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WHAT WE LEARN IN SCIENCE LOWER

SECONDARY?

Chapter 1 SCIENCE: HELPS US UNDERSTAND THE

WORLD AROUND US IN A SYSTEMATIC
Introduction to Chemistry AND ORGANISED MANNER

IN UPPER SECONDARY 1.1 Chemistry and Its Importance

• SCIENCE IS DIVIDER INTO THREE SUBJECTS • Chemistry is the study of the composition,
structure, properties and interactions of matter
WHICH ARE……….
• In chemistry, we study:
 CHEMISTRY
 What chemicals are made of and what are
 BIOLOGY their properties.
 PHYSICS  How elements interact with each other
 How to use this knowledge to produce useful
new chemicals

Examples of chemicals Common chemicals used in daily life

 medicine
 fertilizers
 glass and optical fibres
 preservatives
 cement, concrete & glass
 cosmetic product
 detergent & fabric softeners

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Biochemist
Contributions of Chemical Based Industries
Geologist Forensic  PROCESSING OF CRUDE OIL  PRODUCTION OF PLASTICS
AND CERAMIC
 PALM OIL PRODUCTS
 PRODUCTION OF
 RUBBER PRODUCTS
FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES
Food People in
Nutritionist  FOOD PROCESSING
Chemistry
technologist
 PRODUCTION OF SOAPS &
 PRODUCTION OF DETERGENTS
MEDICINE AND DRUGS
 PRODUCTION OF
Chemical
engineer
Pharmacist  MANUFACTURE OF COSMETICS & PERFUMES
SILICON WAFERS & CHIPS
Doctor

1.2 Scientific Method

• Gathering information about a phenomenon using
Making our 5 senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste & touch
observation

• Scientific method: A systematic method used

• Making a smart guess or a tentative explanation
to solve problems in science Making about the phenomenon based on the observation
inference

• Asking question(s) based on the inference made

Identifying
problem

• Making a general statement about the relationship

between a manipulated variable and a responding
Making
hypothesis variable

• Identifying the manipulated, responding & fixed

Identifying variables • Organizing and analysing data
variables Interpreting
data
• Deciding how to manipulate the chosen variable, what
to measure and how to keep the fixed variable(s)
Controlling
variables constant • Making statement about the outcome
of the experiment and whether the
Making
• Determining what materials and apparatus to use, conclusion hypothesis is accepted or rejected
procedure of the experiment, method to collecting data
Planning an
experiment & ways to analysis and interpret the collected data

• Format of a report:
• Making observations or measurement and the recording Writing • REFER PRACTICAL BOOK PAGE 4
Collecting the data systematically report
data

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• Scientific attitudes and noble values must be

practiced by a chemist who wants to carry out
an investigation