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1) What is metagenomics?
A) genomics as applied to a species that most typifies the average
phenotype of its genus B) the sequencing of one or two
representative genes from several species
C) the sequencing of only the most highly conserved genes in a Answer: D
lineage
D) sequencing DNA from a group of species from the same
ecosystem

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2) An early step in shotgun sequencing is to _____.

A) break genomic DNA at random sites
B) map the position of cloned DNA fragments
C) randomly select DNA primers and hybridize these to random
Answer: A
positions of chromosomes in preparation for sequencing

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3) Using modern techniques of sequencing by synthesis and the
shotgun approach, sequences are assembled into chromosomes by
______.
A) placing them on previously generated genetic maps.
B) cloning them into plasmid vectors.

C) computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps.

Answer: C
D) cloning them into plasmid vectors, placing them on previously
generated genetic maps, followed by computer analysis looking for
sequence overlaps.

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4) Proteomics is defined as the _____.

A) linkage of each gene to a particular protein
B) study of the full protein set encoded by a genome
C) totality of the functional possibilities of a single protein Answer: B
D) study of how amino acids are ordered in a protein

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5) Bioinformatics can be used to scan for short sequences that

specify known mRNAs, called _____.
A) expressed sequence tags
B) multigene families Answer: A
C) proteomes
D) short tandem repeats

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6) What is gene annotation in bioinformatics?

A) finding transcriptional start and stop sites, RNA splice sites, and
ESTs in DNA sequences B) assigning names to newly discovered
genes Answer: A
C) describing the functions of noncoding regions of the genome
D) matching the corresponding phenotypes of different species

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7) Bioinformatics includes _____.
I. using computer programs to align DNA sequences
II. creating recombinant DNA from separate species
III. developing computer-based tools for genome analysis
IV. using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems

A) I and II
Answer: D
B) II and III
C) II and IV
D) I, III, and IV

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8) After finding a new medicinal plant, a pharmaceutical company

decides to determine if the plant has genes similar to those of other
known medicinal plants. To do this, the company annotates the
genome of the new plant to _____.
A) determine what proteins are produced Answer: C
B) determine what mRNA transcripts are produced
C) identify genes and determine their functions
D) identify the location of mRNA within the plant cells

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9) If the sequence of a cDNA has matches with DNA sequences in

the genome, then this genomic DNA is likely to _____.
A) code for a protein
B) code for an rRNA Answer: A
C) be part of an intron
D) be a regulatory sequence

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10) In what sense are studies by nineteenth-century naturalists and
those by early twenty-first- century genomic biologists similar?
A) Both focused on cellular evolution.
B) Both worked to understand how genes evolved.

C) Both took a reductionist approach by studying only one small Answer: D

part of a complex system.

D) Both focused on observing and describing what exists in their

realms of investigation.

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11) Which of the following techniques would be most appropriate

to test the hypothesis that humans and chimps differ in the
expression of a large set of shared genes?
A) DNA microarray analysis
B) polymerase chain reactin (PCR) Answer: A
C) DNA sequencing
D) protein-protein interaction assays

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12) A DNA microarray is a tool that owes its existence to earlier

genomics investigations. What essential contribution of genomics
makes microarrays possible?
A) recently improved RNA sequencing technologies
B) continuously improving methods of gene cloning Answer: D
C) more efficient techniques for cDNA synthesis
D) knowledge of which DNA sequences to synthesize for the array

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13) What can proteomics reveal that genomics cannot?

A) the number of genes characteristic of a species
B) the patterns of alternative splicing
C) the set of proteins present within a cell or tissue type
Answer: C
D) the movement of transposable elements within the genome

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14) A sequence database such as GenBank could be used to do all
of the following EXCEPT A) Compare cow and human insulin
protein sequences.
B) Construct a tree to determine the evolutionary relationships
between various bird species.
Answer: D
C) Search for genes in a fruit fly that are similar to a human gene.

D) Compare patterns of gene expression in cancerous and non-

cancerous cells.

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15) Current analysis indicates that less than 2% of the human
genome codes for proteins. Based on the systems approach
employed by the ENCODE project, what percentage of the genome
is estimated to contain functional elements (includes functional
RNAs and regulatory sequences)?

A) Less than 2%
Answer: C
B) About 50%
C) At least 80%
D) 100%

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16) Which of the following is a representation of gene density?

A) Humans have 2900 Mb per genome.

B) C. elegans has ~20,000 genes.
C) Humans have ~20,000 protein-encoding genes in 2900 Mb.
Answer: C
D) Fritillaria has a genome 40 times the size of a human.

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17) Why might the cricket genome have eleven times as many base
pairs as that of Drosophila melanogaster?
A) Crickets have higher gene density.
B) Drosophila are more complex organisms.
Answer: C
C) Crickets must have more noncoding DNA.

D) Crickets must make many more proteins.

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18) The comparison between the number of human genes and those of
other animal species has led to many conclusions, including that _____.
A) the density of the human genome is far higher than in most other
animals
B) the number of proteins expressed by the human genome is far more
than the number of its genes Answer: B
C) most human DNA consists of genes for protein, tRNA, rRNA, and
miRNA
D) the genomes of most other organisms are significantly smaller than the
human genome

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19) It is more difficult to identify eukaryotic genes than

prokaryotic genes because in eukaryotes _____.
A) the proteins are larger than in prokaryotes
B) the coding portions of genes are shorter than in prokaryotes Answer: D
C) there are no start codons
D) there are introns

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20) If alternative splicing did NOT occur then _____.

A) the human genome would likely contain many more genes
B) the E. coli genome would contain many fewer genes
C) there would be little correlation between the complexity of
organisms and genome size Answer: A
D) there would be many fewer genes devoted to metabolism in
Arabidopsis and yeast

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21) A multigene family is composed of _____.

A) multiple genes whose products must be coordinately expressed
B) genes whose sequences are very similar and that probably arose
by duplication

C) a gene whose exons can be spliced in a number of different

Answer: B
ways
D) a highly conserved gene found in a number of different species

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22) Retrotransposons _____.

A) use an RNA molecule as an intermediate in transposition
B) are found only in animal cells
C) generally move by a cut-and-paste mechanism Answer: A
D) contribute a significant portion of the genetic variability seen
within a population of gametes

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23) In humans, the embryonic and fetal forms of hemoglobin have a higher
affinity for oxygen than that of adults. This is due to _____.
A) nonidentical genes that produce different versions of globins during
development.
B) pseudogenes, which interfere with gene expression in adults. Answer: A
C) the attachment of methyl groups to cytosine following birth, which
changes the type of hemoglobin produced.
D) histone proteins changing shape during embryonic development.

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24) Sequencing eukaryotic genomes is more difficult than

sequencing genomes of bacteria or archaea because of the _____.
A) large size of eukaryotic proteins
B) hard-to-find proteins

C) high proportion of G-C base pairs in eukaryotic DNA

Answer: D
D) large size of eukaryotic genomes and the large amount of
eukaryotic repetitive DNA

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25) Because they both produce a reverse transcriptase, long

interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) as transposable elements
may be related to _____.
A) plasmids
B) retroviruses Answer: B
C) poliovirus
D) parasitic bacteria

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26) Although transposable elements and short tandem repeats (STRs) are
repetitive DNAs, they differ in that _____.
A) STRs occur within exons; transposable elements occur within introns
B) STRs occur within introns; transposable elements occur within exons

C) the repeated unit in STRs is clustered one after another; transposable Answer: C
element repeats are scattered throughout the genome
D) the repeated unit in STRs is much larger than the repeated unit of
transposable elements

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27) Which of the following can be duplicated in a genome?

A) only DNA sequences

B) only entire sets of chromosomes
C) only entire chromosomes
Answer: D
D) DNA sequences, chromosomes, or sets of chromosomes

28) Unequal crossing over during prophase I can result in one front
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chromosome with a deletion and another with a duplication. A mutated
form of hemoglobin, so-called hemoglobin Lepore, exists in the human
population. Hemoglobin Lepore has a deleted series of amino acids. If this
mutated form was caused by unequal crossing over, what would be an
expected consequence?

A) There should also be persons whose hemoglobin contains two copies of Answer: A
the series of amino acids that is deleted in hemoglobin Lepore.

B) Each of the genes in the hemoglobin gene family must show the same
deletion.

C) The deleted gene must have undergone exon shuffling.

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The figure above shows a diagram

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blocks of genes on human chromosome
16 and the locations of blocks of similar
genes on four chromosomes of the
mouse.

29) The movement of these blocks

suggests that _____. Answer: D
A) during evolutionary time, these
sequences have separated and have
returned to their original positions
B) DNA sequences within these blocks
have become increasingly divergent
C) sequences represented have
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30) Humans have twenty-three pairs of chromosomes and chimps have
twenty-four pairs of chromosomes. What is the most likely explanation for
these differences in human and chimp genomes?
A) The common ancestor of humans and chimps had twenty-four pairs of
chromosomes. After the two groups evolved, two human chromosomes
fused end to end

B) In the evolution of chimps, new adaptations resulted from additional

Answer: A
chromosomal material. C) At some point in evolution, human and chimp
ancestors reproduced with each other.
D) Errors in mitosis resulted in an additional pair of chromosomes in
chimps.

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31) Exon shuffling occurs during _____.

A) splicing of DNA
B) DNA replication Answer: C
C) meiotic recombination

D) translation

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32) When gene duplication occurs to its ultimate extent by

doubling all genes in a genome, what has occurred?
A) pseudogene creation
B) creation of a gene cluster Answer: C
C) creation of a polyploid
D) creation of a diploid

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33) Mutations that occur in one member of a gene pair that arose
from gene duplication may create _____.
A) a pseudogene
B) a gene with a new function

C) a gene family with two distinct but related members

Answer: D
D) a pseudogene, a gene with a new function, and a gene family
with two distinct but related members

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34) Based on the data in the Amino Acid Identity Table, which two
members of the human globin gene family are the most divergent?
A) a1 and ß
B) ? and ß Answer: B
C) a1 and a2
D) a1 and G?

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35) Fragments of DNA have been extracted from the remnants of
extinct woolly mammoths, amplified, and sequenced. These can
now be used to _____.
A) introduce certain mammoth traits into relatives, such as
elephants
B) clone live woolly mammoths Answer: D
C) appreciate the reasons why mammoths went extinct
D) better understand the evolutionary relationships among
members of related taxa

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36) Homeotic genes contain a homeobox sequence that is highly
conserved among very diverse species. The homeobox is the code for that
domain of a protein that binds to DNA in a regulatory developmental
process. Therefore, you would expect that _____.
A) homeotic genes are selectively expressed as an organism develops

B) homeoboxes cannot be expressed in nonhomeotic genes

Answer: A
C) homeotic genes in apes and humans are very different

D) all organisms must have homeotic genes

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37) A recent study compared the Homo sapiens genome with that of
Neanderthals. The results of the study indicated that there was a mixing of
the two genomes at some period in evolutionary history. Additional data
consistent with this hypothesis could be the discovery of _____.
A) some Neanderthal sequences not found in living humans

B) a few modern H. sapiens with some Neanderthal sequences

Answer: B
C) duplications of several Neanderthal genes on a Neanderthal
chromosome
D) some Neanderthal chromosomes that are shorter than their counterparts
in living humans

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38) Several of the different globin genes are expressed in humans,

but at different times in development. What mechanism could
allow for this?
A) exon shuffling
B) pseudogene activation Answer: D
C) differential translation of mRNAs
D) differential gene regulation over time

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39) Biologists now routinely test for homology between genes in

different species. If genes are determined to be homologous, it
means that they are related _____.
A) by descent from a common ancestor
B) because of convergent evolution Answer: A
C) by chance mutations
D) in function but not structure

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40) A current view of how the human and chimpanzee can share
most of their nucleotide sequence yet exhibit significant
phenotypic differences is that many of the most important sequence
differences alter _____.
A) structural genes
Answer: C
B) the number of repeated sequences

C) regulatory sequences
D) environmental factors

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41) Studies in knockout mice have demonstrated an important role of the

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FOXP2 transcription factor in the development of vocalizations. Recent
sequence comparisons of the FOXP2 gene in Neanderthals and modern
humans show that while the DNA sequence may be different, the protein
sequence it codes for is identical. What might logically be inferred from
this information?

A) There was a problem with the experiment because different DNA Answer: C
sequences cannot result in the same protein sequence.
B) The differences in DNA sequence support the hypothesis that
Neanderthals were primitive beings that could only grunt.

C) Human and Neanderthal vocalizations may have been more similar

than previously thought. D) The experiments in mice demonstrating the
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42) Comparisons of DNA sequences within the human species

have revealed many variations. Which of the following variations
involves duplication of relatively long stretches of chromosomes,
often including the duplication of protein-coding genes?
A) CNVs Answer: A
B) SNPs
C) STRs
D) Transposable elements

43) A microarray is a tool used in genetic research to determine the 43

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mRNAs being produced in a particular tissue, and their relative level of
expression. Known genes can therefore be assayed for their expression in
different situations. One use of the technology is in cancer diagnosis and
treatment. If a known gene functions as a tumor suppressor, predict which
of the following pieces of evidence would be most useful in diagnosis of a
cancer due to a mutation in this tumor- suppressor gene.
Answer: C
A) The tissue sample shows a high level of gene expression relative to a
control (noncancerous) sample.
B) The tissue sample responds to treatment with a mitosis-promoting
compound.
C) The mRNAs for the targeted tumor suppressor sequence are not being
produced

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