced Bolt Carrier Group

Enhanced Bolt
Lewis Machine and Tool has been improving components of the AR/M16-M4 family of weapon
systems since 1980. One of these improved components is the bolt of the Direct Impingement
operating system. A patented design made from a proprietary material, the enhanced bolt
features a double spring "lobster tail" extractor for more positive extraction in adverse
conditions. Improved bolt lug design and a low maintenance coating adds to the performance and
reliability of the LMT Enhanced Bolt.
Enhanced Bolt Carrier

LMT Defense improved the standard full auto and semi auto bolt carrier for the AR as well. This
enhanced carrier comes with numerous improvements, one of which is the elongated travel of the
bolt cam pin. This elongated cam travel path allows the bolt to stay lock in battery for a longer
duration of time thus increasing its efficiency within the direct impingement system and allow
the case to properly complete its cycle after being fired improving ejection and extraction
reliability. Another noteworthy improvement the enhanced carrier brings to the weapon system is
the additional gas venting holes. These additional holes allow gasses used in the cycle operation
to quickly be vented from the carrier once the bolt is in motion. Additional gas venting holes also
reduce over pressure of the system when utilizing a suppressor on the weapon. This is typically
used on 14.5" and 16" barrels with a carbine gas system. Some users may experience failures
when using this carrier on an unsuppressed short barrel rifle like a 10.5" carbine. Further features
of the enhanced carrier include reduced contact rails for better lubricity and debris avoidance,
and the gas inlet diversion ports which distribute the incoming gas in a more even pattern.
Accuracy International Arctic Warfare
Type Sniper rifle

Place of origin United Kingdom
Service history
In service 1982 (L96A1), 1988 (AW), 1990–
present
Used by See Users
Wars Iraq War
Afghanistan War
Insurgency in the North Caucasus
[1]
Syrian Civil War [2]
Production history
Designed 1982 (PM), 1983 (AW)
Manufacturer Accuracy International
Specifications
Mass 6.5 kg (14.3 lb)
Length 1,180 mm (46.5 in)
Barrel length 660 mm (26.0 in)
Cartridge 7.62×51mm NATO (.308 Winchester)

.300 Winchester Magnum
.338 Lapua Magnum
Action Bolt-action
Muzzle velocity 850 m/s (2,790 ft/s)
Effective firing range 800 m (870 yd)
Maximum firing range 3,943 m (4,312 yd) [3]
Feed system 10-round detachable box

magazine (.308) 5-round detachable box
magazine(.300, .338)
Sights detachable aperture type iron sights
day or night optics
The Accuracy International Arctic Warfare rifle is a bolt-action sniper rifle designed and
manufactured by the British company Accuracy International. It has proved popular as a
civilian, police, and military rifle since its introduction in the 1980s. The rifles have some
features that improve performance in very cold conditions (which gave the rifle its name),
without impairing operation in less extreme conditions.
Arctic Warfare rifles are generally fitted with a Schmidt & Bender PM II telescopic sight with
fixed or variable magnification. Variable telescopic sights can be used if the operator wants more
flexibility to shoot at varying ranges, or when a wide field of view is required. Accuracy
International actively promotes fitting the German-made Schmidt & Bender MILITARY MK II
product line as sighting components on their rifles, which is rare for a rifle manufacturer. The
German and Russian forces preferred a telescopic sight made by Zeiss over Accuracy[4]
International's recommendation.
History
Original design
The Accuracy International PM (Precision Marksman) rifle was entered into a British
competition in the early 1980s as a replacement for the Lee–Enfield derived sniper rifles then in
use by the British Army (e.g. L42A1). The Accuracy International rifle was selected over
the Parker Hale M85. The British Army adopted the Accuracy International PM in 1982 into
service as the L96A1 and outfitted the rifle with Schmidt & Bender 6×42 telescopic sights. In
this configuration the rifle is capable of first shot hits with a cold, warm or fouled barrel. Tests
with 10.89 g (168 gr) ammunition provided sub 0.5 MOA ten-shot groups at 91 m (100 yd) and
the rifle was supplied with a telescopic sight, bipod, five magazines, sling, cleaning kit and tool
roll, encased in a fitted transport case. [5]
Design evolution
The Swedish Prickskyttegevär 90 variant introduced cold weather upgrades
Some years later, the Swedish military also wanted a new rifle, and in the early 1990s Accuracy
International entered an upgraded version of the PM, now known as the AW(Arctic Warfare).
This was the start of the Arctic Warfare name, which became the primary name of the rifle
family despite its earlier names.
Special de-icing features allow it to be used effectively at temperatures as low as −40 °C

(−40 °F). The AW rifle featured a modified bolt with milled slots in the bolt body end to prevent
bolt binding problems caused by penetrating water/ice, dirt or similar disturbances. Further, the
stockhole, bolt handle, magazine release and trigger guard on the AW were enlarged and the
magazine floorplates got protruding grasping tabs to allow use with heavy Arctic mittens. The
resin stock side panels were replaced with sturdier polymer panels. The safety was revised to a 3-
position safety allowing the bolt to be cycled with a locked trigger. This version was accepted
into use by the Swedish Army in 1991 as the Prickskyttegevär 90(Psg 90) fitted with a 10×42
Hensoldt telescopic sight.
The modifications to the original PM or L96A1 made the British Army decide to adopt the
"improved" AW version as well, designated L118A1(fixed stock variant) and L118A2 (folding
stock variant) . The rifles were fitted with Schmidt & Bender MILITARY MK II 3-12×50
telescopic sights offering the operator more flexibility to shoot at varying ranges, or in situations
when a wide field of view is required. The stocks were fitted with a butt spike. This rifle has seen
service in conflicts such as Operation Granby and Operation Telic.
In 2011 some Swedisch Psg 90 rifles were modernized to the Prickskyttegevär 90B (Psg 90B)
standard fitting Schmidt & Bender MILITARY MK II 3-12×50 telescopic sights and folding
stocks.
Rifle system family

The Accuracy International Arctic Warfare model has since spawned an entire family of sniper
rifles using the Arctic Warfare name, and has been adopted by a number of other countries,
including Australia, Belgium, Germany, Indonesia, Ireland, Latvia, Malaysia, Norway, the
Netherlands, New Zealand, Russia, Singapore, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Other
AI rifles descended from the L96A1 include the AI AE, and the AI AS50(see variants below).
Most Arctic Warfare rifles are chambered for the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge, but Accuracy
International also made variants of the sniper rifle, the AWM (Arctic Warfare Magnum)
chambered either for the .300 Winchester Magnum and the .338 Lapua Magnum and the AW50
(Arctic Warfare .50 caliber) chambered for the .50 BMG(12.7×99mm NATO). The sniper rifles
are mounted with a muzzle brake in order to help reduce the recoil, muzzle raise and muzzle
flash of the weapon.
Each country's rifles differ slightly. The Swedish Psg 90 for example, uses a Hensoldt (Zeiss)
scope and can also use sabot rounds. In 1998, the German Bundeswehr adopted the first folding-
stock Arctic Warfare Magnum (AWM-F) chambered in .300 Winchester Magnum (7.62×67mm)
and with optics made by the German company Zeiss, and designated as
the Scharfschützengewehr 22 (G22).
The AW's complete parts interchange ability and reliability in adverse weather conditions have
made it a popular, if expensive, weapon. The rifle offers good accuracy (a capable marksman can
expect ≤ 0.5 MOA consistent accuracy with appropriate ammunition), and its maximum effective
range with a Schmidt & Bender 6×42 PM II scope is around 800 metres (870 yd).
The Arctic Warfare family's main competitor in production of high-end factory sniper rifles is
the Sako TRGproduct line, with similar capability but lower price than the Arctic Warfare
system.
RBP
Design details
The AW system is almost unique in being a purpose-designed military sniper rifle, rather than
an accurisedversion of an existing general-purpose rifle.
The modular design of the AW system allows for flexibility, serviceability and repairability
under field and combat conditions. Major components, such as the barrel and the bolt, can be
switched between rifles, or replaced in the field by their operator with the help of some tools.
The chambering can also be switched by the operator as long as the barrels, bolts and feeding
mechanism can handle the shape and size of the cartridges. [6]
Features
Sniper of the Peruvian Armed Forcesequipped with an Arctic Warfare rifle
Rather than a traditional wooden or polymer rifle stock, the AW is based on an aluminium
chassis which extends the entire length of the stock. This chassis system is marketed as the
Accuracy International Chassis System (AICS) and can be used for all Accuracy International
rifles. All other components, including the receiver, are bolted directly to this chassis. Two
hollow polymer "half thumb-hole stock panels", usually coloured green, dark earth or black, are
in turn bolted to each other through the chassis, creating a rugged, yet for its sturdiness
comparatively light, weapon.
The Accuracy International receiver is bolted with four screws and permanently bonded with
epoxy material to the aluminium chassis, and was designed for ruggedness, simplicity and ease
of operation. To this end, the heavy-walled, flat-bottomed, flat-sided receiver is a stressed part,
machined in-house by AI from a solid piece of forged carbon steel. AW rifles are supplied in two
action lengths—standard AW (short) and long SM (magnum). The six bolt lugs, arranged in two
rows of three, engage a heat-treated steel locking ring insert pinned inside the front bridge of the
action. The ring can be removed and replaced to refresh headspace control on older actions. The
AW system cast steel bolt has a 0.75-inch (19.05 mm) diameter combined with gas relief holes in
a 0.785 in (19.9 mm) diameter bolt body and front action bridge allowing high-pressure gases a
channel of escape in the event of a cartridge-case head failure. Against penetrating water or dirt
the bolt has milled slots, which also prevent freezing or similar disturbances. Unlike
conventional bolt-action rifles, the bolt handle is bent to the rear, which eases the repeating
procedure for the operator and reduces the contour of the weapon. The action cocks on opening
with a short, 60 degree bolt throw and has a non-rotating (fixed) external extractor and an
internal ejector. Firing pin travel is 0.26 in (6.6 mm) to keep lock times to a minimum. Finally,
an 11 mm (0.43 in) integral dovetail rail located above the receiver is designed to accommodate
different types of optical or electro-optical sights. As an option, a MIL-STD-1913 rail (Picatinny
rail) can be permanently pinned, bonded and bolted to the action, providing a standard interface
for many optical systems.
Ammunition feeding
Cartridges are fed through the bottom of the receiver using a detachable, double-column,
steel box magazine. Rifles chambered for .300 Winchester Magnum or larger use a single row
magazine. Alternatively cartridges can be loaded singly directly into the chamber.
Barrel
The free-floating, heavy, stainless steel barrels (stainless steel resists throat erosion better than
normal barrels) for the available cartridge chamberings all have a different length, groove cutting
and rifling twist rate optimized for their chambering and intended ammunition. For .243
Winchester, the twist rate is 254 mm (1 in 10 in), and for .308 Winchester/7.62×51mm
NATO variants it is 305 mm (1 in 12 in), except for the suppressed-barrel variant. If the
consistent accuracy requirement of an operator is no longer met, the barrel can fairly easily be
renewed. This is normal practice for active high-performance precision rifle operators, who
regard barrels as replaceable. The barrels are provided by Australian company Maddco Rifle
Barrels (button rifled), and Scottish company Border Barrels, who cut-rifles them on Pratt &
Whitney rifling benches. Twists are one turn in 10,11,12,13 and 14 inches for 7.62 MM
depending on RFP.
Safety
A three-position, firing pin blocking safety lever on the bolt shroud allows the bolt to be
manipulated with the safety on. If the weapon is cocked, the firing pin can be felt at the end of
the bolt action, making it possible in poor visibility to feel whether the weapon is ready to fire.
The safety-catch of the weapon is also positioned at the rear, showing white if the safety is on,
red if not.
Trigger
The two-stage trigger mechanism has an adjustable trigger pull weight of 10 to 20 N (2.2 to
4.4 lbf). The trigger assembly can be easily removed for cleaning by undoing two socket-head
cap screws.
Accessories
The AW is usually equipped with an integrated bipod and it also has a monopod mounted on the
buttstock.
Accuracy International accessories for the Arctic Warfare system include a selection of PM II
[7]
series telescopic sights made by Schmidt & Bender with laser filters for the military scopes,
aluminium one-piece telescopic sight mounting sets, MIL-STD-1913 rails (Picatinny rails), lens
hoods, various optical and kill flash filters and lens covers for telescopic sights, auxiliary iron
sights for emergency use, cleaning kits, muzzle brakes/flash-hiders and suppressors, butt plates
and spacers to regulate the length of pull and butt angle to the requirements of the individual
shooter, buttspikes, bipod (adapters), handstops, mirage bands, soft and heavy-duty transit cases
and various maintenance tools. [8]
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Barrett MRAD
Barrett MRAD Press Image [1]
Type Sniper rifle

Service history
Used by Israel: YAMAM and IDF
Norway
New Zealand
Production history
Designer Chris Barrett
Manufacturer Barrett Firearms Company
Specifications
Mass 13.9 lb (6.3 kg) (20" Barrel)
14.8 lb (6.7 kg) (24.5" Barrel)
15.3 lb (6.9 kg) (27" Barrel) [2]
Length 42.4 in (108 cm) (20" Barrel)

46.9 in (119 cm) (24.5" Barrel)
49.4 in (125 cm) (27" Barrel) [2]
Barrel length 20 in (51 cm)

24.5 in (62 cm)
27 in (69 cm) [2]
Cartridge .338 Lapua Magnum, .300 Win. Mag.and .308

Win. [3]
Action Bolt-action
Feed system 10 round detachable box magazine
The Barrett MRAD or Multi-Role Adaptive Design is a bolt-action sniper rifle that was
designed by Barrett to meet the requirements of the SOCOM PSR. The MRAD is based on
[4]
the Barrett 98B with a number of modifications and improvements. The Barrett MRAD was
[5]
named the 2012 Rifle of the Year by the NRA. [6]
Design
After the United States Special Operations Command(USSOCOM) announced their desire for a
new Precision Sniper Rifle in December 2009, Barrettcreated the MRAD in accordance with the
specifications laid out by SOCOM. Building off of the successful Barrett 98B, the MRAD
[4]
features multiple improvements such as a folding stock which allows the rifle to be transported
more easily. When folded, the stock latches around the bolt handle which increases the security
of transporting the rifle without increasing the width as unfolded. A major MRAD feature (and
[2]
requirement of the military PSR solicitation) is a user field changeable barrel/caliber capability.
Loosening two Torx screws in the receiver allows removal of the barrel from the front of the
receiver/handguard. With only a simple bolt face change, and in some cases a magazine change,
caliber may be changed. The factory headspaced bolt face is provided with each barrel.
Barrel/caliber change can occur in less than two minutes. In addition to the typical military
requested calibers of .338 Lapua Magnum, .300 Winchester Magnum, and .308 Winchester
calibers, Barrett also offers popular caliber conversion kits in .338 and .300 NORMA, 7mm
Remington, .260 Remington, and 6.5mm Creedmoor. Barrel lengths are offered in 17" to 26",
but not in all calibers. Barrels are available in fluted and heavy profiles. The trigger module can
be removed without tools providing access to user adjustable trigger pull weight and over travel,
and making cleaning easier. Additional features of the MRAD include a single-button length-of-
pull adjustment, adjustable cheek rest height, a polymer bolt guide acts as a dust cover to reduce
debris entering the action, a user reversible AR-15 style safety, an ambidextrous magazine
release, and the ability to accept standard M16/AR15 style pistol grips. Early MRADs had
[2]
30MOA slope full length 21.75" standard 1913 Picatinny rail on top of the receiver/handuard.
Current MRADs feature 20MOA slope rail. Shorter 2"-4" Picatinny rails sections may be user
positioned at 3, 6, and 9 0'clock at several fore/aft positions along the handguard. MRADs are
offered in several Cerakote colors; all barrels are black. [7]
Similar to the M16/AR15 rifle, the MRAD upper and lower receivers can be separated by
pushing out rear and front two take-down pins. Pushing out only the rear take-down pin allows
the upper receiver to tilt on its front take-down pin like an AR to allow for easy maintenance in
the field. [8]
With match grade .338 Lapua Magnum ammunition the MRAD is capable of 0.5 MOA (minute
of angle) accuracy at a distances of up to 1500 meters. With standard ammunition the accuracy
drops to 1 MOA. [9]
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SOCOM PSR
Shooting a Barrett MRAD chambered for .308 Winchester with suppressor.
The particular model of the MRAD that was submitted for the PSRtrial was fitted with a 24.5 in
(62 cm) barrel, and weighed 14.8 lb (6.7 kg) (without an optic)." The Remington Modular
[4]
Sniper Riflewas selected as the winner of the PSR competition. [10]
However, in 2019 the U.S. Special Operations Command awarded Barrett Manufacturing a
50,000,000$ contract, ordering the Barrett MRAD for the Advanced Sniper Rifle (ASR)
project.[11]
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Users
Barrett MRAD in all-black color, as used by Israeli YAMAM snipers.
 Israel: In 2013 the MRAD was adopted by the Yamam, Israel's elite counter-
terrorism and SWAT unit, as their long range sniper rifle, to replace old PGM 338 rifles. In
[12]
2018 the Israel Defense Forces also adopted the MRAD. [13][14]
 New Zealand: To be introduced in 2018 as a replacement for the 7.62mm Arctic Warfare
sniper rifles[15]
 Norway: Ordered by the Norwegian Armed Forces in 2013. In use with Norwegian
Special Operations Forces since 2015, as well as Kystjegerkommandoen and
several Norwegian Army units. Snipers of Beredskapstroppen Delta of the Norwegian
[16]
Police have also been seen with this rifle. [17]
 USA: Ordered by the U.S. Special Operations Command. [18]

L129A1
L129A1
Type Service rifle

Service history
In service 2010-Present
Used by British Armed Forces
New Zealand Army
Wars War in Afghanistan
Production history
Manufacturer Lewis Machine & Tool
Specifications
Mass 9.8 pounds (4.4 kg)
Barrels 16 inches (410 mm)
Effective firing range 800 m
Maximum firing range 1000 m
Sights TA648-308 6×48 ACOG
Wikimedia Commons has media related to L129A1.
In 2009, Lewis Machine & Tool Co was contracted to supply the British Ministry of
Defence (MOD) with 440 LM308MWS 7.62×51mm rifles under the official service
[10]
designation as the L129A1. As of December 2014, over 3,000 units have been supplied to UK
[11]
forces.[12]
The LM308MWS was then submitted for the British MOD's Urgent Operational Requirement
(UOR) for immediate deployment of a semiautomatic 7.62 NATOcaliber sharpshooter rifle in
Afghanistan. Other rifles submitted included the FN Herstal SCAR-H, Heckler &
Koch HK417 and Sabre Defence XR-10. LMT's rifle was chosen, earning it the L129A1
designation and entered service April 2010 in Afghanistan. [13]
Greg Felton of Law Enforcement International of the UK explained: “The ammunition criteria
stated by the MOD was that the rifle was to be able to use both RG 155-grain sniper ammunition,
plus M80 ball and tracer, including de-linked machine gun belts. In the end during their trials
with the various competitors, they found that the 155-grain fired so much better than the standard
ball that it was made the official issue ammunition for the weapon. As to what it is “matched to,”
we (Karl & I) designed the rifle to use both standard ball and 168-grain Match. With a 1:11.25
inch twist it works well with these weights, however, the heavier 175-grain projectiles need a
faster twist for best results at longer ranges.”
[13]
The primary optic chosen by the British for the L129A1 is a Trijicon ACOG TA648-RMR-UKS
(NSN: 1005-99-305-9104). The ACOG’s body is made of 7075 T6 aircraft aluminium, the
[13]
same as the rifle’s receiver. A fiber-optic powers the reticle during daylight hours and a tritium
light source in low or no light conditions. The aiming chevron’s brightness is adjustable by the
user. The unit’s reticle has a built-in bullet drop compensator for 7.62×51mm NATO from 100 to
1,200 meters. To transition from long range to close-quarter battle, there is a Picatinny rail on the
ACOG’s top that accepts a 1.2-ounce Trijicon 1× LED Rugged Miniature Reflex sight with a red
dot powered by a CR2032 battery. Additional accessories include the optional L17A2 Schmidt &
Bender 3-12 × 50 Sniper Scope, the OTIS 7.62mm Sniper Cleaning System, a small Dewey rod
to clean the chamber, a front sight adjustment tool and a rail-mounted, quick-detachable sling
mount so the sling may be mounted anywhere on the rail.
The LM308MWS standard US commercial model differs slightly from the UK issued L129A1 in
the following aspects:
 1) the barrel is a 16" fully chrome-lined, cryogenically treated, polygonal rifled 1:10 right-
hand twist chrome-moly machine gun grade steel, instead of the 16", 1:11¼" twist matte-
black stainless steel barrel on the L129A1. It is crowned with LMT's special crown design,
designed for maximum accuracy with ordinary ball ammunition.
 2) the muzzle device is a standard M16A2 type flash suppressor instead of the SureFire
suppressor mount.
 3) the sights are the LMT detachable fixed sights instead of the Knight's Armament
Company's low-profile folding micro back-up iron 200-600 rear sight and folding front sight.
 4) the supplied furniture—LMT SOPMOD stock, Ergo suregrip, rail covers from Tango
Down—is black instead of the tan/coyote brown supplied to the UK MoD.
 5) the receiver is marked "LM308MWS", instead of "L129A1."
There are also UK commercial variants of the L129A1 and the CQB MRP Defender. Designated
the LMT308SP and CQB 5.56SP the modelS are a straight pull action rifle, and not a semi-auto
due to UK laws. [14]
The New Zealand Army adopted the rifle in October 2011. It differs from its UK counterpart in
the use of a Leupold adjustable 4.5-14× scope, canted iron sights and a foldable foregrip.
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Barrett M82
The M82A1 semi-automatic sniper system

Type Anti-materiel semi-automatic sniper
system
Service history
Used by See Users
Wars The Troubles
War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
Iraq War
Production history
Designer Ronnie Barrett
Designed 1980; 39 years ago
Manufacturer Barrett Firearms Manufacturing
Unit cost $8900
Specifications
Mass 29.7 lb (13.5 kg) to 30.9 lb (14.0 kg)
Length 48 in (120 cm) to 57 in (140 cm)
Barrel length 20 in (51 cm) to 29 in (74 cm)
Cartridge  .50 BMG

 .416 Barrett
Action Recoil-operated
rotating bolt
Muzzle velocity 2,799 ft/s (853 m/s)
Effective firing range 1,969 yd (1,800 m)
Feed system 10-round detachable box magazine
Sights MIL-STD-1913 rail
The Barrett M82, standardized by the U.S. military as the M107, is a recoil-operated, semi-
automatic anti-materiel sniper system developed by the American Barrett Firearms
Manufacturing company. Despite its designation as an anti-materiel rifle, it is used by some
armed forces as an anti-personnel system. The M107 variant is also called the Light Fifty for
its .50 BMG (12.7×99mm NATO) chambering and significantly lighter weight compared
to previous applications and the 15% heavier base M82 model . The weapon is found in two
[1] [2]
variants, the original M82A1 (and A3) and the bullpup M82A2. The M82A2 is no longer
manufactured, though the XM500 can be seen as its successor.
Overview
Barrett Firearms Manufacturing was founded by Ronnie Barrett for the sole purpose of building
semi-automatic rifles chambered for the powerful 12.7×99mm NATO (.50 BMG) ammunition,
originally developed for and used in M2 Browning machine guns. The weapon was first sold to
the Swedish Army in 1989. In 1990, the United States armed forces purchased the M82A1
during operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm in Kuwait and Iraq. About 125 rifles were
initially bought by the United States Marine Corps, and orders from the Army and Air
Force soon followed. The M82A1 is known by the US military as the SASR—"Special
Applications Scoped Rifle", and it was and still is used as an anti-materiel rifle and explosive
ordnance disposal tool.
The original Barrett M82
In 2006, Barrett completed development of the XM500, which has a bullpup configuration
similar to the M82A2. Barrett M82 rifles were bought by various military and police forces
[citation needed]
from at least 30 countries, such as Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, the Netherlands, and others.
[3]
The Barrett M82A1 rifle was used in 2002 as a platform for the experimental OSW (Objective
Sniper Weapon) prototype. This weapon was fitted with a shorter barrel, and fired 25mm high-
explosive shells developed for the 25×59 mm OCSW (Objective Crew Served Weapon)
automatic grenade launcher. The experimental OSW showed an increased effectiveness against
various targets, but the recoil was beyond human limitations. This weapon, also known as the
Barrett "Payload Rifle", has now been designated the XM109.
Use by the Provisional IRA

Main article: South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)
The Provisional IRA smuggled a number of M82s into Ireland from the United States in the
1980s, apparently made and sold by a gunsmith and former Barret Firearms employee in Texas.
One of the M82s was shipped from Chicago to Dublin in pieces, where it was re-
assembled. The IRA equipped two sniper teams with the light-fifties, later reinforced with a
[4] [5]
couple of M90s bought in the United States from an arms dealer in 1995. The IRA snipers killed
[6]
five soldiers and a constable with .50 rifles from 1992 to 1997. The snipers usually fired on
[7]
their targets from a distance of less than 300 metres, despite the 1,800 meters effective range of
the weapons. [8]
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M82 to M107
A U.S. Navy EOD Commander fires an M107 in Afghanistan.
The XM107 was originally intended to be a bolt-action sniper rifle, and the rifle Barrett
M95 was originally selected by the U.S. Army in a competition between such weapons.
However, under the trials, the decision was made that the U.S. Army did not, in fact, require
such a weapon.
Then the Army decided on the Barrett M82, a semi-automatic rifle. In summer 2002, the M82
finally emerged from its Army trial phase and was approved for "full materiel release", meaning
it was officially adopted as the Long Range Sniper Rifle, Caliber .50, M107. The M107 uses
a Leupold 4.5–14×50 Mark 4 scope.
Overwatch being provided by an army sergeant during a high-level meeting in Baghdad
The Barrett M107 is a .50 caliber, shoulder-fired, semi-automatic sniper rifle. Like its
predecessors, the rifle is said to have manageable recoil for a weapon of its size owing to the
barrel assembly that itself absorbs force, moving inward toward the receiver against large springs
with every shot. Additionally, the weapon's weight and large muzzle brake also assist in recoil
reduction. Various changes were made to the original M82A1 to create the M107, with new
features such as a lengthened accessory rail, rear grip, and monopod socket. Barrett has recently
been asked to develop a lightweight version of the M107 under the Anti-Materiel Sniper Rifle
Congressional Program, and has already come up with a scheme to build important component
parts such as the receiver frame and muzzle brake out of lighter-weight materials.
The Barrett M107, like previous members of the M82 line, is also referred to as the Barrett
"Light Fifty". The designation has in many instances supplanted earlier ones, with the M107
being voted one of 2005's top 10 military inventions by the U.S. Army. [9]
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Technical description
A U.S. Army sniper using an M107
Demonstration of an M82 during a training course at Hurlburt Field, Florida
A U.S. Coast Guard TACLET marksman using an M107 from a helicopter
M82A2
The M82 is a short-recoil semi-automatic firearm. When the gun is fired, the barrel initially
recoils for a short distance (about 1 in (25 mm)), while being securely locked by the rotating
bolt. After the short travel, the lower part of accelerator arm, held by receiver upper part, is
already hinged in bolt carrier and the middle portion strikes it back to the barrel by a rod place in
bolt carrier, transferring part of the recoil energy of the barrel to the bolt to achieve reliable
cycling and unlock it from barrel. The bolt is unlocked by turning in the curved cam track in the
bolt carrier. Then, the barrel is stopped by the combined effect of the accelerator, buffer spring
and the muzzle brake and the bolt continues back, to extract and eject a spent case. On its
[clarification needed]
return stroke, the bolt strips the fresh cartridge from the box magazine and feeds it into the
chamber and finally locks itself to the barrel. The striker is also cocked on the return stroke of
the bolt. The gun is fed from a large, detachable box magazine holding up to 10 rounds, although
a rare 12-round magazine was developed for use during Operation Desert Storm in 1991.
The receiver is made from two parts (upper and lower), stamped from sheet steel and connected
by cross-pins. The heavy barrel is fluted to improve heat dissipation and save weight, and fitted
with a large and effective reactive muzzle brake. On the earlier models, the muzzle brakes had a
round cross-section; later M82 rifles are equipped with two-chamber brakes of rectangular cross-
section.
M82A1 rifles are fitted with scope mount and folding backup iron sights, should the glass scope
break. The U.S. military M82 rifles are often equipped with Leupold Mark 4 telescopic sights.
The M82A1M (USMC M82A3) rifles have long Picatinny accessory rails mounted and US
Optics telescopic sights. Every M82 rifle is equipped with a folding carrying handle and
a folding bipod (both are detachable on the M82A3). The M82A3 is also fitted with a detachable
rear monopod under the butt. The buttpad is fitted with a soft recoil pad to further decrease the
felt recoil. M82A1 and M82A3 rifles could be mounted on the M3 or M122 infantry tripods
(originally intended for machine guns) or on vehicles using the special Barrett soft-mount. The
M82A1 can be fitted with a carry sling, but according to those who carried it in the field, the
M82 is too uncomfortable to be carried on a sling due to its excessive length and weight. It is
usually carried in a special carry soft or hard case.
The M82A2 differed from M82A1 mostly in its configuration; the pistol grip along with trigger
was placed ahead of the magazine, and the buttpad placed below the receiver, just after the
magazine. An additional forward grip was added below the receiver, and the scope mount was
moved forward.
The maximum effective range of the M107 is 2,000 yards (1,830 m). The maximum range of this
weapon (specifically the M107 variant) is 4,400 yards (4,000 m), as quoted in the owner's
manual. Fifty caliber (and larger) rounds have the potential to travel great distances if fired in
an artillery-like fashion, necessitating the observance of large safety margins when firing
[clarification needed]
on a range.[citation needed]
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FN Minimi
A late M249 variant of the Minimi

Type Light machine gun
Squad Automatic Weapon
Place of origin Belgium
United States (M249)
Service history
Used by See Users
Wars  Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)
 Gulf War [1]
 Burundian Civil War

 Kosovo War
 War in Afghanistan [2]
 Iraq War [3]
 Mexican Drug War

 Second Ivorian Civil War [4]
 Libyan Civil War

 Syrian Civil War [5]
 Northern Mali Conflict [6]
 Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) [5]
 Yemeni Civil War (2015–

present) [7][better source needed]
 Saudi Arabian-led intervention in

Yemen
 Conflict in Najran, Jizan and Asir
Production history
Designer Ernest Vervier
Designed Early 1970s
Manufacturer FN Herstal
FNH USA
Thales Australia
Beretta
Bofors Carl Gustav
Pindad
Specifications
Mass Standard model: 7.1 kg (15.7 lb)
Minimi Para: 7.44 kg (16.4 lb)
Minimi TR: 7.75 kg (17.1 lb)
Minimi Para TR: 7.77 kg (17.1 lb)
Vehicle model: 5.32 kg (11.7 lb)
Minimi 7.62: 8.2 kg (18 lb)
Minimi 7.62 Para: 8.4 kg (19 lb)
Minimi 7.62 Para TR: 8.6 kg (19 lb)
Minimi Mk3: 8 kg (18 lb)
Minimi Mk3 7.62: 8.8 kg (19 lb)
Length Standard model: 1,040 mm (40.9 in)
Minimi Para: 914 mm (36.0 in) stock
extended / 766 mm (30.2 in) stock
collapsed
Vehicle model: 793 mm (31.2 in) no
buttstock
Minimi 7.62: 1,015 mm (40.0 in) fixed
stock
Minimi 7.62: 1,000 mm (39.4 in) stock
extended / 865 mm (34.1 in) stock
collapsed[8]
Barrel length Standard model: 465 mm (18.3 in)

Minimi Para: 349 mm (13.7 in)
Minimi 7.62: 502 mm (19.8 in)
Width 110 mm (4.3 in)
Minimi 7.62: 128 mm (5.0 in)
Cartridge Minimi: 5.56×45mm NATO

Maximi: 7.62×51mm NATO
Caliber 5.56mm/7.62mm
Action Gas-actuated, open bolt
Rate of fire Minimi 5.56: 700–1,150 rounds/min
Maximi 7.62: 680–800 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity Standard model: 925 m/s (3,035 ft/s)
Minimi Para: 866 m/s (2,841.2 ft/s)
Effective firing range 300–1,000 m sight adjustments
Feed system 100 or 200-round beltcontained in a 100-
round or 200-round soft pouch, or 200-
round box or 30-round M16-
type STANAG magazine
Sights Rear aperture, front post
The FN Minimi (short for French: Mini Mitrailleuse; "mini machine gun") is a
Belgian 5.56mm Squad Automatic Weapon, or SAW developed by Fabrique Nationale (FN)
in Herstal by Ernest Vervier. First introduced in the late 1970s, it is now in service in more than
75 countries. The weapon is currently manufactured at the FN facility in Herstal and their U.S.
[9]
subsidiary FN Manufacturing LLC.

The Minimi is a SAW that fires from an open bolt. It is an air-cooled weapon that is capable of
fully automatic fire only. It can be belt fed or fired from a magazine. The Minimi is configured in
several variants: the Standard model as a platoon or squad support weapon, the Para version
for paratroopers and the Vehiclemodel as secondary armament for fighting vehicles.
Design details
Operating mechanism
Diagram of long-stroke gas operation system
The Minimi uses a gas-actuated long-stroke piston system. The barrel is locked with a rotary
bolt, equipped with two massive locking lugs, forced into battery by a helical camming guide in
the bolt carrier. Upon firing, the piston is forced to the rear by expanding propellant gases bled
through a port in the barrel near the muzzle end. The piston rod acts against the bolt carrier,
which begins its rearward motion guided on two rails welded to the receiver walls, while the bolt
itself remains locked. This sequence provides a slight delay that ensures chamber pressure has
dropped to a safe level by the time a cam in the bolt carrier rotates and unlocks the bolt,
increasing extraction reliability as the empty cartridge casing has had the time to cool down and
contract, exerting less friction against the chamber walls.
The Minimi fires from an open bolt, which reduces the danger of a round cooking off after
extended periods of continuous fire, since a cartridge is only momentarily introduced into the
chamber prior to ignition, and the movement of the bolt and bolt carrier forces air through the
chamber and barrel after each shot, ventilating the barrel and removing heat. Gas escaping the
gas cylinder is directed upward, avoiding kicking up dust and debris that would reveal the
shooter's position.
Features
The Minimi Para with a telescopic sight, spare barrel and ammunition pouches.
The Minimi has a manually adjustable gas valve with two positions, normal and adverse. The
adverse setting increases the cyclic rate of fire from 700–850 rounds per minute to 950–1,150
rounds per minute and is used only in extreme environmental conditions or when heavy fouling
is present in the weapon's gas tube. The spring extractor is located inside the bolt, while the
tilting lever ejector is contained inside the receiver housing. Spent casings are removed through a
port located at the bottom of the right side of the receiver, protected from debris with a spring-
loaded dust cover. The Minimi is striker-fired and the bolt carrier functions as the striker
mechanism.
The Minimi has a push-button type manual safety installed in the trigger housing, above the
pistol grip. In the "weapon safe" position, it disables the sear mechanism; pushing the button to
the right side exposes a red-colored rim on the left side of the firearm and indicates the weapon is
ready to fire. The black polymer pistol grip from the FAL and FNC rifles was initially used, but
the Minimi is currently fitted with a modified grip with lateral grooves, installed at a smaller
angle to the receiver.
The Minimi features a welded receiver made from stamped steel. Both the standard and Para
variants are equipped with a fixed, folding bipod mounted to the gas tube and stowed under the
handguard. The bipod can be adjusted in height and each leg has three height settings. The bipod
also offers a 15° range of rotation to either side. With the bipod fully extended, the bore axis is
elevated to a height of 465 mm (18.3 in). The Minimi can also be fired from the Belgian FN360°
tripod or the American M122 mount using an M60 pintle. The vehicle-mounted Minimi is fitted
with an electrically powered trigger that enables it to be fired remotely from within an armored
fighting vehicle.
The standard light machine gun version has a 465 mm (18.3 in) barrel and a
skeletonized aluminum stock with a folding wire shoulder strap. The shortened Para model has a
349 mm (13.7 in) barrel and a collapsible metal stock, while the vehicle-mounted model has a
465 mm (18.3 in) barrel but does not have a stock or iron sights. All models can alternatively be
fitted with a fixed synthetic stock, the same used on the M249, which contains a hydraulic buffer
that contributes to stabilizing the rate of fire and reducing recoil forces.
[10]
Feeding
Lifting the feed tray cover reveals the rotary bolt locking mechanism.
Feeding schematic of the FN Minimi.
The weapon is fed from the left-hand side by disintegrating-link M27 ammunition belts (a
miniaturized version of the 7.62mm M13belt), from either an unsupported loose belt, enclosed in
a polymerammunition box with a 200-round capacity attached to the base of the receiver, or from
detachable STANAG magazines, used in other NATO 5.56 mm assault rifles such as
the M16 and FNC. Magazine feeding is used only as an auxiliary measure, when belted
ammunition has been exhausted. The ammunition belt is introduced into the feed tray, magazines
are seated inside the magazine port at a 45° angle, located beneath the feed tray port. When a belt
is placed in the feed tray it covers the magazine port. Likewise, a magazine inserted into the
magazine well will prevent the simultaneous insertion of a belt. The magazine port, when not in
use, is closed with an L-shaped hinged flap equipped with a tooth, which engages a
corresponding opening in the magazine and serves as a magazine release. This feature was
developed by FN's Maurice V. Bourlet and allows the Minimi to be instantly changed from belt
feed to magazine feed without any modification. [11]
The pawl-type feeding mechanism is modeled on the system used in the MAG general-purpose
machine gun, which was originally used in the World War II-era MG 42. The belt is moved in
two stages during both the forward and rearward movement of the reciprocating bolt carrier,
which provides for a smooth and continuous feeding cycle. The feeding mechanism top cover
features a device that indicates the presence of a cartridge in the feed path.
Barrel
The barrels used in the Minimi have an increased heat capacity for sustained fire, feature
a chrome-lined rifled bore (six right-hand grooves) and are manufactured in two versions: with a
178 mm (1:7 in) twist rate used to stabilize the heavier Belgian 5.56×45mm SS109 projectile, or
a 305 mm (1:12 in) twist for use with American M193 ammunition. The barrels have a quick-
change capability; a lever is provided on the left side of the weapon that unlocks the barrel
allowing the shooter to push it forward removing it from its trunnion. A carrying handle is also
fixed to the barrel and assists in the barrel change process. A trained soldier can perform a barrel
change and ready the weapon for aimed fire in 6–7 seconds. Early models of the Minimi had
a flash suppressor with side ports as seen on the FAL, CAL and FNCrifles; new production guns
have a shorter, cone-shaped slotted flash suppressor.
Sights
Both the standard and Para models come with a rear sight, adjustable for windage and elevation,
that provides a peep aperture for ranges from 300 to 1000 m in 100 m increments. The hooded
front sight is installed in a post on the gas block and is also adjustable for elevation and windage.
Early models of the Minimi had the rear sight mounted forward of the feed cover and the front
post secured to the barrel, closer to the muzzle end. An adapter can also be used that allows the
use of standard NATO night and day sights.
Accessories
Standard equipment supplied with the Minimi consists of three ammunition boxes, a cleaning kit
stored inside the forearm, lubricant bottle, sling and blank-firing barrel.
FN MAG
An FN MAG fitted with the C79 optical sight

Type General-purpose machine gun
Place of origin Belgium
Service history
Used by See Users
Wars  Congo Crisis
 Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation
 Rhodesian Bush War
 South African Border War
 Six-Day War
 Nigerian Civil War [1]
 Vietnam War
 War of Attrition
 Yom Kippur War
 The Troubles
 Falklands War
 Lebanese Civil War
 Salvadoran Civil War
 Sri Lankan Civil War
 Liberian Civil Wars
 Gulf War
 Sierra Leone Civil War
 Burundian Civil War [2]
 2003 Iraq conflict

 Afghanistan Conflict
 Cambodian–Thai border dispute
 Kivu conflict
 Libyan Civil War
 Syrian Civil War [3]
Production history
Designer Ernest Vervier
Designed 1950s
Manufacturer Fabrique Nationale (FNH / FNHUK)
and
U.S. Ordnance
No. built 1 million+ [4]

Specifications
Mass 11.8 kg (26.01 lb)
Barrel length 630 mm (24.8 in)
Width 118.7 mm (4.7 in)
Height 263 mm (10.4 in)

Action Gas-operated long-stroke piston, open
bolt
Rate of fire 650–1,000 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity 840 m/s (2,756 ft/s)
Effective firing range 800 m (875 yd) (bipod)
1,800 m (1,969 yd) (tripod)
Maximum firing range 3,500 m (3,828 yd) [5]
Feed system Non-disintegrating DM1 or

disintegrating M13 linkedbelt
Sights Folding leaf sight with aperture and
notch, front blade
The FN MAG is a Belgian 7.62 mm general-purpose machine gun, designed in the early 1950s
at Fabrique Nationale (FN) by Ernest Vervier. It has been used by more than 80 countries, and it
has been made under licence in several countries, including Argentina, Canada (as the C6
GPMG), Egypt, India and the United Kingdom. [6]
The weapon's name is an abbreviation for Mitrailleuse d'Appui Général, meaning "general [7]
support machine gun". The MAG is available in three primary versions: the standard,
infantry Model 60-20 machine gun, the Model 60-40 coaxial machine gun for armoured fighting
vehicles and the Model 60-30 aircraft variant.
Design details
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A U.S. Marine firing the British L7A2 version of the MAG.
An FN MAG mounted on a Eurocopter EC 725 Cougar MkII at the 2007 Paris Air Showheld at Le Bourget airport.
The MAG Model 60-20 is an automatic, air-cooled, gas-operated machine gun, firing belt-
fed 7.62×51mm NATO from an open bolt.
Operating mechanism
The MAG uses ignited powder gases vented through a port in the barrel to propel a gas piston
rod connected to the locking assembly (it uses a long-stroke piston system). The barrel breech is
locked with a vertically tilting, downward locking lever mechanism that is connected to the bolt
carrier through an articulated joint. The locking shoulder and camming surfaces that guide the
locking lever are located at the base of the receiver. The MAG uses a series of proven design
concepts from other successful firearms, for example the locking mechanism is modeled on that
of the Browning M1918 (BAR) automatic rifle, and the feed and trigger mechanisms are from
the WWII-era MG42universal machine gun. [8]
The MAG fires from an open bolt. Both the spring-powered extractor and ejector are contained
in the bolt. After firing, spent cartridge casings are removed through an ejection port located at
the base of the receiver (a spring-loaded dust cover of the MG42 type covers the ejection port).
The machine gun has a striker firing mechanism (the bolt carrier acts as the striker as it contains
a channel that houses the firing pin, which protrudes out from the surface of the bolt upon firing),
an automatic-only trigger assembly and a manual cross-bolt push-button safety, which is located
above the pistol grip. With the safety placed in the safesetting, the sear mechanism is disabled.
The safety can only be engaged with the weapon cocked. [9]
Features
A schematic showing the mechanism of the FN MAG.
The weapon feeds from the left side from open-link, metal ammunition belts: either the
American disintegrating M13 belt (NATO standard) or the segmented German DM1 belt, whose
50-round sections can be linked through a cartridge. In order to adapt the weapon to feed from
one belt type to the other, several components of the feed mechanism need to be reconfigured
since the position of the feed tray's cartridge stop and pawl angles in the top cover are different.
The MAG features a pawl-type feeding mechanism that continues to move the feed link during
both the rearward and forward cycles of the reciprocating bolt carrier, producing a smooth belt
flow. The feeding mechanism's three pawls are actuated by a roller connected to the bolt carrier.
The feed channel rail, feed link, both feed slides and the feed tray are chrome plated. The top
cover body is an anodized aluminum casting. In the infantry assault role, the weapon can be
fitted with a sheet metal container that houses a 50-round belt and is attached to the left side of
the receiver. [9]
The quick-change barrel has a slotted flash suppressor. The barrel's chamber and bore are
chromium-lined and the barrel has four right-hand grooves with a 305 mm (1:12 in) rifling twist
rate. Also attached to the barrel is the front sight base, carry handle and gas block (equipped with
an exhaust-type gas regulator valve with three settings). The barrel assembly weighs
[9]
3,050 g (6.72 lb) and of the 630 mm (24.80 in) long barrel a portion of 487.5 mm (19.19 in) is
rifled. The MAG takes zero shifts between barrel asemblies into account by making the front
sight of the assemblies adjustable with the help of tools.
The machine gun is fitted with a folding bipod (attached to the end of the gas cylinder) that can
be adjusted for height. For carrying or use as a forearm, the aluminum legs can be folded back
and secured in slots under the receiver by hooks and a spring-loaded catch. When firing from the
hip, the bipod legs remain extended and the left leg is gripped for support. The bipod can be
removed from the gas cylinder by tapping-out a roll pin in the gas cylinder head until it is flush
and the bipod can be rotated enough to clear the gas cylinder's retaining lugs.[9]
The MAG is also equipped with a fixed wooden stock, pistol grip, carrying handle and iron
sights that consist of a forward blade (adjustable mechanically for both windage and elevation)
and a folding leaf rear sight with an aperture in the down position for firing distances from 200 to
800 m (219 to 875 yd) in 100 m (109 yd) increments and an open U-notch for ranges from 800 to
1,800 m (875 to 1,969 yd) graduated every 100 m(109 yd). The rear sight is hinged to a base
with protective ears that is integral with the receiver's upper forging. The iron sight line has a
848 mm (33.4 in) sight radius.
The MAG's receiver is constructed from sheet metal stampings reinforced by steel plates
and rivets. The front is reinforced to accept the barrel nut and gas cylinder which are
permanently mounted. Guide rails that support the bolt assembly and piston extension during
their reciprocating movement are riveted to the side plates. The bolt's guide rails are shaped
downward to drive the locking lever into engagement with the locking shoulder, which is also
riveted to the side plates. The rear of the receiver has been reinforced and slotted to accept the
butt-stock.
[9]
In the static machine gun role, the weapon is mounted on a tripod that offers a higher degree of
accuracy and control than the bipod, for example the FN 360° tripod, which features an elevation
adjustment mechanism that enables the weapon's bore axis to be maintained from 300 mm
(11.8 in) to 600 mm (23.6 in), has a 30° to +15° elevation change and a 360° traverse range.
When used in the anti aircraft role, the machine gun can increase the rate of fire from 600 up to
1,000 rpm by the regulating gas valve.
Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .50, M2, HB
M2HB heavy machine gun

Type Heavy machine gun
Service history
Used by See Users
Wars World War II
Indonesian National Revolution
Korean War
First Indochina War [1]
Algerian War [2]
Suez Crisis
Portuguese Colonial War
Vietnam War
Six-Day War
Yom Kippur War
Western Sahara War [3]
Lebanese Civil War [4]
Colombian Internal Conflict

Cambodian Civil War
Moro conflict
Chadian–Libyan conflict [5]
Shaba II
[6]
Soviet–Afghan War
Cambodian-Vietnamese War
Iran–Iraq War
Salvadoran Civil War
Falklands War
South African Border War
Invasion of Grenada
Bougainville Civil War [7]
Invasion of Panama
Persian Gulf War
Somali Civil War
Yugoslav Wars
Kosovo War
War in Afghanistan [8]
Iraq War
Mexican Drug War
Second Ivorian Civil War [9]
Libyan Crisis (2011–present) [10]
Syrian Civil War [11][12]
Northern Mali conflict [13]
Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) [14]
Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) [15]
Saudi Arabian-led intervention in

Yemen [16]
Conflict in Najran, Jizan and Asir

Battle of Marawi [17]
2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict

Production history
Designer John M. Browning
Designed 1918[18]
Manufacturer Current: General Dynamics, Fabrique

Nationale (FNH / FNA / FNHUK), Ohio
Ordnance Works Inc. and U.S.
Ordnance.
Former: Manroy Engineering, Sabre
Defence Industries, Colt's Patent Fire
Arms Company, High Standard
Company, Savage Arms Corporation,
Buffalo Arms Corporation, General
Motors Corporation (Frigidaire, AC
Spark Plug, Saginaw Steering, and
Brown-Lipe-Chappin Divisions), Kelsey
Hayes Wheel Company, Springfield
Armory, Wayne Pump Company,
ERMCO, and Ramo Manufacturing,
Rock Island Arsenal
Produced 1921–present (M2HB)
No. built 3 million [19]
Specifications
Mass 38 kg (83.78 lb)
58 kg (127.87 lb) with tripodand T&E
(Traverse and Elevation Mechanism)
Barrel length 1,143 mm (45.0 in)
Cartridge .50 BMG (12.7×99mm NATO)

Action Short recoil-operated
Rate of fire 450–600 rounds/min (M2HB) [20][21]
750–850 rounds/min (AN/M2)

1,200–1,300 rounds/min (AN/M3) [22]
Muzzle velocity 2,910 ft/s (890 m/s) for M33 ball
Effective firing range 1,800 m (2,000 yd) [20]
Maximum firing range 2,500 m (2,700 yd)

Feed system Belt-fed (M2 or M9 links)
The M2 Machine Gun or Browning .50 Caliber Machine Gun is a heavy machine
gun designed toward the end of World War I by John Browning. Its design is similar to
Browning's earlier M1919 Browning machine gun, which was chambered for the .30-
06 cartridge. The M2 uses the much larger and much more powerful .50 BMG cartridge, which
was developed alongside and takes its name from the gun itself (BMG standing for Browning
Machine Gun). It has been referred to as "Ma Deuce", in reference to its M2 nomenclature. The
[23]
design has had many specific designations; the official US military designation for the current
infantry type is Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .50, M2, HB, Flexible. It is effective against
infantry, unarmored or lightly armored vehicles and boats, light fortifications and low-flying
aircraft.
The Browning .50 caliber machine gun has been used extensively as a vehicle weapon and for
aircraft armament by the United States from the 1930s to the present. It was heavily used
during World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Falklands War, the Soviet–Afghan
War, the Gulf War, the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan in the 2000s and 2010s. It is the
prim ary heavy machine gun of NATO countries, and has been used by many other countries as
well. The M2 has been in use longer than any other firearm in U.S. inventory except the .45
ACP M1911 pistol, also designed by John Browning.
The current M2HB is manufactured in the U.S. by General Dynamics and U.S. Ordnance for
[24] [25]
use by the U.S. government, and for allies via Foreign Military Sales, as well as foreign
manufacturers such as FN Herstal.
History
Machine guns were heavily used in World War I, and weapons of larger than rifle caliber began
appearing on both sides of the conflict. The larger rounds were needed to defeat the armor that
was being introduced to the battlefield, both on the ground and in the air. During World War I,
the Germans introduced a heavily armored airplane, the Junkers J.I. The armor made aircraft
machine guns using conventional rifle ammunition (such as the .30-06) ineffective. [26]
Consequently, the American Expeditionary Force's commander General John J. Pershing asked
for a larger caliber machine gun. Pershing asked the Army Ordnance Department to develop a
[27]
machine gun with a caliber of at least 0.50 inches (12.7 mm) and a muzzle velocity of at least
2,700 feet per second (820 m/s). U.S. Col. John Henry Parker, commanding a machine gun
[26]
school in France, observed the effectiveness of a French 11 mm (0.43 in) incendiary armor-
piercing round. The Army Ordnance Department ordered eight experimental Colt machine guns
rechambered for the French 11 mm cartridge. The French 11 mm round was found to be
[28]
unsuitable because its velocity was too low. Pershing wanted a bullet of at least 670 gr (43 g) and
a muzzle velocity of 2,700 ft/s (820 m/s). Development with the French round was dropped. [28]
Around July 1917, John M. Browning started redesigning his .30-06 M1917 machine gun for a
larger and more powerful round. Winchester worked on the cartridge, which was a scaled-up
version of the .30-06. Winchester initially added a rim to the cartridge because the company
wanted to use the cartridge in an anti-tank rifle, but Pershing insisted the cartridge be
rimless. The first .50 machine gun underwent trials on 15 October 1918. It fired at less than 500
[28]
rounds per minute, and the muzzle velocity was only 2,300 ft/s (700 m/s). Cartridge
improvements were promised. The gun was heavy, difficult to control, fired too slowly for the
[29]
anti-personnel role, and was not powerful enough against armor. [30]
While the .50 was being developed, some German T Gewehr 1918 anti-tank rifles and
ammunition were seized. The German rounds had a muzzle velocity of 2,700 ft/s (820 m/s), an
800 gr (52 g) bullet, and could pierce 1 in (25 mm) at 250 yd (230 m). Winchester
[clarification needed] [31]
improved the .50 caliber round to have similar performance. Ultimately, the muzzle velocity was
2,750 ft/s (840 m/s). [32]
Efforts by John M. Browning and Fred T. Moore resulted in the water-cooled Browning machine
gun, caliber .50, M1921. An aircraft version was termed the Browning aircraft machine gun,
caliber .50, M1921. These guns were used experimentally from 1921 until 1937. They had light-
weight barrels and the ammunition fed only from the left side. Service trials raised doubts
whether the guns would be suitable for aircraft or for anti-aircraft use. A heavy barrel M1921
was considered for ground vehicles. [33]
John M. Browning died in 1926. Between 1927 and 1932, S.H. Green studied the design
problems of the M1921 and the needs of the armed services. The result was a single receiver
design that could be turned into seven types of .50 caliber machine guns by using different
jackets, barrels, and other components. The new receiver allowed right or left side feed. In 1933,
Colt manufactured several prototype Browning machine guns (including what would be known
as the M1921A1 and M1921E2). With support from the Navy, Colt started manufacturing the
M2 in 1933. FN Herstal (Fabrique Nationale) has manufactured the M2 machine gun since the
[34]
1930s. General Dynamics, U.S. Ordnance and Ohio Ordnance Works Inc. are other current
[35]
manufacturers. [citation needed]
A variant without a water jacket, but with a thicker-walled, air-cooled barrel was designated the
M2 HB (HBfor Heavy Barrel). The added mass and surface area of the heavy barrel
compensated somewhat for the loss of water-cooling, while reducing bulk and weight: the M2
weighs 121 lb (55 kg) with a water jacket, but the M2 HB weighs 84 lb (38 kg). Due to the long
procedure for changing the barrel, an improved system was developed called QCB (quick change
barrel). The lightweight "Army/Navy" prefixed AN/M2 "light-barrel" version of the Browning
M2 weighing 60 pounds (27 kg) was also developed, and became the standard .50-caliber
aviation machine gun of the World War II-era for American military aircraft of nearly every
type, readily replacing Browning's own air-cooled .30 caliber machine gun design in nearly all
[36]
American aircraft installations.

RBP
Design details
The Browning M2 is an air-cooled, belt-fed machine gun. The M2 fires from a closed bolt,
operated on the short recoil principle. The M2 fires the .50 BMG cartridge, which offers long
range, accuracy and immense stopping power. The closed bolt firing cycle made the M2 usable
as a synchronized machine gun on aircraft before and during World War II, as on the early
versions of the Curtiss P-40 fighter.
The M2 is a scaled-up version of John Browning's M1917 .30 caliber machine gun, even using
the same timing gauges.
Features
The M2 has varying cyclic rates of fire, depending on the model. The M2HB (heavy barrel) air-
cooled ground gun has a cyclical rate of 450–575 rounds per minute. The early M2 water-
[37]
cooled AA guns had a cyclical rate of around 450–600 rpm. The AN/M2 aircraft gun has a
[38]
cyclic rate of 750–850 rpm; this increases to 1,200 rpm for AN/M3 aircraft guns. These
maximum rates of fire are generally not achieved in use, as sustained fire at that rate will wear
out the bore within a few thousand rounds, necessitating replacement. In addition to full
automatic, the M2HB can be selected to fire single-shots or at less than 40 rounds per minute, or
rapid fire for more than 40 rounds per minute. Slow and rapid firing modes use 5–7 round bursts
with different lengths of pause between bursts. [39]
A U.S. Marine mans a .50 caliber machine gun as part of a security force during a training exercise with the 24th
Marine Expeditionary Unit in November 2002.
The M2 has an effective range of 1,830 metres (2,000 yd) and a maximum effective range of
2,000 metres (2,200 yd) when fired from the M3 tripod. In its ground-portable, crew-served role
as the M2HB, the gun itself weighs 84 pounds (38 kg) and the assembled M3 tripod another 44
pounds (20 kg). In this configuration, the V-shaped "butterfly" trigger is located at the very rear
of the weapon with a "spade handle" hand-grip on either side of it and the bolt release in the
center. The spade handles are gripped and the butterfly trigger is depressed with one or both
thumbs. Recently, new rear buffer assemblies have used squeeze triggers mounted to the hand
grips, doing away with the butterfly triggers.
When the bolt release is locked down by the bolt latch release lock on the buffer tube sleeve, the
gun functions in fully automatic mode. Conversely, the bolt release can be unlocked into the up
position resulting in single-shot firing (the gunner must press the bolt latch release to send the
bolt forward). Unlike virtually all other modern machine guns, it has no safety (although a
sliding safety switch has recently been fielded to USMC armorers for installation on their
weapons and is standard-issue for the U.S. Army for all M2s). Troops in the field have been
known to add an improvised safety measure against accidental firing by slipping an expended
shell casing under the butterfly trigger. The upgraded M2A1 has a manual trigger block safety.
[40]
Twin M2HB machine gun during a Pre-aimed Calibration Fire (PACFIRE) exercise in May 2005
Because the M2 was designed to operate in many configurations, it can be adapted to feed from
the left or right side of the weapon by exchanging the belt-holding pawls, and the front and rear
cartridge stops (three-piece set to include link stripper), then reversing the bolt switch. The
operator must also convert the top-cover belt feed slide assembly from left to right hand feed as
well as the spring and plunger in the feed arm. This will take a well trained individual less than
two minutes to perform.
The charging assembly may be changed from left to right hand charge. A right hand charging
handle spring, lock wire and a little "know-how" are all that are required to accomplish this. The
M2 can be battle-ready and easily interchanged if it is preemptively fitted with a retracting slide
assembly on both sides of the weapon system. This eliminates the need to have the weapon
removed from service to accomplish this task.
At some point during World War 2 the Frankford Arsenal developed a squeeze bore version of
the M2HB which reduced the bullet size from .50 to .30 caliber. [41]
Ammunition
M2 Browning on a Samson RCWS of the Israel Defense Forces
There are several different types of ammunition used in the M2HB and AN aircraft guns.
From World War II through the Vietnam War, the big Browning was used with standard ball,
armor-piercing (AP), armor-piercing incendiary (API), and armor-piercing incendiary tracer
(APIT) rounds. All .50 ammunition designated "armor-piercing" was required to completely
perforate 0.875 inches (22.2 mm) of hardened steel armor plate at a distance of 100 yards (91 m)
and 0.75 inches (19 mm) at 547 yards (500 m). The API and APIT rounds left a flash, report,
[42]
and smoke on contact, useful in detecting strikes on enemy targets; they were primarily intended
to incapacitate thin-skinned and lightly armored vehicles and aircraft, while igniting their fuel
tanks.[43]
Current ammunition types include M33 Ball (706.7 grain) for personnel and light material
targets, M17 tracer, M8 API (622.5 grain), M20 API-T (619 grain), and M962 SLAP-T. The
latter ammunition along with the M903 SLAP (Saboted Light Armor Penetrator) round can
perforate 1.34 inches (34 mm) of FHA (face-hardened steel plate) at 500 metres (550 yd), 0.91
inches (23 mm) at 1,200 metres (1,300 yd), and 0.75 inches (19 mm) at 1,500 metres (1,600 yd).
This is achieved by using a 0.30-inch-diameter (7.6 mm) tungsten penetrator. The SLAP-T adds
a tracer charge to the base of the ammunition. This ammunition was type classified in 1993. [44][45]
When firing blanks, a large blank-firing adapter (BFA) of a special type must be used to allow
the recoil operated action to cycle. This functions on the principle of a recoil booster, to increase
the recoil force acting on the short recoil action. This is the exact antithesis of a muzzle brake.
Without this adaptor, the reduced-charge blank cartridge would develop too little recoil to cycle
the action fully. The adapter is very distinctive, attaching to the muzzle with three rods extending
back to the base. The BFA can often be seen on M2s during peacetime operations.
RBP
Glock
Glock 17 Gen 4 "fourth-generation" full-size model

Type Semi-automatic pistol
Machine pistol (Glock 18)
Place of origin Austria
Service history
Used by See Users
Production history
Designer Gaston Glock
Designed 1979–1982
Manufacturer Glock Ges.m.b.H.
No. built 5,000,000 as of 2007 [1]

Specifications
Cartridge 9mm Parabellum
10mm Auto
.45 ACP
.40 S&W
.380 ACP
.357 SIG
.45 GAP
Action Short recoil, locked breech, tilting barrel
(straight blowback for Glock 25 and 28)
Rate of fire Glock 18 : 1,100 - 1,200 RPM (Rounds
Per Minute)
Muzzle velocity 375 m/s (1,230 ft/s) (Glock 17, 17C, 18,
18C) [2]
Effective firing range 50 m (55 yd) (Glock 17, 17C, 18, 18C) [3][4]
Feed system 10, 15, 17, 19, 31, 33 or 50 round

drum Detachable box magazine
The Glock is a series of polymer-framed, short recoil-operated, locked-breech semi-automatic
pistolsdesigned and produced by Austrian manufacturer Glock Ges.m.b.H. It entered Austrian
military and police service by 1982 after it was the top performer in reliability and safety tests. [5]
Despite initial resistance from the market to accept a perceived "plastic gun" due to both
unfounded durability and reliability concerns, as well as fears that its use of a polymer frame
might circumvent metal detectors in airports, Glock pistols have become the company's most
profitable line of products as well as supplying national armed forces, security agencies, and
police forces in at least 48 countries. Glocks are also popular firearms among civilians for
[6]
recreational and competition shooting, home and self-defense, and concealed carry or open
carry. [7]
History
The company's founder, engineer Gaston Glock, had no experience with firearms design or
manufacture at the time their first pistol, the Glock 17, was being prototyped. Glock did,
however, have extensive experience in advanced synthetic polymers, knowledge of which was
instrumental in the company's design of the first commercially successful line of pistols with a
polymer frame. Glock introduced ferritic nitrocarburizing into the firearms industry as an
[8]
anticorrosion surface treatment for metal gun parts. [9]
Development
A "first-generation" Glock 17 with the slide locked back displaying its vertical barrel tilt
A "second-generation" Glock 17, identified by the checkering on the front and rear straps of the pistol grip and
trigger guard
A "third-generation" Glock 17C, identified by the addition of an extra cross pin above the trigger, a reshaped
extractor that serves as a loaded chamber indicator, and an accessory rail
A "fourth-generation" Glock 17, identified by an enlarged magazine release catch, modified rough texture frame
grip checkering, interchangeable backstraps, and a "Gen4" rollmark on the slide
In 1980, the Austrian Armed Forces announced that it would seek tenders for a new, modern
duty pistol to replace their World War II–era Walther P38 handguns. The Austrian Ministry of
[10]
Defence formulated a list of 17 criteria for the new generation service pistol, including
requirements that it would be self loading; fire the NATO-standard 9×19 mm Parabellum round;
the magazines were not to require any means of assistance for loading; be secure
against accidental discharge from shock, strike, and drop from a height of 2 m onto a steel
plate. After firing 15,000 rounds of standard ammunition, the pistol was to be inspected for
[5]
wear. The pistol was to then be used to fire an overpressure test cartridge generating 5,000 bar
(500 MPa; 73,000 psi). The normal maximum operating pressure (Pmax) for the 9mm
[dubious – discuss]
NATO is 2,520 bar (252 MPa; 36,500 psi). [11]
Glock became aware of the Austrian Army's planned procurement, and in 1982 assembled a
team of Europe's leading handgun experts from military, police, and civilian sport-shooting
circles to define the most desirable characteristics in a combat pistol. Within three months,
[5]
Glock developed a working prototype that combined proven mechanisms and traits from
previous pistol designs. In addition the plan was to make extensive use of synthetic materials
[12]
and modern manufacturing technologies, to make it a very cost-effective candidate.

Several samples of the 9×19mm Glock 17 (so named because it was the 17th patent procured by
the company ) were submitted for assessment trials in early 1982, and after passing all of the
[13]
exhaustive endurance and abuse tests, the Glock emerged as the winner. [14][15][16]
The handgun was adopted into service with the Austrian military and police forces in 1982 as the
P80 (Pistole 80), with an initial order for 25,000 guns. The Glock 17 outperformed eight
[17] [12]
different pistols from five other established manufacturers (Heckler & Kochof Germany offered
their P7M8, P7M13, and P9S, SIG Sauer of Switzerland bid with
their P220 and P226 models, Beretta of Italy submitted their model 92SB-F, FN
Herstal proposed an updated variant of the Browning Hi-Power, and the home-grown Steyr
Mannlicher entered the competition with the GB). [18]
The results of the Austrian trials sparked a wave of interest in Western Europe and overseas,
particularly in the United States, where a similar effort to select a service-wide replacement for
the M1911 had been going on since the late 1970s (known as the Joint Service Small Arms
Program). In late 1983, the United States Department of Defense inquired about the Glock pistol
and received four samples of the Glock 17 for unofficial evaluation. Glock was then invited to
[19]
participate in the XM9 Personal Defense Pistol Trials, but declined because the DOD
specifications would require extensive retooling of production equipment and providing 35 test
samples in an unrealistic time frame.[19]
Shortly thereafter, the Glock 17 was accepted into service with

the Norwegian and Swedish armed forces, surpassing all prior NATO durability standards. As a [19]
result, the Glock 17 became a standard NATO-classified sidearm and was granted a NATO stock
number (1005-25-133-6775). By 1992, some 350,000 pistols had been sold in more than 45
[19]
countries, including 250,000 in the United States alone. [17]
Starting in 2013 the British Army began replacing the Browning Hi-Power pistol with the Glock
17 Gen 4, due to concerns about weight and the external safety of the Hi-Power. [20]
Product evolution
Glock has updated its basic design several times throughout its production history.
Second-generation models
A mid-life upgrade to the Glock pistols involved the addition of checkering on the front strap and
serrations to the back strap. These versions, introduced in 1988, were informally referred to as
"second-generation" models. To meet American ATF regulations, a steel plate with a stamped
serial number was embedded into the receiver in front of the trigger guard. In 1991, an integrated
recoil spring assembly replaced the original two-piece recoil spring and tube design. The
magazine was slightly modified, changing the floorplate and fitting the follower spring with a
resistance insert at its base.
Third-generation models
In 1998, the frame was further modified with an accessory rail (called the "Universal Glock rail")
to allow the mounting of laser sights, tactical lights, and other accessories. Thumb rests on both
sides of the frame and finger grooves on the front strap were added. Glock pistols with these
upgrades are informally referred to as (early) "third-generation" models. Later third-generation
models additionally featured a modified extractor that serves as a loaded chamber indicator, and
the locking block was enlarged, along with the addition of an extra cross pin to aid the
distribution of bolt thrust forces exerted by the locking block. This cross pin is known as the
locking block pin and is located above the trigger pin. [21]
The polymer frames of third-generation models can be black, flat dark earth, or olive drab.
Besides that, non-firing dummy pistols ("P" models) and non-firing dummy pistols with resetting
triggers ("R" models) have a bright red frame and Simunition-adapted practice pistols ("T"
models) – a bright blue frame for easy identification. [22]
In 2009, the Glock 22 RTF2 (Rough Textured Frame 2) (chambered in .40 S&W) was
introduced. This pistol featured a new checkering texture around the grip and new scalloped (fish
gill-shaped) serrations at the rear of the sides of the slide. Many of the existing models
[23][24]
became available in the RTF2 version, including the 31, 32, 23, 21, 19. Some of those did not
have the fish gills.
Fourth-generation models
Comparison of "third-" (left) and "fourth-generation" (right) Glock 19 grip frames
Glock 17 Gen4 as issued by the British Armed Forces under the L131A1 General Service Pistol designation
At the 2010 SHOT Show, Glock presented the "fourth generation", now dubbed "Gen4" by
Glock itself. Updates centered on ergonomics and the recoil spring assembly. The initial two
fourth-generation models announced were the full-sized Glock 17 and Glock 22, chambered for
the 9×19 mm Parabellum and .40 S&W cartridges, respectively. The pistols were displayed with
a modified rough-textured frame, grip checkering, and interchangeable backstraps of different
sizes. "Gen4" is rollmarked on the slide next to the model number to identify the fourth-
generation pistols.
The basic grip size of the fourth-generation Glock pistols is slightly smaller compared to the
previous design. A punch is provided to remove the standard trigger housing pin and replace it
with the longer cross pin needed to mount the medium or large backstrap that will increase the
trigger distance by 2 mm (0.079 in) or 4 mm (0.16 in). With the medium backstrap installed, the
grip size is identical to the third-generation pistols. The magazine release catches are enlarged
and reversible for left-handed use. To use the exchangeable magazine release feature, fourth-
generation Glock magazines have a notch cut on both sides of the magazine body. Earlier
versions of the magazines will not lock into the Gen4 pistols if the user has moved the magazine
release button to be operated by a left-handed user. Gen4 magazines will work in older models. [25]
Mechanically, fourth-generation Glock pistols are fitted with a dual recoil spring assembly to
help reduce perceived recoil and increase service life expectancy. Earlier subcompact Glock
models such as the Glock 26 and Glock 30 have already used a dual recoil spring assembly
which was carried over to the fourth-generation versions of those models. The slide and barrel
shelf have been resized, and the front portion of the polymer frame has been widened and
internally enlarged, to accommodate the dual recoil spring assembly. The trigger mechanism
housing has also been modified to fit into the smaller-sized grip space. [26][27][28][29][30]
The introduction of fourth-generation Glock pistols continued in July 2010 when the Glock 19
and Glock 23, the reduced size "compact" versions of the Glock 17 and Glock 22, became
available for retail. In late 2010, Glock continued the introduction of fourth-generation models
[31]
with the Glock 26 and Glock 27 "subcompact" variants.

In January 2013, more fourth-generation Glock pistols were introduced commercially during the
annual SHOT Show, including the Glock 20 Generation 4 along with other fourth-generation
Glock models.
2011 recoil spring assembly exchange program

In September 2011, Glock announced a recoil spring exchange program in which the
manufacturer voluntarily offers to exchange the recoil spring assemblies of its fourth-generation
pistols (with the exception of the "subcompact" Glock 26 and Glock 27 models) sold before 22
July 2011 at no cost "to ensure our products perform up to GLOCK’s stringent standards",
according to the company. [32]
M series
On 29 June 2016 the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) awarded a contract to
Glock to provide new 9×19mm Parabellum chambered duty pistols. The solicitation [33]
specifications deviated from the specifications of Glock fourth-generation models. [34]
In August 2016 the Indianapolis Metro Police Department (IMPD) started training with a batch
of Glock 17M pistols. The most obvious difference with the Glock third and fourth-generation
models on published images is the omission of finger grooves on the grip. The IMPD issued a
[35]
Glock 17M voluntary recall following failures encountered while dry firing the pistols during
training. According to Major Riddle with the IMPD; "Glock is working to correct the problem
and we hope to begin issuing the new [17Ms] as soon as December". [36][37]
Fifth-generation models
In August 2017, Glock presented the "fifth generation" or "Gen5". The revisions centered on
ergonomics and improving reliability. Many parts of fifth-generation Glock pistols cannot be
interchanged with those of the previous generations. The two fifth-generation models announced
were the Glock 17 and Glock 19, chambered for the 9×19 mm Parabellum. Some conspicuous
changes on the fifth-generation models are: ambidextrous slide stop levers, nDLC (Diamond-
Like Carbon) surface finish for barrel and slide, a barrel featuring a revised style of polygonal
rifling (called the “Glock Marksman Barrel” by Glock), a deeper recessed barrel crown,
omission of the finger grooves on the grip, a flared magazine well, and a reintroduction of a (half
moon shaped) cutout on the bottom front of the grip. The locking block pin located above the
trigger pin that was introduced in the third-generation is omitted. Many internal parts were less
conspicuously revised. "Gen 5" is rollmarked on the slide next to the model number to
[38][39][40][41][42]
identify the fifth-generation pistols. The magazines were also revised for the fifth-generation
models. The redesigned magazine floor plates feature a frontward protruding lip to offer grip for
manual assisted extraction and the magazine follower became orange colored for easier visual
identification.
RBP
Design details
Operating mechanism
The Glock 17 is a 9 mm short recoil–operated, locked-breech semi-automatic pistol that uses a
modified Browning cam-lock system adapted from the Hi-Power pistol. The firearm's locking
[43]
mechanism uses a linkless, vertically tilting barrel with a rectangular breech that locks into the
ejection port cut-out in the slide. During the recoil stroke, the barrel moves rearward initially
locked together with the slide about 3 mm (0.12 in) until the bullet leaves the barrel and chamber
pressure drops to a safe level. A ramped lug extension at the base of the barrel then interacts with
a tapered locking block integrated into the frame, forcing the barrel down and unlocking it from
the slide. This camming action terminates the barrel's movement while the slide continues back
under recoil, extracting and ejecting the spent cartridge casing. The slide's uninterrupted
rearward movement and counter-recoil cycle are characteristic of the Browning system. [44]
Features
A subcompact Glock 30 field stripped to its main parts with a .45 ACP round
The slide features a spring-loaded claw extractor, and the stamped sheet metal ejector is pinned
to the trigger mechanism housing. Pistols after 2002 have a reshaped extractor that serves as
[45]
a loaded chamber indicator. When a cartridge is present in the chamber, a tactile metal edge
protrudes slightly out immediately behind the ejection port on the right side of the
slide. The striker firing mechanism has a spring-loaded firing pin that is cocked in two stages
[46]
that the firing pin spring powers. The factory-standard firing pin spring is rated at 24 N (5.4 lbf),
but by using a modified firing pin spring, it can be increased to 28 N (6.3 lbf) or to 31 N
(7.0 lbf). When the pistol is charged, the firing pin is in the half-cock position. As the trigger is
[47]
pulled, the firing pin is then fully cocked. At the end of its travel, the trigger bar is tilted
downward by the connector, releasing the firing pin to fire the cartridge. The connector resets the
trigger bar so that the firing pin will be captured in half-cock at the end of the firing cycle. This
is known as a preset trigger mechanism, referred to as the "Safe Action" trigger by the
manufacturer. The connector ensures the pistol can only fire semiautomatically.
The factory-standard, two-stage trigger has a trigger travel of 12.5 mm (0.49 in) and is rated at
25 N (5.6 lbf), but by using a modified connector, it can be increased to 35 N (7.9 lbf) or lowered
to 20 N (4.5 lbf). In response to a request made by American law enforcement agencies for a two-
stage trigger with increased trigger pull, Glock introduced the NY1 (New York) trigger module,
which features a flat spring in a plastic housing that replaces the trigger bar's standard coil
spring. This trigger modification is available in two versions: NY1 and NY2 that are rated at
25 N (5.6 lbf) to 40 N (9.0 lbf) and 32 N (7.2 lbf) to 50 N (11.2 lbf), respectively, which require
about 20 N (4.5 lbf) to 30 N (6.7 lbf) of force to disengage the safeties and another 10 N (2.2 lbf)
to 20 N (4.5 lbf) in the second stage to fire a shot.
The Glock's frame, magazine body, and several other components are made from a high-
strength nylon-based polymer invented by Gaston Glock, called Polymer 2. This plastic was
[48]
specially formulated to provide increased durability and is more resilient than carbon steel and
most steel alloys. Polymer 2 is resistant to shock, caustic liquids, and temperature extremes
where traditional steel/alloy frames would warp and become brittle. The injection- [48]
molded frame contains four hardened steel guide rails for the slide: two at the rear of the frame,
and the remaining pair above and in front of the trigger guard. The trigger guard itself is squared
off at the front and checkered. The grip has an angle of 109° and a nonslip, stippledsurface on the
sides and both the front and rear straps. The frame houses the locking block, which is
[49]
an investment casting that engages a 45° camming surface on the barrel's lower camming lug. It
is retained in the frame by a steel axis pin that holds the trigger and slide catch. The trigger
housing is held to the frame by means of a polymer pin. A spring-loaded sheet-metal pressing
serves as the slide catch, which is secured from unintentional manipulation by a raised guard
molded into the frame.
The Glock pistol has a relatively low slide profile, which holds the barrel axis close to the
shooter's hand and makes the pistol more comfortable to fire by reducing muzzle rise and allows
for faster aim recovery in rapid firing sequences. The rectangular slide is milled from a single
block of ordnance-grade steel using CNCmachinery. The barrel and slide undergo two
[50]
hardening processes prior to treatment with a proprietary nitriding process called Tenifer. The
Tenifer treatment is applied in a 500 °C (932 °F) nitrate bath. The Tenifer finish is between
[48]
0.04 and 0.05 mm (0.0016 and 0.0020 in) in thickness, and is characterized by extreme resistance
to wear and corrosion; it penetrates the metal, and treated parts have similar properties even
below the surface to a certain depth.[51]
The Tenifer process produces a matte gray-colored, nonglare surface with a 64 Rockwell
C hardness rating and a 99% resistance to salt water corrosion (which meets or exceeds stainless
steel specifications), making the Glock particularly suitable for individuals carrying the
[50]
pistol concealed as the highly chloride-resistant finish allows the pistol to better endure the
effects of perspiration. Glock steel parts using the Tenifer treatment are more corrosion
[51]
resistant than analogous gun parts having other finishes or treatments,

including Teflon, bluing, hard chrome plating, or phosphates. During 2010 Glock switched
[51]
from the salt bath nitriding Tenifer process to a not exactly disclosed gas nitriding process. After
applying the nitriding process, a black Parkerized decorative surface finish is applied. The
underlying nitriding treatment will remain, protecting these parts even if the decorative surface
finish were to wear off. [9]
A current production Glock 17 consists of 34 parts. For maintenance, the pistol disassembles
[47]
into five main groups: the barrel, slide, frame, magazine, and recoil-spring assembly. The firearm
is designed for the NATO-standard 9×19mm Parabellum pistol cartridge, but can use high-power
(increased pressure) +P ammunition with either full-metal-jacket or jacketed hollow-point
projectiles.
Barrel
Standard sighting arrangement of a "first-generation" Glock 17
Glock 9×19mm Parabellum 17-round magazine. The numbered witness holes at the back portion visually indicate
how many cartridges are contained in the magazine.
The hammer-forged barrel has a female type polygonal rifling with a right-hand twist. The
stabilization of the round is not by conventional rifling, using lands and grooves, but rather
through a polygonal profile consisting of a series of six or eight interconnected noncircular
segments (only the .45 ACP and .45 GAP have octagonal polygonal rifling). Each depressed
segment within the interior of the barrel is the equivalent of a groove in a conventional barrel.
Thus, the interior of the barrel consists of smooth arcs of steel rather than sharply defined slots.
The method by which Glock barrels are rifled is somewhat unusual; instead of using a
traditional broaching machine to cut the rifling into the bore, the Glock process involves beating
a slowly rotating mandrel through the bore to obtain the hexagonal or octagonalshape. As a [52]
result, the barrel's thickness in the area of each groove is not compromised as with conventional
square-cut barrels. This has the advantage of providing a better gas seal behind the projectile as
the bore has a slightly smaller diameter, which translates into more efficient use of the
combustion gases trapped behind the bullet, slightly greater (consistency in) muzzle velocities,
[52]
and increased accuracy and ease of maintenance. [53]
Safety
Glock pistols are designed with three independent safety mechanisms to prevent accidental
discharge. The system, designated "Safe Action" by Glock, consists of an external integrated
trigger safety and two automatic internal safeties: a firing pin safety, and a drop safety. The [54]
external safety is a small inner lever contained in the trigger. Pressing the lever activates the
trigger bar and sheet metal connector. The firing pin safety is a solid hardened steel pin that, in
the secured state, blocks the firing pin channel (disabling the firing pin in its longitudinal axis). It
is pushed upward to release the firing pin for firing only when the trigger is actuated and the
safety is pushed up through the backward movement of the trigger bar. The drop safety guides
the trigger bar in a ramp that is released only when direct rearward pressure is applied to the
trigger. The three safety mechanisms are automatically disengaged one after the other when the
trigger is squeezed, and are automatically reactivated when the trigger is released. This [17][55]
passive safety system omits the manipulation of traditional on-off levers, hammers, or other
external safeties as found in many other handgun designs. The ability to fire immediately,
without worrying about an external safety, is one feature Glock has stressed as an advantage
when selling its guns, especially to police departments. [56]
In 2003, Glock announced the Internal Locking System (ILS) safety feature. The ILS is a
manually activated lock located in the back of the pistol's grip. It is cylindrical in design and,
according to Glock, each key is unique. When activated, the lock causes a tab to protrude from
the rear of the grip, giving both a visual and tactile indication as to whether the lock is engaged
or not. When activated, the ILS renders the Glock unfireable, as well as making it impossible to
disassemble. When disengaged, the ILS adds no further safety mechanisms to the Glock pistol.
The ILS is available as an option on most Glock pistols. Glock pistols cannot be retrofitted to
accommodate the ILS. The lock must be factory built in Austria and shipped as a special order.
Feeding
The Glock 17 feeds from staggered-column or double stack magazines that have a 17-round
capacity (which can be extended to 19 with an optional floor plate) or optional 33-round high-
capacity magazines. For jurisdictions which restrict magazine capacity to 10 rounds, Glock
[57]
offers single-stack, 10-round magazines. The magazines are made of steel and are overmolded
with plastic. A steel spring drives a plastic follower. After the last cartridge has been fired, the
slide remains open on the slide stop. The slide stop release lever is located on the left side of the
frame directly beneath the slide and can be manipulated by the thumb of the right-handed
shooter.
Glock magazines are interchangeable between models of the same caliber, meaning that a
compact or subcompact pistol will accept magazines designed for the larger pistols chambered
for the same round. However, magazines designed for compact and subcompact models will not
function in larger pistols because they are not tall enough to reach the slide and magazine
release. For example, the subcompact Glock 26 will accept magazines from both the full-size
Glock 17 and the compact Glock 19, but the Glock 17 will not accept magazines from the
smaller Glock 19 or the Glock 26. The magazines for the Glock 36, the Glock 42, and the Glock
43 are all unique; they cannot use magazines intended for another model, nor can their
magazines be used in other models.
Sights
The Glock 17 has a fixed polymer combat-type sighting arrangement that consists of a ramped
front sight and a notched rear sight with white contrast elements painted on for increased
acquisition speed – a white dot on the front post and a rectangular border on the rear notch. The
rear sight can be adjusted for windage (on certain models due to the windage sights not coming
as factory default), as it has a degree of lateral movement in the dovetail it is mounted in. Three
other factory rear sight configurations are available in addition to the standard 6.5 mm (0.26 in)
height sight: a lower impact 6.1 mm (0.24 in) sight, and two higher impact versions – 6.9 mm
(0.27 in) and 7.3 mm (0.29 in). [58]
Accessories
Glock 34 with a GTL 22 attachment featuring a dimmable xenon white light and a red laser
A military diver displaying a Glock 17 fitted with maritime spring cups

Polymer holster for Glock pistols
The Glock pistol accessories available from the factory include several devices for tactical
illumination, such as a series of front rail-mounted "Glock tactical lights" featuring a
white tactical light and an optional visible laser sight. An alternate version of the tactical light
using an invisible infrared light and laser sight is available, designed to be used with an
infrared night vision device. Another lighting accessory is an adapter to mount a flashlight onto
the bottom of a magazine.
Polymer holsters in various configurations and matching magazine pouches are available. In
addition, Glock produces optional triggers, recoil springs, slide stops, magazine release levers,
and maritime spring cups. Maritime spring cups are designed to allow the pistol to be fired
immediately after being submerged in water. They feature additional openings that allow liquids
to flow and escape around them, offering enhanced reliability when water has penetrated into the
firing pin assembly channel.
Magazine floor plates (or +2 baseplates), which expand the capacity of the standard magazines
by two rounds are available for models chambered for the 9×19mm Parabellum, .45 GAP, .40
S&W, .357 SIG, and .380 ACPcartridges. In addition to the standard nonadjustable polymer
sight line, three alternative sight lines are offered by Glock. These consist of steel, adjustable,
and self-illuminating tritium night rear sights and factory steel and self-illuminating tritium
contrast pointer steel front sights.
RBP
Variants
Following the introduction of the Glock 17, numerous variants and versions have been offered.
Variants that differ in caliber, frame, and slide length are identified by different model numbers
with the exception of the Glock 17L.
Glock pistols are made in five form factors, all modeled after the original full-sized Glock 17.
"Standard" models are designed as full-sized duty firearms with a large magazine capacity.
"Compact" models are slightly smaller with reduced magazine capacity and lighter weight, while
maintaining a usable grip length. "Subcompact" models are designed for easier carry, and being
lighter and shorter, are intended to be used with two fingers on the grip below the trigger guard,
and lack an accessory rail like the larger, after generation two, Glock models. The .45 ACP
and 10mm Auto models have bigger, wider slides and are slightly larger than the smaller-
chambered pistols and are available in the subcompact models Glock 29 (10mm) and Glock 30
(.45 ACP). Glock produces three models of single-stack "Slimline" subcompact pistols, the
Glock 36 in .45 ACP, the Glock 42 in .380 ACP, and the Glock 43 in 9×19mm. "Competition"
versions have longer barrels and slides, adjustable sights, an extended slide and magazine
release.
Beginning in 2007, Glock introduced several "Short Frame" models designated by the suffix
"SF". The short frame was originally designed to compete in the now cancelled U.S.
military Joint Combat Pistol trials for a new .45 ACP pistol to replace the M9 pistol. Glock's
entry featured an optional ambidextrous magazine release and MIL-STD-1913 rail along with a
reduction in the size of the backstrap. The Glock 21SF is currently available in three versions:
one with a Picatinny rail and ambidextrous magazine release and two with a Universal Glock rail
available with or without the ambidextrous magazine release. Current 10mm and .45 ACP Glock
magazines are manufactured with ambidextrous magazine release cutouts. As of January 2009,
the Glock 20, 21, 29, and 30 were offered in short-framed variations. These models incorporate a
2.5 mm (0.098 in) reduction in trigger reach, and full-sized models feature a 4 mm (0.16 in)
reduction in heel depth, which corresponds to an overall reduction in length for those
models. [59][60][61]
9×19mm Parabellum
 The Glock 17 is the original 9×19mm Parabellum model, with a standard magazine capacity
of 17 rounds, introduced in 1982. Several modified versions of the Glock 17 have been
introduced:
 The Glock 17L, introduced in 1988, incorporates a longer slide and extended barrel.
Initially, the Glock 17L had three holes in the top of the barrel and a corresponding slot in
the slide; however, later production pistols lack the holes in the barrel. The Glock 17L is
manufactured in limited quantities.
 The Glock 17C, introduced in 1996, incorporates slots cut in the barrel and slide to
compensate for muzzle rise and recoil. Many other Glock pistols now come with this
option, all with a "C" suffix on the slide.
 The Glock 17MB is a version with ambidextrous magazine catch. This model, along with
the other MB variants, was discontinued upon the introduction of the fourth-generation
models, which have a reversible magazine catch.
 The Glock 17M, introduced in 2016, was created in response to an FBI solicitation for a
new 9mm pistol. Differences from the Generation 4 model include removal of the finger
grooves, ambidextrous slide lock, rounded slide nose profile, flared magazine well with
new magazine baseplates, and a tougher finish on metal components. The Glock 17M also
abandons the polygonal rifling of previous models for conventional rifling. As of 2017,
[62]
the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the South Carolina Highway Patrol and the Ontario
Provincial Police have adopted the pistol as standard.
[63]
The Glock 18, chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum, fitted with a detachable shoulder stock being fired in fully
automatic mode
Glock 18C (compensated) in the third generation, unloaded and equipped with 19-rounds magazine, fire selector set
to single fire
 The Glock 18 is a selective-fire variant of the Glock 17, developed at the request of the
Austrian counter-terrorist unit EKO Cobra, and as a way to internally test Glock components
under high strain conditions. Originally produced in 1986, this machine pistol–class firearm
[64]
has a lever-type fire-control selector switch, installed on the serrated portion of the rear left
side of the slide. With the selector lever in the bottom position, the pistol fires fully
automatically, and with the selector lever in the top position, the pistol fires
semiautomatically. The firearm is typically used with an extended 33-round-capacity
magazine, although other magazines from the Glock 17 can be used, with available capacities
of 10, 17, or 19 rounds. Unlike all its other pistols, Glock is highly secretive about Glock 18
models, not including them on its official websites or its public catalogues, and because of
[65]
the pistol's nature, it is only offered to military, law enforcement and government
organizations, and its production details are highly classified. Early Glock 18 models were
[65]
ported to reduce muzzle rise during automatic fire. A very early design introduced a longer
ported barrel which was soon discarded as it would not fit in a holster. Another compensated
variant was produced, known as the Glock 18C. It has a keyhole opening cut into the forward
portion of the slide, similar to the opening on the Glock long-slide models, although the
Glock 18 has a standard-length slide. The keyhole opening provides an area to allow the four,
progressively larger (from back to front) compensator cuts machined into the barrel to vent
the propellant gases upwards, affording more control over the rapid-firing machine pistol.
 The compensator cuts start about halfway back on the top of the barrel. The two rear cuts
are narrower than the two front cuts. The slide is hollowed, or dished-out, in a rectangular
pattern between the rear of the ejection port and the rear sight. The rate of fire in fully
automatic mode is around 1,100–1,200 rounds per minute. Most of the other
characteristics are equivalent to the Glock 17, although the slide, frame, and certain fire-
control parts of the Glock 18 are not interchangeable with other Glock models. [66][67]
The compact Glock 19 in 9×19mm Parabellum
 The Glock 19 is effectively a reduced-size Glock 17, called the "Compact" by the
manufacturer. It was first produced in 1988, primarily for military and law enforcement. The
Glock 19's barrel and pistol grip are shorter by about 12 mm (0.5 in) than the Glock 17, and it
uses a magazine with a standard capacity of 15 rounds. The pistol is compatible with factory
magazines from the Glock 17 and Glock 18, giving the Glock 19 available capacities of: 17
rounds (standard magazine with +2 extension), 10, 17, and 19 (standard Glock 17 magazine
with +2), and the 31 (standard Glock 18 magazine with +2 removed) and 33 rounds of the
Glock 18. To preserve the operational reliability of the short recoil system, the mass of the
slide remains the same as in the Glock 17 from which it is derived. With the exception of the
slide, frame, barrel, locking block, recoil spring, guide rod, and slide lock spring, all of the
other components are interchangeable between the models 17 and 19.
 The Glock 19X is the civilian version of Glock's entry to the XM17 Modular Handgun
System competition for the US Military. It features a Glock 19 slide with a Glock 17
frame in coyote color instead of the regular black color the Glock usually comes in. The
frame includes a lanyard loop and a front lip in the magazine which purpose is to make
changing magazines with gloves on easier, but this means you cannot use the new Gen 5
17 round magazines in the Glock 19X because the front lip will block the extended
magazine floor plates from locking into the 19X's magazine well. This can be remedied by
switching to a Gen 4 style magazine floor plate. The 19X comes with one 17 round
[68]
magazine and 2 19 round magazines, all in coyote color. The Glock 19X has proven to be
one of Glock's best selling pistols, with over 100,000 sold within 6 months of the 19X first
being released. [69]
The subcompact Glock 26 with tritium night sights in 9×19mm Parabellum
 The Glock 26 is a 9×19mm "subcompact" variant designed for concealed carry and was
introduced in 1995, mainly for the civilian market. It features a smaller frame compared to
the Glock 19, with a pistol grip that supports only two fingers, a shorter barrel and slide, and
a double-stack magazine with a standard capacity of 10 rounds. A factory magazine with a +2
extension gives a capacity of 12 rounds. In addition, factory magazines from the Glock 17,
Glock 18, and Glock 19, with capacities of 15, 17, 19, 31 and 33 rounds, will function in the
Glock 26. More than simply a "shortened" Glock 19, design of the subcompact Glock 26
required extensive rework of the frame, locking block, and spring assembly that features a
dual recoil spring.
 The Glock 34 is a competition version of the Glock 17. It is similar to its predecessor, the
Glock 17L, but with a slightly shorter slide and barrel, to meet the maximum size
requirements for many sanctioned action pistol sporting events. It was developed and
produced in 1998, and compared to the Glock 17, features a 21 mm (0.8 in) longer barrel and
slide. It has an extended magazine release, extended slide stop lever, 20 N (4.5 lbf) trigger
pull, and an adjustable rear sight. The sides at the front of the slide are slanted instead of
squared. Further, the top of the slide and parts of its inside are milled out, creating a
conspicuous hole at the top designed to reduce front-end muzzle weight to better balance the
pistol and reduce the overall weight of the slide.
[70]
 The Glock 43 is a "slimline" version of the subcompact Glock 26 that features an

ultracompact slide and frame. The Glock 43 is the first Glock pistol to be manufactured with
a single-stack 9×19mm Parabellum magazine, having a standard capacity of six rounds and
being unique to the model. Unlike other subcompact Glock pistols, the Glock 43 cannot use
factory magazines from its larger relatives due to its single-stack magazine design. It also
does not allow the removal of the backplate grip as is possible on the 4th gen Glocks.
 The Glock 43X is similar to the 43 except it has a longer and thicker grip for an increased
magazine capacity of 10 rounds. Glock 43X magazines do not fit into the Glock 43, or
vice versa. The 43X also features front slide serrations, built-in extended beaver tail,
reversible magazine catch (similar to Gen 5 models), GMB rifling (again simialr to Gen 5
models), and a two-tone finish (silver slide/black receiver). [71]
 The Glock 45 is a black colored version of the Glock 19X that incorporates Gen5 features
catered for police use. The Glock 45 features a Glock 17 grip with a Glock 19 slide with front
slide serrations. Unlike the Glock 19X, the Glock 45 features a flared magazine well like on
the Gen 5 Glocks, but without the half moon cut at the front of the magazine well. The Gen 5
17 round magazines will work in the Glock 45, because unlike the 19X, the Glock 45 does
not have the front lip on the magazine well that blocks the Gen 5 17 round magazine's
extended floor plate from locking into the magazine well. [72]
 The Glock 46 is a "compact" version like the Glock 19. The Glock 46 has a rotating barrel
breech lock system. [73]
 The Glock 47 is a full sized MOS version created for U.S. Customs and Border
Protection that has full parts compatibility with a Glock 19, meaning a G47 slide can be put
on a G19 frame to give the G19 a longer slide, barrel, and sight radius, or a G19 slide can be
put on a G47 frame to create a pistol the functions like a Glock 45. The G47 also comes with
magazines that have an extra extended base plate. [74]
 The Glock 48 is a "slimline" version similar to the subcompact Glock 43 and 43X. All
components of the Glock 48 are identical to the Glock 43X except the slide and barrel which
are longer. The slides for the Glock 43, Glock 43X, and Glock 48 are functional on any of
those three frames. The G48 features a 4.17 inch long barrel, front slide serrations, built-in
extended beaver tail, reversible magazine catch (similar to Gen 5 models), GMB rifling
(again similar to Gen 5 models), a two-tone finish (silver slide/black receiver), and a
magazine capacity of 10 rounds. [75]
10mm Auto
The subcompact third-generation Glock 29 in 10mm Auto
 The Glock 20, introduced in 1991, was developed for the then-growing law enforcement and
security forces market for the 10mm Auto. The pistol handles both full-power and reduced
"FBI" loads that have reduced muzzle velocity. Due to the longer cartridge and higher
pressures, the pistol is slightly larger than the Glock 17, having a roughly 2.5 mm (0.1 in)
greater width and 7 mm (0.3 in) greater length. Though many small parts interchange with the
Glock 17, with a close to 50% parts commonality, the major assemblies are scaled-up and do
not interchange. The standard magazine capacity of the Glock 20 is 15 rounds. In 2009,
Glock announced they would offer a 152 mm (6.0 in) barrel as a drop-in option. [76]
 The Glock 20SF is a version of the Glock 20 that uses the Short Frame (SF) which is
based on the standard G20 frame (same width), but reduces the trigger reach from the
back of the grip by 2.5 mm (0.098 in) and the heel of the pistol is shortened by 4 mm
(0.16 in) so the trigger can be reached and operated better by users with relatively small
hands.
 The Glock 29 is a 10mm Auto equivalent of the subcompact Glock 26 introduced in 1997
along with the Glock 30 (.45 ACP). The pistol features a 96 mm (3.8 in) barrel and a standard
magazine capacity of 10 rounds. Like other subcompact Glock pistols, the Glock 29 functions
with the factory magazines from its related full-size model, giving an optional capacity of 15
rounds.
 The Glock 29SF version of the Glock 29 uses the SF which is based on the standard G29
frame (same width), but reduces the trigger reach from the back of the grip by 2.5 mm
(0.098 in).
 The Glock 40, introduced in 2015, is a 10mm Auto equivalent of the long-slide Glock 17L.
The Glock 40 is only made with the "Gen4" frame and "MOS" (Modular Optic System)
configuration. [77]
.45 ACP
The slim-frame Glock 36 in .45 ACP

Glock pistols chambered for the .45 ACP (and the .45 GAP) feature octagonal polygonal
rifling rather than the hexagonal shaped bores used for models in most other
chamberings. Octagonal rifling provides a better gas seal in relatively large diameter rifled
[78]
bores, since an octagon resembles a circle more closely than a hexagon. [53]
 The Glock 21 is a .45 ACP version of the Glock 20 designed primarily for the American
market. Compared to the Glock 20 chambered in 10mm Auto, the slide of the Glock 21 is
[79]
lighter to compensate for the lower-energy .45 ACP cartridge. The standard Glock 21
magazine is of the single-position-feed, staggered-column type with a capacity of 13 rounds.
 The Glock 21SF is a version of the Glock 21 that uses a Short Frame lower which is based
on the standard G21 frame (same width), but reduces trigger reach from the back of the
grip by 2.5 mm (0.098 in), and the heel of the pistol is shortened by 4 mm (0.16 in) so the
trigger can be reached and operated better by users with smaller hands.
 The Glock 30 is a .45 ACP version of the subcompact Glock 29, with a standard magazine
capacity of 10 rounds. The factory magazine from the Glock 21, with a capacity of 13 rounds,
will function in the Glock 30.
 The Glock 30SF is a version of the Glock 30 that uses a Short Frame lower which is based
on the standard G30 frame (same width), but reduces trigger reach from the back of the
grip by 2.5 mm (0.098 in). The G30SF accepts the same double-stack .45ACP magazines
as the G30 and G21. [80]
 The Glock 30S is a version of the Glock 30 that features a thin slide (same slide as the
G36), a Short Frame lower, and a double stack magazine. Like the G30, G30S
[81]
magazines holds 10 rounds. [82]
 The Glock 36 is a "slimline" version of the subcompact Glock 30 that features an

ultracompact slide and frame and is chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge. The Glock 36 is
the first Glock pistol to be manufactured with a single-stack magazine, having a standard
capacity of six rounds and being unique to the model. The Glock 36 cannot use factory
magazines from its larger relatives due to its single-stack magazine design.
 The Glock 41 is a competition version of the Glock 21, much like what the G34 is in relation
to the G17; it features a 5.3-inch barrel and an elongated slide. The Glock 41 is only made
with the "Gen4" frame. [83]
.40 S&W
Glock 22 OD in .40 S&W with Coyote Brown frame

The competition-oriented Glock 35 in .40 S&W
 The Glock 22 is a .40 S&W version of the full-sized Glock 17 introduced in 1990. The pistol
uses a modified slide, frame, and barrel to account for the differences in size and power of the
.40 S&W cartridge. The standard magazine capacity is 15 rounds. The Glock Model 22 is
favored and used by multiple law enforcement agencies around the world, including
the Baltimore Police Department, Los Angeles Police Department, Miami Police
Department, Maryland State Police, Overland Park Police Department, Kansas City Police
Department, Missouri State Highway Patrol, Alaska State Troopers in the United States,
the NSW Police Force and Queensland Police Service in Australia, the Edmonton Police
Service, Calgary Police Service, Alberta Sheriffs Branch, Toronto Police Service, Ottawa
Police Service, and the British Columbia Sheriff Service in Canada, and the National Bureau
of Investigation (Philippines) – among others.
 The Glock 23 is a .40 S&W version of the compact Glock 19. It is dimensionally identical to
the Glock 19, but is slightly heavier and uses a modified slide, frame, .40 S&W barrel, and a
standard magazine capacity of 13 rounds. The factory 15-round magazine from the larger
Glock 22 will function in the Glock 23.
 The Glock 24 is a .40 S&W long-slide variant of the Glock 22, similar in concept to the
Glock 17L. Additionally, a compensated, ported-barrel version designated the 24C was also
produced. The Glock 24 was introduced in 1994 and officially dropped from the company's
regular product lineup upon the release of the Glock 34 and 35. [84]
 The Glock 27 is a .40 S&W version of the subcompact Glock 26, with a standard magazine
capacity of 9 rounds. The factory magazines from the larger Glock 22 and 23 will function in
the Glock 27, increasing capacity to 13 or 15 rounds. Spacers are available that fit on these
larger-capacity magazines themselves; they have the effect of "extending" the magazine well
of the pistol, thereby improving the ergonomic feel of the pistol when the longer magazines
are inserted.
 The Glock 35 is a .40 S&W version of the competition Glock 34. The Glock Model 35 was
the service pistol for the Kentucky State Police, but by the Summer of 2017 they had reverted
from the Glock 35 back to 9mm weapons because of improvements in 9mm bullets, making
them superior to the Glock 35's .40 ammunition in performance and economy as measured in
the standard "FBI Protocol" tests. [85]
As is typical of pistols chambered in .40 S&W, each of the standard Glock models (22, 23, and
27) may be easily converted to the corresponding .357 SIG chambering (Glock 31, 32, and 33,
respectively) simply by replacing the barrel. No other parts need to be replaced, as the .40 S&W
magazines will feed the .357 SIG rounds.
.380 ACP
The first two .380 ACP models are primarily intended for markets which prohibit civilian
ownership of firearms chambered in military calibers such as 9×19mm Parabellum. Despite this
[86]
they are legally prohibited from being sold to civilians in the United States due to being
manufactured in Austria and not meeting the import restrictions based on its caliber, they are
[87]
also prohibited from ownership in Canada due to not meeting minimum barrel length
requirements for handguns.
Due to the relatively low bolt thrust of the .380 ACP cartridge, the locked-breech design of the
Glock 19 and Glock 26 was minimally modified for the Glock 25 and Glock 28 to implement
unlocked breech operation. It operates via straight blowback of the slide. This required
modification of the locking surfaces on the barrel, as well as a redesign of the former locking
block. Unusual for a blowback design, the barrel is not fixed to the frame. It moves rearward in
recoil until it is tilted below the slide, similar to the standard locked-breech system. The reduced
size and mass of the Glock 42 required return to the Glock-standard locked-breech design.
 The Glock 25, introduced in 1995, is a blowback derivative of the compact (102 mm (4.0 in)
barrel) Glock 19. The magazine capacity is 15 rounds. Standard fixed sight elevation is
6.9 mm, unlike the 6.5 mm elevation used for the 9×19mm models. [88]
 The Glock 28, introduced in 1997, is a blowback derivative of the subcompact (87 mm
(3.4 in) barrel) Glock 26. The standard magazine capacity is 10 rounds, but the 15-round
Glock 25 magazine will function in the Glock 28. Standard fixed-sight elevation is 6.9 mm,
unlike the 6.5 mm elevation used for the 9×19mm Parabellum models.
 The Glock 42, introduced in 2014, is an all-new locked-breech "slimline" (83 mm (3.3 in)
barrel) design. The single-stack magazine is unique to this model, with a capacity of six
rounds. It is Glock's smallest model ever made and is manufactured in the US, which unlike
the Glock 25 and 28, allows domestic sales in that market.
.357 SIG
The subcompact Glock 33 in .357 SIG
 The Glock 31 is a .357 SIG variant of the full-sized Glock 22. The standard magazine
capacity of the Glock 31 is 15 rounds.
 The Glock 32 is a .357 SIG variant of the compact Glock 23. The standard magazine capacity
of the Glock 32 is 13 rounds.
 The Glock 33 is a .357 SIG variant of the subcompact Glock 27. The standard magazine
As is typical of pistols chambered in .357 SIG, each of the standard Glock models (31, 32, and
33) may be easily converted to the corresponding .40 S&W chambering (Glock 22, 23, and 27,
respectively) simply by replacing the barrel. No other parts need to be replaced, as the .357 SIG
magazines will feed the .40 S&W round.
.45 GAP
Glock pistols chambered for the .45 GAP (and the .45 ACP) feature octagonal polygonal
rifling rather than the hexagonal shaped bores used for models in most other
chamberings. Octagonal rifling provides a better gas seal in relatively large diameter rifled
[78]
bores, since an octagon resembles a circle more closely than a hexagon.

[53]
 The Glock 37 is a .45 GAP version of the Glock 17. It uses a wider, beveled slide, larger
barrel, and different magazine, but is otherwise similar to the Glock 17. The Glock 37 first
appeared in 2003. It was designed to offer ballistic performance comparable with the .45
ACP in the frame size of the Glock 17. The concern with the size of the Glock 20/21 has been
addressed by the Glock 36, 21SF, and 30SF, all of which featured reduced-size frames. The
standard magazine capacity of the Glock 37 is 10 rounds.
 The Glock 38 is a .45 GAP version of the compact Glock 19. The standard magazine
[89]

 The Glock 39 is a .45 GAP version of the subcompact Glock 26. The standard magazine
capacity of the Glock 39 is 6 rounds
SIG Sauer P226

Place of origin Germany
Service history
Used by See Users
Production history
Designed 1980-1983
Manufacturer SIG Sauer
Produced 1983-present
Specifications
Mass 964 g (34.0 oz) (w/ magazine) [1]
Length 196 mm (7.7 in)[2]
Barrel length 112 mm (4.4 in)[2]
Width 38.1 mm (1.50 in) [1]
Height 140 mm (5.5 in)[1]
Cartridge  .40 S&W

 9×19mm Parabellum
 .357 SIG
 .22 Long Rifle (Classic 22 model only)
Action Mechanically locked, recoil operated(DA/SA,
(DAK double action kellerman), or DAO)
Feed system 10-, 12-, 13-, or 15-round magazine(.40 S&W,
.357 SIG);
10-, 15-, 17-, 18-, or 20-round magazine
(9×19mm Parabellum);
10-round polymer magazine (Classic 22 only)
Sights Iron sights
The SIG Sauer P226 is a full-sized, service-type pistol made by SIG Sauer. It is chambered for
the 9×19mm Parabellum, .40 S&W, .357 SIG, and .22 Long Rifle. It is essentially the same basic
design of the SIG Sauer P220, but developed to use higher capacity, double stack magazines in
place of the single stack magazines of the P220. The P226 itself has spawned further sub-
variants; the P228 and P229 are both compact versions of the double stack P226 design. The SIG
Sauer P226 and its variants are in service with numerous law enforcement and military
organizations worldwide. [3]
History
Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft (SIG) is a Swiss company, now known as Swiss Arms. In
1975, SIG entered into an agreement with German gun manufacturer J.P. Sauer & Sohn to
develop and market a new handgun which became the P220. The P220 was the first SIG Sauer
handgun sold in the US. It was marketed initially by Browning as the Browning BDA. The SIG
Sauer P220 is a refinement of the Petter-Browning design used in the SIG P210. The locked
breech design is very different and was pioneered by SIG Sauer. See also The first SIG Sauer
Handgun.
The P226 was designed for entry into the XM9 Service Pistol Trials (see also Joint Service Small
Arms Program) that were held by the US Army in 1984 on behalf of the US armed forces to find
a replacement for the M1911A1 and 24 other makes of handgun in US military service. Only
the Beretta 92SBF and the SIG P226 satisfactorily completed the trials. According to [4]
a GAO report, Beretta was awarded the M9 contract for the 92F due to a lower total package
price. The P226 cost less per pistol than the 92F, but SIG's package price with magazines and
spare parts was higher than Beretta's. The Navy SEALs, however, later chose to adopt the P226
as the P226 MK25 with special corrosion protection. [5]
For the U.S. military XM9 trials, the P226 was imported by Saco Defense. Interarms took over
importing when the pistol was introduced for civilian sales. SIG Sauereventually founded
SIGARMS, Inc. (now SIG Sauer) in the United States to handle importation of their products. In
2000, SIG Holding AG sold J.P. Sauer & Sohn GmbH to two German businessmen. The brand [6]
name SIG Sauer remained at J.P. Sauer & Sohn GmbH.
Detail of the controls and parts: 1. Ejection port/locking lug, 2. Rear sights, 3. Hammer, 4. Takedown lever,
5. Decocker, 6. Slide stop, 7. Trigger, 8. Magazine release.
RBP
Manufacture
SIG Sauer firearms are manufactured in Eckernförde, Germany by Sig Sauer, GMBH and
in Newington, NH, United States by SIG Sauer Inc., (formerly SIGARMS Inc.) Both of these
companies along with Swiss Arms AG, Mauser Jagdwaffen GmbH, J.P. Sauer & Sohn, John
Rigby & Company, German Sport Guns GmbH and Blaser Jagdwaffen Gmbh are subsidiaries of
Luke and Ortmeier Gruppe of Emsdetten, Germany. [7]
Copies of the P226 are produced in China by Norinco, under the name of NP226. The ZOAF is
made in Iran as the standard pistol of the Iranian military. Copies of P226 are produced
by Myanmar for Tatmadaw, under the name of MA5 MK III. [8]
RBP
Variants
P226 Navy
U.S. Navy SEAL teams started using the SIG P226 in the 1980s, after
German Kampfschwimmer tested them successfully.
The first Naval Special Warfare inspired P226 pistols to be offered to the public were the NSW
Commemoratives, issued in early 2004. The SIG P226-9-NAVY is a version of the SIG P226
produced that features a stainless steel slide engraved with an anchor to designate them as Naval
Special Warfare pistols. SIGARMS raised $100,000 for the Special Operations Warrior
Foundation through the sale of these NSW serialized pistols. The pistol with the serial number
NSW0001 was sold during a live auction on the US-wide syndicated Laura Ingraham radio show
for an additional $25,000. Later produced commercial versions added a universal rail for
accessory attachments while retaining the anchor of previous models, but do not have the
SIGLITE Night Sights. [9]
A P226 Mk25 model featuring the UID barcode, Silver Anchor and a Surefire X300 Ultra weapon light mounted on
the Picatinny rail.
P226 E2
SIG Sauer P226 E2. Note magazine capacity in this picture is capped at 10 rounds.
Introduced at the 2010 SHOT Show, the P226 E2 at the time was a significant update to the P226
line. 'E2' (pronounced 'E-squared'), or otherwise known as "Enhanced Ergonomics", is SIG
Sauer's attempt to make the large frame gun more ergonomic for persons with small and
medium-sized hands. A reduced grip size and reduced reach trigger bring the trigger face back
more than 13 mm (0.5 in), thus potentially allowing better trigger manipulation and control for a
greater number of shooters. Other standard features include the Short Reset Trigger, aggressive
grip finish texture, and a new wrap-around, one-piece grip panel configuration. The gun was
[10]
discontinued from the P226 model lineup at the end of 2010 but the E2-style grip system has
been adopted on and carried over to other P226 variants.
P228 (M11)
SIG P228 & P229
SIG Sauer P228/M11

Switzerland
Service history
Used by See Users
Production history
Manufacturer SIG Sauer
Specifications
Mass 825 g (29.1 oz) (P228)
905 g (31.9 oz) (P229) [11]
Length 180 mm (7.1 in) [11]
Barrel length 99 mm (3.9 in) [11]
Width 38 mm (1.5 in) [12]
Height 137 mm (5.4 in) [12]
Cartridge 9×19mm Parabellum (P228 & P229)

.40 S&W, .357 SIG (P229 only)
Action mechanically locked, recoil
operated(DA/SA or DAO)
Feed system  9×19: 10-round, 13-round, or 15-
round box magazine
 .40 S&W and .357 SIG: 12-round
magazine
Sights Iron sights
US Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal range practice
A compact version of the P226, the P228, is in use with various law enforcement agencies and
also with the US military, where it is designated as the M11. The P228 has a shorter slide and
barrel than the P226. Unlike the P226, the P228 is available only in 9×19mm Parabellum with a
13-round magazine, but can also use P226 15- or 20-round magazines. Aftermarket magazines
extend the capacity of the P228 to 15 rounds.
From a distance, the P228 can be differentiated from the P226 by comparing the trigger guards
(the P228's is curved, while the P226's is slightly hooked) and the barrel and slide lengths (the
P228's barrel 99 mm (3.9 in), thus having a corresponding shorter slide). Also in a side-by-side
comparison the P228 would appear slightly shorter (15 mm (0.59 in) shorter) than the P226. The
larger capacity P226 magazine can also be employed in the P228 although it extends from the
base of the grip. Civilian sales of the P228 were discontinued with the introduction of 9mm
chambering in the P229but were recently reintroduced in limited quantities to civilians with an
accessory rail and hooked trigger guard, designated the P228R.
The P229 is nearly identical to the P228, however its slide is made from milled stainless
steel (versus the P228's folded carbon steel slide) and is available in 9mm, .40 S&W, and .357
SIG. In the summer of 2012, SIG Sauer announced they were releasing the M11A1, which is
essentially the milled-slide P229 chambered in 9mm with P228-labeled grips, a short reset
trigger, SIGLITE tritium night sights, Mec-Gar 15-round magazines, and a military style smart
tag and serial number. Later in 2012, Air Force M11b versions of the P228 were released for
civilian sale. The M11 is to be replaced in the Army and Air Force through the Modular
Handgun System program. On January 19, 2017, it was announced that the SIG Sauer P320
[13]
Compact (M18) had been selected to replace the M11 as the U.S's service pistol. One factor in
winning the Modular Handgun Systemcompetition was the ability to employ 9mm Parabellum,
.357 Sig or .40 S&W cartridges within the same basic frame.
P229
The P229 is a compact firearm often used for duty or concealed carry purposes. The standard
version features a DA/SA trigger. The pistol has also been made available in a DAK (Double
Action Kellermann) model, which is a DAO system with two trigger reset points, and a lighter,
smoother pull than that of traditional DAO handguns. Most of the above-mentioned factory
variants of the P226 are also available for the P229, including the Equinox option, Elite lineup,
as well as a SAS GEN 2 model.
The P229 differs from its cousin the P226 in several respects, and was originally introduced to
supplement and then replace the P228 by adding the .357 SIG and .40 S&W as available
chamberings. The P229 was the first production handgun introduced that could chamber the .357
SIG round. The P226 and P228 were originally manufactured using a stamped-steel slide on an
[14]
aluminum alloy frame. The P229 consists of a CNC-milled stainless steel slide, typically colored
black with a Nitron finish. The P229's milled steel slide was introduced to handle the higher slide
velocities created by the .357 SIG and .40 S&W loads, which the stamped slide of the P228
could not handle without the use of a much stiffer recoil spring. This would have made manual
slide-retraction much more difficult and the use of a milled stainless slide (coupled with the new
milling and stainless production capabilities found in the U.S. factory) with a standard weight
recoil spring made more sense.
A standard weight recoil spring for the P229 is 71 N (16 lbf). A spring weight of 89 N (20 lbf) or
higher would have been required if a stamped slide was used for the .40 S&W or .357 SIG
chamberings. The SAAMI maximum chamber pressures of 9mm, 9mm +P, .40 S&W, and .357
SIG are as follows: 240 MPa (35,000 psi); 265 MPa (38,500 psi); 240 MPa (35,000 psi); and
280 MPa (40,000 psi). The slide on the P226 was redesigned in a similar fashion, and civilian
sales of the P228 were discontinued in early 2005 due to declining sales and the advent of the
P229 in 9mm. The P226 and P229 are both available with optional accessory rails and optional
forged stainless steel frames.
The P229 can be chambered in .22 LR, 9mm, .40 S&W or .357 SIG. Changing between .40
S&W and .357 SIG is as simple as switching out the barrel; both calibers use the same magazine.
Conversion barrels also allow a P229 or P226 to change between a .40 S&W/.357 SIG to a 9mm
caliber. The 9mm model (both railed and non-railed) can be converted to .22 LR, but in the past
its receivers were not designed to provide the space needed for handling the larger rounds of .357
SIG and .40 S&W. As SIG Sauer has slowly begun adopting the E2-style grip system across the
P229 model range in 2011—a move similar to what is also happening to the larger P226—they
have also begun using the .357 SIG/.40 S&W spec frame dimensions for their factory 9mm
P229s, presumably to streamline the number of variations in parts needed to be kept in inventory.
Although the manufacturer has announced that older-configuration magazines will continue to
operate in the new receiver configuration, SIG Sauer has nonetheless revised new P229 9mm
factory magazines to a design that is specific to the resized magazine well of the newly
reconfigured receiver/frame. As a consequence, the newer magazines are not back-compatible,
due to their larger width.
Launcher, Grenade, 40mm, M203
M203A2
Type Grenade launcher
Service history
In service 1969–present [1]
Used by See Users

Wars Vietnam war
Laotian Civil War
Cambodian Civil War
Sino-Vietnamese War
Cambodian–Vietnamese War
Sino-Vietnamese conflicts, 1979–1991
Third Indochina War
Soviet–Afghan War
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)
Battle of Marawi
2020 (to be replaced by the M320
Grenade Launcher Module as U.S.
Armystandard grenade launcher)
Production history
Designer AAI
Designed 1967–68
Manufacturer Colt Defense
Diemaco
Airtronic USA
RM Equipment
U.S. Ordnance
Knight's Armament Company
Lewis Machine & Tool Company
Unit cost US$1,082 [2]
Specifications
Mass 3 lb (1.36 kg) (unloaded)
Length 15 in (380mm)
Barrel length 12 in (305mm)
Cartridge 40×46mm SR
Action Single shot
Rate of fire 5 to 7 round/min
Muzzle velocity 250 ft/s (76 m/s)
Effective firing range 382 yds (350 m) Fire-team sized area
target; 164 yds (150 m) Vehicle or
weapon point target
Maximum firing range 437 yds (400 m)
Sights Quadrant sight or ladder sight on rifle
Video of M203 Grenade Launcher with Indirect Fire Sight (IFS) being fired
The M203 is a single-shot 40 mm under-barrel grenade launcher designed to attach to a rifle. It

uses the same rounds as the older stand-alone M79 break-action grenade launcher, which utilizes
the High-Low Propulsion System to keep recoil forces low. Quite versatile and compatible with
many rifle models, the M203 was originally designed for the U.S. M16 and its variant, the M4
carbine. The launcher can also be mounted onto a C7, a Canadian version of the M16 rifle;
however, this requires the prior removal of the bottom handguard.
Stand-alone variants of the M203 exist, as do versions designed specifically for many other
[3]
rifles. The device attaches under the barrel, the launcher trigger being in the rear of the launcher,
just forward of the rifle magazine. The rifle magazine functions as a hand grip when firing the
M203. A separate sighting system is added to rifles fitted with the M203, as the rifle's standard
sights are not matched to the launcher. The version fitted to the Canadian C7 has a sight attached
to the side of the launcher, either on the left or right depending on the user's needs.
History
The M203 was the only part of the army's Special Purpose Individual Weapon (SPIW) project to
go into production. The M203 has been in service since 1969 and was introduced to U.S.
[1]
military forces during the early 1970s, replacing the older M79 grenade launcherand the
conceptually similar Colt XM148 design. However, while the M79 was a stand-alone weapon
(and usually the primary weapon of troops who carried it), the M203 was designed as an under-
barrel device attached to an existing rifle. Because the size and weight of 40 mm ammunition
limits the quantities that can be carried on patrol, and because a grenade is often not an
appropriate weapon for a given engagement (i.e. when the target is at close range or near friendly
troops), an under-barrel system has the advantage of allowing its user to also carry a rifle, and to
easily switch between the two.
A new grenade launcher, the M320, will eventually replace the M203 in the United States Army.
The United States Marine Corps, Air Force, Coast Guard, and Navy continued to use the older
M203, although the Marines began issuing the M320 in June 2017. The M320 features an
[4] [5]
advanced day/night sight, a double-action firing mechanism (as opposed to the M203's single-
action) as well as other benefits, such as an unobstructed side-loading breech. [6]
RBP
Uses
The M203 grenade launcher is intended to be used as close fire support against point and area
targets. The round is designed to be effective at breaking through windows and exploding inside,
blowing up doors, producing multiple casualties, destroying bunkers or emplacements, and
damaging or disabling soft-skinned vehicles. In the Vietnam war, U.S. Navy and Coast Guard
personnel on boats would lob 40mm grenades into the water (using the M79 grenade launcher),
to preemptively attack Viet Cong swimmers ("sappers") attempting to plant explosives on
anchored or moored U.S. water craft.
Its primary purpose is to engage enemies in dead space that cannot be reached by direct fire. A
well-trained M203 gunner can use his weapon to suppress the enemy, based on movement and
sight. In addition, the M203 can be used as a crowd control weapon when equipped with the
M651 Tactical CS (tear gas) grenade. Classified as an anti-personnel weapon, the M203 is not
intended to be used against armored or heavy vehicles.
RBP
Rounds
The M203 is able to fire a variety of different rounds for many purposes. According to the U.S.
ARMY FIELD MANUAL FM 3-22.31 40-MM GRENADE LAUNCHER, M203, there are 8 [7]
different rounds for the M203:
40mm ammunition line drawings

An M16A2 rifle equipped with an M203 grenade launcher lies in the grass near some of the types of 40 mm
ammunition available for use with the M203. The cartridges are, from left to right, multiple projectile, practice,
green star flare, white star flare, red star flare and high explosive dual purpose.
1. (M433) High-Explosive. Dual Purpose Round. The HEDP round has an olive drab
aluminum skirt with a steel cup attached, white markings, and a gold ogive (head of the
round). It penetrates at least 5 cm (2 inches) when fired straight at steel armor at 150
meters or less, or, at a point target, it arms between 14 and 27 meters, causes casualties
within a 130-meter radius, and has a kill radius of 5 meters. [8]
2. (M406) High-Explosive Round. The HE round has an olive drab aluminum skirt with a
steel projectile attached, gold markings, and a yellow ogive. It arms between 14 and 27
meters, produces a ground burst that causes casualties within a 130-meter radius, and has a
kill radius of 5 meters. [9]
3. (M583A1) Star Parachute Round. This round is white impact or bar alloy aluminum, with
black markings. It is used for illumination and signals and is lighter and more accurate
than comparable handheld signal rounds. The parachute attached to the round deploys
upon ejection to lower the candle at 7 feet per second. The candle burns for about 40
seconds. A raised letter on the top of the round denotes the color of the parachute. [9]
4. (M585) White Star Cluster Round. This round is white impact or bar aluminum alloy, with
black markings. The attached plastic ogive has five raised dots for night identification. The
round is used for illumination or signals. It is lighter and more accurate than comparable
handheld signal rounds. The individual stars burn for about 7 seconds during free fall. [10]
5. (M713) Ground Marker Round. This round is light green impact aluminum with black
markings. It is used for aerial identification and for marking the location of soldiers on the
ground. It arms between 15 and 45 meters. If a fuse fails to function on impact, the output
mixture provided in the front end of the delay casing backs up the impact feature. The
color of the ogive indicates the color of the smoke. [10]
6. (M781) Practice Round. Used for practice, this round is blue zinc or aluminum, with white
markings. It produces a yellow or orange signature on impact, arms between 14 and 27
meters, and has a danger radius of 20 meters. [11]
7. (M651) CS Round. This round is gray aluminum with a green casing and black markings.
Though it is a multipurpose round, it is most effective for riot control and in Urban
Operations. It arms between 10 and 30 meters and produces a white cloud of CS gas on
impact. [12]
8. (M576) Buckshot Round. This round is olive drab with black markings. Though it is a
[13]
multipurpose round, it is most effective in thick vegetated areas or for room clearing.
Inside, it has 20 metal pellets, each weighing 24 grains, with a muzzle velocity of 269
meters per second. The round has no mechanical-type fuse. [14]
RBP
Components
The M203 Grenade launcher system comes with a variety of components, usually including the
launcher, adaptors for attachment to assault rifles, and leaf sights (which can be used with the
rifle's front sight post). M203s can also come with quadrant sights, mounting to a MIL-STD
1913 Rail, or to the carrying handle of an M16 rifle.
Variants
M16A2 with an M203
M4A1 with an M203A2
There are numerous variants of the M203 manufactured in the U.S., and throughout the world,
for various applications. These vary chiefly in the length of the barrel, attachment type, and
quick detach (QD) capability.
The standard M203 is intended for permanent attachment to

the M16A1, M16A2 and M16A3 rifles, and utilizes a 12-inch rifled barrel. The M203
unmodified to an A1/A2 series will not fit on the M4 Carbine series.
The U.S. M203A1 has a barrel of 12 inches, while the SOPMOD M203A1 has a 9-inch barrel.
The M203A1 is intended for use with the M4 and M4A1 Carbine, and uses a special bracket
mount consisting of three screws and lacing wire. Only M203A2's consist of a Quick Release
Bracket.
The Canadian M203A1 by Diemaco (now Colt Canada) is a similar design with a different
mounting system that does not require mounting points of the same profile as the M16A1
rifle's. The weapon's 9-inch barrel slides further forward than the standard American models,
[15]
which allows longer rounds to be loaded. This model is identifiable by the increased distance
[15]
between the grenade launcher's barrel axis and the rifle's. This weapon may no longer be in
[15]
production, but is still in use.

The M203A2 is intended for use with the M4 Series/M16A4 and now also authorized on the
M16A2 Rifle as the MWS (Modular Weapon System). Using standard 12-inch barrels, the
grenade launcher is intended for use in concert with the Knight's Armament Company M5 RAS.
The M5 MWS Rail System became authorized in December 2008 for the M16A2 Rifle. An
advantage of this system is the use of range-finding optics to make precise targeting easier.
The M203PI system is used for attachment of the M203 to other rifles, including, but not limited
to, the Steyr AUG, Heckler & Koch G3 and other rifles, and even the MP5 sub-machine gun.
Most of these other companies have since devised 40mm grenade launchers custom integrated
with the weapon.
The M203 DAX has a double-action trigger and longer breech opening to accommodate less-
lethal rounds.
The M203 and M203A1 are currently manufactured by AIRTRONIC USA, Inc. of Elk Grove
Village, Illinois for the U.S. Department of Defense under contract numbers W52H09-06-D-
0200 and W52H09-06-D-0225. Each contract is for up to 12,000 units. Each unit is shipped with
hand guard, leaf sight and quadrant range sight. The contracts unit prices vary from $840 to
$1,050 each. The production rate is 1,500 units per month. The M203PI is manufactured for both
the U.S. Department of Defense and for commercial sales to law enforcement agencies both in
the United States and abroad, and for foreign military sales by RM-Equipment
Inc. of Miami, Florida.
The Turkish MKEK made T-40 grenade launcher is based on the M203. [16]
The M203 37mm version became available on the U.S. market in 2017. It is available in a 9-inch
and a 12-inch barrel version. They are scroll marked: "Launcher, Grenade M203 40mm", even
though they are actually 37mm devices. These 37mm versions are considered a Title 1 Firearm,
and are not classified as "Destructive Devices" under the NFA. These launchers can be sold the
same as regular firearms on an ATF Form 4473. [17]
GMG
A GMG of the German Army.

Type Automatic grenade launcher
Service history
Used by See Users
Wars War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
Production history
Designed 1992-1995
Manufacturer Heckler & Koch
Produced 1996-Present [citation needed]
Variants GMW
Specifications
Mass 28.8 kg Gun, 10.7 kg tripod and 8 kg
softmount.
Length 1090 mm
Barrel length 415 mm
Width 226 mm (without ammunition box)
Height 208 mm
Cartridge 40x53 mm
Action API Blowback
Rate of fire 350 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity 241 m/s
Effective firing range 1500 m
Maximum firing range 2200 m
Feed system 32-round disintegrating, closed-link belt
Sights Reflex sight and back-up leaf sight
The GMG (Granatmaschinengewehr or "grenade machine gun") is an automatic grenade
launcher developed by Heckler & Koch for the German Army. It is also often referred to
as GMW or GraMaWa (Granatmaschinenwaffe). [1]
Design details
It fires 40 mm grenades at a rate of about 340 rounds per minute. The GMG is belt-fed, and can
be loaded from either side, making it easy to mount on most platforms. With a variety of day and
night sights available, the GMG can be used for most medium range infantry support situations.
The weapon is 1.09 m long and has a 415 mm rifled barrel; the ammunition box has dimensions
of 470x160x250 mm. The gun operates on a recoil operated blow back basis. It weighs 29 kg;
the tripod is an additional 11 kg.
RBP
Testing and operation

The HK GMG was tested in the Yuma desert in Arizona in 1997 in order to compete for future
United States contracts.

Weaponry of The NZDF

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Weaponry of The NZDF

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WEAPONRY OF THE NEW ZEALAND ARMY

CREATED BY ARMOURER MEMBERS IN

Steyr AUG A1 with 508 mm (20.0 in) barrel

Type Bullpup assault rifle

Place of origin Austria

In service 1978–present [1]

Used by See Users

Wars See Conflicts

Designer Horst Wesp

Manufacturer Steyr Mannlicher

Produced  1978–present (Standard) [1]

 1988–present (Para) [1]

Mass  3.6 kg (7.9 lb) (Standard)

Length  790 mm (31.1 in) (Standard) [1]

 690 mm (27.2 in) (Carbine)

Barrel length  508 mm (20.0 in) (Standard) [1]

 407 mm (16.0 in) (Carbine)

Cartridge  5.56×45mm NATO [1]

 9×19mm Parabellum [1]

 300 BLK [2]

Action Gas-operated, rotating bolt

Rate of fire 680–750 RPM [3]

Muzzle velocity Standard rifle: 970 m/s (3,182 ft/s)

Effective firing range 300 metres (980 ft)

Maximum firing range 2,700 metres (8,900 ft)

Feed system  5.56×45mm NATO: 30-, 42-round

 9×19mm Parabellum: 25-, 32-round

Sights Swarovski 1.5× telescopic sight,

Steyr AUG with a loaded 30-round magazine.

Muzzle devices and barrel lengths

Austrian soldiers equipped with the standard-length Steyr AUG.

Austrian soldiers train with the Steyr AUG A3 SF.

The quick-change barrel used in the AUG is cold hammer-forged by GFM-GmbH

Steyr AUG A1 with a 40 mm AG36 grenade launcher.

Type Selective-fire carbine

Place of origin United States

Used by See Users below

Wars Colombian conflict [citation needed]

2013 Lahad Datu standoff [3]

Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) [2]

Battle of Marawi [4]

Manufacturer See Manufacturers below

Unit cost $700 (avg. cost) [5]

Mass 6.5 lb (2.9 kg) empty

Length 33 in (840 mm) (stockextended)

Barrel length 14.5 in (370 mm)

Cartridge 5.56×45mm NATO

Caliber 5.56 mm (.223 in)

Action Gas-operated, rotating bolt(Direct

Rate of fire 700–950 round/min cyclic [6]

Muzzle velocity 2,970 ft/s (910 m/s) (M855A1round) [7]

Effective firing range 500 m (550 yd) [8]

Feed system 30-round box magazine or other STANAG

Sights Iron sights or various optics

renamed to the M4, and Colt made a manual.

a series of changes to the M4 to Congress. Requested changes included an electronic round

completed by 2018. [31]

M4 with M68 Close Combat Optic and AN/PAQ-4

SOPMOD (Special Operations Peculiar Modification) Block I

M4 MWS (Modular Weapon System)

M4A1 with TA01NSN ACOG 4×32 optical sight

Main article: Close Quarters Battle Receiver

canceled before a winning weapon was chosen. [38]