Water Sustainability For Future Generations: A Case Study of Klang Valley - Amirah K

WATER SUSTAINABILITY FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS: A CASE
STUDY OF KLANG VALLEY
AMIRAH KHALISAH BINTI YAZELI

58220116007
Report Submitted to Fulfill the Partial Requirements

For the Bachelor of Technology Management (Hons)
Universiti Kuala Lumpur
JUNE 2019
i
COPYRIGHT
Declaration of Copyright and Affirmation of Fair Use of Unpublished

Research Work as stated below:
Copyright @ 17/06/2019 by Amirah Khalisah Binti Yazeli (58220116007)

All rights reserved for E-LICENSE SERVICE SYSTEM
No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of
the copyright holder except as provided below:
i. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may only
be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgment.
ii. IPROM UniKL or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies
(print or electronic) for institutional and academic purpose
iii. The IPROM UniKL’s Library will have the right to make, store in a retrieval
system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other
universities and research library
ii
DECLARATION
I declare that this report is my original work and all references have been
cited adequately as required by the University
Date: /06/2019 Signature……………………

Full Name: Amirah Khalisah Binti Yazeli
ID Number 58220116007
iii
APPROVAL
We have supervised and examined this report and verify that it meets the
program and University’s requirements for the Bachelor in Technology
Management (Hons).
Date: /06/2019 Signature:………………

Supervisor: Dr. Punnose P Kovoor
Official Stamp:
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude firstly to my supervisor, Dr Punnose P

Kovoor who has been assisting me since the beginning of this research till the
compilation of the documentation. Secondly, to my Project Coordinator, Dr
Mehdi who has been briefing on the research workflow on Final Year Project
One and Two. Lastly, I am thankful for all the support and courage given to me
in completing this research especially my lecturers, parents, loved one and
friends.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE………………………………………………………………………………... i
COPYRIGHT .................................................................................................. ii
DECLARATION ............................................................................................. iii
APPROVAL ................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................. v
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................... xi
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................... xiii
LIST OFABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................... xv
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. xvi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................1
1.1 Introduction to Klang Valley ...............................................................1
1.1.1 The population of Klang Valley ...................................................3
1.1.2 The environmental condition in Klang Valley ............................3
1.2 Research Background ........................................................................4
1.3 Problem Statement..............................................................................5
1.4 Research Questions............................................................................6
1.5 Research Objectives ...........................................................................6
1.6 Significance of Study ..........................................................................6
1.7 Scope of Study ....................................................................................7
1.8 Limitations of Study ............................................................................8
1.9 Expected Outcome ..............................................................................9
vi
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................10
2.1 El Nino-Southern Oscillation Cycle (ENSO) ................................10
2.2 La Nina ............................................................................................10
2.3 El Nino ............................................................................................12
2.4 The Variety of Sources of Water in Haryana, India .....................12
2.5 Research on Rainwater Harvesting between Higher Learning
Institutions ...............................................................................................12
2.6 Rainwater Harvesting Method Advantages .....................................13
2.6.1 Rainwater Harvesting Method on the Economy, Environment,
Technology and Social ........................................................................13
2.6.2 Rainwater Harvesting Method on the Users and Government14
2.7 Types of Rainwater Harvesting Method Implementation ...............15
2.8 Types of Appreciation for Rainwater Harvesting Method Practice
..................................................................................................................15
2.9 Perspectives of the Malaysia Government on Rainwater
Harvesting Method ..................................................................................16
2.10 Implementation of Rainwater Harvesting Method by Malaysia
Department of Drainage and Irrigation (DID) ........................................17
2.11 Rainwater Harvesting Method Computer Programme .................19
2.11.1 Existing Rainwater Harvesting Method Computer Programme
...............................................................................................................19
2.11.2 Malaysia Rainwater Harvesting Method Computer
Programme ...........................................................................................19
2.12 California Water Sustainable Water Strategies.............................19
2.12.1 Investment for Better Water Management ..............................20
2.12.2 Investment for New Sources of Water Supply .......................20
2.12.3. Reliable Plan for Continuous Water Supply ..........................20
2.12.4. Risk Management Plan ............................................................21
2.12.5. Changes in the Urban Water Usage for Greater Efficiency ..21
2.12.6. Emergency Management Plan during Low Rainfall ..............22
2.12.7. Reduction in Agriculture Water Usage ..................................22
2.12.8. Assurance on Sufficient Water Supply for Disadvantaged
Communities (DAC) .............................................................................23
2.12.9 Rewards for Reduction Water Usage ......................................23
2.12.10 Trading of Water .....................................................................24
vii
2.12.11 Grant of Permission to the States to Manage its Own Water
Sources ................................................................................................24
2.12.12 Water Management between States and the Government ..24
2.12.13 Implementation of “Lifeline Rates” in Isolated Areas..........24
2.12.14 Investment for Water Parting .................................................25
2.12.15 Water Parting for Lower Level of Government .....................25
2.12.16 Federal Government Financial Assistance in States Water
Projects ................................................................................................25
22.12.17 Awareness on Water Consumption Depending on
Background of People.........................................................................26
2.12.19. Water Conservation Education in Workplace .....................26
2.12.20 Involvement of Indigenous in Reserving Environmental
Resources ............................................................................................27
2.12.21 Accessibility of Water Information ........................................27
2.12.22 Systematic Data Organization Approach..............................27
2.12.23 Revolutionization of Water Management ..............................27
2.12.24 Segregation between Political Goals and Responsibility to
the People ............................................................................................28
2.13 Malaysia Water Management Drawbacks ......................................28
2.14 Water Rationing in Klang Valley ....................................................30
2.15 Methodology ....................................................................................30
2.15.1 Amount of Rainfall and Sea Surface Temperature in Malaysia
...............................................................................................................30
2.15.2 Total Water Availability and Demand in Selangor .................31
2.15.3 Sustainable Water Management for Water Supply Efficiency
...............................................................................................................31
2.15.4 Setting Up the Rainwater Harvesting at SJKC Chung Hu No.
2, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia ...........................................................32
2.16 Water Demand in Selangor .............................................................33
2.17 Education on Water Conservation .................................................34
2.18 The Perspectives of Lay People on Water Conservation ............34
2.19 Water Storage Level of the Dams in Selangor ..............................35
2.20 Trends of Water Usage in Kuala Lumpur ......................................36
2.21 The Gap between Supply and Demand of Water ..........................36
2.22 The Research Design for Non-Experimental Research ...............37
viii
2.23 Statistical Analysis based on Research Questions .....................38
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ...................................................................38
3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................38
3.2 Research Design ...............................................................................38
3.3 Data Collection Method ....................................................................41
3.3.1 Survey ..........................................................................................42
3.3.2 Government Publications ..........................................................43
3.4 Data Analysis .....................................................................................44
3.5 Summary ............................................................................................44
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...............................................45
4.1 THE EXPERIENCES OF PEOPLE LIVING IN KLANG VALLEY .......45
4.1.1 Frequency Statistics ...................................................................45
4.1.2 Percentage Proportion ...............................................................50
4.2 THE CURRENT SOURCES OF WATER IN KLANG VALLEY AND
THE VOLUME OF WATER SUPPLIED FROM THE SOURCES .............52
4.2.1 Rivers ...........................................................................................53
4.2.2 Dams ............................................................................................55
4.2.3 Mapping .......................................................................................57
4.3 THE FORECASTING OF THE WATER DEMAND IN KLANG VALLEY
AND THE VOLUME OF WATER SUPPLY WITH THE INCREASING
POPULATION IN THE NEXT FIVE YEARS .............................................62
4.3.1 The simple linear regression analysis between the year and
the population in Klang Valley............................................................64
4.3.2 The simple linear regression analysis between the volume of
water demand and the population in Klang Valley ...........................69
4.3.3 The difference between the domestic volume of water demand
and the volume of water supply in Klang Valley ...............................74
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION ..77
5.1 Discussion .........................................................................................77
5.2 Recommendation ..............................................................................77
5.3 Conclusion .........................................................................................77
REFERENCES .............................................................................................78
APPENDIX 1 ................................................................................................89
Need Analysis ..........................................................................................89
APPENDIX 2 ................................................................................................92
ix
(Water shortage in Klang Valley) ...........................................................92
APPENDIX 3 ................................................................................................93
Google Forms ..........................................................................................93
APPENDIX 4 ................................................................................................94
(Plastic and polystyrene in Klang River) ...............................................94
APPENDIX 5 ................................................................................................95
APPENDIX 6 ................................................................................................96
(Daily water consumption per person)) .................................................96
APPENDIX 7 ................................................................................................98
(Hot weather until October) ....................................................................98
APPENDIX 8 ................................................................................................99
(Rainwater harvesting method) ..............................................................99
APPENDIX 9 ..............................................................................................100
Principal Statistics of Population in Kuala Lumpur ...........................100
APPENDIX 10 ............................................................................................102
....................................................................................................................103
APPENDIX 11 ............................................................................................104
Principal Statistics of Population in Putrajaya ...................................104
APPENDIX 12 ............................................................................................106
APPENDIX 13 ............................................................................................108
APPENDIX 14 ............................................................................................110
APPENDIX 15 ............................................................................................112
Water Supply by States in Malaysia ....................................................112
APPENDIX 16 ............................................................................................114
Metered Water Consumption by States in Malaysia ...........................114
APPENDIX 17 ............................................................................................116
Project Timeline ....................................................................................116
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 The population of Klang Valley ..........................................................3

Table 2 The types of weather in Malaysia.......................................................4
Table 3Types of underground storage and its location .................................17
Table 4Types of above ground storage and its location................................18
Table 5 The data collection on setting up the rainwater harvesting ..............33
Table 6 Water demand growth rate and metered consumption in Selangor .34
Table 7 Water storage level of the dams in Selangor ...................................35
Table 8 The government publications used in the research..........................44
Table 9 The results of the survey on the experiences of people living in Klang
Valley with the occurrence of water shortages (N=30) ..................................49
Table 10 The rivers and the locations of water being supplied .....................53
Table 11 The volume of water supplied from rivers, 2013-2017 ...................54
Table 12 The dams in accordance to the rivers in Klang Valley ...................55
Table 13 The volume of water supplied from storage dams to Selangor, 2013-
2017 ..............................................................................................................56
Table 14 Total population in Klang Valley .....................................................62
Table 15 Demand of water (Metered water consumption in Klang Valley)....63
Table 16 Total production of water supplied to Klang Valley ........................64
Table 17 Regression statistics between year and population in Klang Valley
......................................................................................................................65
Table 18 ANOVA between year and population in Klang Valley ...................66
xi
Table 19 The coefficients table for year and population in Klang Valley .......67
Table 20 The forecasted result of population in Klang Valley, 2018-2023 ....68
Table 21 Regression statistics between volume of water demand and
population in Klang Valley.............................................................................70
Table 22 ANOVA between volume and water demand and population in Klang
Valley ............................................................................................................71
Table 23 The coefficient table between the volume of water demand and
Table 24 The forecasted values of the volume of water demand in Klang Valley,
2018-2023.....................................................................................................73
Table 25 The volume of water demand and volume of water supply in Klang
Valley, 2010 to 2017 .....................................................................................76
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 The areas and federal territories making up Klang Valley ................1
Figure 2 The visualization of areas in Klang Valley ........................................2
Figure 3 Delta levees of the water structure in California..............................21
Figure 4 The demand and supply gap graph for Selangor ............................37
Figure 5 The research design and output of the research ............................38
Figure 6 The statistical analysis based on research question .......................39
Figure 7 The development stages in the research ........................................41
Figure 8 The data collection method .............................................................42
Figure 9 The sampling method for designing survey ....................................43
Figure 10 The percentage of the respondent’s geographical location in
accordance to the rivers located in Klang Valley ..........................................50
Figure 11 The percentage of the number of respondents have encountered
with the water shortage incidence in Klang Valley ........................................51
Figure 12 The percentage of the number of water shortages incidence
experienced in a year....................................................................................51
Figure 13 The percentage of the water restoration period to the respondents’
households ...................................................................................................52
Figure 14 The trendline graph on the volume of water supplied daily from rivers
to Klang Valley ..............................................................................................55
xiii
Figure 15 The trendline graph on the volume of water supplied daily from rivers
to Klang Valley ..............................................................................................57
Figure 16 The mapping of the eight rivers located in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor
and Putrajaya ................................................................................................58
Figure 17 The Selangor River Basin .............................................................59
Figure 18 The Klang River Basin ..................................................................60
Figure 19 The Langat River Basin ................................................................61
Figure 20 The plots between the year and the population in Klang Valley ...69
Figure 21 The bar graph between the volume of water demand and the total
Figure 22 The bar graph between the domestic volume of water demand and
volume of water supply in Klang Valley, 2010-2017 .....................................77
xiv
LIST OFABBREVIATIONS
Integrated Water Resource Information Management System (IWRIMS)

Lembaga Urus Air Selangor (LUAS)
National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)
El Nino-Southern Oscillation Cycle (ENSO)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)
Department of Drainage and Irrigation (DID)
Jabatan Bekalan Air (JBA)
Malaysia Meteorological Department (MET)
Syarikat Air Melaka Berhad (SAMB)
Million Litres Daily (MLD)
xv
ABSTRACT
This research paper covers on the investigation of experiences of people living

in Klang Valley which the information from the people is gathered through a
survey. The survey resulted in the number of times the people have faced the
water shortage incidences and the period for the water to be restored to the
households. The current sources of water which are the dams and the rivers,
and the volume of water supplied from the sources are also determined with
the data extracted from government publications. Finally, the forecasting on
the volume of water demand and the total population in Klang Valley which
resulted in the expected increasing in the water demand and population in
Klang Valley for the next five years. Water sustainability is very important in
sustaining the water resources to be adequate for the future generations
ahead.
xvi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to Klang Valley
Klang Valley is named many years ago in recognition to the Klang River which
flows across several districts in Selangor, the Federal Territory Kuala Lumpur
and the Federal Territory of Putrajaya (ExpatGo Staff, 2014). The combination
of certain states and areas as shown in Figure 1 has made up the Klang Valley
today.
Klang Valley
Federal Territory of Kuala Federal Territory of

Lumpur Putrajaya
Selangor District of Selangor District of Klang

Petaling
Selangor District of Selangor District of Hulu

Gombak Langat
Figure 1 The areas and federal territories making up Klang Valley
Figure 2 visualizes the areas and federal territories concocted the Klang Valley.
From the image, the Klang River is represented by the blue colour line.
1
Hardly surprising for Klang Valley is the name designated as it can be seen
the Klang River flows through most areas in the Federal Territory Kuala
Lumpur and districts in Selangor.
Figure 2 The visualization of areas in Klang Valley
Sources: Wikipedia / CC BY-SA 3.0
2
1.1.1 The population of Klang Valley
The population of Klang Valley from the year of 2014 to 2018 is

tabulated as shown in Table 1. The number of populations in the Klang
Valley has been increasing from year to year and it is very crucial in
providing adequate resources for the people. Starting now, various
plans and future planning must be done to ensure the resources of
today are attainable persistently for the generations of tomorrow.
Table 1 The population of Klang Valley
Population (million)
Year Male Female Total
2014 3.15 2.90 6.05
2015 3.21 2.97 6.18
2016 3.27 3.02 6.29
2017 3.32 3.06 6.38
2018 3.36 3.11 6.47
Sources: Department of Statistics Malaysia
1.1.2 The environmental condition in Klang Valley
Malaysia is a unique country within the Asia region which undergo likely
a balance in the rainy and sunny season throughout the year. Annually,
Malaysia endure three types of weather as shown in Table 2. The
weather is an instrument in determining the availability of water
resources in Malaysia. Neither rainy nor sunny, it has much significance
in regulating the water resources to the people of Klang Valley.
3
Table 2 The types of weather in Malaysia.
Types of Weather Period Descriptions
Northeast Monsoon November to March Rainy season
Inter-Monsoon April to May Heavy afternoon rain

and thunderstorm
&
October to November
Southwest June to September Less rain season

Monsoon
Sources: Malaysia Meteorological Department
1.2 Research Background

Water is a critical necessity for all living things. The shortage in the supply of
resources like water generates negative impacts to all types of living things
including humans, animals and plants. Lack of water resources will
cause enormous of harmful effects on the living things. Living in dehydrated
body condition and environmental situation may lead to fever,
exhaustion and the severe: death.
According to Morelli (2012), sustainability is a term which does not consists
any specific definition. The sustainability term seems to be different based
on the individual requirements and researcher’s decision to create a relevancy
while working on a research (Morelli, 2012).
Applying the concept of Morelli, the researcher has come out with the
delineation on the ‘sustainability’ and ‘water sustainability’. ‘Sustainability’ in
this research is defined as the availability of resources within a period of time
and ‘water sustainability’ as the availability of water resources. Water as the
basic needs for every living thing must be sustained for the sake of the future
generations.
4
The insufficient of water in the dams has been leading to the water shortages
incidence in Klang Valley (The Star, 2016). The shortage of water
in Klang Valley is connected to the time taken by the water supply
company, Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd (Syabas) in fixing or
improving the storage dams (“Klang Valley to face”, 2018). This can
be ascribed to water pollution affecting the dams such as trash, muds and bad
germs (Malaysian organization of WorldWide for Nature, n.d.), (“Toxic”, 2016)
and (Tan, 2016). It is a complex process for Syabas involving the cleaning
procedure of the dams. Hence, cutting off the water supply for some time is
the best decision to purify the water stored from any harmful elements which
will be consumed by the people.
The water resources in Klang Valley is worsen with the presence of El Nino;
one of the disastrous climatic effect. El Nino is not a desirable weather
condition as the result of the El Nino presence heats up the temperature which
the impact can be felt by every living thing in the world. The effects of the 2015
El Nino are still in the minds of people as it is the most terrible El Nino ever
occurred in Malaysia (Ray, 2016). El Nino is not a ‘newborn baby’ in Malaysia
as its first presence is recognised in 1951 as a weak El Nino and later in 1998,
it was the first to be detected as a strong El Nino (Simon, 2015). The impact of
the El Nino is very severe with only 40% of rainfall is penetrated and the
temperature hiked up to 41 degree Celsius causing the water catchment to dry
fast, the damps become empty causing the water to be distributed in
proportion.
1.3 Problem Statement

This is the kickstart to the research initiation to investigate further on the
experience of the Klang Valley people with the incident of water shortage. The
residents in Klang Valley have been the most experienced in dealing with the
incidents when their taps at home gone dry due to the water shortage.
The unstoppable incidence of the water shortages affects the water supply to
certain residential areas in Klang Valley for several days to be short.
The inadequacy of water supply in Klang Valley is influenced by the variation
of weather in Malaysia as Malaysia is solely depending on the rainfall as the
main water source for the people.
5
During the Northeast Monsoon season, the amount of rainfall is higher and the
water collection in the storage dams will achieve the satisfactory level of water
storage. Despite that, when the Northeast Monsoon period ends, the amount
of rainfall is lesser and water shortages will take its place creating a serious
wary among the Klang Valley residents. In addition, the increasing number of
the populations in Klang Valley has resulted in the higher demand of
water and this is a critical point where the existing sources of
water in Klang Valley is not adequate to meet the demand of water of the
people living in Klang Valley.
1.4 Research Questions

Based on the problem statement, the following questions are constructed:
1. How does the people live in Klang Valley experiences the water
shortages incidence?
2. What are the current sources of water supply and the volume of water
supplied from the sources in Klang Valley?
3. How much is the water demand with the increasing population in Klang
Valley?
1.5 Research Objectives

This research carries several objectives which are:
1. To investigate the experiences of the people living in Klang Valley on
the water shortage incidences.
2. To determine the current sources of water supply and the volume of
water supplied from the sources to Klang Valley.
3. To forecast the demand of water with the increasing population
in Klang Valley for the next 5 years.
1.6 Significance of Study
The issue of water sustainability in Klang Valley needs to be resolved from

becoming a norm to the people. This study started to identify the possible
factors causing the water shortage in Klang Valley.
6
Numerous of research papers have been covering on the solution to the water
shortage incident but least have been found studying on the root-cause of the
problem itself. It is implausible to solve a problem or issue whilst not knowing
the real cause of the problems. It is comparable to a person going to a clinic
and received medication without knowing the real disease of the person.
Water is a compulsory need for every living thing in this world. The failure on
providing adequate resources of water will endanger the survival of the living
things undoubtedly. The sources of water in Klang Valley are mainly rivers.
Through this research, the volume of water stored in each dam to supply water
to Klang Valley areas can be examined. In correlation to the demand of water
in Klang Valley areas daily, the basis of volume of water to be supplied to the
people day by day can be figured out.
Most of the publications from the various government departments have been
researching on the water demand and water supply in Malaysia. Nonetheless,
the research time frame is set basically ranged within 10-years like 2010-2050.
In this study, the researcher will identify best the demand of water and the
amount of water supply in Klang Valley in terms of daily and annually basis. It
will be a benchmark to the respective teams who guarding the operation
supplying water to the Klang Valley areas to ensure the volume of water stored
is enough to satisfy the demand of water by the people. This will increase the
alertness of the team in charge as they need to continuously monitor the level
of water stored to prevent issues of lack water resources in the future. As soon
as they found out the volume of water stored does not meet the standard of
water volume required, they need to inform to the responsible department to
assure that the volume of water stored is sufficient to be supplied to the Klang
Valley people.
1.7 Scope of Study
The research is mainly concerning the shortage of water event in Klang Valley.
The survey in the research methodology is set up to investigate the experience
of those people who have been facing with the incidence of water shortage in
Klang Valley.
7
30 respondents are required as the survey sample and the respondents are
basically group of students and few of permanent residents in Klang Valley.
The identity of the respondents is not covered in determining the survey
sample because the focus is on the experience of the people to depict a brief
understanding on the incident of water shortage occurrence in Klang Valley.
The main features in the survey questions are the number of occurrences of
the water shortage incident and the time taken for the water to be restored to
the people. The geographical location of the respondents is based on the three
main rivers out of 8 rivers sourcing water to Klang Valley. Klang River, Langat
River and Selangor River.
In addition to that, six dams as water storage in Klang Valley: Klanga Gate
Dam, Batu Dam, Sungai Tinggi Dam. Sungai Selangor Dam, Langat Dam and
Semenyih Dam are concentrated in the research. The dams will be explained
further following to the locations in Klang Valley which have been receiving
water from the respected dams.
The water demand in Klang Valley is determined using statistics by Malaysia

Statistics Department. The water demand is calculated using the number of
populations in Federal Territory Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory Putrajaya and
Selangor from 2010-2018 and the average water consumption daily per person.
The volume of water supply similarly is calculated using the statistics obtained
from the Malaysia Statistics Department on the sources of water and volume
of water supplied from the sources in Klang Valley. The volume of water
demand and the total production of water supplied in this research only covers
the domestic activities water usage from 2010 to 2017.
1.8 Limitations of Study
Many reporting has been done on the water cut-off in Klang Valley yet there
are least number of research papers done by the academic people regarding
the issue. The research is considered a minority research because as much
as the literature reviewed by the researcher, there is only one research paper
focusing on the crisis of water in Klang Valley.
8
It is probable the research is one of the kick starters among the higher learning
institution students concerning the research on sustaining water in Klang
Valley.
The research on water sustainability in Klang Valley is an exceptional research

and yet as an undergraduate student, the effort to create a valued research
which may contribute greater benefits to the people is not appreciated. The
researcher earlier been served poorly by few organizations in obtaining the
data for the research.
Fortunately, Malaysia Statistics Department has permitted enormous of

statistical analysis information to be accessed by the citizens including
students and truly it acts like a golden door to the researcher to complete the
research.
Klang Valley covers a wide range of geographical locations and indisputably

the water sources in Klang Valley itself consists more than five rivers which
the researcher needs to be more detailed on the areas to be studied in the
research. However, the case study on Klang Valley is acceptable because
realizing the fact of the three main rivers sourcing water to the Klang Valley, it
is sufficient to study on the sustainability of water in Klang Valley.
1.9 Expected Outcome
The research is done to acquire the most factors leading to the shortage of
water in Klang Valley. From the problem identified leading to the water
shortage in Klang Valley, the existing solution can be re-examined if it really
significant to solve or avoid the occurrence of water shortage in Klang Valley.
The sources of water in Klang Valley is studied to identify if is able to meet up

with the demand of water which is kept increasing from time to time. Hence,
this can be reflected with the alternative method to increase the volume of
water: rainwater harvesting method to be practiced daily, weekly, monthly or
annually.
9
The analysis of water demand and water supply through regression graph will
maybe can be a reference for the water supply operation team to ensure the
minimum volume of water required daily to satisfy the demand of water in
Klang Valley rather than trying hard to collecting water as much as possible
which is not reliable at all.
10
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 El Nino-Southern Oscillation Cycle (ENSO)
ENSO or El Nino-Southern Oscillation is a scientific term on the changes in

the layer of atmosphere in the east-central Equatorial Pacific (Nur and Fatimah,
2017). The common occasion occurring in the ENSO cycle is winds whirling
from east to west in Tropical Pacific or usually known as the trade winds (Nur
and Fatimah, 2017). The phenomenon of warm water arising on the western
side of the ocean near Asia and Australasia is due to the winds coming from
east to west (Nur and Fatimah, 2017).
Apart from trade winds, there is another occasion in the ENSO cycle which is
a process called upwelling. Upwelling is a process that takes place as winds
in the east side of the ocean near South and Central America swirls to the
western side near Asia and Australasia (Nur and Fatimah, 2017). Upwelling
cause the ocean temperature of the eastern side to become cooler as the
winds shovel the warm of the eastern ocean to the western side (Nur and
Fatimah, 2017).
El Nino and La Nina are the inversion of the occasion in the ENSO cycle. The
inversion cycle of El Nino and La Nina triggers the warmer ocean water to
increase the heat in the atmosphere en bloc leading some parts of the world
to take the chill off while waiting for the El Nino to turn out soon (Nur and
Fatimah, 2017).
2.2 La Nina
La Nina is a situation where its arrival can be determined by the decrease in

the temperature of the Pacific Ocean than it used to which cause the water to
become cooler (Nur and Fatimah, 2017).
11
2.3 El Nino
‘The Little Boy” or ‘Christ Child’ is a term in Spain language used to signify El
Nino (Nur and Fatimah, 2017). The arrival of El Nino can be detected from the
Pacific Ocean water temperature as El Nino creates an event of unstable warm
water temperature (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, (2016).
The event of El Nino can be seen from the changes of water temperature in
the Equatorial Pacific (Nur and Fatimah, 2017).
2.4 The Variety of Sources of Water in Haryana, India
A research on types of water sources has been carried out in Haryana, India.
The researcher has divided the types of water sources into two group which
are the water sources supplied to the city mainly residential areas and the
isolated locations specifically the agriculture fields (Anshul, 2010).
Anshul (2010) has listed the sources of water in residential areas are
household tap, street tap, household hand pump, street hand pump, well,
rainwater stored, submersible tap and pond while in the village neighborhood,
the water sources are canal water and tube well.
2.5 Research on Rainwater Harvesting between Higher Learning

Institutions
There are five main institutions which have conducted research on the
rainwater harvesting method in Malaysia (Nor, Zulkifli and Achmad, 2018).
The universities are:
1. UniveristiKebangsaan Malaysia
2. Universiti Putra Malaysia
3. Universiti Malaya
4. UniversitiTeknologi MARA (UiTM)
5. UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia
12
2.6 Rainwater Harvesting Method Advantages
2.6.1 Rainwater Harvesting Method on the Economy, Environment,
Technology and Social
A study on the positive impacts of rainwater harvesting method has

been done to support its implementation as an alternate method of
capturing water in Malaysia. Rainwater harvesting method has positive
impacts on the economy, environment, technology and social (Nor,
Zulkifli and Achmad, 2018).
From the economical aspect, in some major cities in Australia, the

rainwater harvesting method is seen to reduce the cost of a household
up to $240 on yearly basis (Nor, Zulkili and Achmad, 2018). In United
Kingdom, the rainwater harvesting method is considered less frugal
compared to other welfare assistance like flood mitigation while in
Barcelona, Spain, it is essential in highly populated area as the water
pricing is higher compared to the unincorporated community (Nor,
Zulkifli and Achmad, 2018).
From the environmental category, Korea foresee the rainwater

harvesting method as one of the ways to encounter flood by 10% while
Nigeria to extend the availability of water during the drought season in
one of its part; Abeokuta, Southwestern (Nor, Zulkifli and Achmad,
2018).
Other than that, in North Carolina, United States, the rainwater

harvesting method is used to equally distribute water among the people
living in the area with lack of water sources (Nor, Zulkifli and Achmad,
2018). In the Lower Hunter and Central Coast Region of New South
Wales, Australia, the rainwater harvesting method is implemented to
prevent the new infrastructure construction and enhancing the
dependency of water sources rather than focusing to only water pipes
(Nor, Zulkifli and Achmad, 2018).
13
Another benefit is the rainwater harvesting method with a larger tank
can increase the speed of water low to be supplied to the respected
places and lastly in Malaysia, through the rainwater harvesting method,
the demand of water will be fulfilled per household and increase the
water supply flux from the storage to the residential areas (Nor, Zulkifli
and Achmad, 2018).
Last but not least, the aspect of technology and social. In Canada, the
rainwater harvesting method is one of the initiatives to add up the
source of water and to conserve water (Nor, Zulkifli and Achmad, 2018).
In Uganda, the rainwater harvesting methods assists to increase the
water supply in incorporated areas and keep up to the minimum any
dangers of water towards the people health while in Jordan, rainwater
harvesting method is practiced to support the current water sources
which actually the rainwater harvesting method of capturing water
provide more quality of water to the people (Nor, Zulkifli and Achmad,
2018).
2.6.2 Rainwater Harvesting Method on the Users and Government
A study on the advantages of the rainwater harvesting method as a

water source has been done and this section specifically describes the
impacts on the water users and the government.
The benefits of rainwater to the people is the rainwater comes from a

direct source with high quality which does not contain any
contamination possibilities (Che-Ani, Shaari, Sairi, Zain and Tahir,
2009). The rainwater harvesting system is a non-complex system to be
operated and it does not require any advanced-skills operator (Che-Ani,
Shaari, Sairi, Zain and Tahir, 2009). The implementation cost is lower
compared to the other water collection methods, cutting off the higher
price been paid to receiving water supply from water management
companies (Che-Ani, Saari, Sairi, Zain and Tahir, 2009).
14
Through rainwater harvesting system, users are able to receive water
in a smooth flow without water being ratio and reduce financial spending
on the maintenance of instruments receiving and clearing out the water
like pipes (Che-Ani, Shaari, Sairi, Zain and Tahir, 2009).
The government in the interim will be able to cut off the financial
allocation to improving the current water collection structure as the
rainwater harvesting method only require tanks for storage (Che-Ani,
Shaari, Sairi, Zain and Tahir, 2009).
2.7 Types of Rainwater Harvesting Method Implementation
A study on the ways to implement the rainwater harvesting method has been
done through multiple channels such as ‘socio-practices’, practical model and
innovations with or without gravitational elements (Nor, Zulkifli and Achmad,
2018).
There are two types of implementation of the rainwater harvesting method

which has been done; (i) on residential departments and (ii) other multipurpose
buildings. Australia, Iran and New York have installed the rainwater harvesting
method on houses which resulted with water demand by the people is fully
achieved up to 99% while on the other buildings instead of houses have been
practiced by Australia itself and Portugal (Nor, Zulkifli and Achmad, 2018).
2.8 Types of Appreciation for Rainwater Harvesting Method Practice
To increase the participation of individuals and organizations in implementing

the rainwater harvesting, several rewards will be given as an appreciation to
sustaining water.
In Japan, endowment and loans with a lowest payable rate will be granted to
any buildings implementing the rainwater harvesting method while up to $500
repayment will be considered by the government in Australia (Nor, Zulkifli and
Achmad, 2018).
15
In Taiwan, the rainwater harvesting method is a new obligation to be
implemented on all federal buildings while financial aid on infrastructure will be
given to the rustic population in Uganda (Nor, Zulkifli and Achmad, 2018).
Other than that, Germany and United States of America are exempting tolls on
any departments applying the rainwater harvesting method whereas in Jordan,
Spain, Brazil and Belgium, the rainwater harvesting method has been made
as a new law by the respective government (Nor, Zulkifli and Achmad, 2018).
2.9 Perspectives of the Malaysia Government on Rainwater Harvesting

Method
A study on the rainwater harvesting method has been made from the
perspectives of the government side in Malaysia from the year of 1990 to 2014
The governmental organizations involved are: (i) Ministry of Housing and Local
Government, (ii) Department of Drainage and Irrigation or DID Malaysia, (iii)
National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM), (iv) Federal
Town and Country Planning Department, (v) Ministry of Urban Wellbeing,
Housing and Local Government and (vi) Department of Standards Malaysia
All the governmental departments listed have compiled the procedures on the
implementation of rainwater harvesting method in Malaysia. There are: (i)
Rainwater Collection and Utilization System Instalment Procedures, (ii) A Book
of Guideline on the Planning and Design of Rainwater Harvesting Method, (iii)
Procedures on Eco-Efficiency in Water Infrastructure on Local Buildings in
Malaysia, (iv) A handbook on managing stormwater in Malaysia 2nd ed., (v)
Panduan Pelaksanaan Inisiatif Pembangunan Kejiranan Hijau—Sistem
Pengumpulan dan Penggunaa nSemula Air Hujan, (vi) Garis Panduan
Perancangan Kejiranan Hijau, (vii) Garis Panduan Sistem Pengumpulan dan
Penggunaan Air Hujan and (viii) Urban Stormwater Management—Part 6:
RWHS,MS2526-6:2014 (Nor, Zulkifli and Achmad, 2018).
16
2.10 Implementation of Rainwater Harvesting Method by Malaysia
Department of Drainage and Irrigation (DID)
DID Malaysia has installed the rainwater harvesting method in several of its
chosen places. The instalment is based upon the types of storage:
underground storage and above ground storage as shown in Table 3 (a) and
Table 3 (b) respectively (Nor, Zulkifli and Achmad, 2018).
Table 3Types of underground storage and its location
Types of storage Location
• DIS Office, HQ Kuala Lumpur
• DID District Office, Seberang Perai,

Penang
Underground Storage
• Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Hostel
• Masjid Negeri, Penang
• Masjid Bukit Indah, Ampang, Selangor
• DID District Office, Bera, Pahang
• DID District Office, Raub, Pahang

Underground Pipe
• DID District Office, Balik Pulau, Penang
Package
• DID Distrct Office, Miri, Sarawak
• Bungalow House, Bangi, Selangor
Underground HDPE
• Zoo Negara, Ampang, Selangor
Storage
17
From Table 3 (a), the types of storage for underground category are the
underground tank, the underground pipe package and the underground HDPE
tank.In Table 3 (b), the types of storage for above category is as follows: the
above ground HDPE tank and the above ground concrete tank.
Table 4Types of above ground storage and its location
Types of storage Location
• DID District Office,

Langkawi, Kedah
• DID District Office, Pasir
Putih, Kelantan
• DID District Office, Kuala
Berang, Terengganu
• DID District Office, Ipoh,
Above ground HDPE Perak
Storage • MARDI Office, Cameron

Highlands, Pahang
• Building Complex, Pulau
Tioman, Pahang
• Buffalo Park, Langkawi,
Kedah
• Terrace House, Gombak
Selangor
Above ground Concrete • Zoo Negara, Ampang,
Storage Selangor
18
2.11 Rainwater Harvesting Method Computer Programme
2.11.1 Existing Rainwater Harvesting Method Computer
Programme
There are few programs that are been creates in carrying out the
process to build the rainwater harvesting method infrastructure. The
programs are SimTanka2 and Warwick Calculator which have been
developed to calculate the measurement of storage in the rainwater
harvesting system (Nor, Zulkifli and Achmad, 2018). On top of that,
JKUAT-RWH calculator has been initiated to measure the rainwater
harvesting system pressure within a long period by the amount of
rainfall from day-to-day while Yield After Spillage (YAS) computer
programme is to calculate the exact amount of rainfall collected and the
measurement of the rainwater harvesting storage (Nor, Zulkifli and
Achmad, 2018).
2.11.2 Malaysia Rainwater Harvesting Method Computer

Programme
The rainwater harvesting computer programme in Malaysia is

conducted by National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia
(NAHRIM) (Nor, Zulkifli and Achmad, 2018). TankiNahrim is a computer
programme by NAHRIM governing the rainwater harvesting system in
Malaysia. TankiNahrim is built to forecasting, measuring the
dependency of the system and the measurement off the rainwater
harvesting storage (Nor, Zulkifli and Achmad, 2018).
2.12 California Water Sustainable Water Strategies
Water sustainability can be achieved with the right balancing in the water
demand and the water supply (Carlos et. al, 2016). To sustaining water in
California, the Water Education Foundation through its Water Leaders Class
of 2016 has listed 24 strategies to be implemented considering the
involvement of its people, the government, the law and the water organizations
too.
19
2.12.1 Investment for Better Water Management
The first strategy given by the Water Class Leader of 2016 is to invest
on the water structure in California (Carlos et. al, 2016). The investment
is to provide a better management and supervision on the current water
source n California; the groundwater source (Carlos et. al, 2016).
2.12.2 Investment for New Sources of Water Supply
Apart from the water supply from groundwater source, a new water
source is a need in California and the best source is either “desalination”,
“fog capture” or “atmospheric water generation” (Carlos et. al, 2016).
The three sources are worth in investment because it generates
continuous source of water supply (Carlos et. al, 2016). The El Nino
Southern-Oscillation Cycle or ENSO is another way of harnessing a
new source of water supply (Carlos et. al, 2016). This is true during the
rainfall season caused by the inversion of El Nino and La Nina at the
western and the eastern side of the ocean (Carlos et. al, 2016). The
wastewater treatment plant is also a reliable source of water supply
(Carlos et. al, 2016). The investment on the wastewater treatment plant
is significant to ensure the recycled water is in good quality prior to be
supplied to the community (Carlos et. al, 2016).
2.12.3. Reliable Plan for Continuous Water Supply
Central Valley Project or State Water Project is the water management

supplying water to the Northern California (Carlos et. al, 2016). There
are times when the Central Valley Project or State Water Project is not
able to supply water to the northern part of California leading the people
in the area to obtain the water supply from its groundwater source. The
reliable plans are to be made for the State Water Project to enable a
persistence water supply such as California WaterFix plan in getting the
permission for non-stop continuous water supply to the affected places.
20
2.12.4. Risk Management Plan
The risk management plan is essential based on the necessity of water

supply in California. The risk management plan would be the seeking of
financial assistance from the federal government to rectify and protect
the delta levees supporting the groundwater source infrastructure which
has been supply water to more than 60% of areas in California as shown
in Figure 3 (Carlos et. al, 2016).
Figure 3 Delta levees of the water structure in California
Sources: Water Education Foundation of California
2.12.5. Changes in the Urban Water Usage for Greater Efficiency
The California Urban Water Conservation Council has stated three

practices for improvements to be done in changing the ways of water
usage among the people. The first practice is ‘active conservation’
involving the operation activities, supervision on water loss, water
pricing and the calculation of water pricing. Secondly, the ‘building
code-based’ which is the opposite to the ‘active conversation’ where
water usage has been saved due to adjustments made in the plumbing
fixtures efficiency.
21
Lastly, the ‘price-effect conversation’ is the most effective ways of
reducing the water usage as a higher rate will be charged on
households with higher water usage driving people to be wise in their
daily water consumption.
2.12.6. Emergency Management Plan during Low Rainfall
East Porterville is one group of people depending on the amount of

rainfall accumulated in the well located ate their population. The issue
is when the amount of rainfall is less than usual causing the people to
lose its only water source.
When the situation occurs, there are non-profit organizations even the
state prepares other sources of water supply, but it is only effective for
a short period like water tanks and water-trucks. A plan for supplying
water from the public water system is been worked out to ensure the
people in the area receive a sufficient water supply to preventing the
area from suffering drought.
2.12.7. Reduction in Agriculture Water Usage
Agricultural has been contributing in the water supply system to the

community. The farmers have been conserving water supplied to their
farms by reducing water through irrigation plans, micro-sprinklers and
fields layering (Carlos et. al, 2016). To increase the efficiency of water
conservation in the agriculture field, description on the operations,
positive and negative effects, technological assistance and guarantees
are given to the farmers to enhance their understanding in saving water
(Carlos et. al, 2016).
22
2.12.8. Assurance on Sufficient Water Supply for Disadvantaged
Communities (DAC)
There are several options that can be done in ensuring the isolated
groups of people receive an equal and a quality water supply.
There are:
1. Validate the guidelines on the equality and clean water supply to the
isolated communities (Carlos et. al, 2016).
2. Ratify the alliance between the federal and the state government to
building a water infrastructure in the disadvantaged communities
3. Supervise any subjects which can present impurities to the water

supplied in the isolated groups of people (Carlos et. al, 2016).
4. Approve a reasonable water rate following the usage and demand

of water (Carlos et. al, 2016).
5. Design a water bill which is simply understood with easy paying

method for the people (Carlos et. al, 2016).
6. Nullify the water bills for low-income households thoroughly (Carlos

et. al, 2016)
2.12.9 Rewards for Reduction Water Usage
Another strategy to ensuring distribution of water covers all the people

in a place is giving token as an appreciation to any individuals or groups
that are willing to cut off their water usage for the sake of others (Carlos
et. al, 2016). This is one of the initiatives to encourage the people to
decrease the water usage upon their willingness during the extreme dry
season especially the agriculture field (Carlos et. al, 2016).
23
2.12.10 Trading of Water
California practices water trading. By increasing the involvement of both

the sellers and consumers and water, it creates a room of discussion to
both parties for a fair trading which presents profits to the two (Carlos
et. al, 2016). The involvement of the sellers and consumer allow them
to achieve an agreement on the water tariffs, the amount of water supply
and protection on the rights of minor consumers and traders (Carlos et.
al, 2016).
2.12.11 Grant of Permission to the States to Manage its Own Water

Sources
States government need to be granted with the power to control its state
water source (Carlos et. al, 2016). This is obvious as the state
government is able to supervise thoroughly the distribution of water to
the people compared to the federal government which will take some
time to identify the needs in respective state (Carlos et. al, 2016).
2.12.12 Water Management between States and the Government
Prior to this, any projects to be constructed in the states will be brought

to the federal for entitlement which effect to longer time consumption
and high cost (Carlos et. al, 2016). The involvement of both the states
and the federal government is highly encouraged to ease the
authorization on any developments which will reduce delays and
capitals (Carlos et. al, 2016).
2.12.13 Implementation of “Lifeline Rates” in Isolated Areas
Line life rates’ is a discount given to a household where the household’s

bills achieve minimum level of tariffs. ‘Lifeline rates’ is significant to be
implemented in areas which most of the household’s income are menial
24
This is to support the households in financing their water bills. With
‘lifeline rates’, the household’s with poor income are possible to obtain
a quality water supply as similar to the households with high income
without any owes to the water management companies (Carlos et. al,
2016).
2.12.14 Investment for Water Parting
Water parting is an initiative to naming the necessities of groups of

people or infrastructures which need water but, high capitals is needed
to run the water parting process (Carlos et. al, 2016).
2.12.15 Water Parting for Lower Level of Government
In every state, there is another body governing isolated districts in the

states but in terms of financial, this body gain restriction in receiving any
financial assistance dissimilar to the state’s government (Carlos et. al,
2016). To applying the water parting in the isolated districts, the lowest
tier public administration needs to be given its authority to gain its own
funding through taxes, subsidies etc. (Carlos et. al, 2016).
2.12.16 Federal Government Financial Assistance in States Water

Projects
Federal government has been meritorious in providing the best water

management services to the people but, it has seen to be waned from
year to year (Carlos et. al, 2016). The financial assistance from the
federal government is a non-exceptional need to support water projects
development in the states, districts and isolated villages (Carlos et. al,
2016). To ensure a continuous financial assistance from the federal,
water projects or water management development issues must be
consisting profits to all parties such as a water management
infrastructure connecting the federal and the states altogether (Carlos
et. al, 2016).
25
22.12.17 Awareness on Water Consumption Depending on
Background of People
Abundant of tips given to the people to inculcate the habits on saving

water consumption but, it is not effective (Carlos et. Al, 2016). This is
because the suggestions are not applicable in certain locations (Carlos
et. Al, 2016). For instance, people need to save water in the farm by
reducing the number of times per day the farm is water. This is not
correlate with people in the city as there is no farm in the middle of the
metropolitan.
2.12.18 Education of Importance of Water in Lower Education
A habit carries a concept which is an event being done regularly. It is

not easy to inculcate or to educate the mature generations as they do
not see its significance. Education on conservation of water since lower
education is one of the initiatives to train the younger children to creating
a mindset in being wise in water usage that will bring benefits to all and
a good deed thoroughly (Carlos et. al, 2016). For instance, a subject on
ways to conserve water or a day without water program to alert the
children the negative impact for wasting water.
2.12.19. Water Conservation Education in Workplace
Apart from education in the school, workplace is one of the places

correspond to the education on conserving water as a workplace
involves an excessive use of water (Carlos et. al, 2016). Water
conservation in the workplace should be an obligation all the workers
and executives to create a synergy in saving water for virtue of all
26
2.12.20 Involvement of Indigenous in Reserving Environmental
Resources
Indigenous are people who interacts directly with the mother-nature.

This group of people are best to be seeking apprehension on keeping
the environmental asset especially water (Carlos et. al, 2016). The
research on the environment made by the academicians are acceptable
but, basically it will include the profits and benefits the human will gain
or lose. For this reason, the indigenous opinions are required in order
to enable the environment to everlasting without being destroyed by
human’s cupidity in development.
2.12.21 Accessibility of Water Information
The accessibility on information of water supply and water sources in

every region should be easy to be accessed by all parties associated
with water management system (Carlos et. al, 2016). This is to make
things easier involving the development of water projects in an area or
places.
2.12.22 Systematic Data Organization Approach
An accustomed procedure is needed to ensure all information obtained

is in a systematic organization (Carlos et. al, 2016). This is to make
easier and rapid decision making whenever it is required.
2.12.23 Revolutionization of Water Management
To revolutionize water management system, it must be upon a solid

finding and information supporting it (Carlos et. al, 2016). This is
significant in organizing all data obtained and sustaining the data in a
systematic way. To create something, there must be raised from an
issue and the issue is to be generated from the information gained.
27
2.12.24 Segregation between Political Goals and Responsibility to
the People
Most of the research made by the government typically is to achieve

their political objectives. This matter is to be eliminated from all subjects
involving the community because the people is the responsibility of the
politicians not a tool to raise their revenues (Carlos et.al, 2016). A body
or department responsible to obtain information on the water
management system must be penetrable to avoid taking sides into any
parties (Carlos et.al, 2016). The body or department shall be an
independent body respected to their expertise as to validate the
information as reliable and authentic.
2.13 Malaysia Water Management Drawbacks
There are several problems arise in generating a quality water supply to the
people. The globe at present is facing water crisis due to the inefficient water
administration (Chan, 2009). To sustaining the water source, every country
must provide an effective water regulation (Chan, 2009).
Malaysia is a fortunate country which undergo a season with high precipitation

annually, but there are still few places in the country encountering lack of water
supply (Chan, 2009). The lack of administration in the water issue at
government level has contributed to the water crisis in Malaysia (Chan, 2009).
For some time, the water issue is been supervised by government teams which
later the supervision is shifted to one’s own company (Chan, 2009). The
transfer of the administration of water from government to individual sector
consequently did not resulted in any positive changes but enormous of
occurrence in water feasibility (Chan, 2009).
Malaysia at most times is practicing stepwise approach in monitoring water

(Chan, 2018). Jabatan Bekalan Air (JBA) is the main water management
department in Malaysia and it is represented by every state in Malaysia (Chan,
2009). JBA under the control of every state government is responsible for the
dams, waste management and water source supplied to the people (Chan,
28
2009). The buildings off dams are significant but, the water source from the
rivers is not well-secured to be supplied to the people (Chan, 2009).
Rivers are natural creation which are freely exposed to direct contamination
from the environment and may produce negative impacts on the consumers of
water (Chan, 2009).
Water management are categorized into two categories which are the good
management and the bad management (Chan, 2009). A good water
management involves the transparency of government decisions which
present good qualities to the people while bad management of water is a
management that violates the rights of the people (Chan, 2009).
To maintaining a good water management, Penang, one of the states in

Malaysia, through a non-government organization which is Water Watch
Penang has been taking the initiative to be the mediator between the private
water companies and state government to ensure the water distribution in
Penang does not face any difficulties which later will affect the hundred
thousands of Penangites (Chan,2009). Another case in Johor is that proven
Johor has a bad water administration due to the water been distributed to the
agriculture field more than to the residents (Chan, 2009).
The water management in Malaysia is stated under the legislation but, the
imposition of the law is ineffective neither the government nor the individual
water companies (Chan, 2009). The legislation on the water management
basically covers on the importance of checking the sources of water, the quality
of water sources, the aerated process of water and the tasks hold by the
government and individuals’ companies on water management (Chan, 2009).
The issue on the water management has not been achieving any solution
instead of gaining more confusion. Few years back, the federal government is
seeking the water administration of the states to be returned its authority to the
federal government as a whole which the states have no longer control on its
own water source (Chan, 2009).
The action proposed by the federal government has been debated without
further a due (Chan, 2009). The issue arise is, as water been monitored by the
29
federal government, is federal government competent to guard all the water
sources in all 13 states in in Malaysia (Chan, 2009)?
70% of water management in Malaysia is controlled by the both federal and

the states government and the remaining is fully supervised by the individuals’
companies (Chan, 2009). Such circumstances should not be containing any
problems but, the individuals’ companies are receiving financial allocation from
the government portraying the weaknesses of private sectors in managing
water in Malaysia (Chan, 2009).
2.14 Water Rationing in Klang Valley
The water crisis in Klang Valley can be solved if users know how to be wise in
using it. In the study, water rationing is being introduced to restrain the
consumption of water among the people in Klang Valley (Chee, Thum and Tan,
2011). Water rationing is a method where dams supplying water is delivered
at scheduled time (Chee, Thum& Tan, 2011). Through water rationing, the
water supplied is not available 24 hours requiring people to be wise in using
water in their daily activities.
2.15 Methodology
2.15.1 Amount of Rainfall and Sea Surface Temperature in
Malaysia
A study on the effect of El Nino in Malaysia has been conducted to

investigate its correlation with the amount of rainfall and the sea surface
temperature. In the study, Nur and Fatimah (2017) have been using
qualitative research design. Through the qualitative research design,
Nur and Fatimah (2017) have been collecting the data on the amount
of rainfall and the sea surface temperature by secondary sources.
The secondary sources involved in their methodology research are

Malaysian Meteorology Department (MET) and compiled by Malaysian
Palm Oil Board (MPOB) for the data on the amount of rainfall and
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) United
30
States of America for the data on the sea surface temperature from the
year of 1990 to 2015.
2.15.2 Total Water Availability and Demand in Selangor
A study on the water crisis in Klang Valley has been carried out by
finding the total water availability and the total water demand in
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. In the study, Chee, Thum and Tan
(2011) have been using qualitative research design which applies the
secondary sources of research methodology.
The secondary sources which contributes the data on the Total Water
Availability and the Total Water Demand in Selangor from the year
2010-2015 is a study made by the Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment; the National Water Resources Study (2011).
2.15.3 Sustainable Water Management for Water Supply Efficiency
A study on the sustainable water management for the effectiveness in

supplying water has been made through a case study at Syarikat Air
Melaka Berhad (SAMB). In the study, the qualitative research design
has been used which semi-structured and in-depth interviews are the
methods been used to obtain data (Tengku, Boon and Keng, 2016).
The first method is in-depth interviews. The in-depth interviews in the

study incorporate employees in the middle management who directly
responsible on the water management system in Syarikat Air Melaka
Berhad (Tengku, Boon and Keng, 2016).
The interviewees are divided into two groups; (i) the management team
and (ii) the production team (Tengku, Boon and Keng, 2016). The
interviews are been conducted to gain data from the management
sights and the production sights on managing water sustainability for
water supply efficiency. Other than that, secondary sources such as
books and journals are been used in the study covering information and
knowledge related to the study.
31
2.15.4 Setting Up the Rainwater Harvesting at SJKC Chung Hu No.
2, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
A study on the procedures to implement the rainwater harvesting

method is done to ensure that it suits best the targeted location. The
data collection involves the amount of rainfall, the demand and the
supply of water and the building measurement in choosing the right size
of the down pipes, the conveyance pipes and the types of Panzer
(Brenda and Rosmina, n.d.).
In the study, a mixed-method research methodology is been used

combining the qualitative and quantitative approaches as shown in
Table 5.
32
Table 5 The data collection on setting up the rainwater harvesting
RESEARCH
DATA SOURCES
DESIGN
Department of
AMOUNT OF Irrigation and
Qualitative
RAINFALL (MMᵌ) Drainage, Samarahan
Branch.
THE BUILDING Non-participant

Quantitative
MEASUREMENT observation
Calculation:
EXPECTED SIZE OF
Qualitative Roof=
PANZER
A1+A2+A3+A4+A5+A6
Calculation:
THE DEMAND OF Required storage
Qualitative
WATER capacity= Demand x
Dry duration
Calculation:
Volume of rainwater
THE SUPPLY OF harvested= Panzer
Qualitative
WATER area x Average annual
rainfall x runoff
coefficient
2.16 Water Demand in Selangor
The demand of water growth rate in Selangor has been discussed. It is said
that the growth rate on demand of water in Selangor is due to the “metered
consumption” (“The Region”, 2011). The results of the water demand growth
rate and the metered consumption is shown (see Table 6).
33
Table 6 Water demand growth rate and metered consumption in Selangor
Metered Consumption
Year Water Demand (MLD)
(MLD)
2005 3766 2155
2006 3807 2354
2007 3778 2450
2008 3794 2515
2009 3813 2573
2010 4015 2663
Sources: Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor (SYABAS)
2.17 Education on Water Conservation
In a study, few researchers have suggested that knowledge on conservation

of water to be distributed to the public to educate the people on the importance
of being wise in using water which will prolonged the accessibility rates of water
(Matthew et. al, 2012).
2.18 The Perspectives of Lay People on Water Conservation
A survey has been done to investigate the level of knowledge of the lay people
on the daily water consumption (Matthew et. al, 2012). The targeted lay people
in the survey is people living in the city (Matthew et. al, 2012). The findings of
the survey are less than 60% did not know the system of the water source
being supplied to their residence and the higher water consumption per day
decrease the level of water in the tank (Matthew et. al, 2012).
34
2.19 Water Storage Level of the Dams in Selangor
The water storage level of the dams in Selangor on 20th September 2011 has
been recorded and is shown in Table 7. The date is selected as the data of the
water storage level of the dams changing daily (“The Region”, 2011).
Table 7 Water storage level of the dams in Selangor
Dams Storage Level (%)
Sungai Selangor 78.34
Sungai Tinggi 85.78
Batu 100
Klang Gate 100
Tasik Subang 95.64
Sungai Langat 100
Sungai 100
35
2.20 Trends of Water Usage in Kuala Lumpur
The following equation was used to calculate the direct residential water
consumption which was adopted from Hoekstra et al. (2005).
TWcons = Tshower + Thand,wash + Tbrushing + Tflush + Tdish,wash +

Tcloth,wash + Tgarden
where
TWcons = Total water consumption,
Tshower = Total water use for shower,
Thand,wash = Total water use for hand wash,
Tbrushing = Total water use for teeth brushing,
Tflush = Total water use for flushing,
Tdish,wash = Total water use for dish washing,
Tcloth,wash = Total water use for cloth washing, and
Tgarden = Total water use for garden.
2.21 The Gap between Supply and Demand of Water
The increase in the number of populations, urbanization and industries

development are the natural factors contributing the demand of water.
The infrastructure hence is the fundamental principal to conform the water

demand by the people. The Figure 4 portrays the graphical method used to
explain the significance in the relationship between the current capacity of
water supply, the expected water demand and the best volume of water to
cater the demand.
36
Figure 4 The demand and supply gap graph for Selangor
Sources: Syarikat Bekalan Air Berhad (SYABAS)
2.22 The Research Design for Non-Experimental Research
Figure 5 shows a research design for non-experimental research. Research

design is a diagram on the process to carry out a research or project. This is
to assist the researchers to monitor the research progress to complete the
thesis.
37
Figure 5 The research design and output of the research
2.23 Statistical Analysis based on Research Questions

Figure 6 shows the possible statistical analysis that can be done for non-
experimental research. Here, the researcher has found the relevant analysis
tools for data analysis section later.
38
Figure 6 The statistical analysis based on research question
39
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
In this chapter, there are two main parts; the data collection method and the
analysis of data. The data collection method in this research applies both the
primary and secondary data which is the survey and government publications.
For data analysis, both quantitative and qualitative methods will be carried out
to present a significant information of the data collection.
3.2 Research Design
In this section, the process of carrying out the research is elucidated to show
the researcher organization in the research initiation, methodology process
and interpretation of data process.
The researcher has begun with the need analysis to identify the necessity to
carry out this research (refer Appendix 1). It begins with searching the relevant
information through online newspaper which is easier to obtain the real time
scenarios on the water shortage issues in Klang Valley (refer Appendix 2).
Second, the researcher has gone through over the past researches in
constructing the research questions. This is important to ensure that the
research will create a value at the end of the research.
Through past researches, the researcher has identified the possible data
collection method in obtaining all data related to the research questions either
primarily or secondarily and even quantitative or qualitative. To add, the
relevant method for analysis of data are also determined to ease the
researcher discussion in presenting the findings in the next chapter.
40
In brief, there are six stages simply conducted by the researcher from the
beginning of the research. Every stage is very essential for the researcher to
understand more on the topic being studied and it is easier for the researcher
to identify if there are any issues arise while working on the data collection
method and the data analysis stage. The process of the research development
is shown in Figure 7.
STEP 1 STEP 2
Need Analysis Literature Review
STEP 4 STEP 3
Data Collection Research Questions
STEP 5 STEP 6
Data Analysis Discussion of Results
Figure 7 The development stages in the research
3.3 Data Collection Method
The detailed explanation on the methods are demystified in this section. There
are two types of data collection method done; survey and data from
government publications. The type of methods used in the research are shown
in Figure 8.
41
Data Collection
Method
Quantitative Method Qualitative Method
Survey Government
Publications
Figure 8 The data collection method
3.3.1 Survey
Survey is used to collect information on the occurrence of water shortage

incidence experienced by the Klang Valley people. The survey method is a
closed-ended survey and it is the only primary data in this research. It is
significant as it related to the real time incident experienced by the Klang Valley
people.
The survey is design using Google Forms. It consists of four multiple choice
questions (Refer Appendix 3). Online survey is chosen as the researcher
believes that most of the people nowadays are closer to the paperless method
rather than traditional method. The respondents consent prior to answer the
survey are informed based on the details of the survey which covers the
purpose and the content of the surveys. If the respondents are not interested
to answer the survey, they are free to ignore the survey consequently.
The sampling method is determined by the types of sampling and the number
of samples required as shown in Figure 9.
42
Sampling Method
Simple Random 30 samples

Sampling
Figure 9 The sampling method for designing survey
Simple random sampling method is chosen because the survey is available to

be answered by those who have experienced the water shortage in Klang
Valley areas. It doesn’t matter if they are males, females, ages or youngsters,
as long as they fulfill the requirement of having experience regarding the water
shortage incidence in Klang Valley, they are automatically qualified to respond
to the survey. The survey can be accessed by respondents through Google
Forms link which is distributed via WhatsApp application. The researcher is
very attentive in distributing the survey to ensure that the survey is given out
to the expected group of respondents. Hence, the researcher has distributed
using the WhatsApp application among the researcher university mates which
is exactly located in Klang Valley areas.
3.3.2 Government Publications
Government publications is considered a secondary data as it is a research

made by other people for other people references (Mohajan, 2017). The
government publications used in the research are reliable for data concerning
the volume of water supply, the demand of water, the populations as shown in
Table 8.
43
Table 8 The government publications used in the research.
GOVERNMENT
YEAR TYPE OF DATA
PUBLICATIONS
1. Total production of water

supplied by state
2. Supply of raw water
extracted directly from
rivers by state
DEPARTMENT OF 3. Supply of raw water from
STATISTICS 2013-2018 storage dams by state
MALAYSIA 4. Metered water
consumption by sector and
state
5. Principal statistics of
population, W.P. Kuala
Lumpur, 2010-2018
INTEGRATED WATER
1. Current storage dams in
RESOURCE
Klang Valley
INFORMATION 2019
2. Volume of water supplied
MANAGEMENT
from the storage dams
SYSTEM (IWRIMS)
3.4 Data Analysis
Data analysis is very important to ensure that data is interpreted correctly. This
is to ensure that the data will be presenting the correct information to the
readers. All the data obtained is a type of raw data and it is very significant to
assure that the data is able to achieve the research objectives.
44
The survey results on the experiences of people living in Klang Valley with the
water shortages incidence is analyzed using descriptive statistics. The
descriptive statistics have three types of statistical description which are the
frequency statistics, measures of central tendency and the measures of
dispersion. In this case, frequency statistics is used to count the number of
respondents relating to each survey questions. The frequency statistics is
relevant as it clearly stated the frequency and the percentage of the results for
each question in the survey.
The current sources of water in Klang Valley and the volume of water supplied
from the sources are analyzed using trendline analysis. Trendline analysis is
used to visualize an increase or decrease of values for a clear understanding
and picture. The trendline analysis has several types which are linear,
polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, power and moving average. The
trendline will be chosen based on the value of the r squared. The closer the
value of the r-squared to 1, the higher the goodness of line to fit the data.
The forecasting on the volume of water demand and the volume of water
supply with the increasing population in next five years in Klang Valley is
analyzed using simple linear regression. Linear regression is best used when
there is a single dependent and independent variable. Through linear
regression, the linear equation is generated to predict the variables through
the equation as follows:
y= mx + b
where y= dependent variable
m= slope
x= independent variable
b= intercept
The regression analysis will be resulted with the mode summary output, the
ANOVA Table and the coefficients table. The results of the analysis altogether
will be compiled in Chapter 4: Results and Discussion.
45
3.5 Summary
This chapter mainly discusses the methodology used to obtain data based on
the research questions. Survey is done as the primary data in the research
followed by the secondary data from government publications to complete the
data collection process. The information is interpreted in accordance to the
research questions of the research using Microsoft Excel as well as the SPSS
software. The results of the analysis will be compiled and enlightened further
in the next chapter for future reader’s comprehensive understanding on the
research.
46
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter covers the findings of the research based on the survey and data
from government publications. The first finding is the experiences of the people
living in Klang Valley with the water shortages incidences. The second finding
is the listing of the current water sources in Klang Valley and the volume of
water supplied from the sources. Finally, the third finding is the forecasting
result between the population in Klang Valley and the total water production
for the next five years.
4.1 THE EXPERIENCES OF PEOPLE LIVING IN KLANG VALLEY
4.1.1 Frequency Statistics
Frequency statistics is a type of descriptive statistics which is just used to

calculate the number of samples involved in each variable. The first finding is
a type of an exploratory study where the survey is done to study the
experiences of the people with the water shortages incidence in Klang Valley.
The frequency statistics for the results of the survey is tabulated as shown in
Table 9.
The first question in the survey is the respondent’s geographical location

based on the rivers located in Klang Valley. The rivers are the Klang River,
Langat River and Selangor River. 18 respondents have chosen Klang River
which is the river supplying water to Gombak and Kuala Lumpur. 6
respondents have chosen Langat River which is the river supplying water to
Hulu Selangor and Gombak. And, the remaining of 6 respondents have chosen
Selangor River which is the river supplying water to Putrajaya,
Sepang, Petaling, Kuala Langat and Hulu Langat.
47
The second question in the survey is the respondent’s experiences with the
water shortages incidence in Klang Valley. 7 respondents claimed they have
never faced water shortages incidence in Klang Valley while the remaining 23
respondents have encountered with the water shortage incidence
in Klang Valley.
The third question in the survey is the number of occurrences of water

shortages experienced by the respondents in Klang Valley in a year. 5
respondents responded they have never experienced any water shortages
incidence, 20 respondents have experienced less than five number of water
shortages incidence, 4 respondents have undergone 5 to 10 number of water
shortages incidence and only 1 respondent has experienced more than 10
number of water shortages incidence in a year.
The last question in the survey is the time taken for the water to be restored to
the respondent’s household. 14 respondents have selected the ‘not applicable’
option. This option is logically selected by the 7 respondents who have never
undergo any of the water shortages incidence in Klang Valley and the
remaining of 7 respondents are those who have gained their households water
supply less than 3 days. 12 respondents have waited for 3 days for their
households’ water supply to be restored, and 2 respondents have waited for 5
days and more than a week respectively.
48
Table 9 The results of the survey on the experiences of people living in Klang
Valley with the occurrence of water shortages (N=30)
Frequency, n Percentage, %
Klang River 18 60.0

Geographical Langat River 6 20.0
location Selangor River 6 20.0
Total 30 100.0
Yes 23 67.7
Experiences No 7 23.3
Total 30 100.0
Number of 0 time 5 16.7%

water < 5 times 20 66.7%
shortages 3 to 10 times 4 13.3%
experienced > 10 times 1 3.3%
Total 30 100.0%
Not applicable 14 46.7%

Water 3 days 12 40.7%
restoration 5 days 2 6.7%
period 7 days 2 6.7%
Total 30 100.0%
49
4.1.2 Percentage Proportion
Figure 10 is the percentage proportion on the number of respondent’s

geographical location based on the rivers located in Klang Valley. 60% of the
respondents have chosen Gombak and Kuala Lumpur (Klang River), 20%
have chosen Hulu Selangor and Gombak (Langat River) and 20% have
chosen Putrajaya, Sepang, Petaling, Hulu Selangor and Kuala Selangor
(Selangor River).
Percentage of the number of respondents have

encountered water shortages event in Klang
Valley
20.00% Klang River

Langat River
20.00% 60.00%
Selangor River
Figure 10 The percentage of the respondent’s geographical location in

accordance to the rivers located in Klang Valley
Figure 11 shows the percentage of the respondents have encountered the

water shortages incidence in Klang Valley. 76.70% of the respondents have
encountered with the water shortages incidence in Klang Valley and 23.3%
have never encountered any of the water shortages incidence in Klang Valley.
50
Percentage of the number of respondents have
experienced water shortages incidence
23.30%
Yes
No
67.70%
Figure 11 The percentage of the number of respondents have encountered

with the water shortage incidence in Klang Valley
Figure 12 portrays the percentage proportion for the number of water

shortages experienced by the respondents in a year. 16.70% of the
respondents have never experienced any incidences, 66.70% have undergone
less than 5 incidences, 13.30% have experienced between 5 to 10 incidences
and only 3.30% have faced more than 10 incidences.
Percentage of the number of water shortages

experienced in a year
3.30%
13.30%
16.70% 0
<5
5 to 10
66.70% > 10
Figure 12 The percentage of the number of water shortages incidence

experienced in a year
51
Figure 13 shows the percentage proportion for the water restoration period.
46.70% have selected the “not applicable” choice which is understood it is the
choice for the respondents who have never experienced any water shortages
period and those who have received their households’ water supply in less
than 3 days. 40.70% have waited for 3 days and 6.70% have waited for 5 days
and more than a week respectively for their households’ water supply to be
restored.
Percentage of the water restoration duration

6.70%
6.70%
Not applicable
46.70% 3 days
5 days
40.70%
> 7 days
Figure 13 The percentage of the water restoration period to the respondents’

households
4.2 THE CURRENT SOURCES OF WATER IN KLANG VALLEY AND THE

VOLUME OF WATER SUPPLIED FROM THE SOURCES
Based on the data extracted from the Malaysia Statistics Department on the
environmental resources in Malaysia, there are two main sources of water
in Klang Valley; rivers and storage dams. In addition, there are groundwater
sources of water in Selangor, Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. Unfortunately, the
availability of data is yet to be informed by the National Water Services
Commission and Department of Water Supply, Ministry of Water, Land and
Natural Resources (Refer Appendix 17).
52
At the present, the data on the volume of water supplied from both the sources
are available from the year 2013-2017 as shown in section 4.2.1 and 4.2.2
(refer Appendix 15 and 16).
4.2.1 Rivers
There are eight rivers as the sources of water across the Federal Territory
Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory Putrajaya and Selangor. The rivers are Klang
River, Langat River, Selangor River, Sepang River, Buloh River, Kapar River,
Tinggi River and Bernam River as shown in section 4.2.3. Klang Valley
specifically, consisting three main rivers as the sources of water which are the
Klang River, Langat River and Selangor River. These three rivers have been
supplying water to the areas based on the rivers basin as tabulated in Table
10.
Table 10 The rivers and the locations of water being supplied
Rivers Locations covered
Klang River Klang, Petaling, Kuala Lumpur
Hulu Langat, Kuala Langat,

Langat River
Sepang, Putrajaya
Hulu Selangor, Kuala Selangor,

Selangor River
Gombak
Water from the rivers are flowed through to their respective collection areas
which are known as basins. For Klang River, it is known as Klang River Basin
while Langat River Basin and Selangor River Basin for Langat River and
Selangor River correspondingly. Apart from the three rivers, there are actually
of river to be sourcing water to the areas in Federal Territory Kuala Lumpur,
Federal Territory Putrajaya and Selangor as shown in section 4.2.3.
53
Table 11 is the volume of water supplied from the rivers daily. It shows that the
volume of water supplied is as high as 4518 MLD in 2013 but decreases to
4507 MLD in 2014. In 2015, the volume of water has increased to 4544 MLD,
4661 MLD in 2016 and 4796 MLD in 2017.
Table 11 The volume of water supplied from rivers, 2013-2017
Million litres per day (MLD)
State 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Selangor² 4,518 4,507 4,544 4,661 4,796
²Includes W.P. Kuala Lumpur and W.P. Putrajaya
Sources: National Water Services Commission and Department of Water

Supply, Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources
Figure 14 portrays a polynomial relationship between the volume of water

supplied from the rivers to Klang Valley with the year. This is owing to the fact
the r-squared is almost to 1 which is 0.9964 interpreting the goodness of the
line to fit the data. The polynomial trendline of the water supplied from the
rivers to Klang Valley rise in 2013, fall slightly in 2014 and peak towards the
end.
54
The trenddline graph for the water supplied
from rivers to Klang Valley, 2013-2017
4850
Volume of water(MLD) 4800
R² = 0.9964
4750
4700
4650
4600
4550
4500
4450
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Year
Figure 14 The trendline graph on the volume of water supplied daily from
rivers to Klang Valley
4.2.2 Dams
There are currently seven dams sourcing water to areas in Federal Territory
Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory Putrajaya and Selangor. The dams are Batu
Dam, Klanga Gate Dam, Sungai Tinggi Dam, Sungai Selangor Dam, Langat
Dam, Semenyih Dam and Tasik Subang Dam. Tasik Subang Dam, however,
is excluded from the dams sourcing water to Klang Valley. All the dams relate
to the three main rivers as stated in section 4.2.1. Table 12 shows the
information between the dams and the rivers and a clear reason Tasik Subang
Dam is not included as it is connected to Buloh River located in Sungai Buloh.
Table 12 The dams in accordance to the rivers in Klang Valley
Rivers Dams
Klang River Batu Dam & Klanga Gate Dam
Langat River Langat Dam & Semenyih Dam
Sg. Tinggi Dam & Sg. Selangor

Selangor River
Dam
55
Therefore, the locations have been receiving water from Batu Dam and Klanga
Gate Dam are Klang, Petaling and Kuala Lumpur. For Langat Dam and
Semenyih Dam, the locations covered are Hulu Langat, Kuala Langat, Sepang
and Putrajaya. Selangor Dam and Sungai Tinggi Dam in the meantime have
been sourcing water to Hulu Selangor, Kuala Selangor and Gombak.
Table 13 is the volume of water supplied from the dams daily. It shows that the
volume of water supplied is 215 MLD as of 2013 but decreased in 2014 as of
141MLD. In 2015, the volume of water has increased with 263 MLD and 427
MLD in 2016. Unfortunately, the volume of water has decreased to 395 MLD
in 2017.
Table 13 The volume of water supplied from storage dams to Selangor,

2013-2017
Million litres per day (MLD)
State 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Selangor² 215 141 263 427 395
²Includes W.P. Kuala Lumpur and W.P. Putrajaya
Sources: National Water Services Commission and Department of Water

Supply, Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources
Figure 15 portrays a polynomial relationship between the volume of water

supplied from the dams to Klang Valley with the year. This is basically based
upon the r-squared which is almost to 1 with the value o 0.7348. This interprets
the goodness of the line to fit suitably with the data. The polynomial trendline
of the water supplied from the dams s to Klang Valley rise in 2013, fall slightly
in 2014 and peak towards 2016 but fall again in 2017.
56
The trendline graph for the volume of water
supplied from dams, 2013-2017
Volume of water supplied (MLD) 500
R² = 0.7348
400
300
200
100
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Year
Figure 15 The trendline graph on the volume of water supplied daily from
rivers to Klang Valley
4.2.3 Mapping
In this section, the mapping of the rivers sourcing water to Klang Valley is
visualized as shown in Figure 16. The mapping in green colour is the mapping
of the areas within Klang River. The mapping in the blue colour resembles the
areas within Langat River and finally, the purple colour of the mapping
visualizes Selangor River and its covered areas.
57
Sources: “The Region”, University Malaya Repository (2012)
Figure 16 The mapping of the eight rivers located in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor
and Putrajaya
58
Figure 17 shows the Selangor River Basin, the basin for water collected from
Selangor River. It can be seen the red colour line in the mapping is the dams
connected to the Selangor River which are Sg. Tinggi Dam and Sg. Selangor
Dam.
Figure 17 The Selangor River Basin
59
Figure 18 shows the basin for water collected from Klang River. The red colour
line in the mapping is the dams connected to the Klang River which are Batu
Dam and Klanga Gate Dam.
Figure 18 The Klang River Basin
60
Figure 18 shows the basin for water collected from Langat River. The red
colour line in the mapping is the dam’s location for Langat Dam and Semenyih
Dam.
Figure 19 The Langat River Basin
61
4.3 THE FORECASTING OF THE WATER DEMAND IN KLANG VALLEY
AND THE VOLUME OF WATER SUPPLY WITH THE INCREASING
POPULATION IN THE NEXT FIVE YEARS
The forecasting result of the population and water demand in Klang Valley are
shown in section 4.3.1 and 4.3.2. In Table 14, the actual population in Klang
Vally is tabulated based on the total calculation of population in Selangor,
Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur and Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya.
Table 14 Total population in Klang Valley
Total
W.P. KL W.P. Putrajaya
Year Selangor ('000) Population
('000) ('000)
('000)
2010 5502.1 1674.8 73.4 7250.3
2011 5600.3 1693 77.5 7370.8
2012 5702.4 1702.1 78.3 7482.8
2013 5904.7 1723.4 79.7 7707.8
2014 6051.3 1737.4 80.9 7869.6
2015 6178 1780.4 83 8041.4
2016 6291.5 1789.7 84.4 8165.6
2017 6380.7 1793.2 87.5 8261.4
In Table 15, the actual volume of water demand in Klang Valley is tabulated
consisting the total volume of water demand being consumed in domestic and
non-domestic activities. Domestic consumption of water involves personal
consumption, for instance, residences. Non-domestic water consumption
conversely includes the water consumption of labour activities, for example,
factories, lands and government buildings.
62
Table 15 Demand of water (Metered water consumption in Klang Valley)
Total
Total volume of water
Year Domestic Population
demand (MLD)
('000)
2010 1655 1655 7250.3
2011 1653 1653 7370.8
2012 1686 1686 7482.8
2013 1735 1735 7707.8
2014 1779 1779 7869.6
2015 1862 1862 8041.4
2016 1883 1883 8165.6
2017 1870 1870 8261.4
In Table 16, the actual volume of water supplied to Klang Valley is tabulated
and this data will be used in section 4.3.3 for the comparison between the
water demand and water supply in Klang Valley.
63
Table 16 Total production of water supplied to Klang Valley
Year Volume of water (MLD)

2010 4063
2011 4143
2012 4323
2013 4563
2014 4594
2015 4675
2016 4807
2017 4842
4.3.1 The simple linear regression analysis between the year and the
population in Klang Valley
In this section, the linear regression analysis is applied to predict the population
in Klang Valley for the next five years starting 2018 to 2023.
REGRESSION STATISTICS
Table 17 is the regression statistics which is the model summary output for the
year and population variables in Klang Valley. In the regression statistics table,
the value of adjusted r-square is considered to show how much the
independent variable gives effect to the dependent variable and the adjusted
r-square value in fact must be more than 0.80 to affirm that the independent
variable is strong enough to effect the dependent variable. By multiplying the
value of adjusted r-square with 100, the percentage of variance in the
dependent variable which is the population explained by the independent
variable which is the year can be identified.
64
Table 17 Regression statistics between year and population in Klang Valley
SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.99575653
R Square 0.99153106
Adjusted R Square 0.99011957
Standard Error 37.5197887
Observations 8
In this case, the adjusted r-square value is 0.99011957. By multiplying

0.99011957 with 100, the percentage of variance in the population explained
by the year is 99%. This implies that the 99% of the year gives effect to the
population in Klang Valley.
ANOVA TABLE
Table 18 is the Analysis of Variance Table or known as ANOVA Table. From

the ANOVA Table, the significance of the model can be analyzed. A model is
classified to be significant by looking at the strength of the independent
variable.
The independent variable, which is the year need to be a good predictor to the
population in Klang Valley to make the model significant. An independent
variable is classified as a good predictor if the value of the significance F-value
is less than alpha= 0.05.
As the significance value is less than the value of alpha=0.05, the model of
significance is constructed based on the equation as follows:
[ df (Regression, Residual) = F Regression = Significance F-value]
65
Table 18 ANOVA between year and population in Klang Valley
ANOVA
Significance
df SS MS F
F
Regression 1 988893.18 988893 702.47 1.904E-07
Residual 6 8446.4073 1407.7
Total 7 997339.59
In this case, the significance (F-value) is 1.904E-07 which has proven that the
year is a good predictor to the population in Klang Valley as it is below than
the alpha value of 0.05. The significance model for the year and population in
Klang Valley is then stated as follows:
[ df (1,6) = 702.47 = 1.904E-07]
COEFFICIENTS TABLE
Table 19 is the coefficients table where regression coefficient is used to create

the equation of the regression line as follows:
y= mx + b
where ‘y’ is the dependent variable, ‘m’ is the slope, ‘b’ is the intercept and the
‘x’ is the independent variable.
66
Table 19 The coefficients table for year and population in Klang Valley
Intercept Slope
Coefficients -301190.8774 153.4440476
Standard Error 11657.02301 5.789429085
t Stat -25.83771835 26.50417603
p-value 2.21604E-07 1.90424E-07
Lower 95% 139.277825

-329714.5851
Upper 95% -272667.1696 167.6102703
Lower 95% -329714.5851 139.277825
Upper 95% -272667.1696 167.6102703
The regression equation is very useful to predict the dependent variable. In

this case, the regression equation to predict the population in Klang Valley
based on the year is:
y= 153.4440476*year - 301190.8774
Table 20 shows the result of the predicted population in Klang Valley for the
next five years from 2018 to 2023.
67
Table 20 The forecasted result of population in Klang Valley, 2018-2023
Total
Selangor W.P. KL W.P. Putrajaya
Year Population
('000) ('000) ('000)
('000)
2010 5502.1 1674.8 73.4 7250.3
2011 5600.3 1693 77.5 7370.8
2012 5702.4 1702.1 78.3 7482.8
2013 5904.7 1723.4 79.7 7707.8
2014 6051.3 1737.4 80.9 7869.6
2015 6178 1780.4 83 8041.4
2016 6291.5 1789.7 84.4 8165.6
2017 6380.7 1793.2 87.5 8261.4
2018 - - - 8450.92
2019 - - - 8604.36
2020 - - - 8757.8
2021 - - - 8911.24
2022 - - - 9064.68
2023 - - - 9218.12
The population in Klang Valley is predicted to increase from 8450.92 in 2018

to 8604.36 in 2019, 8757.8 in 2020, 8911.24 in 2021, 9064.68 in 2022 and
9218.12 in 2023.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
Figure 20 displays the scatter plot between the actual and the predicted
population by year in Klang Valley.
68
10000 Total Population ('000)
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024
Figure 20 The plots between the year and the population in Klang Valley
The trendline is from 2010 to 2017 for the actual population which is
represented in the blue dot colour while the forecasted population is
represented in the red dot colour which is from 2018 to 2023. From Figure 20,
it is clearly seen that as the year increases, the population also increases.
4.3.2 The simple linear regression analysis between the volume of water
demand and the population in Klang Valley
In this section, the results of the regression analysis between the volume of
water demand and the total population in Klang Valley is explained. In this case,
the independent variable is the total population in Klang Valley while the
volume of water demand is the dependent variable.
REGRESSION STATISTICS
Table 21 is the regression statistics table. In the table, the percentage of the
dependency between the variables is identified by multiplying the value of
adjusted r-square with 100 as calculated below:
0.957002 x 100%= 95.7%
69
Table 21 Regression statistics between volume of water demand and
SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.981399
R Square 0.963144
Adjusted R Square 0.957002
Standard Error 20.18637
Observations 8
From the calculation above, it shows that 95.7% of the volume of water
demand is explained by the number of populations in Klang Valley.
ANOVA TABLE
Table 22 is the tabulated result of ANOVA. ANOVA Table is important to know

the significance of the model between the variables. The model is said to be
significant by looking at the strength of the independent variable to affect the
dependent variable. It can be known by comparing the value of significance F
with alpha= 0.05. The lower the value of significance F from the alpha value,
the higher the strength of the independent variable in affecting the dependent
variable.
As the stronger the strength of the independent variable on the dependent

variable, the more the significant of the model will be and it can be stated as
follows:
[ df (Regression, Residual) = F Regression = Significance F-value]
70
Table 22 ANOVA between volume and water demand and population in
Klang Valley
ANOVA
Significance
df SS MS F
F
Regression 1 63892.94 63893 156.797 1.59E-05
Residual 6 2444.938 407.490
Total 7 66337.88
From the table, the value of the significance F is 1.59E-05. 1.59E-05 is lower
than the value of alpha= 0.05, therefore, the total population in Klang Valley
as independent variable is a stronger variable on the volume of water demand
in Klang Valley which is the dependent variable in the model.
In this case, the significance model for the year and population in Klang Valley
is:
[ df (1,6) = 156.797 = 1.59E-05]
COEFFICIENTS TABLE
Table 23 is the coefficient table between the volume of water demand and total
population in Klang Valley. The values of the intercept and slope are used to
predict the volume of water demand for the next five years using the equation
as follows;
y= mx + b
where ‘y’ is the dependent variable, ‘m’ is the slope, ‘b’ is the intercept and the
‘x’ is the independent variable.
71
Table 23 The coefficient table between the volume of water demand and
Intercept Slope
Coefficients -200.944 0.253107
Standard Error 157.1932 0.020213
t Stat -1.27832 12.52184
p-value 0.248356 1.59E-05
Lower 95% -585.582 0.203647
Upper 95% 183.6941 0.302568
Lower 95% 585.582 0.203647
Upper 95% 183.6941 0.302568
From Table 23 the regression equation to forecast the volume of water demand
is as follows:
y= 0.253107*population– 200.944
The prediction values of the volume of water demand in Klang Valley for the
next five years are tabulated in Table 24.
72
Table 24 The forecasted values of the volume of water demand in Klang
Valley, 2018-2023
Total
Total volume of water
Year Domestic Population
demand (MLD)
('000)
2010 1655 1655 7250.3
2011 1653 1653 7370.8
2012 1686 1686 7482.8
2013 1735 1735 7707.8
2014 1779 1779 7869.6
2015 1862 1862 8041.4
2016 1883 1883 8165.6
2017 1870 1870 8261.4
2018 - 1938.043008 8450.92
2019 - 1976.879747 8604.36
2020 - 2015.716485 8757.8
2021 - 2054.553223 8911.24
2022 - 2093.389961 9064.68
2023 - 2132.226699 9218.12
From table 24, the predicted volume of water demand increases as the total
populations in Klang Valley increases. In 2018, the volume of water demand
is 1938.04 MLD, increases to 1976.88 MLD in 2019. It is expected to increase
to 2015.72 MLD in 2020, 2054.55 MLD in 2021, 2093.39 MLD in 2022 and
2132.23 MLD in 2023.
Figure 21 portrays the trend of the volume of water demand with the total
population in Klang Valley.
73
From Figure 21, it can be seen that the volume of water demand increases
from 2010 to 2023 with the increasing number of populations in Klang Valley.
Total volume of water demand (MLD) vs. Population

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Total volume of water demand (MLD)
Figure 21 The bar graph between the volume of water demand and the total
4.3.3 The difference between the domestic volume of water demand and
the volume of water supply in Klang Valley
This section depicts the gap between the volume of water supply and the
volume of water demand in Klang Valley domestic activities from 2010 to 2017.
This is essential in proving the volume of water supply in Klang Valley is not
adequate to meet up with water demand in domestic field.
Table 25 tabulates the actual domestic water demand and the actual domestic
water supply in Klang Valley. Referring to Appendix 15, the data of the volume
of water supplied is a sum volume of both domestic and non-domestic water
supplied in Klang Valley. The volume of water supplied is the total of water loss
before it reaches the consumers which may be due to leakages or
expropriation, domestic activities and non- domestic activities.
74
According to Syabas, the volume of water supplied to Klang Valley follows
the proportion as follows:
1. 36% of water loss
2. 60% of domestic activities
3. 40% of non-domestic activities
Therefore, the volume of water supplied for domestic activities can be

calculated by the equation as follows:
*Volume of water supply*36% of non-water revenue
**Volume of water supply*40% of commercial supply
***Volume of water supply – (Non-water revenue + Commercial Supply)
75
Table 25 The volume of water demand and volume of water supply in Klang
Valley, 2010 to 2017
Total
Actual
volume of *Non- ***Actual
**Commercial Domestic
Year water water Domestic
Supply Demand
supply revenue Supply (MLD)
(MLD)
(MLD)
2010 4063 1462.68 1625.2 975.12 1655
2011 4143 1491.48 1657.2 994.32 1653
2012 4323 1556.28 1729.2 1037.52 1686
2013 4563 1642.68 1825.2 1095.12 1735
2014 4594 1653.84 1837.6 1102.56 1779
2015 4675 1683 1870 1122 1862
2016 4807 1730.52 1922.8 1153.68 1883
2017 4842 1743.12 1936.8 1162.08 1870
*Total Volume of water supply*36% of non-water revenue
**Total Volume of water supply*40% of commercial supply
*** Total Volume of water supply – (Non-water revenue – Commercial Supply)
From Table 25, the actual domestic volume of water demand is 1655 MLD in
2010, 1653 MLD in 2011, 1686 MLD in 2012, 1735 MLD in 2013, 1779 MLD
in 2014, 1862 MLD in 2015, 1883 MLD in 2016 and 1870 MLD in 2017.
76
Meanwhile, the actual domestic volume of water supply is 975.12 MLD in 2010,
994.32 MLD in 2011, 1037.52 MLD in 2012, 1095.12 MLD in 2013, 1102.56
MLD in 2014, 1122 MLD in 2015, 1153.68 MLD in 2016 and 1162.08 MLD in
2017.
Here, it is clearly stated that the domestic volume of water supply is lower than
the domestic volume of water demand. This is a serious issue as water is a
necessity for the survival of living things. For this reason, the authorities neither
the governmental department or non-government shall carry out more
researches and developments to create a zero-water crisis in Klang Valley.
Figure 22 visualizes the difference between the volume of water demand and
the volume of water supply in Klang Valley domestic field. The visualization
pictured in detailed the difference which shows that the volume of water supply
is not sufficient to meet up with the water demand by the people living in Klang
Valley.
Volume of water demand vs. Volume of water

supply
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Actual Domestic Supply Actual Domestic demand (MLD)
Figure 22 The bar graph between the domestic volume of water demand and
volume of water supply in Klang Valley, 2010-2017
77
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION AND
CONCLUSION
5.1 Discussion
Water consumption among the users is considered in sustaining the availability

of water. The ways of using the water resources by the people needs a
regulation to ensure the resources of water is used wisely. An education on
water consumption is substantial beginning with younger generations in
sustaining the water resources for future ahead.
This study is to share knowledge with the younger generations on their

behaviors as water users. This is noteworthy because this allow the young
people to be taught earlier to appreciate the natural resources in keeping the
Earth as a safe and worth of survival living. The sharing on educating the water
users is focused onto the younger group of people because to create
awareness on using water wisely at a young age which is easier to be
absorbed by the children and practicing it never-ending.
A pocketbook consisting a listing of ways for the children to practice in daily

water usage is significant. The pocketbook is a minimal contribution from the
researcher to the society and with hope it will educate the children to be kind
and wise to the nature.
5.2 Recommendation
Water sustainability in Klang Valley is very crucial due to the needs of people
which have been increasing from time to time. Therefore, various of effective
management plans must be held to solve the issue on water sustainability in
Klang Valley.
78
This recommendation is on the steps to reduce the water loss in order the
volume of water supply to be sufficiently reached to the people without any
losses. Water loss minimization plan needs to be counted as one of the
planning to reduce the water loss.
Here are the steps which may be helpful in initiating the water loss reduction
plan in Klang Valley:
1. Identify the piping which needs further replacement as most of the piping in
areas in Klang Valley is more than 15 years back.
2. Create an approachable reporting system accessible by the people to report

or inform if there are any leakages in their areas.
3. Conduct a regular maintenance monthly in every area which consists the

main flow piping of water supply.
5.3 Conclusion
In conclusion, water is one of the main necessities for living things. Demand
of water is persistently increasing from time to time. Hence, the availability of
water shall be adequate to sustain the water resources for the present and
future generation
79
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88
APPENDIX 1
Need Analysis
List of Problems affecting water sustainability in Klang Valley, Malaysia.
1. Pollution (The Star, 2016) (see Appendix 1) – Malaysian Capacity

Development Network for Sustainable Water Management
2. Water usage on unnecessary matters
3. El-Nino phenomenon
4. Population in Klang Valley
Affinity Diagram
PEOPLE ENVIRONMENT
• Pollution • El Nino phenomenon

• Water usage on unnecessary
matters
• Population
89
SMART Analysis
No S M A R T
Require
People
information
throwing Data can Complaints
from Waste Can be
1. wastage be from
Management solved
into the collected residents
Association of
rivers
Malaysia
Surveys on
Residents
Data can residents’ Household
are Can be
2. be daily activities metered
wasting solved
collected involving consumption
water
water supply
Information
El Nino Require
from
phenomen Data can assistance
Malaysia Cannot be
3. a heat be from Malaysia
Meteorologic solved
strokes collected Meteorologica
al
fear l Department
Department
Data from
Population Data can Statistical
Malaysia Can be
4. in Klang be population of
Statistics solved
Valley collected Klang Valley
Department
*S = Specific M = Measurable A = Achievable R = Reasonable T = Time-

bound
90
SMART Results
T
S M A R
No. (Time-
(Specific) (Measurable) (Achievable) (Reasonable)
bound)
1. YES YES YES YES YES
3. YES YES YES YES NO
91
APPENDIX 2
NEWSPAPER CUTTING
(Water shortage in Klang Valley)
92
APPENDIX 3
Google Forms
93
APPENDIX 4
NEWSPAPER CUTTING
(Plastic and polystyrene in Klang River)
94
APPENDIX 5
NEWSPAPER CUTTING
(Solvent in Semenyih River)
95
APPENDIX 6
NEWSPAPER CUTTING
(Daily water consumption per person))
96
97
APPENDIX 7
NEWSPAPER CUTTING
(Hot weather until October)
98
APPENDIX 8
NEWSPAPER CUTTING
(Rainwater harvesting method)
99
APPENDIX 9
Principal Statistics of Population in Kuala Lumpur
100
101
APPENDIX 10
Principal Statistics of Population in Selangor
102
103
APPENDIX 11
Principal Statistics of Population in Putrajaya
104
105
APPENDIX 12
Water Supply from Dams
106
107
APPENDIX 13
Water Supply from Rivers
108
109
APPENDIX 14
Water Supply from Groundwater
110
111
APPENDIX 15
Water Supply by States in Malaysia
112
113
APPENDIX 16
Metered Water Consumption by States in Malaysia
114
115
APPENDIX 17
Project Timeline
116

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WATER SUSTAINABILITY FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS: A CASE

STUDY OF KLANG VALLEY

AMIRAH KHALISAH BINTI YAZELI

Report Submitted to Fulfill the Partial Requirements

Declaration of Copyright and Affirmation of Fair Use of Unpublished

Copyright @ 17/06/2019 by Amirah Khalisah Binti Yazeli (58220116007)

No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

Date: /06/2019 Signature……………………

Date: /06/2019 Signature:………………

I would like to express my gratitude firstly to my supervisor, Dr Punnose P

Table 1 The population of Klang Valley ..........................................................3

Integrated Water Resource Information Management System (IWRIMS)

This research paper covers on the investigation of experiences of people living

1.1 Introduction to Klang Valley

Federal Territory of Kuala Federal Territory of

Selangor District of Selangor District of Klang

Selangor District of Selangor District of Hulu

Figure 1 The areas and federal territories making up Klang Valley

Figure 2 The visualization of areas in Klang Valley

Sources: Wikipedia / CC BY-SA 3.0

The population of Klang Valley from the year of 2014 to 2018 is

Table 1 The population of Klang Valley

Year Male Female Total

2014 3.15 2.90 6.05

2015 3.21 2.97 6.18

2016 3.27 3.02 6.29

2017 3.32 3.06 6.38

2018 3.36 3.11 6.47

Sources: Department of Statistics Malaysia

1.1.2 The environmental condition in Klang Valley

Types of Weather Period Descriptions

Northeast Monsoon November to March Rainy season

Inter-Monsoon April to May Heavy afternoon rain

Southwest June to September Less rain season

Sources: Malaysia Meteorological Department

1.2 Research Background

1.3 Problem Statement

1.4 Research Questions

1.5 Research Objectives

1.6 Significance of Study

The issue of water sustainability in Klang Valley needs to be resolved from

1.7 Scope of Study

The water demand in Klang Valley is determined using statistics by Malaysia

1.8 Limitations of Study

The research on water sustainability in Klang Valley is an exceptional research

Fortunately, Malaysia Statistics Department has permitted enormous of

Klang Valley covers a wide range of geographical locations and indisputably

1.9 Expected Outcome

The sources of water in Klang Valley is studied to identify if is able to meet up

2.1 El Nino-Southern Oscillation Cycle (ENSO)

ENSO or El Nino-Southern Oscillation is a scientific term on the changes in

La Nina is a situation where its arrival can be determined by the decrease in

2.4 The Variety of Sources of Water in Haryana, India

2.5 Research on Rainwater Harvesting between Higher Learning

The universities are:

2. Universiti Putra Malaysia

4. UniversitiTeknologi MARA (UiTM)

A study on the positive impacts of rainwater harvesting method has

From the economical aspect, in some major cities in Australia, the

From the environmental category, Korea foresee the rainwater

Other than that, in North Carolina, United States, the rainwater

2.6.2 Rainwater Harvesting Method on the Users and Government

A study on the advantages of the rainwater harvesting method as a